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  Adalbert Stifter
  Adalbert Stifter (23 October 1805 – 28 January 1868) was an Austrian writer, poet, painter, and pedagogue. He was especially notable for the vivid natural landscapes depicted in his writing, and has long been popular in the German-speaking world, while almost entirely unknown to English readers.
  http://wn.com/Adalbert_Stifter
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  Adolf Hitler
  Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.
  http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler
• African Spir
  Afrikan Aleksandrovich Špir (Russian: Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир; Ukrainian: Африка́н Олекса́ндрович Спір or Шпір, transcribed: Afrykan Oleksandrovych Spir or Shpir; German: Afrikan (von) Spir, French: African (de) Spir, Italian: Africano Spir) (November 10, 1837 - March 26, 1890) was a Russian-Ukrainian Neo-Kantian philosopher of German descent who wrote primarily in German. His book Denken und Wirklichkeit (Thought and Reality) exerted a "lasting impact" on the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche.
  http://wn.com/African_Spir
• Afrikan Spir
  http://wn.com/Afrikan_Spir
• 
  Albert Camus
  Albert Camus (; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French Algerian author, philosopher and journalist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. He was a key philosopher of the 20th-century, with his most famous work being the novel ''L'Étranger (The Stranger'').
  http://wn.com/Albert_Camus
• Alexander Nehamas
  Alexander Nehamas (; born 1946) is Professor of philosophy and Edmund N. Carpenter, II Class of 1943 Professor in the Humanities at Princeton University. He works on Greek philosophy, aesthetics, Nietzsche, Foucault, and literary theory. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1967, and completed his doctorate on Predication in Plato's Phaedo under the direction of Gregory Vlastos at Princeton in 1971. He taught at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pennsylvania before joining the Princeton faculty in 1990.
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Nehamas
• Alexandre Kojeve
  http://wn.com/Alexandre_Kojeve
• 
  Alfred Adler
  Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870, Mariahilfer Straße 208, Rudolfsheim, Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of the school of individual psychology. In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory. This was after Freud declared Adler's ideas as too contrary, leading to an ultimatum to all members of the Society (which Freud had shepherded) to drop Adler or be expelled, disavowing the right to dissent (Makari, 2008). Following this split, Adler would come to have an enormous, independent effect on the disciplines of counseling and psychotherapy as they developed over the course of the 20th century (Ellenberger, 1970). He influenced notable figures in subsequent schools of psychotherapy such as Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow and Albert Ellis. His writings preceded, and were at times surprisingly consistent with, later neo-Freudian insights such as those evidenced in the works of Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm.
  http://wn.com/Alfred_Adler
• Alfred Dreyfus
  Alfred Dreyfus (; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French and European history. Known today as the Dreyfus Affair, years later Dreyfus was completely exonerated.
  http://wn.com/Alfred_Dreyfus
• Alfred Espinas
  Alfred Victor Espinas (23 May 1844 – 24 February 1922) was a French thinker noted for having been an influence on Nietzsche. . He was a student of Comte and Spencer. Although initially an adherent of positivism, he later became a committed realist.
  http://wn.com/Alfred_Espinas
• 
  Allan Bloom
  Allan David Bloom (September 14, 1930 – October 7, 1992) was an American philosopher, classicist, and academic. He studied under David Grene, Leo Strauss, Richard McKeon and Alexandre Kojève. He subsequently taught at Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Yale University, École Normale Supérieure of Paris, and the University of Chicago. Bloom championed the idea of 'Great Books' education. Bloom became famous for his criticism of contemporary American higher education, with his views being expressed in his bestselling 1987 book, The Closing of the American Mind. Although Bloom was characterized as a conservative in the popular media, Bloom explicitly stated that this was a misunderstanding, and made it clear that he was not to be affiliated with any conservative movements. Saul Bellow, Bloom's friend and teaching partner at the University of Chicago, wrote a roman à clef based on his colleague titled Ravelstein.
  http://wn.com/Allan_Bloom
• 
  Aristotle
  Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
  http://wn.com/Aristotle
• 
  Arthur Schopenhauer
  Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the fundamental question of whether reason alone can unlock answers about the world.
  http://wn.com/Arthur_Schopenhauer
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  August Strindberg
  Johan August Strindberg (; 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, and essayist. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics. A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition so innovative that many were to become technically possible to stage only with the advent of film. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
  http://wn.com/August_Strindberg
• 
  Ayn Rand
  Ayn Rand (; born '''Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum'''; – March 6, 1982), was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her two best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism.
  http://wn.com/Ayn_Rand
• 
  Baruch Spinoza
  Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza ( Baruch Shpinoza, , ) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes mind–body dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy's most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." Spinoza attended the Keter Torah yeshiva headed by Rabbi Shaul Levi Morteira, and maintained a connection with Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, whose home was a center for Jewish scholars in Amsterdam.
  http://wn.com/Baruch_Spinoza
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  Benito Mussolini
  Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883, Predappio, Province of Forlì-Cesena - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
  http://wn.com/Benito_Mussolini
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  Bernhard Förster
  Bernhard Förster (March 31, 1843, Delitzsch, Saxony—June 3, 1889, San Bernardino, Paraguay) was a nineteenth century German teacher. He was married to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the sister of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
  http://wn.com/Bernhard_Förster
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  Bertrand Russell
  Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, socialist, pacifist, and social critic. He spent most of his life in England; he was born in Wales where he also died, aged 97.
