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A. Philip Randolph
Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 – May 16, 1979) was a prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union, ending slavery, and rededicating the nation to nationalism, equal rights, liberty and democracy. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated and became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband, and father of four children.
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Adlai Stevenson II
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Albert Lutuli
Albert John Lutuli (commonly spelled Luthuli; c. 1898 – 21 July 1967), also known by his Zulu name Mvumbi, was a South African teacher and politician. Lutuli was elected president of the African National Congress (ANC), at the time an umbrella organisation that led opposition to the white minority government in South Africa. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the non-violent struggle against apartheid. He was the first African, and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas, to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
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Albert Raby
Albert Anderson Raby (1933 – November 23, 1988) was a teacher at Chicago's Hess Upper Grade Center whose efforts on behalf of housing and school desegregation played a key role in leading Martin Luther King, Jr. to shift the fight for civil rights from the South.
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America Online
http://wn.com/America_Online -
Ben Branch
Ben F. Branch (1924 - August 27, 1987) was an American entrepreneur, jazz tenor saxophonist, and bandleader.
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Benjamin Mays
Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays (August 1, 1894 – March 28, 1984) was an American minister, educator, scholar, social activist, and the president of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, from 1940 to 1967. He was also a significant mentor to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and was among the most articulate and outspoken critics of segregation before the rise of the modern civil rights movement in the United States. While serving as the Dean of the School of Religion at Howard University in Washington D.C. from 1934 to 1940, he traveled to India and spoke with Mohandas Gandhi, a highly respected equal-rights believer known all over the world; this meeting had a lasting impact on Dr. Mays.
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Billy Dee Williams
Billy Dee Williams (born William December Williams, Jr.; April 6, 1937) is an American actor, artist, singer, and writer, best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the original Star Wars trilogy.
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Bob Adelman
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Claudette Colvin
Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a pioneer of the African American civil rights movement. She spontaneously resisted Alabaman bus segregation preceding the better known Rosa Parks incident by nine months, but her case was not publicized for long by black leaders because of her image as an unmarried pregnant woman. "Her circumstances would make her an extremely vulnerable standard-bearer"
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Clifford Durr
Clifford Durr (1899 – 1975) was an Alabama lawyer who played an important role in defending activists and others accused of disloyalty during the New Deal and McCarthy eras and who represented Rosa Parks in her challenge to the constitutionality of the ordinance requiring the segregation of passengers on buses in Montgomery that launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
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Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927 January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader. The widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (; February 4, 1906 – April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian, and martyr. He was also a participant in the German Resistance movement against Nazism and a founding member of the Confessing Church. His involvement in plans by members of the Abwehr (the German Military Intelligence Office) to assassinate Adolf Hitler resulted in his arrest in April 1943 and his subsequent execution by hanging in April 1945, twenty-three days before the Nazis' surrender. His view of Christianity's role in the secular world has become very influential.
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Dwight Eisenhower
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Edgar Nixon
Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987) was an American civil rights leader and union organizer who played a crucial role in organizing the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Nixon also led the Montgomery branch of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union, known as the Pullman Porters Union. Nixon also served as president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Welfare League, and the Montgomery Voters League.
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Eskimo
Eskimos or Esquimaux are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia), across Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland.
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Gandhi
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
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Gerald Posner
Gerald Posner (born May 20, 1954) is an investigative journalist and author of several books, including Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (1993) which explores the John F. Kennedy assassination, and Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. A journalism scandal, involving his articles and books, arose in 2010.
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Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
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Hosea Williams
Hosea Lorenzo Williams (January 5, 1926 – November 16, 2000) was a United States civil rights leader, ordained minister, and later a politician. His famous motto was "Unbought and Unbossed" (which was also the motto of congresswoman Shirley Chisholm).
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Howard Thurman
Howard Thurman (1899 – April 10, 1981) was an influential American author, philosopher, theologian, educator and civil rights leader. He was Dean of Theology and the chapels at Howard University and Boston University for more than two decades, wrote 20 books, and in 1944 helped found the first racially integrated, multicultural church in the United States.
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Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978), served under President Lyndon B. Johnson as the 38th Vice President of the United States. Humphrey twice served as a United States Senator from Minnesota, and served as Democratic Majority Whip. He was a founder of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and Americans for Democratic Action. He also served as Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1945–1949. In 1968, Humphrey was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election but lost to the Republican nominee, Richard Nixon.
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Hunter Pitts O'Dell
'''Jack O'Dell''' (aka Hunter Pitts O'Dell), born 1924, is a prominent African-American member of the U.S. Civil Rights movement.
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Izola Curry
Izola Ware Curry (b. 1916) is an African-American woman who attempted to assassinate civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Georgia, she stabbed King with a letter opener at a New York City book signing on September 20, 1958. King was eventually assassinated April 4, 1968 in an unrelated incident.
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J. Edgar Hoover
John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972. Hoover is credited with building the FBI into a large and efficient crime-fighting agency, and with instituting a number of modern innovations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories.
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J. Waites Waring
Julius Waties Waring (1880-1968) was a distinguished American lawyer and jurist who played an important role in the early legal battles of the American Civil Rights Movement. After divorcing his wife and remarrying the Northern socialite Elizabeth Waring (born Elizabeth Avery), Judge Waring quickly transitioned from a racial moderate to a proponent of radical change. Speaking at a Harlem church, he proclaimed: "The cancer of segregation will never be cured by the sedative of gradualism." He served as a Federal Judge assigned to the US District Court in Charleston, South Carolina from 1942-1952 and heard several pivotal civil rights cases.
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Jaleel White
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters. White also voiced the character of Sonic the Hedgehog and other characters for Sonic the Hedgehog media.
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James Bevel
James L. Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008) was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement who, as the Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) initiated, strategized, directed, and developed SCLC's three major successes of the era: the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, and the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. James Bevel also called for and initially organized the 1963 March on Washington and initiated and strategized the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, SCLC's two main public gatherings of the era. For his work in the 1960s he has been referred to as the "Father of Voting Rights", the "Strategist and Architect of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", and as half of the Bevel/King team that formulated and communicated the actions, issues, and dialogues which created the historical changes of the era.
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James Earl Jones
James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor of stage and screen, well known for his deep basso voice. To modern audiences, he is known for providing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars franchise and the tagline for CNN.
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James Farmer, Jr.
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James L. Farmer, Jr.
James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a civil rights activist, a leader of the American civil rights movement of the 1940s, '50s and '60s, and the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride which eventually led to the desegregration of inter-state busing in the United states.
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Jane Elliott
Jane Elliott (born 1933, Riceville, Iowa) is an American teacher and anti-racism activist. With no formal training in psychology, she created the famous “blue-eyed/brown-eyed” exercise, first done with grade school children in the 1960s, and which later became the basis for her career in diversity training.
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Jesse Jackson
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as shadow senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. He was the founder of both entities that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son. In an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in February 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote.
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Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
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Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations, the assassin of President of the United States John F. Kennedy, who was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.
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Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lyev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (, ; – ), was a Russian writer whom many consider to be the world's greatest novelist. His masterpieces War and Peace and Anna Karenina represent in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life and attitudes, the peak of realist fiction.
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LeVar Burton
Levardis Robert Martyn Burton, Jr. (born February 16, 1957) professionally known as LeVar Burton, is an American actor, director and author who first came to prominence portraying Kunta Kinte in the 1977 award-winning ABC television miniseries Roots, based on the novel by Alex Haley. He is also well known for his portrayal of Geordi La Forge on the syndicated science fiction series and as the host of the PBS children's program Reading Rainbow.
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Lewis Baldwin
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Mahatma Gandhi
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Malcolm X
Malcolm X (; May 19, 1925 February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (), was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest, and most influential, African Americans in history. In 1998, Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
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Margaret Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League.
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Michael Honey
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Omali Yeshitela
Omali Yeshitela (born Joseph Waller, October 9, 1941, St. Petersburg, Florida) the founder of the Uhuru Movement based in St. Petersburg, Florida.
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Oscar Romero
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Paul Tillich
Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 – October 22, 1965) was a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher. Tillich was – along with his contemporaries Rudolf Bultmann (Germany), Karl Barth (Switzerland), and Reinhold Niebuhr (United States) – one of the four most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century. Among the general populace, he is best known for his works The Courage to Be (1952) and Dynamics of Faith (1957), which introduced issues of theology and modern culture to a general readership. Theologically, he is best known for his major three-volume work Systematic Theology (1951–63), in which he developed his "method of correlation": an approach of exploring the symbols of Christian revelation as answers to the problems of human existence raised by contemporary existential philosophical analysis.
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Percy Foreman
Percy Eugene Foreman (June 21, 1902 – August 25, 1988) was a criminal defense attorney from Houston, Texas. Foreman was born near Bold Springs, Texas, and moved to Livingston, Texas when he was six years old. He was the son of William P. ("Rogers") Foreman, a former sheriff of Polk County, Texas. Percy Foreman attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia for one year, graduated from the University of Texas Law School in 1927, and was admitted to the Texas Bar on January 17, 1928. He went on to become one of America's best known trial lawyers.
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Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), known as Blessed John XXIII since his beatification, was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City on 28 October 1958.
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Raymond St. Jacques
Raymond St. Jacques (March 1, 1930 – August 27, 1990) was an American actor.
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Richard J. Daley
Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) served for 21 years as the mayor and undisputed Democratic boss of Chicago and is considered by historians to be the "last of the big city bosses." He played a major role in the history of the Democratic Party, especially with his support of John F. Kennedy in 1960 and of Hubert Humphrey in 1968.
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Robert Greenwald
Robert Greenwald (born August 28, 1945) is an American film director, film producer, and political activist, noted in the 2000s for his documentaries critical of Fox News and of the George W. Bush administration, as well as numerous award-winning television movies from the 1980s and 1990s.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
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Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress later called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement".
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Roy Wilkins
Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. Wilkins' most notable role was in his leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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Stokely Carmichael
Kwame Ture (June 29, 1941 November 15, 1998), also known as Stokely Carmichael, was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party. Initially an integrationist, Carmichael later became affiliated with black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements. He popularized the term "Black Power".
