Coordinates	51°29′45.6″N0°07′37.6″N
Name	Jon Postel
Birth date	August 06, 1943
Death date	October 16, 1998
Residence	United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Computer Science
Alma mater	UCLA
Doctoral advisor	Dave Farber
Known for	Request for Comment Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Postel's Law
Footnotes	}}

Jonathan Bruce Postel (; August 6, 1943 – October 16, 1998) was an American computer scientist who made many significant contributions to the development of the Internet, particularly with respect to standards. He is known principally for being the Editor of the Request for Comment (RFC) document series, and for administering the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) until his death.

The Internet Society's Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by Vint Cerf and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work.

Career

Postel attended UCLA where he earned his B.S. (1966) as well as his M.A. (1968) in Engineering. Attending UCLA, he completed his Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1974. His PhD. thesis advisor was Dave Farber.

While at UCLA, he was involved in early work on the ARPANET. He worked briefly at Mitre Corporation, then helped set up the Network Information Center at SRI. In March 1977 he joined the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California, where he spent the rest of his career. Postel was the RFC Editor from 1969 until his death, and wrote and edited many important RFCs, including RFC 791, RFC 792 and RFC 793, which define the basic protocols of the Internet protocol suite, and RFC 2223, ''Instructions to RFC Authors''. He wrote or co-authored more than 200 RFCs.

Postel served on the Internet Architecture Board and its predecessors for many years. He was the Director of the names and number assignment clearinghouse, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), from its inception. He was the first member of the Internet Society, and was on the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society. He was the original and long-time .us Top-Level Domain administrator. He also managed the Los Nettos Network.

All of the above were part-time activities he assumed in conjunction with his primary position as Director of the Computer Networks Division ("Division 7") of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California.

DNS Root Authority test, U.S. response

On January 28, 1998, Postel, as a test, emailed eight of the twelve operators of Internet's regional root nameservers on his own authority and instructed them to change the root zone server from then SAIC subsidiary Network Solutions (NSI)'s A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. (198.41.0.4) to DNSROOT.IANA.ORG (198.32.1.98). The operators complied with Postel's instructions, thus dividing control of Internet naming between IANA and the four remaining U.S. Government roots at NASA, the .mil server, BRL and NSI. Though usage of the Internet was not interrupted, he soon received orders from senior government officials to undo this change, which he did. Within a week, the US NTIA issued ''A proposal to improve technical management of Internet names and addresses'', including changes to authority over the Internet DNS root zone, which ultimately, and controversially, increased U.S. control.

Death

Postel died of complications after heart valve replacement surgery in Los Angeles, on October 16, 1998, nine months after the DNS Root Authority incident.

Legacy

The significance of Jon Postel's contributions to building the Internet, both technical and personal, were such that a memorial recollection of his life forms part of the core technical literature sequence of the Internet in the form of RFC 2468 "I Remember IANA", written by Vinton Cerf. (This is no trivial thing given that between April 1969 and October 2010, only 6,044 RFCs were published).

Postel's Law

Perhaps his most famous legacy is from RFC 793, which includes a Robustness Principle which is often labeled ''Postel's Law'': "be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others" (often reworded as "be conservative in what you send, liberal in what you accept").

In digital circuits, this principle has long been an important aspect of what is known as the static discipline.

See also

History of the Internet

ARPANET

''Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing'' (1972 documentary w/Postel cameo)

STD 8

Jonathan B. Postel Service Award

Notes

External links

postel.org memorial site

Category:1943 births Category:1998 deaths Category:Computer pioneers Category:Computer science awards Category:American computer scientists Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Request for Comments Category:Domain name system Category:Internet pioneers Category:Place of birth missing

ca:Jon Postel de:Jonathan Postel fr:Jon Postel it:Jon Postel ml:ജോൻ പോസ്റ്റൽ ja:ジョン・ポステル no:Jon Postel pl:Jon Postel pt:Jon Postel ru:Постел, Джонатан Брюс fi:Jon Postel sv:Jonathan Postel

Coordinates	51°29′45.6″N0°07′37.6″N
name	Deborah Estrin
residence	Los Angeles, CA
citizenship	United States
field	Computer Science
work institution	UCLA
alma mater	U.C. Berkeley, MIT
known for	Embedded Networked Sensing
footnotes	}}

Deborah Estrin is a professor of Computer Science at UCLA. She is the daughter of Gerald Estrin, also a UCLA Computer Science professor, and the sister of Judy Estrin. She is a pioneer in the field of embedded network sensing and is the director of the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) at UCLA. She is on the advisory board of TTI/Vanguard.

