A saint is a holy person. In Christian usage, "saint" refers to any believer who is "holy", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth. (; ; )

In the Christian Bible, only one person is expressly called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the ." () The apostle Paul declared himself to be "less than the least of all saints" in .

In various religions, ''saints'' are important people who are believed to have exceptional holiness. In Orthodox and Catholic teachings, all Christians in heaven are considered to be saints, but some are considered to be worthy of higher honor, emulation, or veneration.

General characteristics

The term in English is mostly used for Christians, and is "...used predominantly in the popular and theological sense indicated above, that is, as referring to all those who have died and are with God in Christ."

Many religions use similar concepts to venerate individuals worthy of honor in some way, e.g., see Hindu saints. John A. Coleman S.J., Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, wrote that saints across various cultures and religions have the following family resemblances: # exemplary model; # extraordinary teacher; # wonder worker or source of benevolent power; # intercessor; # selfless, ascetic behavior; # a life often refusing material attachments or comforts; # possession of a special and revelatory relation to the holy.

While there are parallels between these (and other) concepts and that of sainthood, each of these concepts has specific meanings within a given religion. Also, new religious movements have sometimes taken to using the word in cases where the people so named would not be regarded as saints within mainstream Christianity. Some of the Cao Dai saints and saints of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica are examples of such.

The anthropologist Lawrence Babb in an article about Sathya Sai Baba asks the question "Who is a saint?", and responds by saying that in the symbolic infrastructure of some religions, there is the image of a certain extraordinary spiritual king's "miraculous powers", to whom frequently a certain moral presence is attributed. These saintly figures, he asserts, are "the focal points of spiritual force-fields," exerting "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well."

Christianity (alphabetical order)

Anglicanism

In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a 'cloud of witnesses' that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey (). The saints are seen as elder brothers and sisters in Christ. Official Anglican creeds recognise the existence of the saints in heaven.

So far as invocation of the saints is concerned, one of the Church of England's Articles of Religion "Of Purgatory" condemns "the Romish Doctrine concerning...(the) Invocation of Saints" as "a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God". However, each of the 44 member churches in the Anglican Communion are free to adopt and authorise their own official documents, and the Articles are not officially normative in all of them (e.g., The Episcopal Church USA, which relegates them to "Historical Documents"). Anglo-Catholics in Anglican provinces using the Articles often make a distinction between a "Romish" and a "Patristic" doctrine concerning the invocation of saints, permitting the latter.

In high-church contexts, such as Anglo-Catholicism, a saint is generally one to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated) a high level of holiness and sanctity. In this use, a saint is therefore not a believer, but one who has been transformed by virtue. In Roman Catholicism, a saint is a special sign of God's activity. The veneration of saints is sometimes misunderstood to be worship, in which case it is derisively termed "hagiolatry".

Some Anglicans and Anglican churches, particularly Anglo-Catholics, personally ask prayers of the saints. However, such a practice is seldom found in any official Anglican liturgy. Unusual examples of it are found in The Korean Liturgy 1938, the liturgy of the Diocese of Guiana 1959 and The Melanesian English Prayer Book.

Anglicans believe that the only effective Mediator between the believer and God the Father, in terms of redemption and salvation, is God the Son, Jesus Christ. Historical Anglicanism has drawn a distinction between the intercession of the saints and the invocation of the saints. The former was generally accepted in Anglican doctrine, while the latter was generally rejected. There are some, however, in Anglicanism, who do beseech the saints' intercession. Those who beseech the saints to intercede on their behalf make a distinction between "mediator" and "intercessor," and claim that asking for the prayers of the saints is no different in kind than asking for the prayers of living Christians. Anglican Catholics understand sainthood in a more Catholic or Orthodox way, often praying for intercessions from the saints and celebrating their feast days.

According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorised King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41

Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness.

Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Orthodox Church a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven, whether recognized here on earth, or not. By this definition, Adam and Eve, Moses, the various prophets, except for the angels and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Sainthood in the Orthodox Church does not necessarily reflect a moral model, but the communion with God: there are countless examples of people who lived in great sin and became saints by humility and repentance, such as Mary of Egypt, Moses the Ethiopian, and of course Dysmas, the repentant thief who was crucified. Therefore, a more complete definition of what a saint is, has to do with the way that saints, through their humility and their love of humankind, saved inside them the entire Church, and loved all people.

Orthodox belief considers that God reveals his saints through answered prayers and other miracles. Saints are usually recognized by a local community, often by people who directly knew them. As their popularity grows they are often then recognized by the entire church. The formal process of recognition involves deliberation by a synod of bishops. If successful, this is followed by a service of Glorification in which the Saint is given a day on the church calendar to be celebrated by the entire church. This does not, however, make the person a saint; the person already was a saint and the Church ultimately recognized it.

It is believed that one of the ways the holiness (sanctity) of a person is revealed, is through the condition of their relics (remains). In some Orthodox countries (such as Greece, but not in Russia) graves are often reused after 3 to 5 years because of limited space. Bones are washed and placed in an ossuary, often with the person's name written on the skull. Occasionally when a body is exhumed something miraculous is reported as having occurred; exhumed bones are claimed to have given off a fragrance, like flowers, or a body is reported as having remained free of decay, despite not having been embalmed (traditionally the Orthodox do not embalm the dead) and having been buried for some years in the earth.

The reason relics are considered sacred is because, for the Orthodox, the separation of body and soul is unnatural. Body and soul both comprise the person, and in the end, body and soul will be reunited; therefore, the body of a saint shares in the “Holiness” of the soul of the saint. As a general rule only clergy will touch relics in order to move them or carry them in procession, however, in veneration the faithful will kiss the relic to show love and respect toward the saint. Every altar in every Orthodox church contains relics, usually of martyrs. Church interiors are covered with the Icons of saints.

Because the Church shows no true distinction between the living and the dead (the saints are considered to be alive in Heaven), saints are referred to as if they were still alive. Saints are venerated but not worshipped. They are believed to be able to intercede for salvation and help mankind either through direct communion with God, or by personal intervention.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Όσιος, ''Hosios'' (f. Οσία ''Hosia'') is also used. This is a title attributed to saints who had lived a monastic or eremitic life, and it is equal to the more usual title of "Saint".

Lutheranism

In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but in a qualified way: according to the Augsburg Confession, the term "saint" is used in the manner of the Roman Catholic Church only insofar as to denote a person who received exceptional grace, was sustained by faith and whose good works are to be an example to any Christian. Traditional Lutheran belief accounts that prayers ''to'' the saints are prohibited, as they are not mediators of redemption. But, Lutherans do believe that saints pray for the Christian Church in general. Philip Melancthon, the author of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, approved honoring the saints by saying they are honored in three ways: 1. By thanking God for examples of His mercy; 2. By using the saints as examples for strengthening our faith; 3. By imitating their faith and other virtues. The Lutheran Churches also have liturgical calendars in which they honor individuals as saints.

Methodism

While Methodists as a whole do not practice the patronage or veneration of saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are ''saints'', but mainly use the term to refer to bibilical people, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints, such as the Twelve Apostles, John Wesley, etc. Although, most are named after geographical locations associated with an early circuit or prominent location. Some Methodist congregations observe All Saints Day if they follow the liturgical calendar. Many encourage the study of saints, that is, the biography of holy people. The 14th Article of Religion in the United Methodist Discipline states, "The Romish doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, worshiping, and adoration, as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word of God." John Wesley, the theological father of world Methodism, did not practice or permit Roman Catholic practices associated with the veneration of the Virgin Mary or prayers to saints.

Mormons (Latter-day Saints)

The beliefs within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) with regard to saints are similar but not quite the same as to the Protestant tradition described below. In the New Testament the saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the "latter days", before the Second Coming of Christ, and is used to distinguish the members of the LDS Church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church. Therefore members are often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS", and among themselves as "Saints".

Oriental Orthodox

The Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and Armenian Apostolic churches do accept the existence of saints, but officially recognize them via their own individual processes. For example, the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria canonizes saints, through the approval of that church's Holy Synod. A requirement of the Coptic Orthodox faith is that at least 50 years must pass from a saint's death to his canonization, and the Coptic Orthodox Pope must follow that rule.

Other Christian groups

There are some groups which are generally classified as Protestants who do not accept the idea of the Communion of Saints. Some believe all of the departed are in soul sleep until the final resurrection on Judgment Day. Others believe that the departed go to either Paradise or Tartarus, to await the day in which the living and the dead are judged. Certain protestant groups, such as the Baptists, do not believe that the departed have any connection with the living.

Protestantism

In many Protestant churches, the word "saint" is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar in usage to Paul's numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible. In this sense, anyone who is within the Body of Christ (i.e., a professing Christian) is a 'saint' because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Because of this, many Protestants consider prayers to the saints to be idolatry or even necromancy. Dead Christians are awaiting resurrection, and are not able to do anything for the living saint.

Within some Protestant traditions, "saint" is also used to refer to any born-again Christian. Many emphasise the traditional New Testament meaning of the word, preferring to write "saint" to refer to any believer, in continuity with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.

Roman Catholicism

One Roman Catholic website states that "There are over 10,000 named saints and beatified people from history, the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox sources, but no definitive head count".

Rev. Alban Butler, published ''Lives of the Saints'' in 1756, containing 1,486 saints. The latest edition of this work, edited by Father Herbert Thurston, S.J., and British author Donald Attwater, contains the lives of 2,565 saints. Monsignor Robert Sarno, an official of Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, expressed that it is impossible to say the exact number of saints.

The Catholic Church teaches that it does not, in fact, make or create anyone a saint. Rather, it recognizes a saint. In the Church, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been formally canonized (officially recognized) by the Catholic Church, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven.