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Taylor Branch
Taylor Branch (born January 14, 1947, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American author and historian best known for his award-winning trilogy of books chronicling the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. and some of the history of the American civil rights movement. The third and final volume of the 2,912-page trilogy — collectively called America in the King Years — was released in January 2006. Branch lives in Baltimore, Maryland, with his wife, Christina Macy, and their two children, Macy (born 1980) and Franklin (b. 1983).
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded and two weeks after the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The 'Mayaguez incident' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on 12–15 May 1975, marked the last official battle of the United States (U.S.) involvement in the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
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Whitney Young
Whitney Moore Young Jr. (July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an American civil rights leader.
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Wyatt Tee Walker
Wyatt Tee Walker (born 16 August 1929) is a United States black pastor, national civil rights leader, theologian, and cultural historian. He was a Chief of Staff for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and in 1958 became an early board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He helped found the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) in 1958. As executive director of the SCLC from 1960 to 1964, Walker helped to bring the group to national prominence.
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Yolanda King
Yolanda Denise King (November 17, 1955 – May 15, 2007) was the first-born child of Coretta Scott King and civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Her younger siblings are Martin Luther King, III, Dexter Scott King, and Rev. Dr. Bernice Albertine King.
http://wn.com/Yolanda_King
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Albany, Georgia
Albany is a city in and the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. It is the principal city of the Albany, Georgia metropolitan area. The population was 76,939 at the 2000 census and had dropped to 75,616 according to a 2009 estimate.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
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Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham (, ) is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to an estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2007, Birmingham had a population of about 229,800. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area, in estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2009, had a population of about 1,212,848. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area contains about one-quarter of the entire population of Alabama.
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Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church, but describes itself as nonsectarian. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Communist Party USA
The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States, established in 1919.
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Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
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Heiberger, Alabama
Heiberger, Alabama is a small settlement located near Marion in Perry County, Alabama. It is best known for being the birthplace of civil rights leader Coretta Scott King.
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Jamaica
Jamaica () is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harboring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water", or the "Land of Springs".
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James Farmer, Jr.
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James L. Farmer, Jr.
James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a civil rights activist, a leader of the American civil rights movement of the 1940s, '50s and '60s, and the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride which eventually led to the desegregration of inter-state busing in the United states.
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Mason Temple
Mason Temple, in Memphis, Tennessee, is the International Sanctuary and central headquarters of the Church of God in Christ, the largest African American Pentecostal group in the world.
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.
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Montgomery, Alabama
Montgomery () is the capital, second most populous city, and the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U.S. state of Alabama, and is the county seat of Montgomery County. It is located southeast of the center of the state, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. The city population was 201,568 as of the 2000 census. Montgomery is the primary city of the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a 2000 population of 346,528, making it the fourth largest in the state. As of 2009 the estimated population of Montgomery is 202,124.
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Montreal
Montreal (; pronounced in French, in English) is the second-largest city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mont-Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, whose name was also initially given to the island on which the city is located, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French, (Mont Royal in present French).
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Morehouse College
Morehouse College is a private, all-male, historically black college located in Atlanta, Georgia. Along with Hampden-Sydney College and Wabash College, Morehouse is one of three remaining traditional men's colleges in the United States.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Lawndale
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Petros, Tennessee
Petros, (pronounced pee-tross) is an unincorporated town in Morgan County, Tennessee, United States, located on State Route 116.
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Riceville, Iowa
Riceville is a city in Howard and Mitchell Counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 840 at the 2000 census.
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Riverside Church
The Riverside Church in the City of New York is an interdenominational (American Baptist and United Church of Christ), interracial, international congregation in New York City, famous not only for its elaborate Gothic architecture—which includes the world's largest tuned carillon bell—but also as a center for the promotion of progressive causes. It is located in Morningside Heights between Riverside Drive and Claremont Avenue and between 120th Street and 122nd Street.
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Selma, Alabama
Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, Alabama, United States, located on the banks of the Alabama River. The population was 20,512 at the 2000 census.
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Tennessee
Tennessee () is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,214,888, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area, at 1,521,437 people.
http://wn.com/Tennessee -
Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House
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Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat (2002)
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Sheneneh's Best Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Published: 19 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: dirkster1967
Personal favorites of Martin's across the hall neighbor, Sheneneh Jenkins from season 1
http://wn.com/Sheneneh's_Best_Part_1
Martin Control Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Published: 01 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: BigBlackGuy3
Gina accidentally loses Martin's tickets to a very important professional basketball game. She tries to get them out of the trash chute and replace them before Martin finds out, but is unsuccessful. She later finds out that Sheneneh also has a pair of tickets to the same game, and begs Sheneneh for them. Sheneneh, who doesn't like Gina and enjoys watching her suffer, decides to make it difficult for Gina to get the tickets. She compels Gina to work off the debt in her beauty salon.
http://wn.com/Martin_Control_Part_1
Martin Original Theatrical Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 08 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 12 Feb 2012
- Author: albadeimorti
The original theatrical trailer from the 1977 George A. Romero film, Martin. Ripped from the Lions Gate DVD release. PS Turn your speakers up because the sound is low.
http://wn.com/Martin_Original_Theatrical_Trailer
Martin Do You Remember The Time Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Published: 01 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: BigBlackGuy3
Martin struggles to come up with a new topic for his radio talk show. In desperation, he finally accepts some ideas from the gang. Gina suggests that he use the circumstances of how they first met and fell in love. As they go around the room, each of them has a different remembrance of the events of that night.
http://wn.com/Martin_Do_You_Remember_The_Time_Part_1
Martin -Jerome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 03 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: ttheconductor
Martin Lawrence- Jerome
http://wn.com/Martin_-Jerome
Sway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 24 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: kavehmoradi
Sway - Dean Martin (Love Songs)
http://wn.com/Sway
Martin Lockin' Boots Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 09 May 2007
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: BigBlackGuy3
Gina and Martin agree to save money. But then Gina is forced to secretly make a withdrawal from their bank account in order to pay a parking ticket. Martin finds out about the secret withdrawal, and gets even by going on a wild shopping spree.
http://wn.com/Martin_Lockin'_Boots_Part_1
Martin lawrence in MARTIN!
I thought this clip hilarious of Martin Lawrence getting his asskicked in his show Martin. Ofcourse in this clip he plays the role of a "bruce lee" enoy!
http://wn.com/Martin_lawrence_in_MARTIN!
Ricky Martin - Frio ft. Wisin & Yandel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 20 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: RickyMartinVEVO
Music video by Ricky Martin Feat. Wisín & Yandel performing Frío. (C) 2011 Sony Music Entertainment US Latin LLC
http://wn.com/Ricky_Martin__Frio_ft_Wisin_Yandel
Martin Lawrence- Jail(stand up comedy)
martin lawrence
http://wn.com/Martin_Lawrence_Jailstand_up_comedy
![Martin Solveig & Dragonette - Hello (Official Music Video) [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120218235322im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LnET4RKXx5k/0.jpg "Martin Solveig & Dragonette - Hello (Official Music Video) [HD]")
Martin Solveig & Dragonette - Hello (Official Music Video) [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 19 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: SpinninRec
Join us on Facebook: on.fb.me Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Join us on G+ : gplus.to Spinnin' Records proudly presents Martin Solveig & Dragonette - Hello [official video HD]
http://wn.com/Martin_Solveig_Dragonette__Hello_Official_Music_Video_ HD
Rick Ross - Aston Martin Music ft. Drake, Chrisette Michele
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Published: 14 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: RickRossVEVO
Music video by Rick Ross performing Aston Martin Music. (C) 2010 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rick_Ross__Aston_Martin_Music_ft_Drake,_Chrisette_Michele
Martin Beauty and the Beast Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Published: 02 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: BigBlackGuy3
Martin has an argument with Gina after she listens to his radio show and hears his womanizing remarks. When Martin gets home, she calls him into the room and tells him about what she heard. They make an agreement to make it look like Martin won the argument. But there's a catch, Martin has to agree to go to a dinner with her that night.
http://wn.com/Martin_Beauty_and_the_Beast_Part_1
Thats amore Dean Martin
music video "thats amore" by dean martin the first person to post this video :]
http://wn.com/Thats_amore_Dean_Martin
Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: RickyMartinVEVO
Music video by Ricky Martin performing Livin' La Vida Loca. © 1999 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (Holland) BV
http://wn.com/Ricky_Martin__Livin'_La_Vida_Loca
Dean Martin - That's Amore - Lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 29 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: DeanMartinTV
Dean Martin - That's Amore - Lyrics
http://wn.com/Dean_Martin__That's_Amore__Lyrics
Ricky Martin - María
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: RickyMartinVEVO
Music video by Ricky Martin performing María. (C) 2008 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT
http://wn.com/Ricky_Martin__María
Earl Scruggs & Steve Martin - Foggy Mountain Breakdown (Best
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 17 May 2006
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: Nekrophyliac
simply the best performance!
http://wn.com/Earl_Scruggs_Steve_Martin__Foggy_Mountain_Breakdown_Best
Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech - August 28, 1963
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:28
- Published: 21 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: sullentoys
I Have a Dream Speech Martin Luther King's Address at March on Washington August 28, 1963. Washington, DC When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther_King__I_Have_A_Dream_Speech__August_28,_1963
Ricky Martin - Jaleo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 15 Feb 2012
- Author: RickyMartinVEVO
Music video by Ricky Martin performing Jaleo. (C) 2008 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT
http://wn.com/Ricky_Martin__Jaleo
Steve Martin & Earl Scruggs - Foggy Mountain Breakdown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 17 May 2006
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: Nekrophyliac
the best instrumental bluegrass song ever done!!
http://wn.com/Steve_Martin_Earl_Scruggs__Foggy_Mountain_Breakdown
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photo: AP / Lynne Sladky
18 Feb 2012
AP Photo Roger Federer of Switzerland returns a shot to Finland's Jarkko Nieminen during their quarter final tennis match at the ABN AMRO tournament at the Ahoy Arena in Rotterdam, Netherlands,...
photo: Creative Commons / Bubba
18 Feb 2012
This looks like it might just be it, then. Pan Am may have found a place in some people's hearts, but the future of the show isn't looking good, so we're preparing to say goodbye to the group this...
photo: Creative Commons / ShuttleDiscovery
17 Feb 2012
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Asian banks are filling the void in the aircraft financing market left by squeezed European lenders, but Middle East tensions and the sheer scale of Asia's aviation growth look...
