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Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin. (Also referred to as ''insulin-dependent'' diabetes mellitus, ''IDDM'' for short, and ''juvenile'' diabetes.)

Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. (Formerly referred to as ''non-insulin-dependent'' diabetes mellitus, ''NIDDM'' for short, and ''adult-onset'' diabetes.)

Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.

Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.

All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that usually cannot be cured. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes without proper treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage. Adequate treatment of diabetes is thus important, as well as blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy body weight.

As of 2000 at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common, affecting 90 to 95% of the U.S. diabetes population.

Classification

Most cases of diabetes mellitus fall into three broad categories: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. A few other types are described. The term ''diabetes'', without qualification, usually refers to diabetes ''mellitus''. The rare disease diabetes insipidus has similar symptoms as diabetes mellitus, but without disturbances in the sugar metabolism (insipidus meaning "without taste" in Latin).

{|class="wikitable" align="right" !colspan=3 | Comparison of type 1 and 2 diabetes |- ! Feature !! Type 1 diabetes !! Type 2 diabetes |- ! Onset | Sudden || Gradual |- ! Age at onset | Any age (mostly young) || Mostly in adults |- ! Body habitus | Thin or normal || Often obese |- ! Ketoacidosis | Common || Rare |- ! Autoantibodies | Usually present || Absent |- ! Endogenous insulin | Low or absent || Normal, decreased or increased |- ! Concordance in identical twins | 50% || 90% |- ! Prevalence | Less prevalent || More prevalent - 90 to 95% of  U.S. diabetics |}

The term "type 1 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Likewise, the term "type 2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature. Various sources have defined "type 3 diabetes" as: gestational diabetes, insulin-resistant type 1 diabetes (or "double diabetes"), type 2 diabetes which has progressed to require injected insulin, and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or LADA or "type 1.5" diabetes).

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency. This type of diabetes can be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, where beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. There is no known preventive measure against type 1 diabetes, which causes approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of the diabetes cases in children.

Brittle diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, refers to a type of insulin-dependent diabetes characterized by dramatic and recurrent swings in glucose levels, often occurring for no apparent reason. The result can be irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemias, frequently with ketosis, and sometimes serious hypoglycemias. Brittle diabetes occurs no more frequently than in 1% to 2% of diabetics.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the insulin receptor. However, the specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus due to a known defect are classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type.

In the early stage of type 2 diabetes, the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin sensitivity. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. About 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

Even though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include macrosomia (high birth weight), congenital cardiac and central nervous system anomalies, and skeletal muscle malformations. Increased fetal insulin may inhibit fetal surfactant production and cause respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperbilirubinemia may result from red blood cell destruction. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. Labor induction may be indicated with decreased placental function. A cesarean section may be performed if there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as shoulder dystocia.

A 2008 study completed in the U.S. found that the number of American women entering pregnancy with preexisting diabetes is increasing. In fact the rate of diabetes in expectant mothers has more than doubled in the past 6 years. This is particularly problematic as diabetes raises the risk of complications during pregnancy, as well as increasing the potential that the children of diabetic mothers will also become diabetic in the future.

Other types

Pre-diabetes indicates a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Many people destined to develop type 2 diabetes spend many years in a state of pre-diabetes which has been termed "America's largest healthcare epidemic."

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults is a condition in which Type 1 diabetes develops in adults. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having Type 2 diabetes, based on age rather than etiology.

Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells. The ICD-10 (1992) diagnostic entity, ''malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus'' (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the World Health Organization when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.

Signs and symptoms

The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes while in type 2 diabetes they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent.

Prolonged high blood glucose causes glucose absorption, which leads to changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, resulting in vision changes; sustained sensible glucose control usually returns the lens to its original shape. Blurred vision is a common complaint leading to a diabetes diagnosis; type 1 should always be suspected in cases of rapid vision change, whereas with type 2 change is generally more gradual, but should still be suspected .

People (usually with type 1 diabetes) may also present with diabetic ketoacidosis, a state of metabolic dysregulation characterized by the smell of acetone; a rapid, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing; nausea; vomiting and abdominal pain; and altered states of consciousness.

A rarer but equally severe possibility is hyperosmolar nonketotic state, which is more common in type 2 diabetes and is mainly the result of dehydration. Often, the patient has been drinking extreme amounts of sugar-containing drinks, leading to a vicious circle in regard to the water loss.

A number of skin rashes can occur in diabetes that are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.

Causes

The cause of diabetes depends on the type.

Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections, with some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus. There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to some of these triggers which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes (i.e., the genetic "self" identifiers relied upon by the immune system). However, even in those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger.

Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.

Following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:

Genetic defects of β-cell Function

*Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

*Mitochondrial DNA mutations

Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action

*Defects in proinsulin conversion

*Insulin gene mutations

*Insulin receptor mutations

Exocrine Pancreatic Defects

*Chronic pancreatitis

*Pancreatectomy

*Pancreatic neoplasia

*Cystic fibrosis

*Hemochromatosis

*Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy

Endocrinopathies

*Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)

*Cushing syndrome

*Hyperthyroidism

*Pheochromocytoma

*Glucagonoma

Infections

*Cytomegalovirus infection

*Coxsackievirus B

Drugs

*Glucocorticoids

*Thyroid hormone

*β-adrenergic agonists

Pathophysiology

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells). Therefore deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.

Humans are capable of digesting some carbohydrates, in particular those most common in food; starch, and some disaccharides such as sucrose, are converted within a few hours to simpler forms most notably the monosaccharide glucose, the principal carbohydrate energy source used by the body. The rest are passed on for processing by gut flora largely in the colon. Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage.

Insulin is also the principal control signal for conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells. Lowered glucose levels result both in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall. This is mainly controlled by the hormone glucagon which acts in the opposite manner to insulin. Glucose thus forcibly produced from internal liver cell stores (as glycogen) re-enters the bloodstream; muscle cells lack the necessary export mechanism. Normally liver cells do this when the level of insulin is low (which normally correlates with low levels of blood glucose).

Higher insulin levels increase some anabolic ("building up") processes such as cell growth and duplication, protein synthesis, and fat storage. Insulin (or its lack) is the principal signal in converting many of the bidirectional processes of metabolism from a catabolic to an anabolic direction, and vice versa. In particular, a low insulin level is the trigger for entering or leaving ketosis (the fat burning metabolic phase).

If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin insensitivity or resistance), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose will not have its usual effect so that glucose will not be absorbed properly by those body cells that require it nor will it be stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistent high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic derangements, such as acidosis.

When the glucose concentration in the blood is raised beyond its renal threshold (about 10 mmol/L, although this may be altered in certain conditions, such as pregnancy), reabsorption of glucose in the proximal renal tubuli is incomplete, and part of the glucose remains in the urine (glycosuria). This increases the osmotic pressure of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume will be replaced osmotically from water held in body cells and other body compartments, causing dehydration and increased thirst.

Diagnosis

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL).

Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).

Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1C) ≥ 6.5%.

A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above-listed methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

People with fasting glucose levels from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) are considered to have impaired fasting glucose. Patients with plasma glucose at or above 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), but not over 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance. Of these two pre-diabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular disease.

Management

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which cannot be cured except in very specific situations. Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal ("euglycemia") as possible, without causing hypoglycemia. This can usually be accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications (insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes, oral medications as well as possibly insulin in type 2 diabetes).

Patient education, understanding, and participation is vital since the complications of diabetes are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels. The goal of treatment is an HbA1C level of 6.5%, but should not be lower than that, and may be set higher. Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the deleterious effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.