By this definition there are many people believed to be in Heaven who have not been formally declared as saints (most typically due to their obscurity and the involved process of formal canonization) but who may nevertheless generically be referred to as saints. All in Heaven are, in the technical sense, saints, since they are believed to be completely perfected in holiness. Unofficial devotions to uncanonized individuals take place in certain regions. Sometimes the word "saint" is used to refer to Christians still sojourning here on earth.

In his book, ''Saint of the Day'', editor Leonard Foley, OFM, says this of saints: "[Saints'] surrender to God's love was so generous an approach to the total surrender of Jesus that the Church recognizes them as heroes and heroines worthy to be held up for our inspiration. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ."

In his book, ''Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't and Why'', author Kenneth L. Woodward notes the following:

A saint is always someone through whom we catch a glimpse of what God is like -- and of what we are called to be. Only God 'makes' saints, of course. The church merely identifies from time to time a few of these for emulation. The church then tells the story. But the author is the Source of the grace by which saints live. And there we have it: A saint is someone whose story God tells.

The veneration of saints, in Latin, ''cultus'', or the "cult of the saints", describes a particular popular devotion or abandonment to a particular saint or saints. Although the term "worship" is sometimes used, it is intended in the old-sense meaning to honor or give respect (''dulia''). According to the Catholic Church, Divine Worship is properly reserved only for God (''latria'') and never to the saints. They can be asked to intercede or pray for those still on earth, just as one can ask someone on earth to pray for them.

A saint may be designated as a patron saint of a particular cause or profession, or invoked against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official statements of the Magisterium. Saints are not thought to have power of their own, but only that granted by God. Relics of saints are respected in a similar manner to holy images and icons. The practices of past centuries in venerating relics of saints for healing is taken from the early Church.

For example, an American deacon claimed in 2000 that Blessed John Henry Newman interceded with God to cure him. The American, Jack Sullivan, asserted that after addressing Newman he was cured of spinal stenosis in a matter of hours. In 2009, a panel of theologians concluded that Sullivan's recovery was the result of his prayer to Newman. According to the Catholic Church, to be deemed a miracle, "a medical recovery must be instantaneous, not attributable to treatment, disappear for good."

Once a person has been declared a saint, the body of the saint is considered holy. The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics. Some of the saints have a symbol that represents their life.

In Church tradition, a person who is seen as exceptionally holy can be declared a saint by a formal process, called canonization. Formal canonization is a lengthy process often taking many years, even centuries.

The first step in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life, undertaken by an expert. After this, the report on the candidate is given to the bishop of the area and more studying is done. It is then sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome.

If the application is approved, the person may be granted the title of "Venerable". Further investigations may lead to the candidate's beatification and given title of "Blessed." At a minimum, two important miracles are required to be formally declared a saint. These miracles must be posthumous. Finally, when all of this is done the Pope canonizes the saint.

Other religions (alphabetical)

The use of the term "saint" is not exclusive to Christianity. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized within their tradition as having fulfilled the highest aspirations of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many world religions.

African Diaspora

Cuban Santeria, Haitian Vodou, Brazilian Umbanda and Candomble, and other similar syncretist religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshiped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the deities. The name ''santeria'' was originally a pejorative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms.

Buddhism

Buddhists hold the Arhats and Arahants in special esteem, as well as Bodhisattvas and Buddhas.

Discordianism

In Discordianism, anyone, living or dead, or even anything can be named a saint. Anyone may canonize anything or anyone else as everyone, whether they are aware of it or not, is a pope in the POEE. This is because "moral perfection isn't necessary for Discordian Sainthood. You just have to suffer a lot."

Hinduism

There are individuals who have been described as being Hindu saints, most of whom have also been more specifically identified by the terms Mahatma, Paramahamsa, or Swami, or with the titles ''Sri'' or ''Srila''.

Islam

The Arabic term ''wali'' (Arabic ولي, plural Awliyā' أولياء) is commonly translated into English as "Saint". However, the ''wali'' should not be confused with the Christian tradition of sainthood. A prominent early scholar of Sunni Islamic beliefs, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi, mentioned in his book "Al-Aqidah At-Tahawiya":

''We do not prefer any of the saintly men among the Ummah over any of the Prophets but rather we say that any one of the Prophets is better than all the awliya' put together. We believe in what we know of Karamat, the marvels of the awliya' and in authentic stories about them from trustworthy sources.

Unlike Prophets and Messengers, the ''awliya'' can be either male and female. One of the most well known female saints is Rabi`a al-Adawiyya.

In Sufism, the major ''wali'' are considered to have been masters in the art of spiritual purification. Some groups within Islam hold the Hadrat (literally, Presence, a title of Sufi saints) in esteem.

Anthropologists have also noted the parallels between the regard for some Sufi figures in popular Muslim observance and Christian ideas of sainthood. In some Muslim countries there are shrines at the tombs of Sufi saints, with the observation of festival days on the anniversary of death, and a tradition of miracle-working. In some cases, the rites are observed according to the solar calendar, rather than the normal Islamic lunar calendar.

Hazrat Babajan (c. 1806 - September 18, 1931) was a Baloch Muslim saint considered by her followers to be a sadguru or qutub.

Judaism

The term ''Tzadik'' "righteous", and its associated meanings, developed in Rabbinic thought from its Talmudic contrast with ''Hasid'' ("Pious" honorific), to its exploration in Ethical literature, and its esoteric spiritualisation in Kabbalah. In Hasidic Judaism, the institution of the Tzadik assumed central importance, combining former elite mysticism with social movement for the first time.

Sikhism

The concept of sant or bhagat is found in North Indian religious thought including Sikhism. Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Nanak, and others are widely regarded as belonging to the Sant tradition. Some of their mystical compositions are incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib. The term "Sant" is still sometimes loosely applied to living individuals in the Sikh and related communities.

See also

Calendar of saints

Communion of Saints

Congregation for the Causes of Saints

Coptic saints

Gnostic saint

Hagiography

Icon

Intercession of saints

List of canonizations

List of saints

List of Russian saints

Martyrology

Patron saint

Saints in Protestantism

Tzadik

References

Notes

Bibliography

Beyer, Jürgen, et al., eds. ''Confessional sanctity (c. 1550 - c. 1800)''. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003.

Bruhn, Siglind. ''Saints in the Limelight: Representations of the Religious Quest on the Post-1945 Operatic Stage''. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, 2003. ISBN .

Cunningham, Lawrence S. ''The Meaning of Saints''. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980.

Hawley, John Stratton, ed. ''Saints and Virtues''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Hein, David. "Farrer on Friendship, Sainthood, and the Will of God." In ''Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer''. Edited by David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson. New York and London: T & T Clark / Continuum, .

Jean-Luc Deuffic (éd.), ''Reliques et sainteté dans l'espace médiéval''

O'Malley, Vincent J. "Ordinary Suffering of Extraordinary Saints", 1999. ISBN

Perham, Michael. ''The Communion of Saints''. London: Alcuin Club / SPCK, 1980.

Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. ''Insight on the Scriptures: Volume 1''. Brooklyn,: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1988.

Woodward, Kenneth L. ''Making Saints''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

External links

Inspirational Quotes from the Saints

Today's Saints on the Calendar

http://www.oodegr.com/english/istorika/britain/British_saints.htm

Biographies of Saints and Gurus in the Indian Tradition

Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism Category:Religious terminology

ar:قديس be:Святы br:Sant bg:Светец ca:Sant cs:Svatý cy:Sant da:Helgen de:Heiliger et:Pühak es:Santo eo:Sanktulo eu:Santu fa:قدیس fr:Saint xal:Бодь ko:성인 (종교) hr:Svetac io:Santo id:Santo is:Dýrlingur it:Santo he:קדוש (נצרות) jv:Santo ka:წმინდანი sw:Mtakatifu la:Sanctus li:Heilige hu:Szent mr:संत arz:قديس nl:Heilige (christendom) ja:聖人 no:Helgen nn:Helgen nrm:Saint pl:Święty pt:Santo ro:Sfânt qu:Santu ru:Святой sco:Saunt sq:Shenjtori sk:Svätec sl:Svetnik sr:Светац sh:Svetac fi:Pyhimys sv:Helgon tl:Santo ta:புனிதர் th:นักบุญ tr:Aziz (Hıristiyanlık) uk:Святі vec:Santo vi:Thánh (Kitô giáo) wa:Sint zh:圣人

The Saint may refer to:

Fiction

Simon Templar, also known as "The Saint", the protagonist of a book series by Leslie Charteris and subsequent adaptations:

* ''The Saint'' (film series), starring Louis Hayward (1938), George Sanders (1939–1941) and Hugh Sinclair (1941–1943)

* ''The Saint'' (radio show) (1944–1951), a radio program starring Vincent Price on NBC Radio

*''The Saint'' (TV series) (1962–1969), a British television series starring Roger Moore

* ''The Saint'' (film) (1997), an American film starring Val Kilmer

**''The Saint'' (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 1997 film

** ''The Saint'' (novel), a novelization of the 1997 film, by Burl Barer

"The Saint" (''Law & Order: Criminal Intent''), an episode of ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent''

''Il santo'' (novel), a novel by Antonio Fogazzaro

''The Saint'', an omnibus edition of the Gaunt's Ghosts novels, ''Honour Guard'' through ''Sabbat Martyr'', by Dan Abnett

Music

The Saint (music venue), a club showcasing live, original music in Asbury Park, New Jersey

"The Saint" (song), a song by Orbital from the 1997 film soundtrack of the same title

The Saints (band), an Australian punk band

The Saints (1960s band), an English instrumental band

Newspapers

''The Saint'' (UK newspaper), a student newspaper at the University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom

''The Saint'' (newspaper), a student newspaper at St. Clair College in Ontario, Canada

Other uses

The Saint (club), gay nightclub in New York City that operated from 1980 to 1990

Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, known locally as "il Santo"

Play Radio (Hampshire), a radio station formerly known at "The Saint"

Ian St. John, Scottish football player nicknamed "The Saint"

WVCR-FM, Siena College radio station

See also

Saint (disambiguation)

de:The Saint fr:Le Saint ro:The Saint sh:The Saint fi:Pyhimys (täsmennyssivu) sv:The Saint

name	Val Kilmer
birth name	Val Edward Kilmer
birth date	December 31, 1959
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actor
years active	1977–Present
spouse	Joanne Whalley (1988–1996) }}

Val Edward Kilmer (born December 31, 1959) is an American actor. Originally a stage actor, Kilmer became popular in the mid-1980s after a string of appearances in comedy films, starting with ''Top Secret!'' (1984), then the cult classic ''Real Genius'' (1985), as well as blockbuster action films, including a role in ''Top Gun'' and a lead role in ''Willow''.