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The Daily Mail
Keith Martin has been named as the fattest man in the world There was something of the circus sideshow around news coverage last week of 58-stone Keith Martin, who was described as ‘the fattest man in the world’. We gasped as it was revealed that he consumed eight hot dogs for breakfast....(size: 8.6Kb)
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ROTTERDAM, Netherlands — Third-seeded Juan Martin del Potro beat second-seeded Tomas Berdych 6-3, 6-1 Saturday to reach the ABN Amro World Tennis final. Del Potro broke his Czech opponent in the...(size: 1.3Kb)
Vogue
The Central Saint Martins’ MA graduation show Friday night was a fitting way to raise the curtain and usher in London Fashion Week, and not just because of the symbolism of Luke Brooks’s Olympic ring–cum–dream catcher headdress that opened the show, for the fashion MA course...(size: 3.3Kb)
NOTTS COUNTY SACK MARTIN ALLEN
18 Feb 2012
Sporting Life
Notts County have sacked manager Martin Allen following Saturday's 3-0 defeat at Hartlepool. County made the move...(size: 0.8Kb)
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OBERSTDORF, Germany — Martin Koch of Austria won a ski jumping World Cup event Saturday, edging Daiki Ito of Japan. Koch flew 218 meters in the...(size: 1.0Kb)
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Noel Gallagher has seemingly confirmed that he will duet with Coldplay frontman Chris Martin...(size: 0.6Kb)
Koch wins Oberstdorf ski flying Sat, 18 Feb 18:17:00 2012 Austria's Martin Koch upstaged the ...
18 Feb 2012
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clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.
The King Center
"Martin Luther King Jr. Collection", Morehouse College, RWWL
The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project
Martin Luther King Jr., "A New Sense of Direction (1968)"
"Martin Luther King Jr.", ''The Seattle Times''
1956 Comic Book: ''Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story''
Kirk, John A., "Martin Luther King, Jr.", ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''
"Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle", online encyclopedia, chronology and document library, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University.
"Martin Luther King, Jr.", ''Encyclopedia of Alabama''
"Martin Luther King Jr.: Peacemaker", slideshow by ''Life'' magazine
The Life and Death of Martin Luther King, slideshow by ''The First Post''
Photo Essay: "The Last Days of Martin Luther King, Jr.", ''Time''
Audio from April 1961 King, "The Church on the Frontier of Racial Tensions", speech at Southern Seminary
"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929–1968", one hour documentary report by ''Democracy Now!''
"Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Speeches and Interviews"
The New Negro, King interviewed by J. Waites Waring
"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark", PBS
"Beyond Vietnam" speech text and audio
King Institute Encyclopedia multimedia
Why I Am Oppposed to the War in Vietnam, sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church on April 30, 1967 (audio of speech with video 23:31)
A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War.
King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986.
Early life and education
Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, the middle child of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. King Jr. had an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie ''Gone with the Wind.''
King was originally skeptical of many of Christianity's claims. Most striking, perhaps, was his initial denial of the bodily resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school at the age of thirteen. From this point, he stated, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly". However, he later concluded that the Bible has "many profound truths which one cannot escape" and decided to enter the seminary.
Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. A precocious student, he skipped both the ninth and the twelfth grade and entered Morehouse College at age fifteen without formally graduating from high school. In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951. King married Coretta Scott, on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama. They became the parents of four children; Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, when he was twenty-five years old, in 1954. King then began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received his Doctor of Philosophy on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation on "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman". A 1980s inquiry concluded portions of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had acted improperly but that his dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship",
Influences
Thurman
Civil rights leader, theologian, and educator Howard Thurman was an early influence on King. A classmate of King's father at Morehouse College, Thurman mentored the young King and his friends. Thurman's missionary work had taken him abroad where he had met and conferred with Mahatma Gandhi. When he was a student at Boston University, King often visited Thurman, who was the dean of Marsh Chapel. Walter Fluker, who has studied Thurman's writings, has stated, "I don't believe you'd get a Martin Luther King, Jr. without a Howard Thurman".
Gandhi and Rustin
With assistance from the Quaker group the American Friends Service Committee, and inspired by Gandhi's success with non-violent activism, King visited Gandhi's birthplace in India in 1959. The trip to India affected King in a profound way, deepening his understanding of non-violent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation." African American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin had studied Gandhi's teachings. Rustin counseled King to dedicate himself to the principles of non-violence, served as King's main advisor and mentor throughout his early activism, and was the main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. Rustin's open homosexuality, support of democratic socialism, and his former ties to the Communist Party USA caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin.
Public stance on political parties
As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both—not the servant or master of either."In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the Republican party is a party full of the almighty God nor is the Democratic party. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party."
King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality: }}
Personal political advocacy
Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he was undecided as to whether he would vote for the Adlai Stevenson or Dwight Eisenhower, but that "In the past I always voted the Democratic ticket."In his autobiography, King says that in 1960 he privately voted for Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy in 1964, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964."
Sermons and speeches
Throughout his career of service, King wrote and spoke frequently, drawing on his experience as a preacher. His "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963, is a "passionate" statement of his crusade for justice. His I Have a Dream speech is a 17 minute public speech delivered on August 28, 1963, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial prejudice in the United States.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with the Jim Crow laws. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; because Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, E.D. Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for a better case to pursue. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States District Court ruling in ''Browder v. Gayle'' that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
In 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King led the SCLC until his death.On September 20, 1958, while signing copies of his book ''Stride Toward Freedom'' in Blumstein's department store on 125th Street, in Harlem, King was stabbed in the chest with a letter opener by Izola Curry, a deranged black woman, and narrowly escaped death. Gandhi's nonviolent techniques were useful to King's campaign to change the civil rights laws implemented in Alabama. King applied non-violent philosophy to the protests organized by the SCLC. In 1959, he wrote ''The Measure of A Man'', from which the piece ''What is Man?'', an attempt to sketch the optimal political, social, and economic structure of society, is derived. His SCLC secretary and personal assistant in this period was Dora McDonald.
The FBI, under written directive from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began telephone tapping King in the fall of 1963. Concerned that allegations (of Communists in the SCLC), if made public, would derail the Administration's civil rights initiatives, Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspect associations, and later felt compelled to issue the written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. J Edgar Hoover feared Communists were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position.
King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the Civil Rights Movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.
King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the law of the United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
King and the SCLC put into practice many of the principles of the Christian Left and applied the tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.
Albany movement
The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel." But the following day he was swept up in a mass arrest of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. "Those agreements", said King, "were dishonored and violated by the city," as soon as he left town. King returned in July 1962, and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine. He chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Chief Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools... ejected from churches... and thrown into jail... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail."After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote non-violence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts. However, it was credited as a key lesson in tactics for the national civil rights movement.
Birmingham campaign
The Birmingham campaign was a strategic effort by the SCLC to promote civil rights for African Americans. Many of its tactics of "Project C" were developed by Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker, Executive Director of SCLC from 1960–64. Based on actions in Birmingham, Alabama, its goal was to end the city's segregated civil and discriminatory economic policies. The campaign lasted for more than two months in the spring of 1963. To provoke the police into filling the city's jails to overflowing, King and black citizens of Birmingham employed nonviolent tactics to flout laws they considered unfair. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said, "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott to pressure businesses to offer sales jobs and other employment to people of all races, as well as to end segregated facilities in the stores. When business leaders resisted the boycott, King and the SCLC began what they termed Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke arrest. After the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, SCLC's strategist, James Bevel, initiated the action and recruited the children for what became known as the "Children's Crusade". During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs to control protesters, including children. Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. By the end of the campaign, King's reputation improved immensely, Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs in Birmingham came down, and public places became more open to blacks.
St. Augustine, Florida, and Selma, Alabama
King and SCLC were also driving forces behind the protest in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. The movement engaged in nightly marches in the city met by white segregationists who violently assaulted them. Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed.King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, in December 1964, where SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months. A sweeping injunction issued by a local judge barred any gathering of 3 or more people under sponsorship of SNCC, SCLC, or DCVL, or with the involvement of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at Brown Chapel on January 2, 1965.
March on Washington, 1963
King, representing SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were: Roy Wilkins from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Whitney Young, National Urban League; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James L. Farmer, Jr. of the Congress of Racial Equality. The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin. For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march. Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.
The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern United States and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce and then challenge the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks, generally, in the South. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone. As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending the march.
The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington's history. King's "I Have a Dream" speech electrified the crowd. It is regarded, along with Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Franklin D. Roosevelt's Infamy Speech, as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.
The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the very top of the liberal political agenda in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Stance on compensation
Martin Luther King Jr. expressed a view that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for ''Playboy'' in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups. He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils". He presented this idea as an application of the common law regarding settlement of unpaid labor, but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of ''all'' races".
"Bloody Sunday", 1965
King, James Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, for March 7, 1965. The first attempt to march on March 7 was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has since become known as Bloody Sunday. Bloody Sunday was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement, the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. King, however, was not present. King met with officials in the Johnson administration on March 5 in order to request an injunction against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line." Footage of police brutality against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against the State of Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement. The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965. At the conclusion of the march and on the steps of the state capitol, King delivered a speech that has become known as "How Long, Not Long".
Chicago, 1966
In 1966, after several successes in the South, King and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as its first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Ave., in the slums of North Lawndale on the West Side of Chicago, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, an organization founded by Albert Raby, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of The Chicago Freedom Movement. During that spring, several dual white couple/black couple tests on real estate offices uncovered the practice (now banned in the U.S.) of racial steering. These tests revealed the racially selective processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income, background, number of children, and other attributes, with the only difference being their race.
The needs of the movement for radical change grew, and several larger marches were planned and executed, including those in the following neighborhoods: Bogan, Belmont Cragin, Jefferson Park, Evergreen Park (a suburb southwest of Chicago), Gage Park and Marquette Park among others.