Lifestyle

There are roles for patient education, dietetic support, sensible exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.

Medications

;Oral medications Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality. Routine use of aspirin however has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.

;Insulin Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with a combinations of regular and NPH insulin, or synthetic insulin analogs. When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications. Doses of insulin are than increased to effect.

Support

In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care of a patient in a team approach. Optometrists, podiatrists/chiropodists, dietitians, physiotherapists, nursing specialists (e.g., DSNs (Diabetic Specialist Nurse)), nurse practitioners, or certified diabetes educators, may jointly provide multidisciplinary expertise.

Complications

Diabetes doubles the risk of vascular problems, including cardiovascular disease.

Glycated hemoglobin is better than fasting glucose for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause.

Epidemiology

[[File:Diabetes world map - 2000.svg|thumb|Prevalence of diabetes worldwide in 2000 (per 1000 inhabitants). World average was 2.8%. ]] [[Image:Diabetes mellitus world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Disability-adjusted life year for diabetes mellitus per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. ]]

In 2000, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will almost double. Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The increase in incidence of diabetes in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, perhaps most importantly a "Western-style" diet. This has suggested an environmental (i.e., dietary) effect, but there is little understanding of the mechanism(s) at present, though there is much speculation, some of it most compellingly presented.

For at least 20 years, diabetes rates in North America have been increasing substantially. In 2010 nearly 26 million people have diabetes in the United States alone, from those 7 million people remain undiagnosed. Another 57 million people are estimated to have pre-diabetes.

The Centers for Disease Control has termed the change an epidemic. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse estimates that diabetes costs $132 billion in the United States alone every year. About 5%–10% of diabetes cases in North America are type 1, with the rest being type 2. The fraction of type 1 in other parts of the world differs. Most of this difference is not currently understood. The American Diabetes Association cite the 2003 assessment of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) that 1 in 3 Americans born after 2000 will develop diabetes in their lifetime.

According to the American Diabetes Association, approximately 18.3% (8.6 million) of Americans age 60 and older have diabetes. Diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with age, and the numbers of older persons with diabetes are expected to grow as the elderly population increases in number. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) demonstrated that, in the population over 65 years old, 18% to 20% have diabetes, with 40% having either diabetes or its precursor form of impaired glucose tolerance.

Indigenous populations in first world countries have a higher prevalence and increasing incidence of diabetes than their corresponding non-indigenous populations. In Australia the age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Indigenous Australians is almost 4 times that of non-indigenous Australians. Preventative community health programs such as Sugar Man (diabetes education) are showing some success in tackling this problem.

Etymology

The word “diabetes” ( or ) comes from Latin ''diabētēs'', which in turn comes from Ancient Greek διαβήτης (''diabētēs'') which literally means “a passer through; a siphon.” Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. 1st century CE) used that word, with the intended meaning “excessive discharge of urine,” as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (''diabainein''), meaning “to pass through,” which is composed of δια- (''dia''-), meaning “through” and βαίνειν (''bainein''), meaning “to go”. The word “diabetes” is first recorded in English, in the form ''diabete'', in a medical text written around 1425.

The word “''mellitus''” ( or ) comes from the classical Latin word ''mellītus'', meaning “mellite” (i.e. sweetened with honey; honey-sweet). The Latin word comes from ''mell''-, which comes from ''mel'', meaning “honey; sweetness; pleasant thing,” and the suffix -''ītus'', whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix “-ite.” It was Thomas Willis who in 1675 added “mellitus” to the word “diabetes” as a designation for the disease, when he noticed that the urine of a diabetic had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Persians.

History

Diabetes is one of the oldest known diseases. An Egyptian manuscript from c. 1550 BCE mentions the phrase “the passing of too much urine.” The great Indian physician Sushruta (fl. 6th century BCE) identified the disease and classified it as ''Medhumeha''. He further identified it with obesity and sedentary lifestyle, advising exercises to help "cure" it. The ancient Indians tested for diabetes by observing whether ants were attracted to a person's urine, and called the ailment "sweet urine disease" (Madhumeha).

Concerning the sweetness of urine, it is to be noted that the Chinese, Japanese and Korean words for diabetes are based on the same ideographs (糖尿病) which mean "sugar urine disease". It was in 1776 that Matthew Dobson confirmed that the sweet taste comes from an excess of a kind of sugar in the urine and blood.

The first complete clinical description of diabetes was given by the Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. 1st century CE), who noted the excessive amount of urine which passed through the kidneys and gave the disease the name “diabetes.”

Diabetes mellitus appears to have been a death sentence in the ancient era. Hippocrates makes no mention of it, which may indicate that he felt the disease was incurable. Aretaeus did attempt to treat it but could not give a good prognosis; he commented that "life (with diabetes) is short, disgusting and painful."

In medieval Persia, Avicenna (980–1037) provided a detailed account on diabetes mellitus in ''The Canon of Medicine'', "describing the abnormal appetite and the collapse of sexual functions," and he documented the sweet taste of diabetic urine. Like Aretaeus before him, Avicenna recognized a primary and secondary diabetes. He also described diabetic gangrene, and treated diabetes using a mixture of lupine, trigonella (fenugreek), and zedoary seed, which produces a considerable reduction in the excretion of sugar, a treatment which is still prescribed in modern times. Avicenna also "described diabetes insipidus very precisely for the first time", though it was later Johann Peter Frank (1745–1821) who first differentiated between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Although diabetes has been recognized since antiquity, and treatments of various efficacy have been known in various regions since the Middle Ages, and in legend for much longer, pathogenesis of diabetes has only been understood experimentally since about 1900. The discovery of a role for the pancreas in diabetes is generally ascribed to Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, who in 1889 found that dogs whose pancreas was removed developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes and died shortly afterwards. In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer suggested that people with diabetes were deficient in a single chemical that was normally produced by the pancreas—he proposed calling this substance ''insulin'', from the Latin ''insula'', meaning island, in reference to the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

The endocrine role of the pancreas in metabolism, and indeed the existence of insulin, was not further clarified until 1921, when Sir Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best repeated the work of Von Mering and Minkowski, and went further to demonstrate they could reverse induced diabetes in dogs by giving them an extract from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans of healthy dogs. Banting, Best, and colleagues (especially the chemist Collip) went on to purify the hormone insulin from bovine pancreases at the University of Toronto. This led to the availability of an effective treatment—insulin injections—and the first patient was treated in 1922. For this, Banting and laboratory director MacLeod received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923; both shared their Prize money with others in the team who were not recognized, in particular Best and Collip. Banting and Best made the patent available without charge and did not attempt to control commercial production. Insulin production and therapy rapidly spread around the world, largely as a result of this decision. Banting is honored by World Diabetes Day which is held on his birthday, November 14.

The distinction between what is now known as type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes was first clearly made by Sir Harold Percival (Harry) Himsworth, and published in January 1936.

Despite the availability of treatment, diabetes has remained a major cause of death. For instance, statistics reveal that the cause-specific mortality rate during 1927 amounted to about 47.7 per 100,000 population in Malta.

Other landmark discoveries include:

Identification of the first of the sulfonylureas in 1942

Reintroduction of the use of biguanides for Type 2 diabetes in the late 1950s. The initial phenformin was withdrawn worldwide (in the U.S. in 1977) due to its potential for sometimes fatal lactic acidosis and metformin was first marketed in France in 1979, but not until 1994 in the US.