  http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell
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  Blaise Pascal
  Blaise Pascal (; June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand – August 19, 1662, Paris) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a Tax Collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
  http://wn.com/Blaise_Pascal
• Brian Leiter
  Brian Leiter (born 1963) is an American philosopher and legal scholar who is currently John Wilson Professor of Law at the University of Chicago, and founder and Director of Chicago's new Center for Law, Philosophy, and Human Values and the editor of the Philosophical Gourmet Report. He taught from 1995 to 2008 at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that he taught for two years in the law school at the University of San Diego, and was also a visiting assistant professor of philosophy at the University of California, San Diego. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Princeton University and both his J.D. and Ph.D. (in philosophy) from the University of Michigan.
  http://wn.com/Brian_Leiter
• 
  Caiaphas
  Joseph, son of Caiaphas, Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא or Yosef Bar Kayafa, and commonly known as Caiaphas (Greek Καϊάφας) in the New Testament, was the Roman-appointed Jewish high priest who is said to have organized the plot to kill Jesus. Caiaphas is also said to have been involved in the trial of Jesus.
  http://wn.com/Caiaphas
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  Carl Jung
  Carl Gustav Jung (; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps one of the most well known pioneers in the field of dream analysis. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts.
  http://wn.com/Carl_Jung
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  Carl Spitteler
  Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (24 April 1845 — 29 December 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919. His work includes both pessimistic and heroical poems.
  http://wn.com/Carl_Spitteler
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  Charles Baudelaire
  Charles Baudelaire (; April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe.
  http://wn.com/Charles_Baudelaire
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  Charles Darwin
  Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography.] darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
  http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
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  Charles de Gaulle
  Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (, or ; 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
  http://wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle
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  David Strauss
  David Friedrich Strauss (or Strauß) (January 27, 1808 – February 8, 1874) was a German theologian and writer. He scandalized Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus," whose divine nature he denied. His work was connected to the Tübingen School, which revolutionized study of the New Testament, early Christianity, and ancient religions. Strauss was a pioneer in the historical investigation of Jesus.
  http://wn.com/David_Strauss
• Elizabeth Grosz
  Elizabeth A. Grosz is an Australian feminist academic living and working in the USA. She is known for philosophical interpretations of the work of French philosophers Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, as well as her readings of the works of French feminists, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva and Michele Le Doeuff. She has mainly written on questions of corporeality and their relations to the sciences and the arts.
  http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Grosz
• Emil Cioran
  Emil Cioran (; April 8, 1911 – June 20, 1995) was a Romanian philosopher and essayist.
  http://wn.com/Emil_Cioran
• Emile Armand
  http://wn.com/Emile_Armand
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  Emma Goldman
  Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.
  http://wn.com/Emma_Goldman
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  Epicurus
  Epicurus (, "ally, comrade"; Samos, 341 BCE – Athens, 270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.
  http://wn.com/Epicurus
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  Ernest Renan
  Ernest Renan (28 February 1823 – 2 October 1892) was a French philosopher and writer, devoted to his native province of Brittany. He is best known for his influential historical works on early Christianity and his political theories.
  http://wn.com/Ernest_Renan
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  Erwin Rohde
  Erwin Rohde (October 9, 1845 – January 11, 1898) was one of the great German classical scholars of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
  http://wn.com/Erwin_Rohde
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  Franz Kafka
  Franz Kafka (; 3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-language novelist, one of the most influential of the 20th century, whose works came to be regarded after his death as one of the major achievements of world literature. The term "" has entered the English language.
  http://wn.com/Franz_Kafka
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  Franz Overbeck
  Franz Camille Overbeck (16 November 1837 - 26 June 1905) was a German Protestant theologian. In Anglo-American discourse, he is perhaps best known in regard to his friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche; while in German theological circles, Overbeck remains discussed for his own contributions.
  http://wn.com/Franz_Overbeck
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  Fyodor Dostoyevsky
  Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky (, ), ( – ) was a Russian writer and essayist, best known for his novels Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov.
  http://wn.com/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky
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  Georg Brandes
  Georg Morris Cohen Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new realism and naturalism, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and fantasy in literature. According to Brandes, literature should be an organ "of the great thoughts of liberty and the progress of humanity." His literary goals were shared by many authors, among them the Norwegian realist playwright Henrik Ibsen.
  http://wn.com/Georg_Brandes
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  George Bernard Shaw
  George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings deal sternly with prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy to make their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
  http://wn.com/George_Bernard_Shaw
• Georges Bataille
  Georges Bataille () (10 September 1897 – 8 July 1962) was a French writer. Although several philosophers have been significantly influenced by his thought, Bataille tended not to refer to himself as a philosopher.
  http://wn.com/Georges_Bataille
• Germans
  |ref15 =
  http://wn.com/Germans
• Gilles Deleuze
  Gilles Deleuze (), (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular books were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), both co-written with Félix Guattari.