In Chicago, Abernathy later wrote that they received a worse reception than they had in the South. Their marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs, and they were truly afraid of starting a riot. King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor Richard J. Daley to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result from the demonstration. King, who received death threats throughout his involvement in the civil rights movement, was hit by a brick during one march but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.
When King and his allies returned to the south, they left Jesse Jackson, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization. Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the Operation Breadbasket movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.
Opposition to the Vietnam War
Starting in 1965, King began to express doubts about the United States' role in the Vietnam War. In an April 4, 1967 appearance at the New York City Riverside Church—exactly one year before his death—King delivered a speech titled "Beyond Vietnam". He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, insisting that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today". He also argued that the country needed larger and broader moral changes:}}
King also was opposed to the Vietnam War on the grounds that the war took money and resources that could have been spent on social welfare services like the War on Poverty. The United States Congress was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death".
King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, union leaders and powerful publishers. "The press is being stacked against me," King complained. ''Life'' magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi", and ''The Washington Post'' declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."
King stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands". King also criticized the United States' resistance to North Vietnam's land reforms. He accused the United States of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children."
The speech was a reflection of King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive Highlander Research and Education Center, with whom King was affiliated. King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation. Towards the time of his murder, King more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice. Though his public language was guarded, so as to avoid being linked to communism by his political enemies, in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism. In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."
King had read Marx while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism," he also rejected Communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism," and its "political totalitarianism."
King also stated, in his "Beyond Vietnam", speech that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring". King quoted a United States official who said that, from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution." King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America," and said that the United States should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.
King spoke at an Anti-Vietnam demonstration where he also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft.
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In 1967, King gave another speech, in which he lashed out against what he called the "cruel irony" of American blacks fighting and dying for a country which treated them as second class citizens:
On January 13, 1968, the day after President Johnson's State of the Union Address, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars".
Poor People's Campaign, 1968
In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created a bill of rights for poor Americans.However, the campaign was not unanimously supported by other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Rustin resigned from the march stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, the demands unrealizable, and thought these campaigns would accelerate the backlash and repression on the poor and the black. Throughout his participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks and such prominent critics as Nation of Islam member Malcolm X. Stokely Carmichael was a separatist and disagreed with King's plea for racial integration because he considered it an insult to a uniquely African-American culture. Omali Yeshitela urged Africans to remember the history of violent European colonization and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.
King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness". His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced".
Assassination and its aftermath
On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address at Mason Temple, the world headquarters of the Church of God in Christ. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane. In the close of the last speech of his career, in reference to the bomb threat, King said the following:
King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis. The Reverend Ralph Abernathy, King's close friend and colleague who was present at the assassination, testified under oath to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed at room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite."
According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony prior to his assassination were spoken to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."
Then, at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968, a shot rang out as King stood on the motel's second floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor. The events following the shooting have been disputed, as some people have accused Jackson of exaggerating his response.
After emergency chest surgery, King was pronounced dead at St. Joseph's Hospital at 7:05 p.m. According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though only thirty-nine years old, he had the heart of a sixty-year-old man, perhaps a result of the stress of thirteen years in the civil rights movement.
The assassination led to a nationwide wave of race riots in Washington D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, Louisville, Kentucky, Kansas City, and dozens of other cities. Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was on his way to Indianapolis for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave a short speech to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of non-violence. James Farmer, Jr. and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response. Vice-President Hubert Humphrey attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence.
At his widow's request, King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church was played at the funeral, a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on February 4, 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity". His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.
The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.
Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later. On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. Ray was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. Ray fired Foreman as his attorney, from then on derisively calling him "Percy Fourflusher". He claimed a man he met in Montreal, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy. He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had. On June 10, 1977, shortly after Ray had testified to the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he did not shoot King, he and six other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee. They were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.
Allegations of conspiracy
Ray's lawyers maintained he was a scapegoat similar to the way that John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is seen by conspiracy theorists. One of the claims used to support this assertion is that Ray's confession was given under pressure, and he had been threatened with the death penalty. Ray was a thief and burglar, but he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon.Those suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point to the two successive ballistics tests which while proving that a rifle similar to Ray's Remington Gamemaster had been the murder weapon, did not prove that his specific rifle had been the one used. Moreover, witnesses surrounding King at the moment of his death say the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house—which had been inexplicably cut away in the days following the assassination—and not from the rooming house window.
In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a new trial. Two years later, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, along with the rest of King's family, won a wrongful death claim against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found Jowers guilty and that government agencies were party to the assassination. William F. Pepper represented the King family in the trial. King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King. He is supported by author Gerald Posner who has researched and written about the assassination.
In 2000, the United States Department of Justice completed the investigation about Jowers' claims but did not find evidence to support allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented. In 2002, ''The New York Times'' reported a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson—not James Earl Ray—assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims.
King's friend and colleague, James Bevel, disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man." In 2004, Jesse Jackson, who was with King at the time of his death, noted:
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Personality and public image
FBI surveillance and wiretapping
J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for years had been suspicious about potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights. Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC as it was established (it did not have a full-time executive director until 1960); its investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when it learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison. The FBI found Levison had been involved with the Communist Party USA. The FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them. Another King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). However, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.The Bureau received authorization to proceed with wiretapping from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in the fall of 1963 and informed President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison. Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison's and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.
For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to Communism, stating in a 1965 ''Playboy'' interview that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida", and claiming that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements". Hoover did not believe his pledge of innocence and replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country." After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country". They alleged that King was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists".
The attempt to prove that King was a Communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators". However, the civil rights movement arose from activism within the black community dating back to before World War I. King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."
Allegations of adultery
Having concluded that King was dangerous due to communist infiltration, the FBI shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he also engaged in numerous extramarital affairs. Lyndon Johnson once said that King was a "hypocritical preacher". Ralph Abernathy, a close associate of King's, stated in his 1989 autobiography ''And the Walls Came Tumbling Down'' that King had a "weakness for women". In a later interview, Abernathy said he only wrote the term "womanizing", did not specifically say King had extramarital sex and that the infidelities King had were emotional rather than sexual. King's biographer David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship, rather than his marriage, increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings...of King's travels." King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction." Garrow noted that King's promiscuity was the cause of "painful and overwhelming guilt".The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family. The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work. One anonymous letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part, "The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [sic]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation." King interpreted this as encouragement for him to commit suicide, although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC." King refused to give in to the FBI's threats. Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr. in 1977 ordered that all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027.
Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which James Earl Ray was staying, was a fire station. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance. Using papered-over windows with peepholes cut into them, the agents were watching the scene while Martin Luther King was shot. Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel, and Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King. The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an all points bulletin to find the killer, and the police presence nearby have led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.
Legacy
King's main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, which has enabled more Americans to reach their potential. He is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. His name and legacy have often been invoked since his death as people have debated his likely position on various modern political issues.On the international scene, King's legacy included influences on the Black Consciousness Movement and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa. King's work was cited by and served as an inspiration for South African leader Albert Lutuli, another black Nobel Peace prize winner who fought for racial justice in his country. The day following King's assassination, school teacher Jane Elliott conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students in Riceville, Iowa. Her purpose was to help them understand King's death as it related to racism, something they little understood from having lived in a predominately white community.
King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide. Their son, Dexter King, currently serves as the center's chairman. Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.
There are opposing views, even within the King family, of the slain civil rights leader's religious and political views about gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. King's widow Coretta said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported gay rights. However, his daughter Bernice believed he would have been opposed to gay marriage. The King Center includes discrimination, and lists homophobia as one of its examples, in its list of "The Triple Evils" that should be opposed.
In 1980, the Department of Interior designated King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several nearby buildings the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. In 1996, United States Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a national Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial on the Mall in Washington, D.C. King was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, established by and for African Americans. King was the first African American honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area and the first non-President to be commemorated in such a way. The King Memorial will be administered by the National Park Service.
King's life and assassination inspired many artistic works. A 1976 Broadway production, ''I Have a Dream'', was directed by Robert Greenwald and starred Billy Dee Williams as King. In spring of 2006, a stage play ''Passages of Martin Luther King'' about King was produced in Beijing, China with King portrayed by Chinese actor, Cao Li. The play was written by Stanford University professor, Clayborne Carson.
King spoke earlier about what people should remember him for if they are around for his funeral. He said rather than his awards and where he went to school, people should talk about how he fought peacefully for justice:
;Images
;Speeches and interviews
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Martin Lawrence |
|---|---|
| birth name | Martin Fitzgerald Lawrence |
| birth date | April 16, 1965 |
| birth place | Frankfurt am Main, Detroit, Michigan |
| medium | Stand-up comedyTelevisionFilm |
| nationality | American |
| active | 1983–present |
| genre | Observational comedyPhysical comedyImprovisational comedyBlack comedy |
| subject | Human sexuality, African-American culture, racism, race relations, self-deprecation |
| influences | Eddie MurphyRichard PryorBill CosbyRedd FoxxCedric the Entertainer |
| influenced | Dave ChappelleKevin HartChris TuckerTracy Morgan |
| spouse | Patricia Southall (1995–96); Shamika Gibbs (2010–present) |
| domesticpartner | Lark Voorhies (1993) |
| notable work | Martin Payne on ''Martin''''House Party''''Bad Boys'', ''Bad Boys II''''Big Momma's House'', ''Big Momma's House 2'', ''Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son''''Open Season'' |
| website | }} |
Life
Lawrence was born in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse in Germany on April 16, 1965, to American parents. He was given his first name after civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and his middle name after US President John F. Kennedy. His father, John Lawrence, served in the US Military. After his parents divorced when he was eight, Lawrence rarely saw his father, who worked as a police officer at the time. His mother, Chlora (née Bailey), began working several jobs to support her family. During his teen years, Lawrence excelled at boxing. He lived in Maryland, and attended Thomas G. Pullen School of Creative and Performing Arts (Landover, Maryland), Fairmont Heights High School (Fairmount Heights, Maryland), Eleanor Roosevelt High School, and also Friendly High School in Fort Washington, Maryland, becoming a Mid-Atlantic Golden Gloves boxing contender.