The determination of the amino acid sequence of insulin (by Sir Frederick Sanger, for which he received a Nobel Prize)

The radioimmunoassay for insulin, as discovered by Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson (gaining Yalow the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) The three-dimensional structure of insulin ()

Dr Gerald Reaven's identification of the constellation of symptoms now called metabolic syndrome in 1988

Demonstration that intensive glycemic control in type 1 diabetes reduces chronic side effects more as glucose levels approach 'normal' in a large longitudinal study, and also in type 2 diabetics in other large studies

Identification of the first thiazolidinedione as an effective insulin sensitizer during the 1990s

In 1980, U.S. biotech company Genentech developed biosynthetic human insulin. The insulin was isolated from genetically altered bacteria (the bacteria contain the human gene for synthesizing synthetic human insulin), which produce large quantities of insulin. The purified insulin is distributed to pharmacies for use by diabetes patients. Initially, this development was not regarded by the medical profession as a clinically meaningful development. However, by 1996, the advent of insulin analogues which had vastly improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics which were clinically meaningful based on this early biotechnology development.

Society and culture

The 1990 "St. Vincent Declaration" was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important both in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically—expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health-and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments.

Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease.

A study shows that diabetic patients with neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be unemployed as those without the symptoms.

References

Further reading

Furdell, Elizabeth Lane. ''Fatal Thirst: Diabetes in Britain until Insulin'' (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2009) 194 pp.

External links

Diabetes at the Open Directory Project

American Diabetes Association

IDF Diabetes Atlas

International Diabetes Federation

National Diabetes Education Program

Peers for Progress

World Diabetes Day

Category:Medical conditions related to obesity Category:Nutrition

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Allen Wilford Brimley (born September 27, 1934) is an American actor. He has appeared in such films as ''The China Syndrome'', ''Cocoon'', ''The Thing'' and ''The Firm''. Brimley has also done television commercials, including ads for Quaker Oats and Liberty Medical.

Personal life

Brimley was born as Allen Wilford Brimley in Salt Lake City, Utah, where his father worked as a real estate broker.

Diagnosed with diabetes in 1979, Brimley began working to raise awareness of the disease. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) honored Brimley in 2008 with an award to recognize his lifetime of service. Brimley has been active visiting Veterans Administration hospitals and communities to advise patients on how to manage their diseases. The ADA presented the award to the actor at the Port St. Lucie headquarters of Liberty Medical on December 19, 2008.

Brimley is an activist, paying from his own funds for ads to have Utah allow horse-race gambling, He spoke against to the banning of cockfighting in New Mexico on the basis of his support of individual rights. Brimley enjoys playing poker and has played in the World Series of Poker Main Event. Brimley lent his support to John McCain in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. In the days leading up to his selection for vice president, McCain jokingly stated that he would pick Brimley: "He's a former Marine and great guy and he's older than I am, so that might work." Brimley is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Career

Prior to his career in acting, Brimley worked as a ranch hand, wrangler, blacksmith, and a bodyguard for Howard Hughes. He then began shoeing horses for film and television. He began acting in the 1960s as a riding extra in Westerns and as a stunt man at the urging of his friend, actor Robert Duvall.

Brimley became famous later in life for appearing in such films as ''The Hotel New Hampshire'', John Carpenter's ''The Thing'', and ''Cocoon''. In 2001, he starred in the Turner Network Television film ''Crossfire Trail'' with Tom Selleck. He had an important role in ''The China Syndrome''. He often plays a gruff or stodgy old man, notably on the 1980s drama series ''Our House''. His first characterization was in ''Absence of Malice'', in which he played a small but key role as a curmudgeonly, outspoken James A. Wells, Assistant U.S. Attorney General. He expanded on this characterization as the world-weary manager of a hapless baseball team in ''The Natural'', a film in which his friend Duvall appeared as an antagonistic sportswriter.

Brimley was cast in the 1983 film ''Tender Mercies'' due to the urging of Robert Duvall, who was not getting along well with director Bruce Beresford and wanted "somebody down here that's on my side, somebody that I can relate to." Beresford felt Brimley was too old for the part, but eventually agreed to the casting. Brimley, like Duvall, clashed with the director; during one instance when Beresford tried to advise Brimley on how Harry would behave, Duvall recalled Brimley responding: "Now look, let me tell you something, I'm Harry. Harry's not over there, Harry's not over here. Until you fire me or get another actor, I'm Harry, and whatever I do is fine 'cause I'm Harry."

In a change from his "good guy" roles such as those in ''Our House'', he played William Devasher, the ominous head of security for Bendini, Lambert & Locke in the Tom Cruise film ''The Firm'' (1993), based on the novel by John Grisham.

Brimley has frequently appeared in commercials, notably a series of commercials he did for Quaker Oats Oatmeal throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Quaker commercials were famous for their slogan: "It's the right thing to do and the tasty way to do it." Brimley is also known for appearing in numerous television advertisements for Liberty Medical, a company specializing in home delivery of medical products such as diabetes testing supplies.

Brimley has also been described as "a fine singer with a warm, rich voice". In 1993, Brimley sang with the Cal State Northridge Jazz Band for a concert benefiting the college's Jazz Endowment Scholarship Fund; in 2004, he released ''This Time, The Dream's On Me'', an album of jazz standards named after the Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer-penned title track.

Filmography

''True Grit (1969 film) ''Lawman (film) ''The Oregon Trail'' ''The Oregon Trail (TV series) ''The China Syndrome'' ''Brubaker'' ''Absence of Malice'' ''Death Valley (1982 film) ''Tender Mercies'' ''Harry & Son'' ''Cocoon (film) ''Jackals (film) ''End of the Line (1987 film) ''Cocoon: The Return'' ''Eternity (1989 film) ''Where the Red Fern Grows: Part II'' ''The Firm (1993 film) ''Heaven Sent (1994 film) ''Mutant Species (1995 film) ''My Fellow Americans'' ''In & Out'' ''A Place to Grow'' ''Comanche (2000 film) ''PC and the Web'' ''Resurrection Mary (film) ''The Road Home (2003 film) ''The Path of the Wind'' ''Did You Hear About the Morgans''

Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1968	''Bandolero!''	Stunts (uncredited)
1969	True Grit'' ||	Stunts (uncredited)
1971	Lawman'' ||	Stunts (uncredited)
1976	|	Ludlow	television movie
1977	The Oregon Trail'' ||	Unnamed role	Episode "Hard Ride Home and the Last Game"
rowspan=2	1979	|	Ted Spindler
''The Electric Horseman''	Farmer
rowspan=2	1980	|	Rogers
''Borderline (1980 film)	Borderline''	Scooter Jackson
1981	|	Asst. U.S. Atty. Gen. James A. Wells
rowspan=2	1982	Death Valley'' ||	The Sheriff
''The Thing (1982 film)	The Thing''	Dr. Blair
rowspan=4	1983	|	Harry
''10 to Midnight''	Captain Maline
''High Road to China''	Bradley Tozer
''Tough Enough (film)	Tough Enough''	Bill Long
rowspan=7	1984	|	Tom Keach
''Ewoks: The Battle for Endor''	Noa Briqualon
''The Hotel New Hampshire (film)	The Hotel New Hampshire''	Iowa Bob
''The Stone Boy''	George Jansen
''The Natural (film)	The Natural''	Pop Fisher
''Country (film)	Country''	Otis
''Terror in the Aisles''
rowspan=4	1985	Cocoon'' ||	Benjamin Luckett
''Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins''	Harold Smith
''Shadows on the Wall''	Theater Owner
''Murder in Space''	Dr. Andrew McAllister
1986	Jackals'' ||	Sheriff Mitchell
1987	End of the Line'' ||	Will Haney
1988	|	Benjamin Luckett
1989	Eternity'' ||	King/Eric
1992	|	Grandpa Will
rowspan=2	1993	The Firm'' ||	William Devasher
''Hard Target''	Uncle Douvee
1994	Heaven Sent'' ||	Security Guard
rowspan=2	1995	Mutant Species'' ||	Devro
''Last of the Dogmen''	Narrator (uncredited)
1996	|	Joe Hollis
rowspan=2	1997	|	Frank Brackett
''Lunker Lake''	The Storyteller
rowspan=5	1998	|	Jake
''Progeny (film)	Progeny''	Dr. David Wetherly
''Chapter Perfect''	Chief Hawkins
''All My Friends Are Cowboys''	Charlie
''Summer of the Monkeys (film)	Summer of the Monkeys''	Grandpa Sam Ferrans
2000	Comanche'' ||
rowspan=4	2001	|
''Brigham City (film)	Brigham City''	Stu
''The Ballad of Lucy Whipple''	Deputy Sheriff Ambrose Scraggs
''Crossfire Trail''	Joe Gill
rowspan=2	2002	Resurrection Mary'' ||	Morty
''The Round and Round''	Governor
2003	The Road Home'' ||	Coach Weaver
2009	|	Harry Caldwell	Completed (to be released)
2009	|	Earl Granger