In 2003, Popular Science named her one of their "Brilliant 10" for that year.

In 2007, Estrin was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE.

Deborah Estrin had received the degree honoris causa from EPFL in 2008 during the master ceremony.

Awards

2009: National Academy of Engineering

2008: Doctor Honoris Causa EPFL

2007: Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation

1987: National Science Foundation's Presidential Young Investigator Award

See also

Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science

References

External links

Biography of Deborah Estrin

Deborah Estrin's page at the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS)

Publications

Video (6 min.) of Deborah Estrin being awarded the Anita Borg Institute's Women of Vision Award, 2007

Video (4 min.) of Deborah Estrin's acceptance speech for the Anita Borg Institute's Women of Vision Award, 2007

Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) home page

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty Category:American computer scientists Category:American academics Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Category:Internet pioneers Category:Women in technology Category:Women computer scientists

Coordinates	51°29′45.6″N0°07′37.6″N
name	Jonathan Swift
pseudonym	M.B. Drapier, Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff
birth date	November 30, 1667
birth place	Dublin, Ireland1
death date	October 19, 1745
death place	Ireland
language	English
alma mater	Trinity College, Dublin
occupation	Satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet, priest
notableworks	''Gulliver's Travels''''A Modest Proposal''''A Tale of a Tub''''Drapier's Letters''
influenced	George Orwell, H. G. Wells, William S. Burroughs, Charlotte Brontë, Machado de Assis
website	}}

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

He is remembered for works such as ''Gulliver's Travels'', ''A Modest Proposal'', ''A Journal to Stella'', ''Drapier's Letters'', ''The Battle of the Books'', ''An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity'', and ''A Tale of a Tub''. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. Swift originally published all of his works under pseudonyms—such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier—or anonymously. He is also known for being a master of two styles of satire: the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

Biography

Youth

Jonathan Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, the city residence of his uncle and benefactor Godwin Swift (1628-1695), of Swifts Heath House, Co. Kilkenny. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640-1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England. He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.

Swift's family had several interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden, was a first cousin of the wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret (Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.

His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by the philosopher George Berkeley). In 1682 he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), financed by Godwin's son, Willoughby, from where he received his B.A. in 1686, and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Swift was studying for his Master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining the confidence of his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance." Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III, and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

When Swift took up his residence at Moor Park, he met Esther Johnson, then eight years old, the fatherless daughter of one of the household servants. Swift acted as her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.

Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness, fits of vertigo or giddiness—now known to be Ménière's disease—would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hertford College, Oxford in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland and in 1694 he was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor, with his parish located at Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim.

Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, Swift may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring. A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote ''The Battle of the Books'', a satire responding to critics of Temple's ''Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' (1690). ''Battle'' was however not published until 1704.

On 27 January 1699 Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly in England to complete the editing of Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. However, Swift's work made enemies of some of Temple's family and friends who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs. His next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another. But he soon obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

At Laracor, a mile or two from Trim, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin, Swift ministered to a congregation of about fifteen people, and had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal (after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park), planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and traveled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, Swift published, anonymously, a political pamphlet, ''A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome''.

Writer

In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. That spring he traveled to England and returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now twenty years old—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson nicknamed "Stella". Many hold that they were secretly married in 1716.

During his visits to England in these years Swift published ''A Tale of a Tub'' and ''The Battle of the Books'' (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club (founded in 1713).

Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the Examiner when they came to power in 1710. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession.

Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government, and often acted as mediator between Henry St. John (Viscount Bolingbroke) the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15) and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford) lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–1714). Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, later collected and published as ''The Journal to Stella''. The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of Queen Anne and accession of George I that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.

Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family and became involved with one of the daughters, Esther, yet another fatherless young woman and another ambiguous relationship to confuse Swift's biographers. Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "Vanessa" and she features as one of the main characters in his poem ''Cadenus and Vanessa.'' The poem and their correspondence suggests that Esther was infatuated with Swift, and that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret this and then try to break off the relationship. Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714, where there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson. Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35. Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was Anne Long, a toast of the Kit-Cat Club.

Maturity

Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: ''Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture'' (1720), ''Drapier's Letters'' (1724), and ''A Modest Proposal'' (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.

Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships'', better known as ''Gulliver's Travels''. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of ''Gulliver's Travels''. During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.

Swift returned to England one more time in 1727 and stayed with Alexander Pope once again. The visit was cut short when Swift received word that Esther Johnson was dying and rushed back home to be with her. On 28 January 1728, Esther Johnson died; Swift had prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his ''The Death of Mrs. Johnson''. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St. Patrick's. Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Esther Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair."

Death became a frequent feature in Swift's life from this point. In 1731 he wrote ''Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift'', his own obituary published in 1739. In 1732, his good friend and collaborator John Gay died. In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died. In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness, and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top.") To protect him from unscrupulous hangers on, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory." However, it was long believed by many that Swift was really insane at this point. In his book ''Literature and Western Man'', author J.B. Priestley even cites the final chapters of ''Gulliver's Travels'' as proof of Swift's approaching "insanity".

In part VIII of his series, ''The Story of Civilization'', Will Durant describes the final years of Swift's life as such:

"Definite symptoms of madness appeared in 1738. In 1741 guardians were appointed to take care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence he should do himself harm. In 1742 he suffered great pain from the inflammation of his left eye, which swelled to the size of an egg; five attendants had to restrain him from tearing out his eye. He went a whole year without uttering a word."

In 1744, Alexander Pope died. Then, on October 19, 1745, Swift died. After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune (twelve thousand pounds) was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill, originally known as St. Patrick’s Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which still exists as a psychiatric hospital.

Epitaph

:''Text extracted from the introduction to ''The Journal to Stella'' by George A. Aitken and from other sources)''

Jonathan Swift wrote his own epitaph:

: ''Hic'' depositum est Corpus : IONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D. : Hujus Ecclesiæ Cathedralis : Decani, : ''Ubi'' sæva Indignatio : Ulterius : Cor lacerare nequit, : Abi Viator : Et imitare, si poteris, : Strenuum pro virili : Libertatis Vindicatorem.

: Obiit 19º Die Mensis Octobris : A.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78º.

The literal translation of which is: "''Here'' is laid the Body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of this Cathedral Church, ''where'' fierce Indignation can no longer injure the Heart. Go forth, Voyager, and copy, if you can, this vigorous (to the best of his ability) Champion of Liberty. He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October, A.D. 1745, in the 78th Year of his Age."

William Butler Yeats poetically translated it from the Latin as:

: Swift has sailed into his rest. : Savage indignation there : cannot lacerate his breast. : Imitate him if you dare, : world-besotted traveller. : He served human liberty.

Works

Swift was a prolific writer, notable for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major prose works

Swift's first major prose work, ''A Tale of a Tub'', demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its main thread, the ''Tale'' recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion, and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will that will let them make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a series of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects.

In 1690, Sir William Temple, Swift's patron, published ''An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' a defense of classical writing (see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns) holding up the ''Epistles of Phalaris'' as an example. William Wotton responded to Temple with ''Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' (1694) showing that the ''Epistles'' were a later forgery. A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by Charles Boyle (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer). A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay ''Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris'' (1699). However, the final words on the topic belong to Swift in his ''Battle of the Books'' (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defense on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients.

In 1708, a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions. Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials, Swift attacked Partridge in ''Predictions For The Ensuing Year'' by Isaac Bickerstaff, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on March 29. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on March 30 claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary. According to other sources, Richard Steele uses the personae of Isaac Bickerstaff and was the one who wrote about the "death" of John Partridge and published it in ''The Spectator,'' not Jonathan Swift.*

''Drapier's Letters'' (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to provide the Irish with copper coinage. It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shop-keeper—a draper—in order to criticize the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though hardly a secret (on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in. The government eventually resorted to hiring none other than Sir Isaac Newton to certify the soundness of Wood's coinage to counter Swift's accusations. In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements.

''Gulliver's Travels'', a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook House in County Laois, was published in 1726. It is regarded as his masterpiece. As with his other writings, the ''Travels'' was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence between printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver's also-fictional cousin negotiating the book's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in bowdlerized form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift's experience of his times. ''Gulliver's Travels'' is an anatomy of human nature, a sardonic looking-glass, often criticized for its apparent misanthropy. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has adequately characterized human nature and society. Each of the four books—recounting four voyages to mostly-fictional exotic lands—has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought.