Career
Lawrence moved to Denver and found his way to the legendary Kings Wood comedy club. Shortly after appearing at the Wood, he won a performance spot on ''Star Search'', a popular show in the United States. He did well on the show and made it to the final round before ultimately losing. However, executives at Columbia TriStar Television saw Martin's performance and offered him the role of "Maurice" on the television sitcom ''What's Happening Now!!''; this was his first acting job. Upon cancellation of that show, Lawrence found bit parts in various films and television roles. His breakthrough role was as Cee in the Spike Lee film ''Do the Right Thing''. Other roles followed in films such as the ''House Party'' series and the Eddie Murphy vehicle ''Boomerang''. During this period, entertainment mogul Russell Simmons selected him to host the groundbreaking series ''Def Comedy Jam'' on HBO. ''Def Comedy Jam'' gave many comedians (including Chris Tucker, Dave Chappelle, Bernie Mac and Cedric the Entertainer) mainstream exposure.During his stint with ''Def Comedy Jam'', Lawrence appeared in his own hit series, ''Martin'', which aired on Fox TV. The show ran from 1992 to 1997 and was an enormous success. ''Martin'' was the flagship of Fox's Thursday-night line-up, which drew millions of viewers away from NBC's "Must See TV" line-up. He hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on February 19, 1994, where he made crude remarks about women's genitalia and personal hygiene; the monologue was completely edited out of NBC reruns and syndicated versions, and Lawrence was banned from the show for life. "Martin"'s ratings continued to skyrocket so much that Fox became more of a contender against NBC and came closer to being considered among the top television networks.
Lawrence's ''Martin'' co-star, Tisha Campbell-Martin, filed a lawsuit against Lawrence and the show's producers for sexual harassment and verbal and physical assaults. HBO Studios settled the lawsuit so the show's final season could be completed. Campbell-Martin agreed to complete the season on the condition that she not appear in any scenes in the last two episodes with Lawrence. No criminal charges were ever filed and the accusations were never brought to court.
After ''Martin'' ended its run, Lawrence found ample work in comedy films. He often starred as the second lead opposite actors including Eddie Murphy, Will Smith, and Tim Robbins. Many of his films were blockbusters at the box office, including ''Boomerang'' (1992), (also with him again in "Life") ''Bad Boys'' (1995), ''Blue Streak'' (1999), ''Big Momma's House'' (2000) and ''Bad Boys 2'' (2003). He also starred in critical and box office failures including ''Black Knight'' (2001) and ''National Security'' (2002). Regardless, his salary steadily increased to over $10 million per film role. He continues to work in film, with such films as ''Big Momma's House 2'', which opened #1 at the North American box office and grossed almost $28 million its first weekend, and ''Wild Hogs'' (2007), in which he plays a bored suburbanite seeking adventure on the open road in a biker comedy alongside John Travolta, Tim Allen and William H. Macy.
In 2006, Lawrence appeared on ''Inside the Actors Studio'', during which Lawrence briefly brought back to life some of the characters he'd portrayed on ''Martin''.
In 2008, Lawrence starred in Disney's ''College Road Trip'' co-starring with Raven Symone. This particular film was his first G-rated film. Even though it was his first film to be G-rated, it is not his first time appearing in a children's film. as well as a voiceover role in ''Open Season'' (2006) opposite Ashton Kutcher.
At the 2009 BET Awards he appeared in a spoof movie trailer with Jamie Foxx for a fictional movie ''The Skank Robbers'' that featured, their respective television characters ''Sheneneh Jenkins'' and ''Ugly Wanda''. in 2010, Fox announced that it was producing a film based on the sketch, featuring Foxx, Lawrence, and actress Halle Berry.
In 2010, it was announced that Lawrence would reprise his role as FBI agent Malcolm Turner in ''Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son'', the third film in the ''Big Momma's House'' series, which was released in 2011.
Personal life
Lawrence was engaged to actress Lark Voorhies in 1993.He married Patricia Southall, a former Miss Virginia USA, in 1995. The couple had one child, Jasmine. They then got divorced in 1997.
On July 10, 2010, Lawrence married longtime girlfriend Shamika Gibbs at his Beverly Hills home. Actors Eddie Murphy and Denzel Washington were among the 120 wedding guests; Shanice serenaded the couple by singing the Minnie Riperton classic "Lovin' You".
In the mid-1990s, during the filming of ''A Thin Line Between Love and Hate'', Lawrence lashed out in a violent outburst on the set. He became increasingly erratic and was arrested after he reportedly brandished a pistol and screamed at tourists on Ventura Boulevard in Los Angeles.
He was also arrested at Burbank Airport for carrying a loaded gun in his suitcase.
In March 1997, Lawrence was arrested again after assaulting a man in a Hollywood nightclub.
During August 1999, Lawrence slipped into a three-day coma after collapsing from heat exhaustion while jogging in 100-degree heat while wearing several layers of heavy clothing. He recovered in the hospital after nearly dying from a body temperature of 107 °F (41.7 °C), his breathing assisted by a respirator.
| Year !! Title !! Role !! Note | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1989 | ''Do the Right Thing | Cee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1990 | ''House Party (film)House Party'' || | Bilal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1991 | ''Talkin' Dirty After Dark''| | Terry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1991 | ''House Party 2''| | Bilal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1992 | ''Boomerang (1992 film)Boomerang'' || | Tyler | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1994 | ''You So Crazy''| | Himself | Stand-up actingExecutive producer and writer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1995 | ''Bad Boys (1995 film)Bad Boys'' || | Marcus Burnett | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1996 | ''A Thin Line Between Love and Hate''| | Narrator/Darnell 'Deeny/'D'/D.W.' Wright | Also director, executive producer, music supervisor, and writer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1997 | ''Nothing to Lose (1997 film)Nothing to Lose'' || | Terrance Paul Davidson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 | ''Life (film)Life'' || | Claude Banks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 | ''Blue Streak (film)Blue Streak'' || | Miles Logan/Detective Malone | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2000 | ''Big Momma's House''| | Malcolm Turner/Big Momma | Also executive producer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2001 | ''What's the Worst That Could Happen?'' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2001 | Black Knight (film)>Black Knight'' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2002 | ''Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat''| | Himself | Also executive producerStand-up acting/Writer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2003 | ''National Security (film)National Security'' || | Earl Montgomery | Also executive producer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2003 | ''Bad Boys II''| | Marcus Burnett | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2005 | ''Rebound (2005 film)Rebound'' || | Roy McCormick/Preacher Don | Also executive producer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | ''Big Momma's House 2'' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | ''Open Season (film)Open Season'' || | Boog | Voice only | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2007 | ''Wild Hogs''| | Bobby Davis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2008 | ''Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins''| | Dr. RJ Stevens/Roscoe Steven Jenkins, Jr. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2008 | ''College Road Trip''| | Chief James Porter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | ''Death at a Funeral (2010 film)Death at a Funeral'' || | Ryan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2011 | ''Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son''| | Malcolm Turner/Big Momma | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2012 | ''Bad Boys 3''| | Marcus Burnett | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Television |
*''What's Happening Now!!'' (cast member from 1987–1988) – Maurice | *''A Little Bit Strange'' (1989) (unsold pilot) | I'm Gonna Git You Sucka#Spin-off>Hammer, Slammer, & Slade'' (1990) (unsold pilot) | Al B. Sure!#Other work>Private Times'' (1991) (unsold pilot) | *''Martin (TV series) | *''[[Def Comedy Jam'' (host from 1992–1993) | *''Love That Girl!'' (executive producer) |
|
Filmography |
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| Year | Album | Chart Positions | ||
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | |||
| 1993 | 76 | 10 | ||
| 1995 | – | 35 | ||
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Category:1965 births Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American actors Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:American screenwriters Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:African American film directors Category:African American comedians Category:African American film actors Category:African American television actors Category:Living people Category:Actors from Maryland Category:Military brats Category:People from New York City Category:People from Frankfurt Category:People from Prince George's County, Maryland
ar:مارتن لورنس an:Martin Lawrence cs:Martin Lawrence da:Martin Lawrence de:Martin Lawrence es:Martin Lawrence fa:مارتین لارنس fr:Martin Lawrence ko:마틴 로런스 id:Martin Lawrence it:Martin Lawrence he:מרטין לורנס ka:მარტინ ლოურენსი lv:Mārtins Lorenss nl:Martin Lawrence ja:マーティン・ローレンス no:Martin Lawrence pl:Martin Lawrence pt:Martin Lawrence ro:Martin Lawrence ru:Лоуренс, Мартин simple:Martin Lawrence sk:Martin Lawrence sr:Мартин Лоренс fi:Martin Lawrence sv:Martin Lawrence tr:Martin Lawrence zh:馬汀·勞倫斯This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Background | solo_singer |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Enrique Martín Morales |
| Alias | Ricky Martin |
| Born | December 24, 1971San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Genre | Pop, Latin pop, dance-pop, world, reggae, urban pop |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter, actor |
| Years active | 1984–present |
| Label | Columbia, Sony Music Latin, Sony Music Mexico |
| Associated acts | Menudo |
| website | }} |
Enrique "Ricky" Martín Morales (born December 24, 1971), better known as Ricky Martin, is a Puerto Rican pop singer and actor who achieved prominence, first as a member of the Latin boy band Menudo, then as a solo artist since 1991.
During his career he has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide. He is the founder of ''Ricky Martin Foundation'' (in Spanish ''Fundación Ricky Martin''), a non-profit charity organization. Ricky Martin's exuberant 1999 single "Livin' la Vida Loca" made him a prominent figure of Latin dance-pop. Martin got his start with the all-boy pop group Menudo; after five years with the group, he released his Spanish-language solo album, ''Ricky Martin'', in 1991. He also acted on stage and on TV in Mexico, becoming a modest star there. In 1994 he starred on the American TV soap opera ''General Hospital'', playing a Puerto Rican singer. In 1999, after several albums in Spanish, he released his first English-language album (also titled ''Ricky Martin''), which included the salsa-style "Livin' la Vida Loca". The album sold 22 million copies and brought Martin international fame. His other studio albums include: ''Me Amarás'' (1993), ''A Medio Vivir'' (1995), ''Vuelve'' (1998), ''Sound Loaded'' (2000), ''Almas del Silencio'' (2003), ''Life'' (2005), and ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' (2011). In 2010 Martin announced that he was a "fortunate homosexual man", ending years of fan speculation on the topic.