During the 1990s, Kilmer gained critical respect after a series of films that were also commercially successful, including his roles as Jim Morrison in ''The Doors'', Doc Holliday in 1993's ''Tombstone'', Batman in 1995's ''Batman Forever'', Chris Shiherlis in 1995's ''Heat'', Col. John Henry Patterson in 1996's ''The Ghost and the Darkness'', Simon Templar in 1997's ''The Saint'' and Moses in 1998's ''The Prince of Egypt''. During the early 2000s, Kilmer appeared in several well-received roles, including ''The Salton Sea'', ''Spartan'', and supporting performances in ''Kiss Kiss Bang Bang'', and as the voice of KITT in ''Knight Rider''.

Early life

Kilmer was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Gladys ( Ekstadt) and Eugene Kilmer, an aerospace equipment distributor and real estate developer. Kilmer's grandfather was a gold miner in New Mexico; the poet Joyce Kilmer is a distant cousin of Kilmer's. Kilmer is of German, Swedish, Irish, and Cherokee descent. He grew up in the San Fernando Valley with his two siblings, older brother Mark and younger brother Wesley (who died at 15 due to an epileptic seizure in a swimming pool). Kilmer, who was raised a Christian Scientist, attended Chatsworth High School—where his classmates included Kevin Spacey and Mare Winningham—as well as Hollywood's Professional's School. He also attended Berkeley Hall School, a Christian Science school in Los Angeles, from nursery school until graduation from the 9th grade. At the age of 17, he was at the time the youngest person to be accepted into Juilliard's drama program. He was in Group 10 of the Drama Division.

Career

1980s

In 1981, Kilmer co-authored and starred in the play ''How It All Began'', which was performed at the Public Theatre at the New York Shakespeare Festival. Kilmer turned down a role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1983 film, ''The Outsiders'', as he had prior theatre commitments. That same year, his first off-stage acting role (excluding television commercials) came in the form of a television short titled ''One Too Many'', which was an educational drama on drinking and driving; it also starred a young Michelle Pfeiffer. His big break came when he received top billing in the spoof comedy ''Top Secret!'', where he played an American rock and roll star. Kilmer sang all the songs in the film and actually released an album under the film character's name, "Nick Rivers".

During a brief hiatus, he backpacked throughout Europe, before going on to play the lead character in the 1985 comedy ''Real Genius''. He turned down roles in ''Dune'' and ''Blue Velvet'', before being cast as naval aviator "Iceman" in the big budget action film ''Top Gun'', alongside Tom Cruise. ''Top Gun'' grossed a total of $344,700,000 worldwide. Following roles in the television films ''The Murders in the Rue Morgue'' and ''The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains'', Kilmer played Madmartigan in the fantasy ''Willow''; he met his future wife, co-star Joanne Whalley, on the film's set. Kilmer published a book of his poems, ''My Edens After Burns'', in 1987, and starred in the Colorado Shakespeare Festival production of ''Hamlet'' in 1988. In 1989, Kilmer played the lead in both ''Kill Me Again'', again opposite Whalley, and in TNT's ''Billy the Kid''.

1990s

After several delays, director Oliver Stone finally started production on the film ''The Doors'', based on the band of the same name. Kilmer memorized the lyrics to all of lead singer Jim Morrison's songs prior to his audition, and sent a video of himself performing some Doors songs to director Stone. Stone was not impressed with the tape, but Paul Rothchild (the original producer of The Doors) said "I was shaken by it" and suggested they record Kilmer in the studio. After Kilmer was cast as Morrison, he prepared for the role by attending Doors tribute concerts and reading Morrison's poetry. He spent close to a year before production dressing in Morrison-like clothes, and spent time at Morrison's old hangouts along the Sunset Strip. His portrayal of Morrison was praised and members of The Doors noted that Kilmer did such a convincing job that they had trouble distinguishing his voice from Morrison's. Paul Rothchild played Val's version of 'The End' for Robby Krieger, and he told him "I'm really glad they got 'The End'. We never got a recording of that live with Jim and now we've got it." However, Doors keyboardist, Ray Manzarek, was less than enthusiastic with how Morrison was portrayed by director Oliver Stone's interpretation. In the early 1990s, Kilmer starred in the mystery thriller ''Thunderheart'', action comedy ''The Real McCoy'' and again teamed with ''Top Gun'' director Tony Scott to play Elvis in ''True Romance'', which was written by Quentin Tarantino.

In 1993, Kilmer played Doc Holliday in the western ''Tombstone'' alongside Kurt Russell, in what some say is one of Kilmer's finest performances. 1995 saw Kilmer star in ''Wings of Courage'', a 3D IMAX film, and that same year, he starred opposite Al Pacino and Robert De Niro in ''Heat'', which is now considered one of the best crime/drama films of the 1990s. In 1996, he appeared in a largely unknown film, ''Dead Girl'', and starred alongside Marlon Brando in the poorly received ''The Island of Dr Moreau''. That year, Kilmer starred alongside Michael Douglas in the thriller ''The Ghost and the Darkness''. The next year he played Simon Templar in the popular action film, ''The Saint''. In 1998, he lent his voice to the animated film ''The Prince of Egypt'', before starring in the independent film ''Joe the King'' (1999) and playing a blind man in the drama/romance ''At First Sight'', which he described as of then, the hardest role he had ever had.

During the 1990s, Kilmer developed the reputation of being very difficult on sets. Joel Schumacher, director of ''Batman Forever'', called him ''The most psychologically troubled human being I've ever worked with'' and John Frankenheimer, director of ''The Island of Dr Moreau'', is quoted as saying, ''There are two things I would never do again in my life. I will never climb Mount Everest, and I will never work with Val Kilmer again. There isn't enough money in the world.'' While promoting ''The Ghost and the Darkness'' in France, Michael Douglas bitterly complained about Kilmer's attitude in an interview to daily newspaper ''Le Parisien''. Kevin Jarre, the original director of ''Tombstone'', said that Kilmer once told him, "I have a reputation for being difficult. But only with stupid people."

Batman

In December 1993 ''Batman Forever'' director Joel Schumacher had seen ''Tombstone'' and was most impressed with Kilmer's performance as Doc Holliday. Schumacher felt him to be perfect for the role of the Caped Crusader, though at the time, the role was still Michael Keaton's. Batman co-creator Bob Kane said he felt Kilmer was the best actor to portray Batman.

In July 1994, Michael Keaton decided not to return for a third Batman film after 1992's ''Batman Returns'', due to "creative differences." William Baldwin (who previously worked with Schumacher on ''Flatliners'') was reported to be a top contender, though just days after Keaton dropped out, Kilmer was cast. Kilmer took the role without even knowing who the new director was and without reading the script. Kilmer first learned that he was offered the role of Batman while he was literally in a bat cave in Africa, doing research for ''The Ghost and the Darkness'' (1996).

Released in June 1995, ''Batman Forever'' was a success at the box office, despite receiving mixed reviews from critics. There was debate about the performance of Val Kilmer; some critics charged that Kilmer, while physically fit to play Batman, more so than his predecessor Michael Keaton had been, gave a wooden performance as Bruce Wayne. Other critics though, such as Roger Ebert, had kind words for Kilmer. Batman creator Bob Kane said in a ''Cinescape'' interview that of all the actors to have played Batman up to that point (before the series was rebooted in 2005), he felt Kilmer had given the best interpretation. Film critic Leonard Maltin (who heavily criticized the dark tone contained in ''Batman Returns'') complimented Kilmer's portrayal when he reviewed the film for his expanding collection of film reviews, as well as being very favorable of the film as a whole. Defenders of ''Batman Forever'' praised the film for portraying Batman as a more heroic, less ruthless, and more human character than in the Tim Burton films. The film also brought the film interpretation of Bruce Wayne more into line with his comic book counterpart, showing him as a seasoned celebrity of the media and a very public figure rather than the neurotic recluse of the previous films.

In February 1996, Kilmer decided not to return for another Batman feature film, feeling that Batman was being marginalized in favor of the villains. Kilmer went on to do ''The Saint'' with a salary of $6 million. George Clooney replaced Kilmer as Batman in 1997's ''Batman & Robin''.

2000s

Kilmer's first role in 2000 was in the big budget Warner Bros. box office disaster ''Red Planet''. That same year, he had a supporting role in the film ''Pollock'' and hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' for the first time. In 2002, he starred in the thriller ''The Salton Sea'', which was generally well-reviewed, but received only a limited release. The same year, he teamed with his ''True Romance'' co-star, Christian Slater, and the two starred in the low budget film, ''Hard Cash'', also known as ''Run for the Money''.