In 1729, Swift published ''A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick,'' a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque logic, recommends that Ireland's poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich: ”I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food...” Following the satirical form, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them:

Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients...taxing our absentees...using [nothing] except what is of our own growth and manufacture...rejecting...foreign luxury...introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance...learning to love our country...quitting our animosities and factions...teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants....Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.

Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals

"A Meditation upon a Broomstick" (1703–1710): Full text: munseys.com

"A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–1711)

The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–1709): Full text: U of Adelaide

"An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–1711): Full text: U of Adelaide

''The Intelligencer'' (with Thomas Sheridan) (1719–1788): Text: Project Gutenberg

''The Examiner'' (1710): Texts: Ourcivilisation.com, Project Gutenberg

"A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: Jack Lynch, U of Virginia

"On the Conduct of the Allies" (1713)

"Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com

"A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)

"A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com

''Drapier's Letters'' (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg

"Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"

"A Modest Proposal", perhaps the most notable satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. (Written in 1729)

"An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen": Full text: JaffeBros

"A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com

Poems

"Ode to the Athenian Society", Swift's first publication, printed in The Athenian Mercury in the supplement of Feb 14, 1691.

Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two

"Baucis and Philemon" (1706–1709): Full text: Munseys

"A Description of the Morning" (1709): Full annotated text: U of Toronto; Another text: U of Virginia

"A Description of a City Shower" (1710): Full text: U of Virginia

"Cadenus and Vanessa" (1713): Full text: Munseys

"Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" (1719): Full text: theotherpages.org

Stella's birthday poems:

* 1719. Full annotated text: U of Toronto

* 1720. Full text: U of Virginia

* 1727. Full text: U of Toronto

"The Progress of Beauty" (1719–1720): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

"The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Full text: theotherpages.org

"A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text: U of Toronto

"To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text: U of Toronto

"Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" (1726): Full text: U of Toronto

"The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" (1727)

"On a Very Old Glass" (1728): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

"A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

"The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

"On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text: U of Toronto

"Death and Daphne" (1730): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

"The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): Full text

"A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia

"Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia

"Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

"Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch

"The Day of Judgment" (1731): Full text

"Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." (1731–1732): Full annotated texts: Jack Lynch, U of Toronto; Non-annotated text:: U of Virginia

"An Epistle To A Lady" (1732): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

"The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text: U of Toronto

"The Lady's Dressing Room" (1732): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch

"On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)

"The Puppet Show" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

"The Logicians Refuted" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Correspondence, personal writings

"When I Come to Be Old" – Swift's resolutions. (1699): Full text: JaffeBros

''The Journal to Stella'' (1710–1713): Full text (presented as daily entries): The Journal to Stella; Extracts: OurCivilisation.com;

Letters:

* Selected Letters: JaffeBros

* To Oxford and Pope: OurCivilisation.com

'The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D.D'. Edited by David Woolley. In four volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, c1999-c2007.

Sermons, prayers

Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: U of Adelaide, Project Gutenberg

Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: Project Gutenberg

Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two

"The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org

"The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Miscellany

''Directions to Servants'' (1731):: Extracts: OurCivilisation.com

''A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation'' (1738)

"Thoughts on Various Subjects." Full text: U of Adelaide

Historical Writings: Project Gutenberg

Swift Quotations: JaffeBros – many choice, well-documented Swift quotations here

Swift quotes at Bartleby: Bartleby.com – 59 quotations, with notes

Legacy

John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.

Notes

Biographical sources

Samuel Johnson's "Life of Swift": JaffeBros. From his ''Lives of the Poets''.

William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: JaffeBros. From his ''English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century''.

Bullitt, John M. ''Jonathan Swift and the Anatomy of Satire: A Study of Satiric Technique'', 1953, Cambridge: Harvard U P,

Jae Num Lee "Swift and Scatological Satire", 1971, University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 0826301967 jstor review

Lee, Jae Num. "Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais" and "English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope." Swift and Scatological Satire. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1971. 7–22; 23–53.

Susan Gubar "The Female Monster in Augustan Satire" Signs, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Winter, 1977), pp. 380–394

Many other sources are listed here.

See also

Poor Richard's Almanack

Sweetness and light

External links

Free audiobook of ''A Modest Proposal'' from LibriVox

BBC audio file "Swift's ''A modest Proposal''". BBC discussion. ''In our time''.