  http://wn.com/Gilles_Deleuze
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  Gottfried Keller
  Gottfried Keller (July 19, 1819 – July 15, 1890), a Swiss writer of German literature, was best known for his novel Green Henry ().
  http://wn.com/Gottfried_Keller
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  Gottfried Leibniz
  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( (July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He wrote primarily in Latin and French.
  http://wn.com/Gottfried_Leibniz
• Grigol Robakidze
  Grigol Robakidze () ( – ) was a Georgian writer, publicist, and public figure primarily known for his exotic prose and anti-Soviet émigré activities.
  http://wn.com/Grigol_Robakidze
• H.P. Lovecraft
  http://wn.com/HP_Lovecraft
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  Hans von Bülow
  Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8, 1830 – February 12, 1894) was a German conductor, virtuoso pianist, and composer of the Romantic era. He was one of the most famous conductors of the 19th century, and his activity was critical for establishing the successes of several major composers of the time, including Richard Wagner.
  http://wn.com/Hans_von_Bülow
• Harold Bloom
  Harold Bloom (born July 11, 1930) is an American writer and literary critic, currently Sterling Professor of the Humanities at Yale University. He is known for his defense of 19th-century Romantic poets, his construction of unique but controversial theories of poetic influence, and for advocating an aesthetic approach to literature against feminist, Marxist, New Historicist, poststructuralist (deconstructive and semiotic) literary criticism. Bloom is a 1985 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship.
  http://wn.com/Harold_Bloom
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  Heinrich Heine
  Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a journalist, essayist, literary critic, and one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann. Heine's later verse and prose is distinguished by its satirical wit and irony. His radical political views meant that many of his works were banned by the authorities in Germany. Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.
  http://wn.com/Heinrich_Heine
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  Heraclitus
  Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
  http://wn.com/Heraclitus
• Herbert Marcuse
  Herbert Marcuse () (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. Celebrated as the "Father of the New Left,Douglas Kellner. " his best known works are Eros and Civilization, One-Dimensional Man and The Aesthetic Dimension.
  http://wn.com/Herbert_Marcuse
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  Hippolyte Taine
  Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 in Vouziers, Ardennes – 5 March 1893 in Paris) was a French critic and historian. He was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism, and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him. Taine is particularly remembered for his three-pronged approach to the contextual study of a work of art, based on the aspects of what he called race, milieu, and moment.
  http://wn.com/Hippolyte_Taine
• Hubert Dreyfus
  Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (born October 15, 1929 in Terre Haute, Indiana to Stanley S. and Irene Lederer Dreyfus), is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.
  http://wn.com/Hubert_Dreyfus
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  Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant () (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
  http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
• 
  Jack London
  Jack London (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of Call of the Wild, set in the Yukon Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life". He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and The Sea Wolf, of the San Francisco Bay area.
  http://wn.com/Jack_London
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  Jacob Burckhardt
  Carl Jacob Christoph Burckhardt (May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland – August 8, 1897, Basel) was a historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field. He is known as one of the major progenitors of cultural history, albeit in a form very different from how cultural history is conceived and studied in academia today. Siegfried Giedion described Burckhardt's achievement in the following terms: "The great discoverer of the age of the Renaissance, he first showed how a period should be treated in its entirety, with regard not only for its painting, sculpture and architecture, but for the social institutions of its daily life as well." Burckhardt's best known work is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860).
  http://wn.com/Jacob_Burckhardt
• Jacques Derrida
  Jacques Derrida () (15 July 1930 – 8 October 2004) was a French philosopher born in Algeria. He developed the critical technique known as deconstruction, and his work has been associated both with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy. His prolific output of more than 40 published books, together with essays and public speaking, has had a significant impact upon the humanities, particularly on literary theory and continental philosophy. His best known assertion with regard to his methodology is that "there is no outside-the-text."
  http://wn.com/Jacques_Derrida
• Jean Baudrillard
  Jean Baudrillard (27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) () was a French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator, and photographer. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism.
  http://wn.com/Jean_Baudrillard
• Jean-Marie Guyau
  Jean-Marie Guyau (October 28, 1854, Laval, Mayenne - March 31, 1888) was a French philosopher and poet.
  http://wn.com/Jean-Marie_Guyau
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  Jean-Paul Sartre
  Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, existentialism, and Marxism, and his work continues to influence fields such as Marxist philosophy, sociology, and literary studies. Sartre was also noted for his long relationship with the author and social theorist, Simone de Beauvoir. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused the honour.
  http://wn.com/Jean-Paul_Sartre
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  Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
  http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham
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  Jim Morrison
  James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer, lyricist, poet, and amateur filmmaker. He was best known as the lead singer and lyricist of The Doors and is widely considered to be one of the most charismatic frontmen in rock music history. He was also the author of several books of poetry and the director of a documentary and short film. Although Morrison was known for his baritone vocals, many fans, scholars, and journalists have discussed his theatrical stage persona, his self-destructiveness, and his work as a poet. He was ranked number 47 on ''Rolling Stone's'' "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".
  http://wn.com/Jim_Morrison
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  John Stuart Mill
  John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
  http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
• Judith Butler
  Judith Butler (born 24 February 1956) is an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics. She is currently the Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley.