Television

#161 - The Junk Mail ''The Boys of Twilight'' ''Our House (1986 TV series)

Year	! Show	! Episode	! Role	! Notes
1997	''Seinfeld''	|	United States Postmaster General Henry Atkins	Brimley parodied himself in his role as an assistant attorney general in ''Absence of Malice''
1992	|	All	Bill Huntoon
1986	Our House'' ||	All	Gus Witherspoon

References

External links

Category:1934 births Category:Actors from Utah Category:American film actors Category:American Latter Day Saints Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Salt Lake City, Utah Category:United States Marines Category:Utah Republicans Category:American health activists Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors

de:Wilford Brimley es:Wilford Brimley fr:Wilford Brimley ja:ウィルフォード・ブリムリー pl:Wilford Brimley ru:Бримли, Уилфорд simple:Wilford Brimley fi:Wilford Brimley sv:Wilford Brimley

name	Paula Deen
birth date	January 19, 1947
birth place	Albany, Georgia
style	Southern
restaurants	The Lady & Sons Restaurant, Uncle Bubba's Oyster House
television	''Paula's Home Cooking'' (2002–present)''Paula's Party'' (2006–present)''Paula's Best Dishes'' (2008–present)
awards	2007 Emmy for Outstanding Lifestyle Host
website	}}

Paula Deen (born January 19, 1947) American cook, cooking show host, restaurateur, author, actress and Emmy Award-winning television personality.

Deen resides in Savannah, Georgia, where she owns and operates The Lady & Sons restaurant with her sons, Jamie and Bobby Deen. She has also published five cookbooks. Though married in 2004 to Michael Anthony Groover, she continues to use the surname Deen from her first marriage.

Early life

Paula Deen was born in Albany, Georgia. As documented in the Food Network special ''Chefography'' and on her official Web site, both her parents died before she was 23 and an early marriage ended in divorce. Deen suffered from agoraphobia and would not leave her house. She relied on cooking to help deal with her condition. In 1986, she felt well enough to take a job as a bank teller. After that she and her sons moved to Savannah. In 1989, she divorced Jimmy Deen, to whom she had been married since 1965, and expanded her cooking experience into a catering service. She made sandwiches and other meals, which her sons Jamie and Bobby delivered. The Bag Lady, as the business was named, was successful and soon outgrew her kitchen. On January 8, 1996, Deen opened her own restaurant, The Lady & Sons, in downtown Savannah, on West Congress Street. Within a few years, the restaurant moved to a larger building in Savannah's historic district. ''USA Today'' named The Lady & Sons the "International Meal of the Year," in 1999. The specialty is the buffet, which may include sweet potatoes, macaroni and cheese, deep-fried Twinkies, fried chicken, cheesy meatloaf, greens, beans, and creamed corn. Every meal comes with a garlic cheese biscuit and one of Deen's famous hoecakes. The restaurant is run by her sons when they are in town. The restaurant is a perennial favorite with tourists to Savannah.

Deen parlayed her fame into another restaurant, the "Paula Deen Buffet" at Harrah's Tunica Casino in Tunica, Mississippi. The entrance facade of the restaurant, which opened in May 2008, is modeled on Deen's home in Savannah and features Southern fare.

On September 1, 2009, Deen announced plans to unveil her own dessert line at Walmart featuring signature pies (Apple Crunch Top, Dark Rum Pecan, Old Fashioned Fudge and Gooey Butter Cake bars).

Books

In 1997, Deen self-published ''The Lady & Sons Savannah Country Cooking'' and ''The Lady & Sons Savannah Country Cooking 2''. Both cookbooks were filled with traditional Southern recipes, such as "Gooey Butter Cake" (also known as Chess Cake, a variation of a chess pie recipe). The cookbooks were very successful, and she has since published two more, written with help from Martha Nesbit. Deen has appeared on QVC and on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' (first in 2002, twice in 2007 and once in 2010). Her story is featured in ''Extraordinary Comebacks: 201 Inspiring Stories of Courage, Triumph, and Success'' (2007, Sourcebooks). In April 2007, Simon & Schuster published Deen's memoir, ''It Ain't All About the Cookin'''. She launched a lifestyle magazine called ''Cooking with Paula Deen'' in November 2005. which claimed a circulation of 7.5 million in March, 2009.

Food Network

Deen's relationship with Food Network began in 1999, when her friend Erin Lewis introduced her to Gordon Elliott, who then introduced her to her current agent, Artist's Agency owner Barry Weiner. Elliott took her through the city for a series of ''Doorknock Dinners'' episodes. She also appeared on ''Ready, Set, Cook!''. Deen was invited to shoot a pilot named ''Afternoon Tea'' in early 2001. The network liked it, and eventually gave Deen her own show, ''Paula's Home Cooking'', which premiered in November 2002. ''Paula's Home Cooking'' was originally taped in Millbrook, New York at the home of Gordon Elliott, the show's executive producer. Deen mentioned in an interview aired on the March 13, 2006, edition of ''The Daily Buzz'' that the next batch of episodes of her show would be taped at her home in Savannah, Georgia. According to the first of those episodes, actual production at her new Savannah home began in November 2005. Since then, Deen has been given two more Food Network shows, ''Paula's Party'' and ''Paula's Best Dishes''. ''Paula's Party'' premiered on the Food Network in 2006 and ''Paula's Best Dishes'' debuted on June 8, 2008.

A televised biography of Deen was aired on an episode of the Food Network's ''Chefography'' program, in March 2006.

In December 2007, Deen teamed with Cat Cora and faced Chefs Tyler Florence and Robert Irvine in battle Sugar on the holiday special of ''Iron Chef America''. At the end, Deen and Cora won.

Deen also helped Pat and Gina Neely get their first Food Network show, ''Down Home with the Neelys''. During the summer of 2006, her sons, Bobby and Jamie Deen, featured the Neely's Bar-B-Que Nashville location on their Food Network show ''Road Tasted''. In September 2006, Paula ate at the Neely's downtown Memphis restaurant and was impressed. In January 2007, the Neelys were invited to appear on ''Paula's Party'', which eventually led to the ''Down Home'' show. In July 2008, the Neelys would also take over ''Road Tasted'' from the Deen brothers.

In May 2008, Deen announced at the Metropolitan Cooking and Entertaining Show that she had signed a deal to host a talk show beginning in September 2009.