In 2003, Kilmer starred alongside Kate Bosworth in the drama/thriller ''Wonderland'', as well as appearing in ''The Missing'', where he again worked with ''Willow'' director Ron Howard. The next year, he starred in ''Spartan'', where he played a United States government secret agent who is assigned the task of rescuing the kidnapped daughter of the President. He received Delta Force-like training in preparation for the role. Subsequently, he had a role in the drama, ''Stateside'', and starred (again with Slater) in the thriller ''Mindhunters'', which was filmed in 2003 but not released until 2005. Kilmer next appeared in the big budget Oliver Stone production, ''Alexander'', which received poor reviews. Also in 2004, Kilmer returned to the theatre to play Moses in a Los Angeles musical production of ''The Ten Commandments: The Musical'', produced by BCBG founder Max Azria. The production played at the Kodak Theater in Hollywood. Kilmer had previously played Moses in the animated film ''The Prince of Egypt''. Finally in 2004, Kilmer appeared in an episode of ''Entourage'' where he played a Sherpa whose primary source of income was the growing, harvesting and distributing high-quality marijuana, all under a guise of metaphysical insights.

Kilmer was in negotiations with Richard Dutcher (a leading director of Mormon-related films) to play the lead role in a film entitled ''Prophet: The Story of Joseph Smith'', although the project never materialized. Kilmer performed in ''The Postman Always Rings Twice'' on the London stage from June to September 2005. In 2005, he co-starred with Robert Downey, Jr in the action-comedy film ''Kiss Kiss Bang Bang''. His performance was praised and the film was well reviewed, but the film received only a limited release. It later won the award as "Overlooked Film of the Year" from the Phoenix Film Critics Society. In 2006, he reunited with director Tony Scott a third time for a supporting role opposite Denzel Washington in the box-office hit ''Déjà Vu''. The song "Val Kilmer" was named after him on Bowling for Soup's 2006 album "The Great Burrito Extortion Case," and the song was later used for one of the Ford commercials on season 10 of "American Idol" in 2011. In 2007, he guest-starred in hit TV series ''Numb3rs'' episode "Trust Metric" as torture expert Mason Lancer. In 2008, Kilmer starred alongside Stephen Dorff in the Sony and Stage 6 film ''Felon''. The film was given only a limited theatrical release in New York and Los Angeles in 2008, but it developed into a success secondary to positive word of mouth.

He next starred alongside Nicolas Cage in the Werner Herzog film ''Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans'', and alongside Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson in ''Streets of Blood''. Both were released in 2009. He appeared as the main antagonist "Mongoose" in a live TV series adaptation of the comic/video game of ''XIII'' on NBC in 2009.

In 2010, Kilmer starred in the horror film from Michael Oblowitz, ''The Traveler'', where he played the vengeful spirit of a man who had been tortured and murdered while in police custody.

In November 2010, Kilmer was filming in Kelseyville, California; he is the lead role in the Francis Ford Coppola film ''Twixt''. The film is being filmed mostly on Coppola's estate in Napa County. The filming is expected to take five weeks and is being independently funded by Coppola.

Kilmer was the voice of the car KITT for the 2008 ''Knight Rider'' TV pilot film and the following television series. He replaced Will Arnett, who had to step down from the role due to contractual conflict with General Motors. In keeping with tradition established by the original ''Knight Rider'' series and original KITT actor William Daniels, Kilmer was uncredited for the role on-screen.

In April 2011, Blackstone Audio will release Hollywood Theater of the Ear's full-cast audio adaptation of Johnston McCulley's ''The Mark of Zorro'' which features Val Kilmer as Zorro.

In 2010, Val Kilmer appeared as the villain in ''MacGruber''. It is also said that Kilmer will be going back to the wild west as aging legendary lawman Wyatt Earp in a indie western film called The Ride of Wyatt Earp, a film for people to remember Kilmer's memorable role as Doc Holliday in Tombstone, to come out in 2012.

Mark Twain/Mary Baker Eddy project

Since 2010, Kilmer has been working on a film about the life of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science church, and Mark Twain, one of her most famous critics. Kilmer wrote the screenplay, describing the film about the lives and relationship of Mary Baker Eddy and Mark Twain as "a quirky, tender, tragicomic portrait of two contrasting lives, set against the backdrop of Gilded Age America."

Personal life

Kilmer was married to actress Joanne Whalley from March 1988 to February 1996. The two met while working together on the film ''Willow''. The couple had two children: a daughter, Mercedes (b. October 29, 1991), and a son, Jack (b. June 6, 1995). He dated supermodel Cindy Crawford in the 1990s.

Warwick Davis, Kilmer's co-star from the 1988 fantasy ''Willow'', in his audio commentary for the film described Kilmer as a very funny man and a hard working, dedicated actor. Kilmer is also an avid musician, and released a CD in the fall of 2007, proceeds of which went to his charity interests.

Other actors have noted that he prepares for his roles extensively and meticulously. Irwin Winkler (director of ''At First Sight'') talked about his decision to hire Kilmer. "I'd heard the stories, so I checked him out. I called Bob DeNiro and Michael Mann, who'd worked with him on ''Heat'', and they both gave him raves... I had a wonderful experience in spite of all the naysayers." Jeffrey Katzenberg (producer of ''Prince of Egypt'') talks about the actor. "Val was one of the first people cast in ''The Prince of Egypt''. He was there every step of the way; patient, understanding, and phenomenally generous with his time."

Following their appearance together in ''Top Gun'', Kilmer and co-star Tom Cruise reportedly had taken their onscreen conflict offscreen. Reports classified the two as holding a vitriolic hatred of one another. Kilmer even refused to participate in a charity beach volleyball game with Cruise on the grounds that he was "dangerous", although Kilmer is noted to have knocked Cruise out in a fistfight during the filming of ''Top Gun.''

Kilmer owns a ranch in New Mexico, where he hunts, tracks, hikes, fishes, and raises bison. Kilmer is also involved with The Wildlife Center of New Mexico and assists in rescuing animals and releasing them on his ranch.

In 2009, Kilmer listed Pecos River Ranch for sale for $33,000,000 with conservation real estate firm Orvis/Cushman & Wakefield. The price was subsequently dropped to $23 million in October 2010 and dropped again to $18.5 million two months later.

He briefly flirted with running for Governor of New Mexico in 2010, but in the end declined to run. He made a donation to Ralph Nader's 2008 presidential campaign. On January 30, 2009, Kilmer was chosen to be the King of Bacchus, a parading Krewe in New Orleans, that in 1969 began the tradition of having celebrities ride in their parade as King.

In November 2010, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) filed a $498,165 lien against Kilmer's New Mexico ranch for unpaid 2008 income taxes. In April 2010, Kilmer paid $538,000 to settle another dispute with the IRS.

Filmography

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Film	Role	Notes
		Bit Part	Film DebutUncredited
	Bit Part	Uncredited
1979	''Apocalypse Now''	Bit Part	Uncredited
1981	''Body Heat''	William
1984	''Top Secret!''	Nick Rivers
1985	''Real Genius''	Chris Knight
	''Top Gun''	Lt. Tom 'Iceman' Kazanski
	Phillipe Huron	television film
1987	''The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains''	Robert Eliot Burns/Eliot Roberts
1988		Madmartigan
		William Bonney
''Kill Me Again''	Jack Andrews
1991		Jim Morrison	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Performance - Male
1992	''Thunderheart''	Ray Levoi
		J.T. Barker
	Doc Holliday	Based on a true storyNominated – MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable MaleNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Performance - Male
''True Romance''
	''Batman Forever''		Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male
	Chris Shiherlis	Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
''Wings of Courage''	Jean Mermoz	IMAX Film
		Montgomery	rowspan=2|Nominated – Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor
''The Ghost and the Darkness''	Col. John Henry Patterson
	Dr. Dark
1997		Simon Templar
1998	''The Prince of Egypt''	Moses/God	Voice-over
	''At First Sight''	Virgil 'Virg' Adamson
''Joe the King''	Bob Henry
		Willem de Kooning
	Robby Gallagher
	''The Salton Sea''	Danny Parker / Tom Van Allen
''Hard Cash''	FBI Agent Mark C. Cornell	a.k.a. ''Run for the Money''
	Wonderland (film)>Wonderland''		Based on the Wonderland Murders
''The Missing''	Lt. Jim Ducharme
''Blind Horizon''	Frank Kavanaugh
''Masked and Anonymous''	Animal Wrangler
		The Sherpa	Episode: "The Script and the Sherpa"
	Robert Scott
	Staff Sergeant Skeer
	Philip II of Macedon
	El Cabillo	uncredited
	''Mindhunters''	Jake Harris
''Kiss Kiss Bang Bang''	Perry Van Shrike/"Gay Perry"	Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion PictureNominated– Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
		The Wanted Man	a.k.a. ''Dead Man's Bounty''
''Moscow Zero''	Andrey
''10th & Wolf''	Murtha
''Played''	Dillon
	Agent Andrew Pryzwarra
''The Ten Commandments: The Musical''	Moses
	''Have Dreams, Will Travel''	Henderson
''Numb3rs''	Mason Lancer	Episode: "Trust Metric"
		Inish Scull	TV mini-series based on the book
	voice of KITT	television film based on 1980s TV series
	MacPherson	direct-to-video
	John Smith
	Bogardus	voice only
''2:22''	Maz
	John
''The Love Guru''	Himself	uncredited cameo
	Mongoose	based on Belgian comic book XIII
2008–2009		voice of KITT	TV series based on the 2008 television film
	''The Chaos Experiment''	James Pettis	a.k.a. ''The Steam Experiment''
''Streets of Blood''	Detective Andy Devereaux
''American Cowslip''	Todd Inglebrink
	Dr. David Kruipen
''Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans''	Stevie Pruit
	Virgil
''Fake Identity''	Nick	a.k.a. ''Double Identity''
		The Stranger/Mr. Nobody
	Warren Bloodworth
	Dieter Von Cunth
	Angel
	''Kill the Irishman''	Joe Manditski
	Arturo
''5 Days of August''	Dutch Journalist
	Hall Baltimore	in production
''Spider-Man: Edge of Time''	Walker Sloan	video game