E-texts of works

The Online Books Page

Gulliver's Travels

Category:1667 births Category:1745 deaths Category:18th-century Anglican clergy Category:Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford Category:Alumni of Kilkenny College Category:Anglo-Irish artists Category:Anglo-Irish people Category:Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin Category:Christian writers Category:English Anglicans Category:English fantasy writers Category:English novelists Category:English poets Category:English political writers Category:English satirists Category:Irish fantasy writers Category:Irish novelists Category:Irish poets Category:Irish political writers Category:Irish satirists Category:Neoclassical writers Category:People associated with Trinity College, Dublin Category:People from County Dublin Category:Church of Ireland deans

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Coordinates	51°29′45.6″N0°07′37.6″N
bgcolour	Silver
name	Sir John Mills
birth name	Lewis Ernest Watts Mills
birth date	February 22, 1908
birth place	North Elmham, Norfolk, England
death date	April 23, 2005
death place	Denham, Buckinghamshire, England
spouse	Aileen Raymond (1927-41) Mary Hayley Bell (1941-2005) 3 children
occupation	Actor
years active	1932–2005 }}

Sir John Mills CBE (22 February 1908 – 23 April 2005), born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, was an English actor who made more than 120 films in a career spanning seven decades.

Life and career

Mills was born at the Watts Naval School in North Elmham, Norfolk, England, and grew up in Belton, where his father was the headmaster of the village school and in Felixstowe, Suffolk. He was educated at Norwich High School for Boys, where it is said that his initials can still be seen carved into the brickwork on the side of the building in Upper St. Giles Street. He made his acting debut on the stage of the Sir John Leman School in Beccles in a performance of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' when he played the part of Puck. Upon leaving school he worked as a clerk at a corn merchants in Ipswich.

Mills took an early interest in acting, making his professional debut at the London Hippodrome in ''The Five O'Clock Girl'' in 1929. He also starred in the Noël Coward revue ''Words and Music''. He made his film debut in ''The Midshipmaid'' (1932), and appeared as Colley in the 1939 film version of ''Goodbye, Mr Chips'', opposite Robert Donat.

In September 1939, at the start of World War II, Mills enlisted in the Royal Engineers. He was later commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. But in 1942 he received a medical discharge because of a stomach ulcer. He starred in Noël Coward's ''In Which We Serve''.

Mills took the lead in ''Great Expectations'' in 1946, and subsequently made his career playing traditionally British heroes such as Captain Scott in ''Scott of the Antarctic'' (1948). Over the next decade he became particularly associated with war dramas, such as ''The Colditz Story'' (1954), ''Above Us the Waves'' (1955) and ''Ice-Cold in Alex'' (1958). He often acted in the roles of people who are not at all exceptional, but become heroes due to their common sense, generosity and right judgment. Altogether he appeared in over 120 films.

From 1959 through the mid-1960s, Mills starred in several films alongside his daughter Hayley. Their first film together was the 1959 crime drama ''Tiger Bay'', in which John plays a police detective investigating a murder that Hayley's character witnessed. Following Hayley's rise to fame in ''Pollyanna'' (1960) and the 1961 family comedy ''The Parent Trap'', John and Hayley again starred together, in the 1965 teen sailing adventure ''The Truth About Spring'', the 1964 drama ''The Chalk Garden'' (with Deborah Kerr in the lead role), and the 1966 comedy-drama ''The Family Way'', in which John plays an insecure, overbearing father and Hayley plays his son's newlywed wife.

As Col. Barrow in ''Tunes of Glory'', Mills won the best Actor Award at the 1960 Venice Film Festival. For his role as the village idiot in ''Ryan's Daughter'' (1970) — a complete departure from his usual style — Mills won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. His most famous television role was probably as the title character in ''Quatermass'' for ITV in 1979. Also on the small screen, in 1974 he starred as Captain Tommy "The Elephant" Devon in the six-part television drama series ''The Zoo Gang'', about a group of former underground freedom fighters from World War II, with Brian Keith, Lilli Palmer and Barry Morse.

Mills also starred as ''Gus: The Theatre Cat'' in the filmed version of the musical ''Cats'' in 1998.