  http://wn.com/Judith_Butler
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  Julius Langbehn
  Julius Langbehn (26 March 1851 – 30 April 1907) was a German conservative art historian. He was born in Hadersleben, Schleswig (now Haderslev in Denmark).
  http://wn.com/Julius_Langbehn
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  Jürgen Habermas
  Jürgen Habermas ( or , ; born June 18, 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theory on the concepts of 'communicative rationality' and the 'public sphere'. His work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics—particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of "rationalization" originally set forth by Max Weber. While influenced by American pragmatism, structural functionalism, and even poststructuralism, many of the central tenets of Habermas' thought remain broadly Marxist in nature.
  http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas
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  Karl Jaspers
  Karl Theodor Jaspers (February 23, 1883 – February 26, 1969) was a German psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system. He was often viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany, though he did not accept this label.
  http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers
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  Leo Strauss
  Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a political philosopher who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States. He spent most of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
  http://wn.com/Leo_Strauss
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  Leo Tolstoy
  Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lyev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (, ;  – ), was a Russian writer whom many consider to be the world's greatest novelist. His masterpieces War and Peace and Anna Karenina represent in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life and attitudes, the peak of realist fiction.
  http://wn.com/Leo_Tolstoy
• Lou Andreas Salomé
  http://wn.com/Lou_Andreas_Salomé
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  Lou Andreas-Salomé
  Lou Andreas-Salomé (born Louise von Salomé or Luíza Gustavovna Salomé, Луиза Густавовна Саломе; 12 February 1861 – 5 January 1937) was a Russian-born psychoanalyst and author. Her diverse intellectual interests led to friendships with a broad array of distinguished western luminaries, including Nietzsche, Wagner, Freud, and Rilke.
  http://wn.com/Lou_Andreas-Salomé
• 
  Ludwig Wittgenstein
  Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who held the professorship of philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947.
  http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein
• 
  Martin Buber
  Martin Buber (; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian-born Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of religious existentialism centered on the distinction between the I-Thou relationship and the I-It relationship.
  http://wn.com/Martin_Buber
• 
  Martin Heidegger
  Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976; ) was an influential German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being." His best-known book, Being and Time, is considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. Heidegger has been influential beyond philosophy, in literature, psychology, and artificial intelligence.
  http://wn.com/Martin_Heidegger
• Max Oehler
  Max Oehler (December 29, 1875 – March 1946) was a German army officer and archivist for the "Nietzsche-Archiv." Oehler pursued his career in the German Empire's military until the end of World War I and the German November Revolution. Under the Weimar Republic, which he opposed, he served as an archivist in his cousin Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's "Nietzsche-Archiv" in Weimar. After Förster-Nietzsche's death in 1935, he succeeded her as de facto leader of the Archiv. A devoted Nazi since the early 1930s, Oehler tried to popularize his national socialist view of Nietzsche. After the German defeat in World War II, Oehler was imprisoned by Soviet occupation forces and died c. March 1946 in an improvised prison in Weimar.
  http://wn.com/Max_Oehler
• 
  Max Stirner
  Johann Kaspar Schmidt (October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856), better known as Max Stirner (the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German 'Stirn'), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work is The Ego and Its Own, also known as The Ego and His Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum in German, which translates literally as The Only One and his Property). This work was first published in 1844 in Leipzig, and has since appeared in numerous editions and translations.
  http://wn.com/Max_Stirner
• 
  Max Weber
  Maximilian Carl Emil "Max" Weber (; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist and political economist, who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself. Weber's major works dealt with the rationalization and "disenchantment" he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity. Weber was, along with his associate Georg Simmel, a central figure in the establishment of methodological antipositivism; presenting sociology as a non-empirical field which must study social action through resolutely subjective means. He is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science, and has variously been described as the most important classic thinker in the social sciences.
  http://wn.com/Max_Weber
• Mazzino Montinari
  Mazzino Montinari (4 April 1928 - 24 November 1986) was an Italian scholar of Germanistics. A native of Lucca, he became regarded as one of the most distinguished researchers on Friedrich Nietzsche, and harshly criticized the edition of The Will to Power, which he regarded as a forgery.
  http://wn.com/Mazzino_Montinari
• Michel Foucault
  Michel Foucault (), born Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian. He held a chair at the prestigious Collège de France with the title "History of Systems of Thought," and also taught at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley.
  http://wn.com/Michel_Foucault
• Montaigne
  http://wn.com/Montaigne
• 
  Muhammad Iqbal
  Officeholder
  http://wn.com/Muhammad_Iqbal
• 
  Nueva Germania
  Nueva Germania (New Germania) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. It was founded as a German colony on August 23, 1887 by Bernhard Förster, who was married to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. Förster's idea was to create a model community in the New World and to show German superiority.
  http://wn.com/Nueva_Germania
• 
  Oswald Spengler
  Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German historian and philosopher whose interests also included mathematics, science, and art. He is best known for his book The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), published in 1918, which puts forth a cyclical theory of the rise and decline of civilizations. In 1920 Spengler produced Prussiandom and Socialism (Preussentum und Sozialismus), which argued for an organic, nationalist version of socialism and authoritarianism. He wrote extensively throughout World War I and the interwar period, and supported German hegemony in Europe. The National Socialists held Spengler as an intellectual precursor but he was ostracised after 1933 for his pessimism about Germany and Europe's future, his refusal to support Nazi ideas of racial superiority, and his critical work The Hour of Decision.