References

External links

;General

Official website of Kilmer's Eddy-Twain movie project

;Interviews

''Maxim'' interview (January 2007)

Tom Green Live (November 6, 2006)

UGO interview (March 2004)

Deal Memo interview (April 23, 2002)

Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:Actors from New Mexico Category:American film actors Category:American musical theatre actors Category:American people of Cherokee descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Swedish descent Category:American poets Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Juilliard School alumni

ar:فال كيلمر bg:Вал Килмър ca:Val Kilmer cs:Val Kilmer cy:Val Kilmer da:Val Kilmer de:Val Kilmer es:Val Kilmer fa:وال کیلمر fr:Val Kilmer gl:Val Kilmer hr:Val Kilmer id:Val Kilmer it:Val Kilmer he:ואל קילמר jv:Val Kilmer ka:ველ კილმერი la:Val Kilmer hu:Val Kilmer nl:Val Kilmer ja:ヴァル・キルマー no:Val Kilmer pl:Val Kilmer pt:Val Kilmer ro:Val Kilmer ru:Килмер, Вэл simple:Val Kilmer sr:Вал Килмер fi:Val Kilmer sv:Val Kilmer th:วัล คิลเมอร์ tr:Val Kilmer uk:Вел Кілмер zh:方·基默

Simon Templar is a British fictional character known as The Saint featured in a long-running series of books by Leslie Charteris published between 1928 and 1963. After that date, other authors collaborated with Charteris on books until 1983; two additional works produced without Charteris’s participation were published in 1997. The character has also been portrayed in motion pictures, radio dramas, comic strips, comic books and three television series.

Overview

Simon Templar is a thief known as The Saint because of his initials (ST) and because his heroic exploits fly in the face of an otherwise nefarious reputation. Templar has aliases, often using the initials S.T. such as "Sebastian Tombs" or "Sugarman Treacle". His true name is unknown, and the name "Templar" was adopted at an early age from reading about the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, the Knights Templar. Blessed with boyish humor, he makes humorous and off-putting remarks and leaves a "calling card" at his "crimes", a stick figure of a man with a halo, the logo of both the books, the movies, and the 1960s TV series.

The books allude to the possibility that Templar started his career as a criminal and suggest he developed the skills of a burglar. His origin remains a mystery, but in the books his income derives from the pockets of the "ungodly" (as he terms those who live by a less moral code than his own). There are references to a "ten percent collection fee" to cover expenses when he extracts large sums from victims, the remainder being returned to the owners, given to charity, shared among Templar's colleagues, or some combination of those possibilities.

Templar's targets include corrupt politicians, warmongers, and other low life. "He claims he's a Robin Hood", bleats one victim, "but to me he's just a robber and a hood". Robin Hood appears one inspiration for the character; Templar stories were often promoted as featuring "The Robin Hood of modern crime", and this phrase to describe Templar appears in several stories. A term used by Templar to describe his acquisitions is "boodle" (a term also applied to the short story collection).

The Saint has a dark side, as he is willing to ruin the lives of the "ungodly", and even kill them, if he feels more innocent lives can be saved. In the early books, Templar refers to this as murder, although he considers his actions justified and righteous, a view usually shared by partners and colleagues. Several adventures centre on his intention to kill (for example, "Arizona" in ''The Saint Goes West'' has Templar planning to kill a Nazi scientist).

During the 1920s and early '30s, The Saint is fighting European arms dealers, drug runners, and white slavers while based in his London home. His battles with Rayt Marius mirror the 'four rounds with Carl Petersen' of Bulldog Drummond. During the first half of the 1940s, Charteris cast Templar as a willing operative of the American government, fighting Nazi interests in the U.S. during World War II.

While the first of these novels, ''The Saint in Miami,'' has Templar stumbling upon a Nazi plot, beginning with the "Arizona" novella Templar is fighting his own war against Germany. ''The Saint Steps In'' reveals that Templar is operating on behalf of a mysterious individual known as Hamilton who appears again in the next WWII-era Saint book, ''The Saint on Guard''. The later books move from confidence games, murder mysteries, and wartime espionage and place Templar as a global adventurer.

According to ''Saint'' historian Burl Barer, Charteris made the decision to remove Templar from his usual confidence-game trappings, not to mention his usual co-stars Holm, Uniatz, Orace and Teal, as they weren't appropriate for the post-war stories he was writing.

Although The Saint functions as an ordinary detective in some stories, others depict ingenious plots to get even with vanity publishers and other ripoff artists, greedy bosses who exploit their workers, con men, etc.

The Saint has many partners, though none last throughout the series. For the first half until the late 1940s, the most recurrent is Patricia Holm, his girlfriend, who was introduced in the first story, the 1928 novel ''Meet - The Tiger!'' in which she shows herself a capable adventurer. Holm appeared erratically throughout the series, sometimes disappearing for books at a time. Templar and Holm lived together in a time when common-law relationships were uncommon and, in some areas, illegal.

They have an open relationship, as Templar is shown flirting with other women from time to time. However, his heart remains true to Holm in the early books, culminating in his considering marriage in the novella ''The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal'', only to have Holm say she had no interest in it (another progressive attitude). Holm disappeared in the late 1940s, and according to Barer's history of ''The Saint'', Charteris refused to allow Templar a steady girlfriend, or Holm to return (although according to the Saintly Bible website, Charteris did write a film story that would have seen Templar encountering a son he had with Holm).

Another recurring character, Scotland Yard Inspector Claud Eustace Teal, could be found attempting to put The Saint behind bars, although in some books they work in partnership. In ''The Saint in New York'', Teal's American counterpart, NYPD Inspector John Henry Fernack, was introduced, and he would become, like Teal, an Inspector Lestrade-like foil and pseudo-nemesis in a number of books, notably the American-based World War II novels of the 1940s.

The Saint had a band of compatriots, including Roger Conway, Norman Kent, Archie Sheridan, Richard "Dicky" Tremayne (a name that appeared in the 1990s TV series, ''Twin Peaks''), Peter Quentin, Monty Hayward, and his ex-military valet, Orace.

In later stories, the dimwitted and constantly soused but reliable American thug Hoppy Uniatz was at Templar's side. Of The Saint's companions, only Norman Kent was killed during an adventure (he sacrifices himself to save Templar in the novel ''The Last Hero (The Saint)''); the other males are presumed to have settled down and married (two to former female criminals: Dicky Tremayne to "Straight Audrey" Perowne and Peter Quentin to Kathleen "The Mug" Allfield; Archie Sheridan is mentioned to have married in "The Lawless Lady" in ''Enter the Saint'', presumably to Lila McAndrews after the events of the story "The Wonderful War" in ''Featuring the Saint)''.

Charteris gave Templar interests and quirks as the series went on. Early talents as an amateur poet and songwriter were displayed, often to taunt villains, though the novella ''The Inland Revenue'' established that poetry was also a hobby. That story revealed that Templar wrote an adventure novel featuring a South American hero not far removed from The Saint himself.

Templar also on occasion would break the fourth wall in an almost metafictional sense, making references to being part of a story and mentioning in one early story how he cannot be killed so early on; the 1960s television series would also have Templar address viewers. Charteris breaks the fourth wall by making references to the "chronicler" of The Saint's adventures and in one instance (the story "The Sizzling Saboteur" in ''The Saint on Guard'') inserts his own name.

Publishing history

The origins of The Saint can be found in early works by Charteris, some of which predated the first Saint novel, 1928's ''Meet - The Tiger!'', or were written after it but before Charteris committed to writing a Saint series. Burl Barer reveals that an obscure early work, ''Daredevil'', not only featured a heroic lead who shared "Saintly" traits (down to driving the same brand of automobile) but also shared his adventures with Inspector Claud Eustace Teal—a character later a regular in Saint books. Barer writes that several early Saint stories were rewritten from non-Saint stories, including the novel ''She Was a Lady'', which appeared in magazine form featuring a different lead character.

Charteris utilized three formats for delivering his stories. Besides full-length novels, he wrote novellas for the most part published in magazines and later in volumes of two or three stories. He also wrote short stories featuring the character, again mostly for magazines and later compiled into omnibus editions. In later years these short stories carried a common theme, such as the women Templar meets or exotic places he visits. With the exception of ''Meet - The Tiger!'', chapter titles of Templar novels usually contain a descriptive phrase describing the events of the chapter; for example, Chapter Four of ''Knight Templar'' is entitled "How Simon Templar dozed in the Green Park and discovered a new use for toothpaste".

Although Charteris’s novels and novellas had more conventional thriller plots than his confidence game short stories, both novels and stories are admired. As in the past, the appeal lies in the vitality of the character, a hero who can go into a brawl and come out with his hair combed and who, faced with death, lights a cigarette and taunts his enemy with the signature phrase "As the actress said to the bishop...."

The period of the books begins in the 1920s and moves to the 1970s as the 50 books progress (the character being seemingly ageless). In early books most activities are illegal, although directed at villains. In later books, this becomes less so. In books written during World War II, The Saint was recruited by the government to help track spies and similar undercover work. Later he became a cold warrior fighting Communism. The quality of writing also changes; early books have a freshness which becomes replaced by cynicism in later works. A few Saint stories crossed into science fiction and fantasy, "The Man Who Liked Ants" and the early novel ''The Last Hero'' being examples. When early Saint books were republished in the 1960s to the 1980s, it was not uncommon to see freshly written introductions by Charteris apologizing for the out-of-date tone; according to a Charteris "apology" in a 1969 paperback of ''Featuring the Saint'', he attempted to update some earlier stories when they were reprinted but gave up and let them sit as period pieces. The 1963 edition of the short story collection ''The Happy Highwayman'' contains examples of abandoned revisions; in one story published in the 1930s ("The Star Producers"), references to actors of the 1930s were replaced for 1963 with names of current movie stars; another 1930s-era story, "The Man Who Was Lucky", added references to atomic power.