Deen has appeared in public service announcements for Civitan International.

On February 23, 2011, Deen appeared on the show ''Top Chef'', and sat at the Judges Table.

Personal life

In her 20s, Deen suffered from panic attacks with agoraphobia, eventually becoming virtually housebound.

Deen remarried, on March 6, 2004, to Michael Groover (born 1956), a tugboat captain in the port of Savannah. Michael has two children, Michelle and Anthony, from a previous marriage. The wedding and preparation were documented by Food Network for a show aired in 2004. Their wedding also took place at the Bethesda Home for Boys in Savannah, Georgia. Paula is also an avid supporter of the Bethesda Home for Boys and asked Old Savannah Tours to donate $1 to the organization for each ticket purchased for the Paula Deen Store ticket sale.

Film debut

Deen made her film debut in ''Elizabethtown'', starring Orlando Bloom and Kirsten Dunst. She played the aunt of Bloom's character, and her cooking was showcased heavily. The film premiered on October 8, 2005. A Food Network special, ''Paula Goes Hollywood'', aired in conjunction with the film's premiere.

Awards and honors

In June 2007, Deen won a Daytime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Lifestyle Host) for ''Paula's Home Cooking''.

On October 26, 2010, Deen was selected as the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade. She and the Queen and Court presided over the Rose Parade and Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day January 1, 2011.

Criticism

Deen has faced some criticism for the high amounts of fat, salt, and sugar in her recipes. She faced even more objections after she released ''Lunch-Box Set'', a cookbook aimed at children, with Barbara Walters saying of the book, "You tell kids to have cheesecake for breakfast. You tell them to have chocolate cake and meatloaf for lunch. And french fries. Doesn't it bother you that you're adding to this?"

Deen is also a spokesperson for Smithfield Foods, a company that has faced allegations of animal cruelty.

Filmography

Year !! Title !! Role
2002–present	''Paula's Home Cooking'' (television)	Host
2005	Elizabethtown (film)>Elizabethtown''
2006–2008	''Paula's Party'' (television)
2006	''Chefography'' (television)
2008–present	''Paula's Best Dishes'' (television)
2009	''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' (television)
2009	''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition'' (television)
2011	''Top Chef'' (television)

References

External links

Deen Home Furniture'

The Lady & Sons restaurant

Uncle Bubba's Oyster House

''Cooking with Paula Deen'' magazine

Paula Deen ... Answers Your Questions Archive at People.com

Category:American chefs Category:American food writers Category:American film actors Category:American television chefs Category:Food Network chefs Category:People from Albany, Georgia Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:People from Savannah, Georgia

fi:Paula Deen

Name	Nick Jonas
Birth name	Nicholas Jerry Jonas
Background	solo_singer
Born	September 16, 1992Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Origin	Wyckoff, New Jersey,U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, drums, piano, glockenspiel
Genre	Teen pop, pop rock
Occupation	Vocalist, musician, actor, singer–songwriter
Years active	2002–present
Label	Hollywood, Columbia
Associated acts	Jonas Brothers, Nick Jonas & The Administration, Miley Cyrus
Notable instruments	Gibson SGFender TelecasterGibson ES-335 }}

Nicholas Jerry "Nick" Jonas (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor best known as one of the Jonas Brothers, a pop-rock band he formed with his brothers Joe and Kevin. The Jonas Brothers originally started as an attempted solo singing career for Nick, but the record producer liked the sound when his brothers sang backup for him. He previously starred in the Disney Channel original series ''JONAS L.A.'' as Nick Lucas, alongside his brothers. He also starred in the Disney Channel original movie ''Camp Rock'' and ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam''. He formed the band Nick Jonas & The Administration, which released its first album in 2010.

Personal life

Jonas was born in Dallas, Texas. His mother, Denise (née Miller), is a former sign language teacher and singer, and his father, Paul Kevin Jonas, Sr., is a songwriter, musician, and former ordained minister at an Assemblies of God church. He was raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey and homeschooled by his mother. Nick is of Italian (from a great-grandfather), German, Irish, English, Cherokee, and French-Canadian descent.

Jonas was diagnosed with Type I diabetes at the age of thirteen and wears an OmniPod insulin pump to help him manage his condition. He has developed the Change for the Children Foundation. Partnering with five different charities, their goal is to raise money and awareness for diabetes. He also developed a public service announcement with the Washington Nationals to support diabetes care at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.

Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Jonas as a diabetes ambassador to promote the idea for young people to manage their diabetes. Jonas testified in the U.S. Senate to promote more research funding for the condition.

Singer and actress Miley Cyrus has stated that she dated Jonas from June 2006 to December 2007. Cyrus claimed they were "in love" and began dating soon after they first met. Nick is currently dating singer Delta Goodrem.

Acting

Theatre

Jonas's career started when he was discovered at the age of six in a barber shop, while his mother was getting her hair cut and was referred to a professional show business manager. At the age of 7, he began performing on Broadway. He had acted in several plays, including ''A Christmas Carol'' (in 2000 as Tiny Tim and Scrooge at eight), ''Annie Get Your Gun'' (in 2001 as Little Jake), ''Beauty and the Beast'' (in 2002 as Chip), and ''Les Misérables'' (in 2003 as Gavroche). After ''Les Misérables'' closed, he performed in ''The Sound of Music'' (as Kurt) at the Paper Mill Playhouse.

On June 21, 2010, Jonas made his West End debut performing in ''Les Misérables'' for the second time, but this time as the role of Marius Pontmercy. Jonas was originally supposed to play the role for only three weeks, but was able to extend his run until July 24, 2010, because of changes in the Jonas Brothers tour schedule. He also appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert at The O2 Arena on October 3, 2010, again playing the role of Marius Pontmercy.

From August 5–7, 2011, Jonas performed in the musical ''Hairspray'' as Link Larkin. On September 7, 2011, Jonas announced through twitter he will be on Broadway again in 2012 in the musical "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" starring as J. Pierrepont Finch.

Television

On August 17, 2007, Jonas, along with his brothers, guest starred in an episode of ''Hannah Montana'', which aired after the premiere of ''High School Musical 2'' and the Disney Channel show ''Phineas and Ferb''. The episode broke basic cable records with a record 10.7 million viewers and became basic cable's most watched series telecast ever.

Jonas and his brothers filmed a Disney Channel Original Movie called ''Camp Rock'' where they play a band called "Connect Three." Joe plays the lead male role as lead singer "Shane Gray"; Nick plays the role of "Nate," a guitarist; and Kevin plays the role of "Jason," also a guitarist. A soundtrack for the movie was released on June 17, 2008. The movie premiered on June 20, 2008, in the USA on Disney Channel, and Canada on Family. Production began on the sequel, Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam in September 2009 and it premiered during the summer of 2010.

The reality short series, ''Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream'', premiered on Disney Channel on May 16, 2008. The show, which ran until September 5, 2008, documents the brothers' lives on the Look Me In The Eyes Tour. The name was inspired by the band's hit song "When You Look Me in the Eyes". The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 21, 2010. The second season follows the band on the European leg of their World Tour 2009.

Jonas and his brothers previously starred in the Disney Channel Original Series ''JONAS'' about a pop band trying to live a normal life, which premiered May 2, 2009 and concluded on March 14, 2010. Filming for the second season began in February 2010. The second season was renamed ''Jonas L.A.'', and premiered on June 20, 2010. On November 8, 2010, it was announced that the series had been cancelled.