On the edge of the new millennium, Martin—almost by himself—gave Latino music an international face. An acclaimed performance at the 1999 Grammy Awards launched Martin into worldwide super-stardom. As ''Entertainment Weekly'''s Andrew Essex reported, "his leather-pants, electro-pelvis version of 'La Copa de la Vida' single-handedly goosed a very dull [Grammy] telecast, earning him a standing ovation."
Martin's twin sons, Matteo and Valentino, were born via a surrogate mother in 2008. Martin also co-owns a Miami restaurant, Casa Salsa, and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007.
Early life
Martin was born on December 24, 1971, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the son of Nereida Morales, an accountant, and Enrique Martín Negroni, a psychologist. His parents divorced when he was two; his father remarried. Martin has two maternal half-brothers, Fernando and Ángel Fernández, and two paternal half-brothers, Eric and Daniel Martín, and a paternal half-sister Vanessa Martín. Martin grew up in a Roman Catholic home and was an altar boy until he joined Menudo. Martin has some Corsican and Spanish ancestry as his paternal fourth great-grandfathers were born in Rogliano, Cap Corse, Corsica, and Vilanova i la Geltrú, Catalonia (Spain).Ricky Martin was a member of Puerto Rican boy band Menudo between 1984 and 1989.
After completing high school, Martin left San Juan and moved to New York City. Later, Martin moved to Mexico City where he attended the national school of space. He played lead role in a 1989 musical-theatre release named ''Mis Tennis Rojos'' (''My Red Tennis Shoes'') next to Angélica Vale and then followed another theater production ''Mama Ama el Rock'' (''Mom Loves Rock'').
Career
Early solo work: 1991–1994
In 1991, Ricky Martin participated in a telenovela titled ''Alcanzar una estrella II'' next to Sasha Sokol. Out of this soap opera a musical group was formed named Muñecos de Papel in which he was one of the six members; they toured several cities in Mexico and recorded two albums. His main single was "Juego de Ajedrez". A film based on the TV series was also produced in which Martin played Pablo, earning a Heraldo Award in 1993.While acting in Mexico, Martin was signed to Sony Discos, the Sony Music Entertainment's Latin imprint, in 1990. He released his first solo album, the Spanish-language ''Ricky Martin'', in November 1991, which included the hit singles: "Fuego Contra Fuego" and "El Amor de Mi Vida". Later, Ricky Martin performed a string of sold-out concert dates across South America.
In May 1993, Martin released his second solo album, ''Me Amarás'', which featured a Spanish-language cover of the Laura Branigan song "Self Control", titled "Que Dia Es Hoy".
Martin moved to Los Angeles, California in 1994 and landed a role as bartender and singer Miguel Morez in the American soap opera ''General Hospital''.
Breakthrough: 1995–1998
In 1995, Martin refocused on his music career, and his third album, ''A Medio Vivir'', became an international breakthrough. With this album, Martin made a shift from formulaic hit ballads to a more risky fusion of music centered around traditional Latin sounds, epitomized by the hit "Maria". The song broke Martin into Europe via Spain. "Maria" went to number one in France, Belgium Wallonia and Australia, and reached the top ten in most European countries; it even charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number eighty-eight. With the ballad "Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo", Martin furthered his expansion from Latin American and Spanish-speaking audiences to the European and Asian markets. The album has sold over 3 million copies worldwide.After the conclusion of a worldwide tour, Martin returned to New York to appear in a Broadway theatre production for the first time, joining the cast of the hit musical ''Les Misérables'' to play the romantic lead, Marius Pontmercy.
While on Broadway, Martin returned to the studio and recorded his fourth album, ''Vuelve'' (1998). The title track and the ballad "Perdido Sin Tí" both hit number one on the Hot Latin Songs. The album's pinnacle, however, was "La Copa de la Vida", which Martin made a major hit in an English version when he was chosen to sing the anthem of the 1998 FIFA World Cup. "La Copa de la Vida" reached number one on the charts around the world and went gold and platinum in various countries. It was awarded Pop Song of the Year at the 1999 Lo Nuestro Awards. Further singles included: "La Bomba", "Por Arriba, Por Abajo" and "Corazonado". ''Vuelve'' spent twenty-six weeks at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums. It became Martin's first top forty album on the Billboard 200 in the United States, where it was certified platinum by the RIAA. The album also went to number one in Spain and Norway, and sold over eight million copies worldwide.
Martin was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album for ''Vuelve'', and was booked to sing on the 41st Grammy Awards live TV broadcast. The now-legendary performance of "The Cup of Life" stopped the show, earning Martin an unexpected standing ovation and introducing the star to the mainstream American audience. Martin capped off the evening by winning the Grammy Award.
Crossover to English: 1999–2002
After several years as a major star in Spanish-speaking countries, Martin prepared his first English album in 1999. The self-titled album contained material by writers and producers such as Desmond Child, Diane Warren, William Orbit, George Noriega and his longtime childhood friend Draco Rosa. The album also featured special guests: Madonna on the Spanish-English duet "Be Careful (Cuidado con mi Corazón)" and Meja on "Private Emotion".The first and most prominent single was "Livin' la Vida Loca", which reached number one in many countries around the world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. It was followed by "She's All I Ever Had" which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Both tracks peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs. "Livin' la Vida Loca" is generally seen as the song that began the Latin pop explosion of 1999 and made the transition of other Latin artists (first Jennifer Lopez and Enrique Iglesias, then later Shakira) into the English-speaking market easier. ''Ricky Martin'' became one of the top-selling albums of 1999, and was certified 7× platinum in the United States, selling over 22 million copies worldwide. In Cctober 1999, Martin embarked on a very successful year-long Livin' la Vida Loca Tour.
After this success, a new English-language album, ''Sound Loaded'', was released in November 2000. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA. "She Bangs" and "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" (duet with Christina Aguilera) peaked at number twelve and thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Both singles reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs. ''Sound Loaded'' has sold over 8 million copies worldwide.
In February 2001, Martin released a Spanish greatest hits album entitled ''La Historia'', which went to number one for five weeks on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and debuted at number eighty-three on the Billboard 200. It also topped the chart in Sweden for three weeks. The album contained reworkings of two of his early songs "Fuego Contra Fuego" and "El Amor de Mi Vida". In November 2001, an English-language greatest hits album, ''The Best of Ricky Martin'' was released outside North America. It contained two new remixes of "Amor".
''Almas del Silencio'' and ''Life'': 2003–2006
In May 2003, Martin released a new Spanish album ''Almas del Silencio''. The first single, "Tal Vez", debuted at number one on the Hot Latin Songs and stayed there for eleven weeks. Martin said of the new album: "I really needed to go back to focus, to my center, to the beginning. I had the need to search within, and really dig deep, and find those emotions that, because of the adrenaline and the euphoria that I lived for a couple of years, were probably sabotaged." ''Almas del Silencio'' debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 and reached number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums where it stayed for six weeks. The album sold more than one million copies worldwide. The next singles, "Jaleo" and "Y Todo Queda en Nada", reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs. "Jaleo" also topped the chart in Spain for four weeks.
In October 2005, Martin released his first English-language album since 2000's ''Sound Loaded'' and the tenth album of his career. Most of the songs on the album, called ''Life'', were co-written by Martin. He commented on the album: "I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production." The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200. The first single from the album, "I Don't Care", featured guest appearances by Fat Joe and Amerie. It peaked at number three on the Hot Dance Club Songs and number sixty-five on the Billboard Hot 100. Another song from the album, "It's Alright" was re-recorded as a duet with French singer M. Pokora. It was successful in French-speaking countries, reaching number four in France.
Soon after, Martin announced his One Night Only with Ricky Martin tour. Starting in Mexico City, the tour premiered on November 15, 2005. After finishing the first leg which included Latin America and the United States, Martin performed at the 2006 Winter Olympics closing ceremony in Turin. A few days later, he announced the second leg of his world tour, which included Europe and Africa. The second leg started on April 21, 2006 in Manchester, UK, and ended on June 3, 2006 in Tel Aviv, Israel.
''MTV Unplugged'' and a world tour: 2006–2007
On August 17, 2006, Ricky Martin taped his ''MTV Unplugged'' concert in Miami. It premiered on MTV Latin America, MTV Tr3s and MTV Puerto Rico in October 2006 and was released on CD and DVD in November 2006. The album was a critical and commercial success. It debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and number thirty-eight on the Billboard 200. At the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008, ''MTV Unplugged'' received Latin Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Album and for Best Long Form Music Video. The first single, "Tu Recuerdo" which featured La Mari of Chambao, reached number one for three weeks on the Hot Latin Songs. The next single, "Pégate" peaked at number six on the Hot Dance Club Songs.On February 19, 2007, Martin began his worldwide Black and White Tour which started with a performance at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico and concluded with a presentation at the Madison Square Garden in New York City on October 14, 2007. He also recorded a duet with Eros Ramazzotti, "Non siamo soli" which topped the Italian chart for eleven consecutive weeks.
Career break: 2007–2010
After finishing his worldwide tour, Martin took a break from the music industry and focused on his private life. In November 2007, Sony BMG Norte released ''Ricky Martin Live: Black and White Tour'' on CD, DVD and Blu-ray Disc. One year later, a Spanish-language greatest hits album was released, entitled ''17''. It was a summary of seventeen years of Martin's musical career, which included mostly Spanish-language songs.