  http://wn.com/Oswald_Spengler
• 
  Otto Binswanger
  Otto Ludwig Binswanger (October 14, 1852 – July 15, 1929) was a Swiss psychiatrist and neurologist who came from a famous family of physicians; his father was founder of the Kreuzlingen Sanatorium, and he was uncle to Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) who was a major figure in the existential psychology movement. He was brother-in-law to physiotherapist Heinrich Averbeck (1844-1889).
  http://wn.com/Otto_Binswanger
• 
  Otto von Bismarck
  Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. As Ministerpräsident, or Prime Minister, of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. He designed the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until his dismissal in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname "The Iron Chancellor".
  http://wn.com/Otto_von_Bismarck
• 
  Parmenides
  Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
  http://wn.com/Parmenides
• 
  Paul Bourget
  Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (September 2, 1852–December 25, 1935), was a French novelist and critic.
  http://wn.com/Paul_Bourget
• Paul Deussen
  Paul Jakob Deussen (; January 7, 1845 – July 6, 1919) was a German Orientalist and Sanskrit scholar. He was influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer. He was also a friend of Friedrich Nietzsche and Swami Vivekananda.
  http://wn.com/Paul_Deussen
• 
  Paul Rée
  Paul Ludwig Carl Heinrich Rée (21 November 1849 - 28 October 1901) was a German author and philosopher, and friend of Friedrich Nietzsche.
  http://wn.com/Paul_Rée
• Peter Gast
  http://wn.com/Peter_Gast
• Peter Wessel Zapffe
  Peter Wessel Zapffe (December 18, 1899-October 12, 1990) was a Norwegian metaphysician, author and mountaineer. He was well known for his somewhat pessimistic view of human existence and his philosophy is widely considered to be pessimistic, much like the work of the earlier philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, by whom he was inspired. His thoughts regarding the error of human existence are presented in the essay, The Last Messiah (original: Den sidste Messias, 1933). This essay is a shorter version of his best-known work, the philosophical treatise, On the tragic (original: Om det tragiske 1941).
  http://wn.com/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe
• 
  Pindar
  Pindar (, Pindaros; Latin: Pindarus) (ca. 522–443 BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved. Quintilian described him as "by far the greatest of the nine lyric poets, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence".
  http://wn.com/Pindar
• Plato
  :For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Plato
• Polish people
  http://wn.com/Polish_people
• R. J. Hollingdale
  Reginald John (RJ) Hollingdale (October 20, 1930 – September 28, 2001) was best known as a biographer and a translator of German philosophy and literature, especially the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Goethe, E.T.A. Hoffmann, G. C. Lichtenberg, and Schopenhauer. Hollingdale was also elected president of The Friedrich Nietzsche Society in 1989. Along with Walter Kaufmann, he was responsible for rehabilitating Nietzsche's reputation in the English-speaking world after World War II.
  http://wn.com/R_J_Hollingdale
• R.J. Hollingdale
  http://wn.com/RJ_Hollingdale
• Rainer Maria Rilke
  Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) was a Bohemian–Austrian poet and art critic. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets.
  http://wn.com/Rainer_Maria_Rilke
• 
  Ralph Waldo Emerson
  Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American lecturer, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thought through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
  http://wn.com/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
• Renzo Novatore
  __NOTOC__Renzo Novatore is the pen-name of Abele Rizieri Ferrari (May 12, 1890 – November 29, 1922), an Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, now mostly known for his posthumously published book Toward the Creative Nothing (Verso il nulla creatore) and associated with left wing futurism. His thought is influenced by Max Stirner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Palante, Oscar Wilde, Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Schopenhauer and Charles Baudelaire.
  http://wn.com/Renzo_Novatore
• 
  René Girard
  René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon, France) is a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy. He is the author of several books (see below), in which he developed the following ideas:
  http://wn.com/René_Girard
• 
  Richard Nixon
  Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
  http://wn.com/Richard_Nixon
• 
  Richard Rorty
  Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher. He had a long and diverse academic career, including positions as Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginia, and Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University. His complex intellectual background gave him a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the analytic tradition in philosophy he would later famously reject. The philosophical program he developed included a rejection of a representationalist account of knowledge, a concept he referred to as a "mirror of nature," which he saw as a holdover from Platonism and pervasive throughout the history of philosophy. In response to this tradition, which he saw embodied by analytic philosophy, Rorty developed a novel form of pragmatism in which scientific and philosophical methods are merely contingent "vocabularies" which are abandoned or adopted over time according to social conventions and usefulness. Abandoning the representationalist account of knowledge, Rorty believed, would lead to a state of mind he referred to as "ironism", in which people are completely aware of the contingency of their placement in history and of their vocabulary. For Rorty, this brand of philosophy is always tied to the notion of "social hope," that without the ideas of representation and other concepts standing in the way between the mind and the world, human society would be more free. Much of his work explicates what a "postmetaphysical" culture that has abandoned representationalist epistemology would look like, incorporating a pragmatist naturalism that treats science as a tool towards liberalism. His best known book is Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979).