Jonas appeared in the 2011 series ''Mr. Sunshine''; he played Eli White, an up-and-coming singer who wants everything his way before he performs at the Sunshine Center. He also plays the role of Ryan on the sitcom ''Last Man Standing''. In 2012 he appears in a brand new show called Smash were he plays the role of Lyle West, the episode appeares on February 27, 2012.

Singing

Solo artist

In 2002, while performing in ''Beauty and the Beast'', Nick had written a song with his father called "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)." With background vocals from the ''Beauty and the Beast'' cast, Nick performed the song on the 2002 annual Broadway "Equity Fights AIDS" album, ''Broadway's Greatest Gifts: Carols for a Cure, Vol. 4''. In November 2003, INO Records received a demo copy of "Joy To The World (A Christmas Prayer)". The label released the song to Christian radio, where it quickly became popular on Record & Radio's Christian Adult Contemporary Chart. While Nick was working on his solo project, Joe followed in his footsteps to Broadway, appearing in Baz Luhrmann's production of ''La Boheme''.

By September 2004, an executive at Columbia Records found out about Nick's song. Nick was soon jointly signed to INO Records and Columbia Records and released the single "Dear God". A second single, "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)" (a new solo recording), was released on November 16. It was supposed to be followed by a December release of a self-titled solo album ''Nicholas Jonas'', but the album was pushed back. It did, however, get a limited release. Nick, along with Kevin and Joe, had written several other songs for the album.

In early 2005, Columbia Records' new president, Steve Greenberg, listened to Nick's record. While Greenberg did not like the album, he did like Nick's voice.

Jonas is currently working on a side project from the Jonas Brothers called "Nick Jonas and the Administration". Their debut album ''Who I Am'' was released February 2, 2010. The band members consist of Tommy Barbarella on keyboard, Michael Bland on drums, John Fields on bass, and David Ryan Harris on guitar. Although David Ryan Harris recorded guitar in the studio for ''Who I Am'' he was unable to go on tour with the rest of band and was ultimately replaced by Sonny Thompson.

In January 2010, Jonas embarked on the Who I Am Tour with the Administration. This was Jonas' first tour without his brothers. The tour consisted of 22 dates that began on January 2, 2010, in Dallas, Texas and concluded on January 30, 2010, in Berkeley, California.

In September 2011 and October 2011, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring through South America in support of their debut album, Who I Am.

Jonas Brothers

After meeting with Jonas and hearing the song, "Please Be Mine", written and performed by the brothers, Daylight/Columbia Records decided to sign the three as a group act. After being signed to Columbia, the brothers considered naming their group "Sons of Jonas" before settling on the name "Jonas Brothers."

''It's About Time'', the brothers' first album was released on August 8, 2006. According to the band's manager, it was only a "limited release" of a little over 50,000 copies. Because Sony was not interested in further promoting the band, the Jonas Brothers considered switching labels. The band was ultimately dropped by Columbia Records in early 2007.

After shortly being without a label, the Jonas Brothers signed with Hollywood Records in February 2007. Around the same time, brothers began appearing in commercials for Baby Bottle Pops, singing the jingle. Their self-titled second album, ''Jonas Brothers'', was released on August 7, 2007. It reached number five on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart in its first week. It has since sold over three million copies worldwide.

The Jonas Brothers' third studio album, ''A Little Bit Longer'', was released in the United States on August 12, 2008. It sold over 2 million copies worldwide. The Jonas Brothers were listed number 9 on the richest pop acts of 2008. The Jonas Brothers' Fourth studio album, ''Lines, Vines and Trying Times'', was released in the United States in June, 2009.

Discography

Studio albums

! Year	! Album details
2004	style="text-align:left;"	* Release date: December 16, 2004	* Label:
! Year	! Single	! Album

Featured Singles

Year	Single	Peak chart positions							Album
		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
	style="text-align:left;"	30	—	97	97	41	70	—	style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"
	style="text-align:left;"	20	—	—	—	94	—	—
		2	—	18	50	7	—	9

1. The Jonas Brothers recorded the song with other artists; Nick was the only one of the three who had a solo part in the song.

   Promotional Singles

   Year	Single	Peak chart positions						Album
   		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
   		18	20	56	57	22	42	style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"
   	11	20	—	—	10	—

   Other charted songs

   Year	Song	Chart positions								Album
   		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
   		92	—	53	51	44	68	73	32	style="text-align:left;"

   Awards and nominations

   !Year	!Title	!Award	!Nominated work	!Result
   2009	[[Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica">INO Records

   Singles

   ! Year	! Single	! Album

   Featured Singles

   Year	Single	Peak chart positions							Album
   		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
   	style="text-align:left;"	30	—	97	97	41	70	—	style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"
   	style="text-align:left;"	20	—	—	—	94	—	—
   		2	—	18	50	7	—	9

   1. The Jonas Brothers recorded the song with other artists; Nick was the only one of the three who had a solo part in the song.

      Promotional Singles

      Year	Single	Peak chart positions						Album
      		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
      		18	20	56	57	22	42	style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"
      	11	20	—	—	10	—

      Other charted songs

      Year	Song	Chart positions								Album
      		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
      		92	—	53	51	44	68	73	32	style="text-align:left;"

      Awards and nominations

      !Year	!Title	!Award	!Nominated work	!Result
      2009	[[Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica	"Best Fashionista (Most Fashionable)"	Himself
      	Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards	"Favorite TV Actor"	Himself
      rowspan="2"	Choice Music: Love Song
      Choice Breakout Artist: Male	Nick Jonas & The Administration
      	Iconic TV Actor	Himself, Jonas L.A
      Iconic Male Star	Himself
      Iconic Of The Year	Himself
      Young Hollywood Awards	"Young hollywood Artist of the year"	Himself
      	Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards	"Favorite TV Actor"	Himself
      	Iconic Couple [Couples dating or have dated in 2011]	Nick Jonas & Delta Goodrem
      Iconic Male Star	Himself
      Iconic Triple Threat[Acting, singing, and dancing]	Himself
      DRLC	DREAM Award	Himself

      Tours

      In January 2010, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring in support of their debut album, Who I Am. Apart from guest appearances at specific events, it marks the first time Nick has toured without his brothers, Kevin and Joe.

      In September 2011 and October 2011, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring through South America in support of their debut album, Who I Am.

      Filmography

      Film
      ! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
      		Himself	3D Concert film
      ''Camp Rock''	Nate	Made for television
      	''Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience''	Himself	3D Concert film
      ''Band in a Bus''	Himself	Reality DVD
      ''Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian	Cherub	Film
      	''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam''	Nate	Made for television; Completed
      	Marius Pontmercy	Limited theatrical release; Released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK November 29, 2010
      2011	Jonas Brothers: The Journey	Himself	(Unauthorized Documentary)
      TV Series
      ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
      2007	''Hannah Montana''	Himself	"Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas" (Season 2, Episode 16)
      2008,2010	''Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream''	Himself	Reality series
      2009–2010	''JONAS L.A.''	Nick Lucas	Disney Channel Original Series
      		Eli White	"Employee Of The Year" (Season 1, Episode 2)
      	Ryan	"Last Christmas Standing" (Season 1, Episode 10)
      2012		Lyle West	"The Cost Of Art" (Season 1, Episode 4)
      Guest appearances
      ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
      	''Studio DC: Almost Live''	Himself	Second show
      ''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition''	Himself	"The Akers Family" (Season 6, Episode 2)
      	''Saturday Night Live''	Himself	February 14, 2009 episode
      ''The Grammy Nominations Concert Live!''	Himself	December 2, 2009 episode
      	''Live with Regis and Kelly''	Himself (Co-Host)	January 8, 2010 episode
      ''Minute to Win It''	Himself	May 12, 2010 episode
      ''Good Morning America''	Himself	May 13, 2010 episode
      ''I Get That a Lot''	Himself	May 19, 2010 episode
      ''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition''	Himself	"The Heathcock Family" (Season 7, Episode 17)
      		Himself	February 15, 2011 episode
      	Himself	June 8, 2011 episode
      ''Dancing With The Stars''	Himself	Audience Member
      ''The Chew''	Himself	November 11, 2011 episode
      	''Live With Kelly''	Himself	January 26, 2012 episode
      ''Good Morning America''	Himself	January 26, 2012 episode
      Music video
      Year	Title	Artist	Role
      2011	''My Time''	Gabrielle Giguere	Producer, cameo
      Musicals
      ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
      2000		Tiny Tim
      2001		Little Jake
      2002		Chip
      		Gavroche
      ''The Sound of Music''	Kurt
      2010		Marius Pontmercy	June 21, 2010 - July 24, 2010 ; October 3, 2010 (25th Anniversary Concert)
      2011		Link Larkin	August 5, 2011 - August 7, 2011
      2012	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''	J. Pierrepont Finch	January 24, 2012 - July 1, 2012