Autobiography and a new album: 2010–present
Ricky Martin's autobiography, ''Me'', was published on November 2, 2010. The book became ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list, debuting at number five on the Hardcover Nonfiction list. A Spanish-language edition entitled ''Yo'' was published simultaneously.Martin's new single, "The Best Thing About Me Is You" featuring Joss Stone also premiered on November 2, 2010 and peaked at number seventy-four on the Billboard Hot 100. The Spanish version, "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" topped the Hot Latin Songs for two weeks. It was followed by a new studio album, ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' released on January 31, 2011. It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and became the highest charting, primarily-Spanish language album in the United States, since ''Dreaming of You'' by Selena. ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' also represents the highest ever chart debut on the Billboard 200 for a Sony Music Latin release. It spent two weeks at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums. On March 25, 2011, Martin started his Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour, which will end on November 12, 2011. The second single from the album, "Más" was released on April 5, 2011 and peaked at number seven on the Hot Dance Club Songs. "Frío" featuring Wisin & Yandel was chosen as the third single.
''17: Greatest Hits'' was released on July 11, 2011 exclusively in the United Kingdom.
Ricky Martin will be playing Ché in the Broadway revival of the show ''Evita'', scheduled to begin previews on Broadway in March 2012, ahead of an opening in April 2012.
Personal life
In the past Martin stated he was in love with Mexican TV host Rebecca de Alba, with whom he had an off-and-on-again relationship for over 14 years. They even talked of starting a family together, and at one point Martin planned on proposing. However with the release of ''Life'' in 2005, Martin confirmed he and De Alba had parted ways.In August 2008, Martin became the father of twin boys, Matteo and Valentino. The babies were birthed by a surrogate mother.
After the success of "Livin' la Vida Loca", Martin's personal life became a subject of interest due to his large gay following, and he was questioned about his sexual orientation. In a December 2000 interview with ''The Mirror'', Martin was asked to comment on the rumors surrounding his sexuality. He replied that "I don't think I should have to tell anyone if I am gay or not, or who I've slept with or not." Along with this, Martin reportedly stated in an interview with ''Plus 7 Days'' magazine, "If I were gay, why not admit it? I am a normal man. I love women and sex. I am a real hot-blooded Puerto Rican, but I have never been attracted by sex with a man."
On March 29, 2010, Martin publicly acknowledged his homosexuality in a post on his official web site by stating, "I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am." Martin said that "these years in silence and reflection made me stronger and reminded me that acceptance has to come from within, and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer emotions I didn't even know existed." In 2010, prior to Martin coming out, Barbara Walters expressed some regret for pushing Martin in a 2000 interview to admit if he was gay. The ''Toronto Star'' quoted her as saying, "When I think back on it now, I feel it was an inappropriate question."
Martin announced on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' that he is in a relationship. Martin has also expressed support for same-sex marriage in an interview on ''Larry King Live'', and commented on his experience of being closeted and coming out. "[E]verything about saying [that I am gay] feels right...", Martin stated, adding "if I’d known how good it was going to feel, I would have done it ten years ago."
Martin was raised Catholic, but says he is open to all sorts of religious beliefs, especially the Buddhist philosophy, although he does not identify as a Buddhist.
Humanitarian work
Martin is the founder of ''Fundación Ricky Martin'' (), a non-profit organization. Among the events promoted by the foundation was a summer camp, which included Martin's personal participation.Martin has been honored with many accolades for his humanitarian efforts including: Leadership in the Arts Award, ''Billboard'''s Spirit of Hope Award, ALMA Award, Vanguard Award, International Humanitarian Award by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, Hispanic Heritage Award for his humanitarian work through the Sabera Foundation in rescuing three orphan girls from the streets of Kolkata (September 2002).
Martin has also collaborated with the International Organization for Migration on the ''Llama y Vive'' (''Call and Live''), a campaign which is aimed to facilitate prevention of human trafficking, protection of the youngest victims of child trafficking, and prosecution of the traffickers. For his work against human trafficking, the United States Department of State named Martin one of its Heroes in Ending Modern-Day Slavery in 2005.
Politics
Martin was a headliner in the 2001 inauguration ball for President George W. Bush; he even invited the newly elected president to join him on stage to dance. This image was captured by photographers and broadcast in various media throughout the world. Martin referred to it in a later song, "Asignatura Pendiente".Martin has since changed his position on the former President. In a concert in Puerto Rico during the song ''Asignatura Pendiente'' Martin thrust his middle finger disapprovingly in the air while singing the line "photo with Bush". The gesture met with audience approval but caused a minor controversy with the media. Martin said in an e-mail statement sent to the Associated Press via a spokesman: "My convictions of peace and life go beyond any government and political agenda and as long as I have a voice onstage and offstage, I will always condemn war and those who promulgate it".
Martin supported Hillary Rodham Clinton over Barack Obama in the landslide Clinton victory in the Puerto Rican Democratic primary on June 3, 2008.
Discography
Filmography
;Television appearances
Theatre
Tours
{| |- ! style="width:350px;"| ! style="width:350px;"| |- ||Ricky Martin Tour || (1992) |- ||Me Amaras Tour || (1993–1994) |- ||A Medio Vivir Tour || (1995–1997) |- ||Vuelve World Tour || (1998) |- ||Livin' la Vida Loca Tour || (1999–2000) |- ||One Night Only with Ricky Martin || (2005–2006) |- ||Black and White Tour || (2007) |- ||Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour || (2011) |}
Records and achievements
|- style="background:#ddd;" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Grammy |- style="background:#ddd;" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Latin Grammy
See also
Notes
External links
Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:American humanitarians Category:American philanthropists Category:English-language singers Category:Gay actors Category:Hispanic and Latino American actors Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Honorees Category:Latin pop singers Category:LGBT Christians Category:LGBT parents Category:LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people Category:LGBT people from Puerto Rico Category:LGBT television personalities Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:Menudo members Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Category:Puerto Rican male singers Category:Puerto Rican people of Catalonian descent Category:Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent Category:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent Category:Puerto Rican pop singers Category:Puerto Rican Roman Catholics Category:Puerto Rican soap opera actors Category:Puerto Rican stage actors Category:Spanish-language singers Category:World Music Awards winners
ar:ريكي مارتن bn:রিকি মার্টিন bg:Рики Мартин ca:Ricky Martin cs:Ricky Martin cy:Ricky Martin da:Ricky Martin de:Ricky Martin et:Ricky Martin el:Ρίκυ Μάρτιν es:Ricky Martin eo:Ricky Martin fa:ریکی مارتین fr:Ricky Martin hr:Ricky Martin io:Ricky Martin id:Ricky Martin it:Ricky Martin he:ריקי מרטין jv:Ricky Martin ka:რიკი მარტინი sw:Ricky Martin la:Ricky Martin lv:Rikijs Mārtins lt:Ricky Martín hu:Ricky Martin mk:Рики Мартин ml:റിക്കി മാർട്ടിൻ ms:Ricky Martin nl:Ricky Martin ja:リッキー・マーティン nap:Ricky Martin no:Ricky Martin nn:Ricky Martin pap:Ricky Martin pl:Ricky Martin pt:Ricky Martin ro:Ricky Martin ru:Мартин, Рики sq:Ricky Martin simple:Ricky Martin sr:Рики Мартин sh:Ricky Martin fi:Ricky Martin sv:Ricky Martin tl:Ricky Martin ta:ரிக்கி மாட்டின் th:ริคกี้ มาร์ติน tr:Ricky Martin vi:Ricky Martin yi:ריקי מארטין zh:瑞奇·馬丁This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Wisin & Yandel |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| birth date | December 19, 1978 (Wisin)January 14, 1979 (Yandel) |
| origin | Cayey, Puerto Rico |
| genre | Reggeaton, Hip-Hop |
| years active | 1998 – present |
| Associated acts | 50 Cent, Yomo , Don Omar |
| label | WY, Machete Clavo |
| website | WisinYandelPR.com |
| Current members | Juan Luis Morera Luna (Wisin)Llandel Veguilla Malavé Salazar (Yandel) }} |
Wisin & Yandel are a Puerto Rican reggaeton Duo, consisting of Juan Luis Morera Luna (Wisin) and Llandel Veguilla Malavé Salazar (Yandel). They started their career in 1998 and have been together since, winning several awards during that time.
Their biggest hits are "Rakata", "Llamé Pa' Verte (Bailando Sexy)", "Pam Pam", "Sexy Movimiento", "Pegao", "Síguelo", "Abusadora","Zun Zun Rompiendo Caderas","Gracias a Tí","Tu Olor". Wisin & Yandel have collaborated with internationally known artists such as R. Kelly on "Burn It Up", Paris Hilton on the reggaeton remix to her debut single "Stars Are Blind", Ja Rule on "Rakata (Remix)", Lenny Kravitz on "Breathe" (a promotional song for Absolute Vodka), Mexican Pop group RBD on "Lento (Yandel)", compatriots La Secta AllStar on "Llora Culo al Sol", Fat Joe on "Jangueo", Nelly Furtado on "Sexy Movimiento (Remix)", 50 Cent on "Mujeres In The Club" and "Así Soy" along with G-Unit, Akon on "All Up 2 You" along with Aventura and "El Me La lama (Rico)", Enrique Iglesias on "Teco Joaqui (Remix)" and "Gracias a Tí (Remix)", Gloria Estefan on "No Llores (Remix)", T-Pain on "Imagínates](el puro nombre lo dice todo bryan)", "[[Te Siento" and in a remix for "[[Reverse Cowgirl (song)">Reverse Cowgirl".
Biography
Yandel was born on January 14, 1979 & Wisin was born on December 19, 1978.Wisin married his wife,Yomaira, on July 26, 2008, in a ceremony that took place in a restaurant of Cayey, Puerto Rico. The couple have a daughter and a son, Yelena and Dylan. Yandel who was the ceremony's best man, is also the godfather of Wisin's daughter.