In 2000, Mills released his extensive home movie footage in a documentary film entitled ''Sir John Mills' Moving Memories'', with interviews with Mills, his children Hayley, Juliet and Jonathan and Richard Attenborough. The film was directed and edited by Marcus Dillistone, and features behind the scenes footage and stories from films such as ''Ice-Cold in Alex'' and ''Dunkirk''. In addition the film also includes home footage of many of John Mills' friends and fellow cast members including Laurence Olivier, Harry Andrews, Walt Disney, David Niven, Dirk Bogarde, Rex Harrison and Tyrone Power.

Mills' last cinema appearance was playing a tramp in ''Lights 2'' (directed by Marcus Dillistone); shot at Pinewood Studios, he was photographed by cinematographer Jack Cardiff. They had last worked together on ''Scott of the Antarctic'' in 1948. Their combined age was 186 years, a cinema record.

Honours

He was appointed a Commander of Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1960. In 1976 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

In 2002, he received a Fellowship of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), the highest award given by the Academy, and was named a Disney Legend by The Walt Disney Company.

Family

Mills's sister Annette Mills was known as the partner of the puppet "Muffin", in the BBC Television series ''Muffin the Mule'' between 1946 and 1955. Her grand-daughter is the actress Susie Blake.

His first wife was the actress Aileen Raymond, who died only five days after he did. They were married in 1927 and divorced in 1941. She later became the mother of Ian Ogilvy.

His second wife was the dramatist Mary Hayley Bell. Their marriage on 16 January 1941 lasted 64 years, until his death in 2005. They were married in a rushed civil ceremony, due to the war, and it was not until 60 years later that they had their union blessed in church. They had two daughters, Juliet, star of television's ''Nanny and the Professor'' and Hayley, a Disney child star who starred in ''Pollyanna'', ''The Parent Trap'' and ''Whistle Down the Wind'' and one son, Jonathan Mills. In 1947 Mills appeared with his daughters in the film ''So Well Remembered''. Mills's grandson by his daughter Hayley, Crispian Mills, is a musician, best known for his work with the alternative rock group Kula Shaker.

Death

In the years leading up to his death, he appeared on television only on special occasions, his sight having failed almost completely in 1992. After that, his film roles were brief but notable cameos.

He died aged 97 on 23 April 2005 in Denham, Buckinghamshire, following a chest infection. A few months after Sir John's death, Mary Hayley Bell (Lady Mills) died on 1 December 2005. Sir John and Lady Mills are buried in Denham Churchyard.

Selected filmography

''The Midshipmaid'' (1932)

''Britannia of Billingsgate'' (1933)

''The Ghost Camera'' (1933)

''The River Wolves'' (1934)

''Blind Justice'' (1934)

''The Lash'' (1934)

''A Political Party'' (1934)

''Doctor's Orders'' (1934)

''Those Were The Days'' (1934)

''Car of Dreams'' (1935)

''Royal Cavalcade'' (1935)

''Brown on Resolution'' (later reissued in the UK as ''Forever England'') (1935)

''Charing Cross Road'' (1935)

''The First Offence'' (1936)

''Tudor Rose'' (1936)

''O.H.M.S.'' (1937)

''The Green Cockatoo'' (1937)

''Goodbye, Mr. Chips'' (1939)

''All Hands'' (1940, short film)

''Cottage to Let'' (1941)

''Old Bill and Son'' (1941)

''The Big Blockade'' (1942)

''The Black Sheep of Whitehall'' (1942)

''The Young Mr. Pitt'' (1942)

''In Which We Serve'' (1942)

''We Dive at Dawn'' (1943)

''This Happy Breed'' (1944)

''Victory Wedding'' (1944, short film)

''Information Please'' (1944, short film)

''Waterloo Road'' (1945)

''The Way to the Stars'' (1945)

''Great Expectations'' (1946)

''So Well Remembered'' (1947)

''The October Man'' (1947)

''Scott of the Antarctic'' (1948)

''The History of Mr Polly'' (1949)

''The Rocking Horse Winner'' (1949, also produced)

''Morning Departure'' (1950)

''Mr. Denning Drives North'' (1952)

''The Gentle Gunman'' (1952)

''The Long Memory'' (1952)

''Hobson's Choice'' (1954)

''Escapade'' (1955)

''The Colditz Story'' (1955)

''The End of the Affair'' (1955)

''Above Us the Waves'' (1955)

''The Baby and the Battleship'' (1956)

''War and Peace'' (1956)

''Around the World in Eighty Days'' (1956)

''It's Great to Be Young'' (1956)

''Town on Trial'' (1957)

''The Vicious Circle'' (1957)