  http://wn.com/Richard_Rorty
• 
  Richard Wagner
  Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
  http://wn.com/Richard_Wagner
• 
  Rudolf Rocker
  Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873– September 10, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist. A self-professed anarchist without adjectives, Rocker believed that anarchist schools of thought represented "only different methods of economy" and that the first objective for anarchists was "to secure the personal and social freedom of men".
  http://wn.com/Rudolf_Rocker
• 
  Rudolf Steiner
  Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (25 or 27 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social thinker, architect and esotericist. He gained initial recognition as a literary critic and cultural philosopher. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he founded a new spiritual movement, Anthroposophy, as an esoteric philosophy growing out of European transcendentalism and with links to Theosophy.
  http://wn.com/Rudolf_Steiner
• 
  Rudolf Virchow
  Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Referred to as "the father of modern pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.
  http://wn.com/Rudolf_Virchow
• Schopenhauer
  http://wn.com/Schopenhauer
• 
  Sigmund Freud
  Sigmund Freud (), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an "analysand", and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, and a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history, interpretation and critique of culture.
  http://wn.com/Sigmund_Freud
• 
  Socrates
  Socrates (Greek: , , Sōkrátēs; c. 469 BC–399 BC, in English ) was a Classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.
  http://wn.com/Socrates
• Spinoza
  http://wn.com/Spinoza
• 
  Stefan Zweig
  Stefan Zweig (November 28, 1881 – February 22, 1942) was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most famous writers in the world.
  http://wn.com/Stefan_Zweig
• 
  Stendhal
  Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
  http://wn.com/Stendhal
• 
  Søren Kierkegaard
  Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( or ; ) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a deeply religious Danish Theologian who took an interest in the new culture developing in the first half of the nineteenth century. The Age of Reason had replaced the age of faith established by the Holy Roman Empire. Kierkegaard devoted his life to the affirmation of the Lutheran faith against Reason and all forms of speculation in the realm of Christianity. In 1842 he heard every philosopher say, "Everything must be doubted," so he began doubting everything until he heard the philosphers say, "One must not waste time on doubting, but must just begin straight away on philosophy." He had been brought up to believe that "even an ordinary person endeavors to do what he says, though it may happen that he does something else through ignorance, because he does not understand himself. Yet this cannot happen with the philosopher." Four years later he wrote, "it should immediately be borne in mind that the issue is not about the truth of Christianity but about the individual’s relation to Christianity, consequently not about the indifferent individual’s systematic eagerness to arrange the truths of Christianity in paragraphs but rather about the concern of the infinitely interested individual with regard to his own relation to such a doctrine".
  http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard
• 
  T. K. Seung
  T. K. Seung is a philosopher and literary critic. His academic interests cut across diverse philosophical and literary subjects, including ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of law, cultural hermeneutics, and ancient Chinese philosophy.
  http://wn.com/T_K_Seung
• 
  Theodor W. Adorno
  Theodor W. Adorno (September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German-born international sociologist, philosopher, and musicologist. He was a member of the Frankfurt School of social theory along with Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Jürgen Habermas, and others. He was also the Music Director of the Radio Project from 1937 to 1941, in the U.S.
  http://wn.com/Theodor_W_Adorno
• 
  Theodore Roosevelt
  Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) His last name is, according to Roosevelt himself, "pronounced as if it was spelled 'Rosavelt.' That is in three syllables. The first syllable as if it was 'Rose.'" ; An [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/record.cfm?recordid=509 Audio recording] in which Roosevelt pronounces his own last name distinctly. To listen at the correct speed, slow the recording down by 20%. Retrieved on July 12, 2007. ) was the 26th President of the United States. He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his "cowboy" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.
  http://wn.com/Theodore_Roosevelt
• 
  Thomas Mann
  Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, the anti-fascist Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the most known exponents of the so called Exilliteratur.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Mann
• 
  Voltaire
  François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire (), was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every literary form including plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
  http://wn.com/Voltaire
• Walter Benjamin
  Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (15 July 1892 – 27 September 1940) was a German-Jewish intellectual (philosopher, sociologist, literary critic, translator, essayist) occasionally associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. His sociologic and cultural critical thought, combining historical materialism, German idealism, and Jewish mysticism, proved a novel contribution to aesthetic theory and to Western Marxism. As a literary critic, his most famous essays are about Charles Baudelaire (1821–67), coiner of the term modernism; as a translator he produced the Tableaux Parisiens edition of Les Fleurs du mal (1857), by Baudelaire, and À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27), by Marcel Proust (1871–1922).
  http://wn.com/Walter_Benjamin
• William E. Connolly
  William E. Connolly is a political theorist known for his work on democracy and pluralism. He is the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University. His 1974 work The Terms of Political Discourse won the 1999 Benjamin Lippincott Award.
  http://wn.com/William_E_Connolly
• 
  World War I
  World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
  http://wn.com/World_War_I

• 
  Bayreuth Festival
  The Bayreuth Festival () is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner are presented. Wagner himself conceived of and promoted the idea of a special festival to showcase his own works, in particular his monumental cycle and Parsifal.