      References

      External links

      Category:1992 births Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American Christians Category:American drummers Category:American film actors Category:American male singers Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American people of Cherokee descent Category:American pop guitarists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Jonas Brothers members Category:Living people Category:Musicians from New Jersey Category:People from Wyckoff, New Jersey

      ar:نيك جوناس az:Nik Conas bg:Ник Джонас ca:Nick Jonas cs:Nick Jonas da:Nick Jonas de:Nick Jonas et:Nick Jonas es:Nick Jonas eu:Nick Jonas fr:Nick Jonas id:Nick Jonas it:Nick Jonas he:ניק ג'ונאס jv:Nick Jonas hu:Nick Jonas nl:Nick Jonas ja:ニック・ジョナス no:Nick Jonas nn:Nick Jonas pl:Nick Jonas pt:Nick Jonas ro:Nick Jonas ru:Джонас, Ник sl:Nick Jonas sh:Nick Jonas fi:Nick Jonas sv:Nick Jonas tl:Nick Jonas th:นิก โจนาส tr:Nick Jonas uk:Нік Джонас vi:Nick Jonas

name	Larry King
birth name	Lawrence Harvey Zeiger
birth date	November 19, 1933
birth place	Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
religion	Jewish (1933–1966)Agnostic (1966–present)
occupation	Television/Radio personality
years active	1957–present
spouse	Freda Miller (1952–1953, annulled); Annette Kaye (1961, divorced); Alene Akins (1961–1963; divorced)Mickey Sutphin (1963–1967, divorced); Alene Akins (1967–1972, divorced); Sharon Lepore (1976–1983, divorced); Julie Alexander (1989–1992, divorced); Shawn Southwick (1997–present)}}

Larry King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television and radio host whose work has been recognized with awards including two Peabodys and ten Cable ACE Awards. He began as a local Florida journalist and radio interviewer in the 1950s and 1960s and became prominent as an all-night national radio broadcaster starting in 1978. From 1985-2010, he hosted the nightly interview TV program ''Larry King Live'' on CNN, a network for which he continues to host specials.

Early life

King was born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger in Brooklyn, New York City, to an Austrian immigrant Edward Zeiger, a restaurant owner and defense plant worker, and his wife Jennie Gitlitz, a garment worker, who emigrated from Belarus. King grew up in a religiously observant Jewish home, but in adulthood became an agnostic.

King's father died at 44 of heart disease, and his mother had to go on welfare to support her two sons. His father's death greatly affected King, and he lost interest in school. After graduating from high school, he worked to help support his mother. From an early age, however, he had wanted to go into radio. King is a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Career

Miami radio and television

A CBS staff announcer, whom King met by chance, told him to go to Florida, a growing media market where openings still existed for inexperienced broadcasters. King rode a bus to Miami. After initial setbacks, King persisted and got his first job in radio. The manager of a small station, WAHR (now WMBM) in Miami Beach, hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks. When one of their announcers quit, they put King on the air. His first broadcast was on May 1, 1957, when he worked as the disc jockey from 9 a.m. to noon. He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast. He was paid $55 a week. He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager Martial Cemen said that Zeiger was too ethnic and difficult to remember, so Larry chose the surname ''King'', which he got from an ad in ''The Miami Herald'' for King's Wholesale Liquor, minutes before air. He started interviewing on a midmorning show for WIOD, at Pumpernik's Restaurant in Miami Beach. He would interview anyone who walked in. His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant. Two days later, singer Bobby Darin, in Miami for a concert later that day, walked into Pumpernik's as a result of coming across King's show on his radio; Darin became King's first celebrity interview guest.

His Miami radio show launched him to local stardom. A few years later, in May 1960, he hosted ''Miami Undercover,'' airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m. on WPST-TV Channel 10 (now WPLG). On the show, he moderated debates on important issues of the time. King credits his success on local TV to the assistance of another showbiz legend, comedian Jackie Gleason, whose national TV variety show was being filmed in Miami Beach during this period. "That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami," King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters' Hall of Fame. "He did that show and stayed all night with me. We stayed till five in the morning. He didn't like the set, so we broke into the general manager's office and changed the set. Gleason changed the set, he changed the lighting, and he became like a mentor of mine." Jackie Gleason was instrumental in getting Larry a hard-to-get on air interview with Frank Sinatra during this time.

During this period, WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season. However, he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20, 1971, when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner. Other staffers covered the Dolphins' games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI. King also lost his weekly column at the ''Miami Beach Sun'' newspaper. The charges were dropped on March 10, 1972, and King spent the next several years in reviving his career, including a stint as the color announcer in Louisiana for the Shreveport Steamer of the World Football League in 1974–75 on KWKH. Eventually, King was rehired by WIOD in Miami. For several years during the 1970s in South Florida, he hosted a sports talk-show called "Sports-a-la-King" that featured guests and callers. He is known for voice Doris in Shrek 2, Shrek The Third, and Shrek forever After,

National radio

In 1978, he went national, inheriting the nightly talk show slot on the Mutual Broadcasting System, broadcast coast-to-coast, that had been "Long John" Nebel's until his death, and had been pioneered by Herb Jepko. One reason King got the Mutual job is that he had once been an announcer at WGMA-AM in Hollywood, Florida, which was then owned by C. Edward Little. Little went on to become president of Mutual and was the one who hired King when Nebel died. King's Mutual show developed a devoted audience.

It was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m. Eastern Time. King would interview a guest for the first 90 minutes, with callers asking questions that continued the interview for another 90 minutes. At 3 a.m., he would allow callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him, until the end of the program, when he expressed his own political opinions. That segment was called "Open Phone America". Some of the regular callers used the pseudonyms "The Portland Laugher", "The Miami Derelict", "The Todd Cruz Caller", "The Scandal Scooper", "Mr. Radio" and "The Water Is Warm Caller". "Mr. Radio" made over 200 calls to King during Open Phone America. The show was successful, starting with relatively few affiliates and eventually growing to more than 500. It ran until 1994.

For its final year, the show was moved to afternoons, but, because most talk radio stations at the time had an established policy of local origination in the time-slot (3 to 6 p.m. Eastern Time) that Mutual offered the show, a very low percentage of King's overnight affiliates agreed to carry his daytime show and it was unable to generate the same audience size. The afternoon show was eventually given to David Brenner and radio affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of King's new CNN evening television program. The Westwood One radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31, 2009.