''Ice-Cold in Alex'' (1958)

''Dunkirk'' (1958)

''I Was Monty's Double'' (1958)

''Summer of the Seventeenth Doll'' (1959)

''Tiger Bay'' (1959) — (with daughter Hayley Mills)

''Swiss Family Robinson'' (1960)

''Tunes of Glory'' (1960)

''The Singer Not the Song'' (1961)

''Flame in the Streets'' (1961)

''Tiara Tahiti'' (1962)

''The Valiant'' (1962)

''The Chalk Garden'' (1964) - (with daughter Hayley Mills)

''The Truth About Spring'' (1964) - (with daughter Hayley Mills)

''King Rat'' (1965)

''Operation Crossbow'' (1965)

''The Family Way'' (1966)

''The Wrong Box'' (1966)

''Africa Texas Style'' (1967)

''Chuka'' (1967)

''La morte non ha sesso'' (1968)

''Emma Hamilton'' (1968)

''Oh! What a Lovely War'' (1969)

''Run Wild, Run Free'' (1969)

''Adam's Woman'' (1970)

''Ryan's Daughter'' (1970)

''Dulcima'' (1971)

''Lady Caroline Lamb'' (1972)

''Young Winston'' (1972)

''Oklahoma Crude'' (1973)

''The Human Factor'' (1975)

''Trial by Combat'' (1976)

''The Devil's Advocate'' (1977)

''The Big Sleep'' (1978)

''The Thirty Nine Steps'' (1978)

''Dr. Strange'' (1978, TV film)

''Zulu Dawn'' (1979)

''The Quatermass Conclusion'' (1979)

''Gandhi'' (1982)

''The Adventures of Little Lord Fauntleroy'' (1982, TV film)

''Sahara'' (1983)

''The Masks of Death'' (1985, TV film)

''Murder with Mirrors'' (1985, TV film)

''Edge of the Wind'' (1985, TV film)

''Hold the Dream'' (1986, TV film)

''When the Wind Blows'' (1986)

''Who's That Girl'' (1987)

''Ending Up'' (1989, TV film)

''The Lady and the Highwayman'' (1989, TV film)

''Night of the Fox'' (1990, TV film)

''Harnessing Peacocks'' (1992, TV film)

''Frankenstein'' (1992, TV film)

''The Big Freeze'' (1993)

''Deadly Advice'' (1994)

''The Grotesque'' (1995)

''Hamlet'' (1996)

''Bean'' (1997)

''Cats'' (1998)

''The Gentleman Thief'' (2001, TV film)

''Bright Young Things'' (2003)

''Lights 2'' (2005, Short film)

Stage performances

''The Good Companions'' (1974)

''Great Expectations'' (1976)

''Goodbye, Mr. Chips''

''Of Mice and Men''

Principal television performances

''Dundee and the Culhane'' (1967)

''The Zoo Gang'' (1974)

''Quatermass'' (1979)

''Young at Heart'' (1980–1982)

''Martin Chuzzlewit'' (1994)

Notes

External links

It's Not Just Michael Powell: British Films of the 30s 40s and 50s

Sir John Mills Theatre - Eastern Angles

Quatermass.org.uk - John Mills Profile at the Nigel Kneale & Quatermass Appreciation Site

Photographs and literature

Category:1908 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:English film actors Category:English musical theatre actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Quatermass Category:Royal Engineers officers Category:People from Breckland (district) Category:People from Felixstowe Category:People educated at Norwich High School for Boys Category:People educated at Watts Naval School

an:John Mills cy:John Mills (actor) de:John Mills es:John Mills eo:John Mills fr:John Mills id:John Mills it:John Mills he:ג'ון מילס la:Ricardus Vernon ja:ジョン・ミルズ no:John Mills pl:John Mills pt:John Mills ru:Миллс, Джон fi:John Mills sv:John Mills tl:John Mills

Coordinates	51°29′45.6″N0°07′37.6″N
name	Jean Simmons
birth name	Jean Merilyn Simmons
birth date	January 31, 1929
birth place	Lower Holloway, London, England, United Kingdom
death date	January 22, 2010
death place	Santa Monica, California, United States
death cause	Lung Cancer
nationality	British-American
alma mater	Aida Foster School of Dance
spouse	Stewart Granger (1950-60) (divorced) 1 childRichard Brooks (1960-77) (divorced) 1 child
parents	Charles Simmons,Winifred (Loveland) Simmons
occupation	Actress, Dancer
years active	1944-2009 }}

Jean Merilyn Simmons, OBE (January 31, 1929 January 22, 2010) was an English actress. She appeared predominantly in motion pictures, beginning with films made in Great Britain during and after World War II – she was one of J. Arthur Rank's 'well-spoken young starlets' – followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950.