  http://wn.com/Bayreuth_Festival
• 
  Emma Goldman
  Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.
  http://wn.com/Emma_Goldman
• 
  Genoa
  Genoa ( , ; in Genoese and Ligurian: Zena, ; in Latin and, archaically, in English: Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Area has a population of about 1,400,000. It is also called la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, made it 2004's EU Capital of culture.
  http://wn.com/Genoa
• 
  German Confederation
  The German Confederation or Germanic Confederation () was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had been abolished in 1806. In 1848, revolutions by liberals and nationalists occurred in an attempt to establish a unified German state. Talks between the German states failed in 1848, and the confederation briefly dissolved but was re-established in 1850.
  http://wn.com/German_Confederation
• 
  German Empire
  The German Empire (, called by some German historians as Kaiserlich Deutsches Reich or Kaiserreich) refers to Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II (28 November 1918). Deutsches Reich remained the official name of Germany throughout the Weimar period and most of the Nazi period until 1943, when it was changed to Großdeutsches Reich ("Great German Empire").
  http://wn.com/German_Empire
• 
  Nueva Germania
  Nueva Germania (New Germania) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. It was founded as a German colony on August 23, 1887 by Bernhard Förster, who was married to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. Förster's idea was to create a model community in the New World and to show German superiority.
  http://wn.com/Nueva_Germania
• 
  Paraguay
  Paraguay (), officially the Republic of Paraguay (, ; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
  http://wn.com/Paraguay
• 
  Province of Saxony
  , within the Kingdom of Prussia (blue), within the German Empire
  http://wn.com/Province_of_Saxony
• 
  Rapallo
  Rapallo is a municipality in the province of Genoa, in Liguria, northern Italy. As of 2007 it counts approximately 34,000 inhabitants, it is part of the Tigullio Gulf and is located in between Portofino and Chiavari.
  http://wn.com/Rapallo
• 
  Saxony
  The Free State of Saxony ( ; ) is a state of Germany, located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area (18,413 km²) and the sixth largest in population (4.3 million), of Germany's sixteen states.
  http://wn.com/Saxony
• 
  Thuringia
  The Free State of Thuringia (, ) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It is known as the "[http://www.eu2007.de/de/Germany/Bundeslaender/Thueringen/province.html green heart of Germany]", due to the dense forest that covers the terrain. It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. The capital is Erfurt.
  http://wn.com/Thuringia
• 
  Tribschen
  Tribschen is a suburb of Lucerne, in the Canton of Lucerne in central Switzerland.
  http://wn.com/Tribschen
• 
  Tunis
  Tunis (, Tūnis) is the capital of Tunisia and also the Tunis Governorate, with a population of 1,200,000 in 2008 and over 3,980,500 in the greater Tunis area. It is Tunisia's largest city.
  http://wn.com/Tunis
• 
  Turin
  Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced ) is a major city as well as a business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants; the Turin metropolitan area is estimated by OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
  http://wn.com/Turin
• Turin, Italy
  http://wn.com/Turin_Italy
• University of Bonn
  The University of Bonn () is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany. Founded in its present form in 1818, as the linear successor of earlier academic institutions, the University of Bonn is today one of the leading universities in Germany. The University of Bonn offers a large number of undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of subjects. Its library holds more than two million volumes. The University of Bonn has 525 professors and 27,800 students. Among its notable alumni and faculty are seven Nobel Laureates, two Fields Medalists, twelve Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners, Pope Benedict XVI, Joseph Goebbels, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Joseph Schumpeter.
  http://wn.com/University_of_Bonn

• Adolf Hitler
• Aesthetics
• African Spir
• Afrikan Spir
• Albert Camus
• Albert Fouillée
• Alexander Nehamas
• Alexandre Kojeve
• Alfred Adler
• Alfred Dreyfus
• Alfred Espinas
• Allan Bloom
• amor fati
• Animus (journal)
• anti-foundationalism
• Anti-Semitic
• aphorism
• aphorisms
• Aristotle
• Arthur Schopenhauer
• atheism
• August Strindberg
• Ayn Rand
• Baruch Spinoza
• Bayreuth Festival
• BBC
• being
• Benito Mussolini