Charteris started retiring from writing books following 1963's ''The Saint in the Sun''. The next book to carry Charteris’s name, 1964's ''Vendetta for the Saint'', was written by science fiction author Harry Harrison, who had worked on the ''Saint'' comic strip, after which Charteris edited and revised the manuscript. Between 1964 and 1983, another 14 ''Saint'' books would be published, credited to Charteris but written by others. In his introduction to the first, ''The Saint on TV'', Charteris called these volumes a team effort in which he oversaw selection of stories, initially adaptations of scripts written the 1962-69 TV series ''The Saint'', and with Fleming Lee writing the adaptations (other authors took over from Lee). Charteris and Lee collaborated on two Saint novels in the 1970s, ''The Saint in Pursuit'' (based on a story by Charteris for the ''Saint'' comic strip) and ''The Saint and the People Importers''. The "team" writers were usually credited on the title page, if not the cover. One later volume, ''Catch the Saint'', was an experiment in returning The Saint to his period, prior to the Second World War (as opposed to recent Saint books set in the present day).

The last ''Saint'' volume in the line of books starting with ''Meet - The Tiger!'' in 1928 was ''Salvage for the Saint'', published in 1983. According to the Saintly Bible website, every Saint book published between 1928 and 1983 saw the first edition issued by Hodder and Stoughton in the UK (a company that originally published only religious books) and The Crime Club (an imprint of Doubleday that specialized in mystery and detective fiction) in the United States. For the first 20 years, the books were first published in Britain, with the U.S. edition following up to a year later. By the late '40s to early '50s, this situation had been reversed. In one case—''The Saint to the Rescue''—a British edition did not appear until nearly two years after the American one.

French language books published over 30 years included translated volumes of Charteris originals as well as novelisations of radio scripts from the English-language radio series and comic strip adaptations. Many of these books credited to Charteris were written by others, including Madeleine Michel-Tyl.

Charteris died in 1993. Two additional Saint novels appeared around the time of the 1997 film starring Val Kilmer: a novelisation of the film (which had little connection to the Charteris stories) and ''Capture the Saint'', a more faithful work published by The Saint Club and originated by Charteris in 1936. Both books were written by Burl Barer, who in the early 1990s published a history of the character in books, radio, and television.

Charteris wrote 14 novels between 1928 and 1971 (the last two co-written), 34 novellas, and 95 short stories featuring Simon Templar. Between 1963 and 1997, an additional seven novels and fourteen novellas were written by others.

==The Saint on radio== Several radio drama series were produced in North America and Britain. The earliest was for Radio Eireann in 1940 and starred Terence De Marney. Both NBC and CBS produced ''Saint'' series during 1945, starring Edgar Barrier and Brian Aherne. Many early shows were adaptations of published stories, although Charteris wrote several storylines for the series which were novelised as short stories and novellas.

The longest-running radio incarnation was Vincent Price, who played the character in a series between 1947 and 1951 on three networks: CBS, Mutual and NBC. Like ''The Whistler'', the program had an opening whistle theme with footsteps. Some sources say the whistling theme for ''The Saint'' was created by Leslie Charteris while others credit RKO composer Roy Webb.

Price left in May 1951, replaced by Tom Conway, who played the role for several more months. His brother, George Sanders, had played Templar on film. The next English-language radio series aired on Springbok Radio in South Africa between 1953 and 1957. These were fresh adaptations of the original stories and starred Tom Meehan. Around 1965–66 the South African version of Lux Radio Theatre produced a single dramatization of ''The Saint''. The English service of South Africa produced another series radio adventures for six months in 1970-1971. The next English-language radio series was on BBC Radio 4 in 1995 starring Paul Rhys.

The Saint in film and on TV

Not long after creating The Saint, Charteris began a long association with Hollywood as a screenwriter. He was successful in getting a major studio, RKO Radio Pictures, interested in a film based on one of his works. The first, ''The Saint in New York'' in 1938, based on the 1935 novel of the same name, starred Louis Hayward as Templar and Jonathan Hale as Inspector Henry Farnack, the American counterpart of Mr Teal.

The film was a success and eight more films followed over 15 years. The character of Farnack returned in the first five, but George Sanders took over from Hayward. Hugh Sinclair portrayed Templar in two other films. Several of the films were original stories, sometimes based upon outlines by Charteris while others were based loosely on original novels or novellas. There was one final film, ''The Saint's Girl Friday'' in 1953, for which Hayward returned to the role. This was followed by an unsuccessful French production in 1960.

In the 1960s Roger Moore revived the role in a long-running television series ''The Saint''. According to the book ''Spy Television'' by Wesley Britton, the first actor offered the role was Patrick McGoohan of ''Danger Man'' and ''The Prisoner''. The series ran from 1962 to 1969, and Moore remains the actor most closely identified with the character.

Since Moore, other actors played him in later series, notably ''Return of the Saint'' (1978–1979) starring Ian Ogilvy; the series ran for one season, although it was picked up by the CBS Network. In the mid 1980s, the ''National Enquirer'' and other newspapers reported that Moore was planning to produce a movie based on ''The Saint'' with Pierce Brosnan as Templar, but it was never made. A pilot for a ''The Saint in Manhattan'' series starring Australian actor Andrew Clarke was shown on CBS in 1987 as part of the ''CBS Summer Playhouse''; the pilot was produced by Don Taffner, but it never progressed beyond the pilot stage. Inspector John Fernack of the NYPD made his first film appearance since the 1940s in that production, while Templar got about in a black Lamborghini bearing the ST1 licence plate. In 1989, six movies were made by Taffner starring Simon Dutton. These were syndicated in the United States as part of a series of films entitled ''Mystery Wheel of Adventure'', while in the UK they were shown as a series on ITV.

In 1991, as detailed by Burl Barer in his 1992 history of ''The Saint'', plans were announced for a series of motion pictures. Ultimately, however, no such franchise eventuated.

''The Saint'' starring Val Kilmer was made in 1997 but diverged far from the Charteris books, although it did revive Templar's use of aliases. Kilmer's Saint is unable to defeat a Russian gangster in hand-to-hand combat and is forced to flee; this would have been unthinkable in a Charteris tale. Whereas the original Saint resorted to aliases that had the initials S.T., Kilmer's character used Christian saints, regardless of initials. This Saint refrained from killing, and even the main villains live to stand trial, whereas Charteris’s version had no qualms about taking another life. Kilmer's Saint is presented as a master of disguise, but Charteris’s version hardly used the sophisticated ones shown in this film. The film mirrored aspects of Charteris’s own life, notably his origins in the Far East, though not in an orphanage as the film portrayed. Sir Roger Moore features throughout in cameo as the BBC Newsreader heard in Simon Templar's Volvo.

On March 13, 2007, TNT said it was developing a one-hour series. The series (for which no broadcast date has been announced) was to be executive produced by William J. MacDonald and produced by Jorge Zamacona. James Purefoy was announced as the new Simon Templar. Production of the pilot, which was to have been directed by Barry Levinson, did not go ahead. However the show has remained in development and a September 2009 start was planned for a pilot film with Scottish actor Dougray Scott starring as Simon Templar. Former Saint Roger Moore announced on his website that he will be appearing in the new production, which is being produced by his son, Geoffrey Moore, in a small role.

Films

Since 1938, numerous films have been produced in the United States, France and Australia based to varying degrees upon The Saint. A few were based, usually loosely, upon Charteris’s stories, but most were original.

This is a list of the films featuring Simon Templar and of the actors who played The Saint:

''The Saint in New York'' (1938 – Louis Hayward)

''The Saint Strikes Back'' (1939 – George Sanders)

''The Saint in London'' (1939 – Sanders)

''The Saint's Double Trouble'' (1940 – Sanders)

''The Saint Takes Over'' (1940 – Sanders)

''The Saint in Palm Springs'' (1941 – Sanders)

''The Saint's Vacation'' (1941 – Hugh Sinclair)

''The Saint Meets the Tiger'' (1943 - Sinclair)

''The Saint's Girl Friday'' (1954 - Hayward)

''Le Saint mène la danse'' (1960 - Félix Marten)

''Le Saint prend l'affut'' (1966 - Jean Marais)

''The Fiction Makers'' (1968 - Roger Moore) - edited from episodes of ''The Saint''

''Vendetta for the Saint'' (1969 - Moore) - edited from episodes of ''The Saint''

''The Saint and the Brave Goose'' (1979 made for TV - Ian Ogilvy) - edited from episodes of ''Return of the Saint''

''The Saint in Manhattan'' (1987 made for TV - Andrew Clarke)

''The Saint'' (1997 - Val Kilmer)

In the 1930s, RKO purchased the rights to produce a film adaptation of ''Saint Overboard'', but no such movie was ever produced.

Television series

''The Saint'' (1962-1969 - Roger Moore)

''Return of the Saint'' (1978-1979 - Ian Ogilvy)

The made-for-TV film series that formed part of ''Mystery Wheel of Adventure'' (1989) - all starring Simon Dutton

* ''Fear in Fun Park'' (aka ''The Saint in Australia'')

* ''The Big Bang''

* ''The Blue Dulac''

* ''The Brazilian Connection''

* ''The Software Murders''

* ''Wrong Number''

Three of the surviving actors who have played Templar—Roger Moore, Ian Ogilvy, and Simon Dutton—have been appointed vice presidents of the The Saint Club that was founded by Leslie Charteris himself in 1936.