Artistic careers
On November 7, 2007 the duo published ''Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres''. The album was received positively by the Puerto Rican media, with mainstream newspaper ''Primera Hora'' awarding it a score of 4 out of 5. The publication focused their review on the fusion of styles found in the album, claiming that the production continued the "musical evolution" found in its predecessors. Following the release of ''Los Extraterrestres'' the duo commenced an international promotional tour. After organizing concerts throughout Latin America and Europe, Wisin & Yandel noted that they would like to expand their markets to Africa and Australia. Wisin & Yandel participated in the closing ceremonies of the 2008 Viña del Mar Festival. The tickets for the event sold out, which the duo described as an "real honor". On June 2, 2008, Wisin and Yandel began a tour to promote ''Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres, Otra Dimensión'', visiting several radio stations in Puerto Rico. thumb|right|160px|Wisin performing.The duo made a guest appearance in an album titled "Caribbean Connection" released on June 24, 2008. The production included participation by other Latin American artists including Daddy Yankee, Don Omar and Hector "El Father" along Jamaican musicians including Inner Circle, Bounty Killer, Elephant Man and Wayne Wonder. Wisin & Yandel took part in the 2008 edition of New York City's Puerto Rican Day Parade, organized on June 8, 2008. In the event they received a warm reception. After arriving from New York the duo traveled to Puerto Rico, wher they filmed a commercial as part of a campaign against drunken driving. On June 12, 2008, they would travel to Los Angeles, where they would attend the BMI Latin Awards, in which they received a nomination for "Writer of the Year". Wisin & Yandel won four awards in the ''Premios Juventud 2008'' ceremony. On July 19, 2008, the duo made a presentation before a sold-out crowd in Venezuela. The duet were selected to perform in "KQ Live Concert" on September 27, 2008, organized by KQ 105 FM, the event included several renowned artists from Puerto Rico and other Latin American locations. On August 12, 2008, the duo received a recognition by Cayey's mayor,Rolando Ortiz Velázquez. In the activity, they were named "Ambassadors from Cayey to the world", in a patronal celebration that was dedicated to the duo. On April 24, 2009, Wisin & Yandel received the Latin Rhythm Album Of The Year, Duo Or Group Latin Billboard Music Award for ''Los Extraterresres''. Besides this recognition, the duo also received nominations for ''Ahora Es'' and ''Síguelo'' in the Tropical Airplay Song Of The Year, Duo Or Group and Latin Rhythm Airplay Song Of The Year, Duo Or Group categories. On October 15, 2009, Wisin & Yandel won the Premio MTV Latinoamérica for "Artist of the Year" and "Video of the Year".
Artistic appearances
Wisin & Yandel have collaborated with many artists in the American music industry in genres such as hip hop, pop, latin pop, R&B;, and rock with artists such as Ricky Martin, Aventura, David Bisbal, Gloria Estefan, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, Nelly Furtado, Fat Joe, Guitars N Bandanaz, R. Kelly, Eve G-Unit, Enrique Iglesias, T-Pain, Akon, 50 Cent, Ivy Queen,and Sean Kingston.
Discography
;Studio albums
See also
References
External links
Category:Reggaeton musicians Category:Duos Category:Reggaeton duos Category:Puerto Rican male singers Category:Puerto Rican singers Category:Puerto Rican reggaeton artists Category:Latin Grammy Award winners
de:Wisin y Yandel es:Wisin & Yandel fr:Wisin y Yandel ko:위신 이 얀델 it:Wisin & Yandel hu:Wisin & Yandel nl:Wisin y Yandel no:Wisin & Yandel pl:Wisin & Yandel pt:Wisin y Yandel fi:Wisin & YandelThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Martin Solveig |
|---|---|
| background | non_vocal_instrumentalist |
| born | September 22, 1976 Paris, France |
| instrument | Turntable, Vocals |
| genre | House, pop, funk |
| occupation | Producer, DJ |
| years active | 1994–present |
| label | Mixture Stereophonic, Ministry of Sound Australia |
| website | www.martinsolveig.com }} |
Martin Picandet, better known under his stage name Martin Solveig (born September 22, 1976) is a French electronic music DJ and producer from Paris. He also hosts a weekly radio show called "C'est La Vie" on stations worldwide including FG DJ Radio in his homeland. His label is called Mixture Stereophonic.
Early history
Martin chose his pseudonym as an homage to the French actress Solveig Dommartin.In 2011, Solveig has been officially named as one of the producers for Madonna's yet untitled new studio album.
Discography
Studio albums
| Year | Album | Peak chart positions | ||||||
| !width=35 | !width=35 | !width=35 | !width=35 | |||||
| 2002 | *First studio album | *Released: 2002 | — | — | — | — | ||
| 2003 | align="left" | *Second studio album | *Released: 2003 | 84 | — | — | — | |
| 2005 | align="left" | *Third studio album | *Released: 2005 | 43 | — | 99 | — | |
| 2008 | align="left" | *Fourth studio album | *Released: 2008 | 16 | 99 | 23 | 59 | |
| 2011 | align="left" | *Fifth studio album | *Released: June 6, 2011 | *Label: Mercury Records | 18 | — | 37 | 77 |
Compilations
| Year | Album | Peak chart positions | ||||
| !width=35 | !width=35 | !width=35 | ||||
| 2006 | *First Compilation album | *Released: 2006 | 38 | 100 | 85 | |
Singles
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title ! scope="col" colspan="11"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:6em;"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|FRA ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|AUS ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|AUT ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|BEL (FL) ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|CAN ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|BEL (WA) ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|NLD ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|NZ ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|SWI ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|UK ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;"|US |- |rowspan="3"|2003 |align="left"|"Madan" (vs. Salif Keita) |37 |— |— |— |— |64 |87 |— |66 |— |— | |rowspan="4"|''Sur La Terre'' |- |align="left"|"Rocking Music" |47 |39 |— |54 |— |64 |82 |— |— |35 |— | |- |align="left"|"Heartbeat" |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | |- |2004 |align="left"|"I'm a Good Man" |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |57 |— | |- |2005 |align="left"|"Everybody" |37 |33 |— |28 |— |27 |— |— |— |22 |— | |rowspan="4"|''Hedonist'' |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |align="left"|"Jealousy" |36 |— |— |30 |— |40 |— |— |60 |62 |— | |- |align="left"|"Something Better" |— |— |— |— |— |64 |— |— |— |— |— | |- |2007 |align="left"|"Rejection" |34 |— |— |57 |— |52 |— |— |55 |— |— | |- |rowspan="2"|2008 |align="left"|"C'est La Vie" |— |— |— |53 |— |59 |— |— |63 |— |— | |rowspan="3"|''C'est La Vie'' |- |align="left"|"I Want You" (featuring Lee Fields) |59 |— |— |54 |— |37 |— |— |— |— |— | |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |align="left"|"One 2.3 Four" |— |— |— |52 |— |57 |— |— |— |— |— | |- |align="left"|"Boys & Girls" (featuring Dragonette) |17 |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— | |rowspan="3"|''Smash'' |- |2010 |align="left"|"Hello" (with Dragonette) | 5 || 13 || 1 || 1 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || 10 || 13 || 46 | AUS: 2× Platinum CAN: 2× Platinum ITA: Gold NZ: Gold US: Gold |- |2011 |align="left"|"Ready 2 Go"(featuring Kele) | 20 || — || 49 || 65 || — || 58 || 24 || — || 70 || 48 || — | |- |colspan="15" style="font-size: 8pt"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. |}
Other singles
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:7em;"| Album |- |1996 |align="left"|"Satisfied" (Vinyl only) |''Non-album single'' |- |1999 |align="left"|"Heart of Africa / Afro Deep" |rowspan="7"|''Sur La Terre'' |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |align="left"|"Come with Me" (Vinyl only) |- |align="left"|"Destiny" |- |align="left"|"Edony (Clap Your Hands)" |- |2001 |align="left"|"Mr. President" |- |rowspan="2"|2002 |align="left"|"Linda" |- |align="left"|"Someday" |}Notes: - Solveig was credited as ''Africanism''.
References
External links
Category:Club DJs Category:French DJs Category:French house musicians Category:Living people Category:1976 births
da:Martin Solveig de:Martin Solveig es:Martin Solveig fr:Martin Solveig it:Martin Solveig nl:Martin Solveig pl:Martin Solveig pt:Martin Solveig ro:Martin Solveig ru:Мартин Сольвейг tr:Martin SolveigThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
8:06
Martin Beauty and the Beast Part 1
BigBlackGuy3
Martin Beauty and the Beast Part 1
Martin has an argument with Gina after she listens to his radio show and hears his womanizing remarks. When Martin gets home, she calls him into the room and tells him about what she heard. They make an agreement to make it look like Martin...
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We do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. For example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details (name, e-mail address, mailing address, etc.).
When you submit your personally identifiable information through wn.com, you are giving your consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information as set forth in this Privacy Policy. If you would prefer that we not collect any personally identifiable information from you, please do not provide us with any such information. We will not sell or rent your personally identifiable information to third parties without your consent, except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy.
Except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy, we will use the information you provide us only for the purpose of responding to your inquiry or in connection with the service for which you provided such information. We may forward your contact information and inquiry to our affiliates and other divisions of our company that we feel can best address your inquiry or provide you with the requested service. We may also use the information you provide in aggregate form for internal business purposes, such as generating statistics and developing marketing plans. We may share or transfer such non-personally identifiable information with or to our affiliates, licensees, agents and partners.
We may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. Such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose.
In addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request.
2. E-mail addresses
We do not want you to receive unwanted e-mail from us. We try to make it easy to opt-out of any service you have asked to receive. If you sign-up to our e-mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e-mail address to a third party.
E-mail addresses are collected via the wn.com web site. Users have to physically opt-in to receive the wn.com newsletter and a verification e-mail is sent. wn.com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point of
collection.If you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt-out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e-mailing us at michaelw(at)wn.com
The security of your personal information is important to us. We follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. No method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. Therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security.
If we decide to change our e-mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it.
If we make material changes to our e-mail practices, we will notify you here, by e-mail, and by means of a notice on our home page.
3. Third Party Advertisers
The advertising banners and other forms of advertising appearing on this Web site are sometimes delivered to you, on our behalf, by a third party. In the course of serving advertisements to this site, the third party may place or recognize a unique cookie on your browser. For more information on cookies, you can visit www.cookiecentral.com.
4. Business Transfers
As we continue to develop our business, we might sell certain aspects of our entities or assets. In such transactions, user information, including personally identifiable information, generally is one of the transferred business assets, and by submitting your personal information on Wn.com you agree that your data may be transferred to such parties in these circumstances.