• Bernard Williams
• Bernhard Förster
• Bertrand Russell
• Beyond Good and Evil
• Blaise Pascal
• Brian Leiter
• Burschenschaft
• C. G. Naumann
• CADASIL syndrome
• Caiaphas
• Canton of Lucerne
• Carl Fuchs
• Carl Jung
• Carl Spitteler
• Charles Baudelaire
• Charles Darwin
• Charles de Gaulle
• Christianity
• classical philology
• composer
• Cosima Wagner
• Crime and Punishment
• critic
• Darwinism
• David Strauss
• death of God
• Der Nachsommer
• diphtheria
• Dithyramb
• Dreyfus Affair
• dysentery
• Ecce Homo (book)
• Elizabeth Grosz
• Emil Cioran
• Emile Armand
• Emma Goldman
• Epicurus
• Ernest Renan
• Erwin Rohde
• eternal recurrence
• eternal return
• ethics
• existentialism
• fetters
• Franco-Prussian War
• Franz Kafka
• Franz Overbeck
• Friedrich Hölderlin
• Fyodor Dostoevsky
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky
• G. W. F. Hegel
• Genoa
• Georg Brandes
• George Bernard Shaw
• George Santayana
• Georges Bataille
• German Confederation
• German Empire
• Germanized
• Germans
• Gilles Deleuze
• God is dead
• Gottfried Keller
• Gottfried Leibniz
• Greek philosophy
• Grigol Robakidze
• H.L. Mencken
• H.P. Lovecraft
• Hans von Bülow
• Hansen Writing Ball
• Harold Bloom
• Heinrich Heine
• Heraclitus
• Herbert Marcuse
• herd instinct
• Herman Hesse
• Hippolyte Taine
• Hubert Dreyfus
• Human, All Too Human
• Immanuel Kant
• individualism
• irony
• Israel Eldad
• Jack London
• Jacob Burckhardt
• Jacques Derrida
• James Mill
• Jean Baudrillard
• Jean de La Bruyère
• Jean-Marie Guyau
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Jena
• Jeremy Bentham
• Jim Morrison
• John Stuart Mill
• Judith Butler
• Julius Langbehn
• Jürgen Habermas
• Kantianism
• Karl Jaspers
• Karl von Gersdorff
• Ken Gemes
• Kiel
• Kingdom of Prussia
• Last Man
• Leipzig
• Leo Strauss
• Leo Tolstoy
• Lou Andreas Salomé
• Lou Andreas-Salomé
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
• Lutheran Church
• Lutheranism
• Lützen
• Martin Buber
• Martin Heidegger
• Max Oehler
• Max Stirner
• Max Weber
• Mazzino Montinari
• Mein Kampf
• Meta von Salis
• metaphor
• Michel Foucault
• Michel Onfray
• militarism
• Montaigne
• Muhammad Iqbal
• Nachlass
• nationalism
• Naumburg
• Nice
• Nietzsche Archive
• nihilism
• Nueva Germania
• ontology
• orderly
• organicism
• Oswald Spengler
• Otto Binswanger
• Otto von Bismarck
• Palazzo Carignano
• Paolo d'Iorio
• Paraguay
• Parmenides
• pastor
• Paul Bourget
• Paul Deussen
• Paul Rée
• perspectivism
• Peter Gast
• Peter Wessel Zapffe
• Pforta
• philologist
• philosophy
• Philosophy Talk
• Pindar
• Plato
• poetry
• polemic
• Polish people
• postmodernism
• poststructuralism
• pre-Socratic
• Province of Saxony
• Prussia
• psychology
• PUF
• R. J. Hollingdale
• R.J. Hollingdale
• Rainer Maria Rilke
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Rapallo
• Renzo Novatore
• René Girard
• ressentiment
• Richard Nixon
• Richard Rorty
• Richard Wagner
• Roland Barthes
• Rudolf Rocker
• Rudolf Steiner
• Rudolf Virchow
• Röcken
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
• Saxony
• Schopenhauer
• secularization
• Sigmund Freud
• Sils im Engadin/Segl
• Socrates
• Spinoza
• St. Moritz
• Stateless person
• Statelessness
• Stefan Zweig
• Stendhal
• subversive
• SUNY Press
• syphilis
• Søren Kierkegaard
• T. K. Seung
• Tautenburg
• tertiary syphilis
• The Birth of Tragedy
• The Case of Wagner
• The Dawn (book)
• The Gay Science
• The German Quarterly
• The Greek State
• The Strenuous Life
• The Will to Power
• Theodor W. Adorno
• Theodore Herzl
• Theodore Roosevelt
• theology
• Thomas Mann
• Thuringia
• Tribschen
• Tunis
• Turin
• Turin, Italy
• typewriter
• University of Basel
• University of Bonn
• Unpublished Writings
• utilitarianism
• Voltaire
• W.B. Yeats
• Walter Benjamin
• Walter de Gruyter
• Weimar
• Weimar classicism
• will to power
• William E. Connolly
• World War I
• Zionism
• Übermensch

• Allegro
• Hoch tut euch auf
• Einleitung
• Phantasie
• Miserere
• Einleitung
• Einleitung
• Hüter, ist die Nacht bald hin?
• Presto
• Mein Platz vor der Tür
• Heldenklage
• Klavierstuck
• Ungarischer Marsch
• Zigeunertanz
• Édes Titok
• Aus der Jugendzeit
• So lach doch mal
• Da geht ein Bach
• Da geht ein Bach
• Im Mondscein auf der Puszta
• Marzurka
• Aus der Czarda
• Das zerbrochene Ringlein
• Albumblatt
• Wie sich Rebenranken schwingen

• Im Mondschein auf der Puszta
• Das zerbrochene Ringlein
• So lach doch mal
• Das 'Fragment an sich'
• Hymnus an die Freundschaft
• Die Einleitung
• Skizze zu Byron's 'Foscari'
• Ungarischer Marsch
• Die Heldenklange
• Da geht ein Bach
• Ermanarich (Symphonische Dichtung)
• Edes Titok
• Nachtklang einer Sylvesternacht (for Violin and Piano)

Born: 1844-10-15

Died: 1900-08-25

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