The Saint on the stage

In the late 1940s, Charteris and sometime Sherlock Holmes scriptwriter Denis Green wrote a stage play entitled ''The Saint Misbehaves''. It was never publicly performed, as soon after writing it Charteris decided to focus on non-Saint work. For many years it was thought to be lost; however, two copies are known to exist in private hands, and correspondence relating to the play can be found in the Leslie Charteris Collection at Boston University.

The Saint in the comics

The Saint appeared in a long-running comic strip series starting as a daily strip 27 September 1948 with a Sunday added on 20 March the following year. The early strips were written by Leslie Charteris, who had previous experience writing comic strips, having replaced Dashiell Hammett as the writer of the ''Secret Agent X-9'' strip. The original artist was Mike Roy. In 1951, when John Spranger replaced Roy as the artist, he altered The Saint's appearance by depicting him with a beard. Bob Lubbers illustrated ''The Saint'' in 1959 and 1960. The final two years of the strip were drawn by Doug Wildey before it came to an end on 16 September 1961.

Concurrent with the comic strip, Avon Comics published 12 issues of a ''The Saint'' comic book between 1947 and 1952 (some of these stories were reprinted in the 1980s). The 1960s TV series is unusual in that it is one of the few major programs of its genre that was not adapted as a comic book in the United States.

In Sweden, The Saint had a long-running comic book published from 1966 to 1985 under the title ''Helgonet''. It originally reprinted the newspaper strip, but soon original stories were commissioned for ''Helgonet''. These stories were also later reprinted in other European countries. Two of the main writers were Norman Worker and Donne Avenell; the latter also co-wrote the novels ''The Saint and the Templar Treasure'' and the novella collection ''Count on the Saint'', while Worker contributed to the novella collection ''Catch the Saint''.

The Saint in magazines

Charteris also edited several magazines that tied in with The Saint. The first of these were anthologies entitled ''The Saint's Choice'' that ran for seven issues in 1945-46. A few years later Charteris launched ''The Saint Detective Magazine'' (later titled ''The Saint Mystery Magazine'' and ''The Saint Magazine''), which ran for 141 issues between 1953 and 1967, with a separate British edition that ran just as long but published different material. In most issues of ''Saint's Choice'' and the later magazines Charteris included at least one Saint story, usually previously published in one of his books but occasionally original. In several mid-1960s issues, however, he substituted ''Instead of the Saint'', a series of essays on topics of interest to him. The rest of the material in the magazines consisted of novellas and short stories by other mystery writers of the day. An Australian edition was also published for a few years in the 1950s. In 1984 Charteris attempted to revive the ''Saint'' magazine, but it ran for only three issues.

Leslie Charteris himself portrayed The Saint in a photo play in ''Life Magazine'': ''The Saint Goes West''.

The Saint book series

Most Saint books were collections of novellas or short stories, some of which were published individually either in magazines or in smaller paperback form. Many of the books have also been published under different titles over the years; the titles used here are the more common ones for each book.

From 1964 to 1983, the Saint books were collaborative works; Charteris acted in an editorial capacity and received front cover author credit, while other authors wrote these stories and were credited inside the book. These collaborative authors are noted.(Sources: Barer and the editions themselves.)

! Year	! First publication title (and author if not Charteris)	! Stories	! Alternative titles
! align="center"	''Meet - The Tiger!''	novel	''Meet the Tiger'' ''The Saint Meets the Tiger'' ''Scoundrels Ltd.'' ''Crooked Gold'' ''The Saint in Danger''
! align="center"	''Enter the Saint''	"The Man Who was Clever" "The Policeman with Wings" "The Lawless Lady" (Some editions contain only two stories, in different combinations)	none
1930		novel	''The Creeping Death'' ''Sudden Death'' ''The Saint Closes the Case'' ''The Saint and the Last Hero''
1930		novel	''The Avenging Saint''
! align="center"	''Featuring the Saint''(originally published UK only)	"The Logical Adventure" "The Wonderful War" "The Man Who Could Not Die"	none
1931	''Alias the Saint''(originally published UK only)	"Story of a Dead Man" "The Impossible Crime" "The National Debt" (Some editions contain "The National Debt" and "The Man Who Could Not Die" from the previous book).	none
1931	''Wanted for Murder''(US only)	America-only edition combining ''Featuring the Saint'' and ''Alias the Saint'' (only US edition of these books until the 1960s)	none
		1931	''She Was a Lady''	novel	''The Saint Meets His Match'' ''Angels of Doom''
! align="center"		"The Inland Revenue" "The Million Pound Day" "The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal"	''The Saint Vs. Scotland Yard''
1932		novel	''The Saint's Getaway'' ''Property of the Deceased'' ''Two Men from Munich''
! align="center"	''Once More the Saint''	"The Gold Standard" "The Man from St. Louis" "The Death Penalty"	''The Saint and Mr. Teal''
1933	''The Brighter Buccaneer''	"The Brain Workers" "The Export Trade" "The Tough Egg" "The Bad Baron" "The Brass Buddha" "The Perfect Crime" "The Unpopular Landlord" "The New Swindle" "The Five Thousand Pound Kiss" "The Blind Spot" "The Unusual Ending" "The Unblemished Bootlegger" "The Appalling Politician" "The Owner's Handicap" "The Green Goods Man"	none
! align="center"	''The Misfortunes of Mr. Teal''	"The Simon Templar Foundation" "The Higher Finance" "The Art of Alibi"	''The Saint in London'' ''The Saint in England''
1934		"The Ingenious Colonel" "The Unfortunate Financier" "The Newdick Helicopter" "The Prince of Cherkessia" "The Treasure of Turk's Lane" "The Sleepless Knight" "The Uncritical Publisher" "The Noble Sportsman" "The Damsel in Distress" "The Loving Brothers" "The Tall Timber" "The Art Photographer" "The Man Who Liked Toys" "The Mixture as Before" (some editions omit the stories "The Uncritical Publisher" and "The Noble Sportsman")	''The Saint Intervenes''
1934	''The Saint Goes On''	"The High Fence" "The Elusive Ellshaw" "The Case of the Frightened Innkeeper"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in New York''	novel	none
! align="center"	''Saint Overboard''	novel	''The Pirate Saint''''The Saint Overboard''
! align="center"	''The Ace of Knaves''	"The Spanish War" "The Unlicensed Victuallers" "The Beauty Specialist"	''The Saint in Action''
1937	''Thieves' Picnic''	novel	''The Saint Bids Diamonds''
! align="center"	''Prelude for War''	novel	''The Saint Plays with Fire'' ''The Saint and the Sinners''
1938	''Follow the Saint''	"The Miracle Tea Party" "The Invisible Millionaire" "The Affair of Hogsbotham"	none
! align="center"	''The Happy Highwayman''	"The Man Who was Lucky" "The Smart Detective" "The Wicked Cousin" "The Well-Meaning Mayor" "The Benevolent Burglary" "The Star Producers" "The Charitable Countess" "The Mug's Game" "The Man Who Liked Ants"(some editions omit the stories "The Charitable Countess" and "The Mug's Game"; story order also varies between editions)	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in Miami''	novel	none
! align="center"	''The Saint Goes West''	"Arizona" "Palm Springs" "Hollywood" (Some editions omit "Arizona")	none
1942	''The Saint Steps In''	novel	none
! align="center"	''The Saint on Guard''	"The Black Market" "The Sizzling Saboteur" (Some editions omit the second story, which is often published on its own)	''The Saint and the Sizzling Saboteur'' (single story reprint)
! align="center"	''The Saint Sees it Through''	novel	none
! align="center"	''Call for the Saint''	"The King of the Beggars" "The Masked Angel"	none
1948	''Saint Errant''	"Judith: The Naughty Niece" "Iris: The Old Routine" "Lida: The Foolish Frail" "Jeannine: The Lovely Sinner" "Lucia: The Homecoming of Amadeo Urselli" "Teresa: The Uncertain Widow" "Luella: The Saint and the Double Badger" "Emily: The Doodlebug" "Dawn: The Darker Drink"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in Europe''	"Paris: The Covetous Headsman" "Amsterdam: The Angel's Eye" "The Rhine: The Rhine Maiden" "Tirol: The Golden Journey" "Lucerne: The Loaded Tourist" "Jaune-les-Pins: The Spanish Cow" "Rome: The Latin Touch"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint on the Spanish Main''	"Bimini: The Effete Angler" "Nassau: The Arrow of God" "Jamaica: The Black Commissar" "Puerto Rico: The Unkind Philanthropist" "Virgin Islands: The Old Treasure Story" "Haiti: The Questing Tycoon" (some editions contain only 4 stories)	none
! align="center"	''The Saint Around the World''	"Bermuda: The Patient Playboy" "England: The Talented Husband" "France: The Reluctant Nudist" "Middle East: The Lovelorn Sheik" "Malaya: The Pluperfect Lady" "Vancouver: The Sporting Chance"	none
! align="center"	''Thanks to the Saint''	"The Bunco Artists" "The Happy Suicide" "The Good Medicine" "The Unescapable Word" "The Perfect Sucker" "The Careful Terrorist"	none
! align="center"	''Señor Saint''	"The Pearls of Peace" "The Revolution Market" "The Romantic Matron" "The Golden Frog"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint to the Rescue''	"The Ever-Loving Spouse" "The Fruitful Land" "The Percentage Player" "The Water Merchant" "The Gentle Ladies" "The Element of Doubt"	none
! align="center"	''Trust the Saint''	"The Helpful Pirate" "The Bigger Game" "The Cleaner Cure" "The Intemperate Reformer" "The Uncured Ham" "The Convenient Monster"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in the Sun''	"Cannes: The Better Mousetrap" "St. Tropez: The Ugly Impresario" "England: The Prodigal Miser" "Nassau: The Fast Women" "Florida: The Jolly Undertaker" "Lucerne: The Russian Prisoner" "Provence: The Hopeless Heiress"	none
! align="center"	''Vendetta for the Saint'' (Harry Harrison, Leslie Charteris)	novel	none
! align="center"	''The Saint on TV'' (Fleming Lee, John Kruse)	"The Death Game" "The Power Artist" (novelisation of TV scripts)	none
1968	''The Saint Returns'' (Fleming Lee, John Kruse, D.R. Motton, Leigh Vance)	"The Dizzy Daughter" "The Gadget Lovers" (novelisation of TV scripts)	none
1968	''The Saint and the Fiction Makers'' (Fleming Lee, John Kruse)	novelisation of TV script	none
! align="center"	''The Saint Abroad'' (Fleming Lee, Michael Pertwee)	"The Art Collectors" "The Persistent Patriots" (novelisation of TV scripts)	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in Pursuit'' (Fleming Lee, Leslie Charteris)	novelization of comic strip	none
! align="center"	''The Saint and the People Importers'' (Fleming Lee, Leslie Charteris)	novelisation of TV script	none
! align="center"	''Catch the Saint'' (Fleming Lee, Norman Worker)	"The Masterpiece Merchant" "The Adoring Socialite"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint and the Hapsburg Necklace'' (Christopher Short)	novel	none
! align="center"		"The Midas Double" "The Pawn Gambit"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint in Trouble'' (Graham Weaver, John Kruse, Terence Feely)	"The Imprudent Professor" (''Return of the Saint'' episode novelisation) "The Red Sabbath"	none
! align="center"	''The Saint and the Templar Treasure'' (Graham Weaver, Donne Avenell)	novel	none
! align="center"	''Count on the Saint'' (Graham Weaver, Donne Avenell)	"The Pastors' Problem" "The Unsaintly Santa"	none
! align="center"	''Salvage for the Saint'' (Peter Bloxsom, John Kruse)	novel (''Return of the Saint'' episode novelisation)	none
! align="center"		film novelization	none
1997	''Capture the Saint'' (Burl Barer)	novel	none