CNN

He started his ''Larry King Live'' CNN show in June 1985, hosting a broad range of guests from controversial figures of UFO conspiracy theories and alleged psychics, to prominent politicians and leading figures in the entertainment industry, often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show.

Unlike many interviewers, King has a direct, non-confrontational approach. His reputation for asking easy, open-ended questions has made him attractive to important figures who want to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics. His interview style is characteristically frank, but with occasional bursts of irreverence and humor. His approach attracts some guests who would not otherwise appear. King, who is known for his general lack of pre-interview preparation, once bragged that he never read the books of authors before making an appearance on his program.

In a show dedicated to the surviving Beatles, King asked George Harrison's widow about the song "Something", which was written about George Harrison's first wife. He seemed surprised when she did not know very much about the song.

Throughout his career King has interviewed many of the leading figures of his time. CNN claimed during his final episode that he had performed 60,000 interviews in his career.

King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years, from shortly after that newspaper's origin in 1982 until September 2001. The column consisted of short "plugs, superlatives and dropped names" but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its "Life" section. The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009.

Departure

On June 29, 2010, King announced that after 25 years, he would be stepping down from his nightly job hosting ''Larry King Live''. However, he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials. The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan, the British television personality and journalist, as King's primetime replacement, speculation confirmed in September.

The final edition of ''Larry King Live'' aired on December 16, 2010. The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years.

Other ventures

King was the moderator of the 6th KAZENERGY Eurasian Forum in Astana, Kazakhstan, an annual forum for Kazakhstan's energy sector occurring in October 2011.

Charitable works

As a result of heart attacks, he established the Larry King Cardiac Foundation, an organization to which David Letterman, through his American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming, has also contributed. King gave $1 million to George Washington University's School of Media and Public Affairs for scholarships to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. King serves as a member of the Board of Directors on the Police Athletic League of New York City, a nonprofit youth development agency serving inner-city children and teenagers.

On September 3, 2005, following Hurricane Katrina, King aired "How You Can Help", a three-hour special designed to provide a forum and information clearinghouse for viewers to understand and join nationwide and global relief efforts. On January 18, 2010, in the wake the 2010 Haiti earthquake, King aired "Haiti: How You Can Help", a special two-hour edition designed to show viewers how to take action and be a part of the global outreach. Following the Deepwater Horizon explosion, King aired "Disaster in the Gulf: How You Can Help", a special two-hour edition designed to show viewers how to take action in the clean-up efforts on the Gulf Coast.

On August 30, 2010, King served as the host of Chabad's 30th annual "To Life" telethon, in Los Angeles.

Controversial positions

On September 10, 1990, while on ''The Joan Rivers Show,'' Rivers asked King which contestant in the Miss America pageant was "the ugliest". King responded, "Miss Pennsylvania. She was one of the 10 finalists and she did a great ventriloquist bit [...] The dummy was prettier." King was a judge for the September 8, 1990 pageant. King later sent Miss Pennsylvania, Marla Wynne, a dozen long-stemmed roses and a telegram apologizing for saying she was the ugliest contestant in the pageant that year.

In 1997, King was one of 34 celebrities to sign an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the ''International Herald Tribune'', which protested the treatment of Scientologists in Germany, comparing it to the Nazis' oppression of Jews in the 1930s. Other signatories included Dustin Hoffman and Goldie Hawn.

Personal life

King has been married eight times, to seven different women. He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1951 at age 18. The union ended the following year at the behest of their parents, who reportedly had the marriage annulled. King was later briefly married to Annette Kaye who gave birth to his son, Larry Jr., in November 1961. King did not meet Larry Jr. until the son was in his thirties. Larry Jr. and his wife, Shannon, have three children.

In 1961, King married his third wife, Alene Akins, a ''Playboy'' bunny at one of the magazine's eponymous nightclubs. The couple had son Andy in 1962, and divorced the following year. In 1963, King married his fourth wife, Mary Francis "Mickey" Sutphin, who divorced King. He remarried Akins, with whom he had a second child, Chaia, in 1969. The couple divorced a second time in 1972. In 1997, Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia, ''Daddy Day, Daughter Day''. Aimed at young children, it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins.

On September 25, 1976, King married his fifth wife, math teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore. The couple divorced in 1983.

King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in summer 1989, and proposed to her on the couple's first date, on August 1, 1989. Alexander became King's sixth wife on October 7, 1989, when the two were married in Washington, D.C. The couple lived in different cities, however, with Alexander in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and King in Washington, D.C., where he worked. The couple separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992. He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995, after five weeks of dating, but they never married.

He married his seventh wife, Shawn Southwick, born in 1959 as Shawn Oro Engemann, a former singer and TV host, in King's Los Angeles, California, hospital room three days before King underwent heart surgery to clear a clogged blood vessel. The couple have two children: Chance, born March 1999, and Cannon, born May 2000. He is stepfather to Danny Southwick. On King and Southwick's 10th anniversary in September 2007, Southwick boasted she was "the only [wife] to have lasted into the two digits". On April 14, 2010, both Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce. but have since stopped the proceedings, claiming "We love our children, we love each other, we love being a family. That is all that matters to us".

On February 24, 1987, King suffered a major heart attack and then had quintuple-bypass surgery. Since then, King has written two books about living with heart disease. ''Mr. King, You're Having a Heart Attack: How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life'' (1989, ISBN 0-440-50039-7) was written with New York's ''Newsday'' science editor B. D. Colen. ''Taking On Heart Disease: Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nation's #1 Killer and How You Can, Too'' (2004, ISBN 1-57954-820-2) features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin.

In July 2009, King appeared on ''The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien'', where he told host O'Brien about his wishes to be cryonically preserved upon death, as he had revealed in his book ''My Remarkable Journey''. In December of 2011, preceding a CNN Special on the topic, the Kings had a special dinner with friends Conan O'Brien, Tyra Banks, Shaquille O'Neal, Seth MacFarlane, Jack Dorsey, Quincy Jones and Russell Brand where his intent to do so was reiterated, among other topics that were discussed.

On February 12, 2010, Larry King revealed that he had undergone surgery five weeks earlier to place stents in his coronary artery to remove plaque from his heart. During the segment on Larry King Live which discussed Bill Clinton's similar procedure, King said he was "feeling great" and had been in hospital for just one day.

Awards

King has received many broadcasting awards. He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio (1982) and television (1992) shows. He has also won 10 CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series.

In 1989, King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame, and in 1996 to the Broadcasters' Hall of Fame. In 2002, the industry magazine ''Talkers'' named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time.

in June 1998, King received an Honorary Degree from Brooklyn College, City University of New York, for his life achievements.

King was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2009, by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California.

King is an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills. He is also a recipient of the President's Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006.

King is the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence, presented April 11, 2007, via satellite by Downs himself. Downs sported red suspenders for the event and turned the tables on King by asking "very tough questions" about King's best, worst and most influential interviews during King's 50 years in broadcasting.

References

External links

CNN profile

Larry King Cardiac Foundation - Foundation to fund treatments cardiac patients with little or no insurance

Clark lawsuit

Larry King Live - Transcripts of all interviews since 2000

Larry King interviewed by Gianluca D'Agostino

Larry King Archive of American Television video interview

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:American actors Category:American agnostics Category:American Jews Category:American talk radio hosts Category:National Radio Hall of Fame inductees Category:American television talk show hosts Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:American voice actors Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish agnostics Category:Miami Dolphins broadcasters Category:National Football League announcers Category:People from Brooklyn Category:World Football League announcers

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