French adventures

A number of ''Saint'' adventures were published in French over a 30-year period, many of which have yet to be published in English. Many of these stories were ghostwritten by Madeleine Michel-Tyl and credited to Charteris (who exercised some editorial control). The French books were generally novelisations of scripts from the radio series, or novels adapted from stories in the American ''Saint'' comic strip. One of the writers who worked on the French series, Fleming Lee, later wrote for the English-language books.

Unpublished works

Burl Barer's history of The Saint identifies two manuscripts that to date have never been published. The first is a collaboration between Charteris and Fleming Lee called ''Bet on the Saint'' that was rejected by Doubleday, the American publishers of the Saint series. Charteris, Barer writes, chose not to submit it to his UK publishers, Hodder & Stoughton. The rejection of the manuscript by Doubleday meant that The Crime Club's long-standing right of first refusal on any new Saint works was now ended and the manuscript was then submitted to other U.S. publishers, without success. Barer also tells of a 1979 novel entitled ''The Saint's Lady'' by a Scottish fan, Joy Martin, which had been written as a present for and as a tribute to Charteris. Charteris was impressed by the manuscript and attempted to get it published, but it too was ultimately rejected. The manuscript, which according to Barer is in the archives of Boston University, features the return of Patricia Holm.

According to the Saintly Bible website, at one point Leslie Charteris biographer Ian Dickerson was working on a manuscript (based upon a film story idea by Charteris) for a new novel entitled ''Son of the Saint'' in which Templar shares an adventure with his son by Patricia Holm. The book has, to date, not been published.

References

Burl Barer, ''The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television 1928-1992''. Jefferson, N.C.: MacFarland, 2003 (originally published in 1992).

External links

The Saintly Bible: large website about Leslie Charteris’s creation (including news blog)

Official Website for Leslie Charteris

The Saint Novels in French

Listing of all English-language Saint radio programs

Public domain recordings of ''Saint'' radio episodes in MP3 format, starring Vincent Price.

Sir Roger Moore - A Fan Site

Category:Characters in British novels of the 20th century Category:Fictional detectives Category:Fictional English people Category:Fictional gentleman thieves Category:Fictional con artists Category:Fictional vigilantes Category:1940s American radio programs Category:1950s American radio programs Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1928 de:Simon Templar es:Simon Templar fr:Simon Templar it:Simon Templar pl:Simon Templar pt:O Santo sh:Simon Templar fi:Simon Templar sv:Helgonet

name	Aggro Santos
background	solo_singer
birth name	Yuri Santos
born	October 12, 1988
origin	São Paulo, Brazil
instrument	Vocals
genre	UK garage, hip hop, dance
occupation	Rapper, songwriter
years active	2006–present
label	Future Records, Mercury Records
website	}}

Yuri "Aggro" Santos (born 12 October 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil), is a Brazilian-born English rapper from Balham, London. He first rose to fame in early 2010 when his debut single "Candy", featuring vocals from ex-Pussycat Dolls member Kimberly Wyatt, peaked at #5 in the UK charts and also featured in the film 'Street Dance 3D'. The single spent nine weeks in the official UK top 20 and achieved silver certification. Santos raised his live awareness after touring with dance troupe Diversity, winners of the third series of ''Britain's Got Talent'', on their 27-date nationwide tour. He also toured with Chipmunk (rapper), Pitbull (rapper) and The Midnight Beast

Early career

It was clear for Santos, music was his way of life as he could never be as 222222much as The Originals such as Ernie, Jamal, Pasquale, Corneilius and the infamous JULILY. Trying to drum at 2 years-old, teaching himself guitar at the age of 9, or writing his first rap record at 15, this South American born, south london raised rapper boasts a truly natural talent. Entirely self-taught, the aspiring Songwriter first fell in love with making music after buying Carlos Santana's album, 'Supernatural' at the age of 8, thanks to tablature he found on the Internet. Teaching himself to play 'Maria Maria' and 'Smooth', before graduating to Jimi Hendrix, he kept up the guitar through senior school, picking up drums and keys along the way. After successfully auditioning for the BRIT School at 14, where he played drums for classmate Adele, the So Solid and Dizzee Rascal fan was introduced to production programmes like Fruity Loops and Logic. "I saw other people with songs getting played on Channel U and I thought I could probably do as well, if not better than them," he remembers of beginning to make beats. Picking the name Aggro because he was determined to aggressively make moves in the music business, he left the BRIT school, intent on making his name in the grime scene. Through consistent battling and grafting by the age of 17, Santos was already a star on the underground. Channel U, MTV Basen pirate radio gave him the exposure he needed to play shows all over the country and sell thousands of copies of his mixtape, which he distributed single-handedly.

Santos was then discovered by Albert Samuel, the manager of So Solid Crew, and signed a management contract with ASM Damage LTD. After having built such a massive underground following, his material was then shown to Take That's Gary Barlow and Aggro signed to Barlow's own label Future Records in 2010.

Aggro Santos has releases a total of three singles, as of June 2011, with his most successful being his debut, 'Candy (featuring Kimberly Wyatt), released on 2 May 2011 and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. His other two singles are 'Saint or Sinner', released on 22 August 2011 and 'Like U Like (featuring Kimberly Walsh)', released on 16 January 2011. 'Like U Like' marked the first solo record by Girls Aloud member Kimberly Walsh, becoming the fourth member to release solo material away from the group. His album, Aggrosantos.com, was released on 31 January 2011. It didn't do very well compared to his singles however, only earning a peak of 155.

I'm a Celebrity: Get Me Out Of Here! 2010

Despite having three chart hits to his name, Santos became more of a house hold name in the UK after appearing in the 2010 series of series 10 of the ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!'' as contestant number six. On 1 December, he was voted off the show day 18, after receiving the lowest number of public votes that episode, finishing sixth place overall.

Santos showed a warm personality on the show, and was a popular camp mate with that rest of the celebrities. He took part in 4 tasks over all winning 16 stars for his efforts.

Discography

Mixtapes

Year	Album
	''Aggro Culture''	* Format: Digital Download
	''The Rhythm N Flow Mixtape''	* Format: Free download
''The Stamina Mixtape''	* Format: Free download

Singles

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name. ! rowspan="2"|Title ! rowspan="2"| Year ! colspan="2"| Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2"|Certifications ! rowspan="2"|Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| IRE |- ! scope="row"| "Candy" (featuring Kimberly Wyatt) | rowspan="2"|2010 | 5 || 14 |UK: Silver | rowspan="3"| ''AggroSantos.com'' |- ! scope="row"| "Saint or Sinner" | 19 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Like U Like" (featuring Kimberley Walsh) | rowspan="1"|2011 | 8 || 13 | |- |}

Music videos

+ List of music videos	Title	Year	Director(s)
"Candy" (featuring Kimberly Wyatt)		Emil Nava
"Saint or Sinner"	Orson Nava
"Like U Like" (featuring Kimberley Walsh)	Lennox Brothers

Awards and nominations

Urban Music Awards

The Urban Music Awards is a British awards ceremony launched in 2003 to recognize the achievement of urban-based artists, producers, nightclubs, DJs, rhfhadio stations, and record labels. Santos received one nomination. |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"| 2010 ||| Aggro Santos || Best Newcomer || |-

References

External links

Aggro Santos video interview on Virgin Red Room

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:British people of Brazilian descent Category:English male singers Category:English rappers Category:People educated at the BRIT School Category:I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here! contestants Category:People from Streatham Category:FL Studio users

da:Aggro Santos de:Aggro Santos pt:Aggro Santos