Early life and career

Simmons was born in Lower Holloway, London, England, to Charles Simmons and his wife Winifred (Loveland) Simmons; Jean was the youngest of four children; her siblings were Edna, Harold and Lorna. She began acting at the age of 14. During World War II, the Simmons family was evacuated to Winscombe in Somerset. Her father, a physical education teacher (who had represented Great Britain in the 1912 Summer Olympics), taught briefly at Sidcot School, and sometime during this period Simmons followed her elder sister on to the village stage and sang songs such as "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow". Returning to London and just enrolled at the Aida Foster School of Dance, she was spotted by the director Val Guest, who cast her in the Margaret Lockwood vehicle ''Give us the Moon''. Prior to moving to Hollywood, she played the young Estella in David Lean's version of ''Great Expectations'' (1946) and Ophelia in Laurence Olivier's ''Hamlet'' (1948), for which she received her first Oscar nomination. It was the experience of working on ''Great Expectations'' that caused her to pursue an acting career more seriously:

Playing Ophelia in Olivier's ''Hamlet'' made her a star, although she was already well-known for her work in other British films, including her first starring role in the film adaptation of ''Uncle Silas'', and ''Black Narcissus'' (both 1947). Olivier offered her the chance to work and study at the Bristol Old Vic, advising her to play anything they threw at her to get experience; she was under contract to the Rank Organisation who vetoed the idea. In 1950 Rank sold her contract to Howard Hughes, who then owned the RKO studio in Hollywood.

In 1950, she married the English actor Stewart Granger, with whom she appeared in several films, successfully making the transition to an American career. She made four films for Hughes, including ''Angel Face'', directed by Otto Preminger. According to David Thomson "if she had made only one film – ''Angel Face'' – she might now be spoken of with the awe given to Louise Brooks." A court case freed her from the contract with Hughes in 1952. In 1953, she starred alongside Spencer Tracy in ''The Actress'', a film that was one of her personal favourites. Among the many films she appeared in during this period were ''The Robe'' (1953), ''Young Bess'' (1953), ''Désirée'' (1954), ''The Egyptian'' (1954), ''Guys and Dolls'' (1955) – "in which she's delightfully proper (and improper) as the Salvation Army officer Sarah Brown" – ''The Big Country '' (1958), ''Elmer Gantry'' (1960), (directed by her second husband, Richard Brooks), ''Spartacus'' (1960), ''All the Way Home'' (1963) – a film of James Agee's novel, ''A Death in the Family'' – and ''The Happy Ending'' (1969), again directed by Brooks and for which she received her second Oscar nomination. In the opinion of film critic Philip French, a film of 1958, ''Home Before Dark'', saw her give, "perhaps her finest performance as a housewife driven into a breakdown in Mervyn Leroy's psychodrama."

By the 1970s, Simmons turned her focus to stage and television acting. She toured the United States in Stephen Sondheim's well-reviewed musical ''A Little Night Music'', then took the show to London, and thus originated the role of Desirée Armfeldt on the West End. Doing the show for three years, she said she never tired of Sondheim's music; "No matter how tired or ''off'' you felt, the music would just pick you up."

She portrayed Fiona Cleary, Cleary family matriarch, in the 1983 mini-series ''The Thorn Birds.'' Simmons won an Emmy Award for her role.

In 1985 and 1986, she appeared in ''North & South'', again playing the role of the family matriarch as Clarissa Main.

In 1988, she starred in ''The Dawning'' with Anthony Hopkins and Hugh Grant, and in 1989, she again starred in a mini-series, this time a version of ''Great Expectations'', in which she played the role of Miss Havisham, Estella's adoptive mother. Simmons made a late career appearance in the ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' episode "The Drumhead" as a hardened legal investigator who conducts a witch-hunt. From 1994 until 1998, Simmons narrated the A&E; documentary television series, ''Mysteries of the Bible''. In 2004, Simmons voiced the lead-role of Sophie in the English dub of ''Howl's Moving Castle''.

Personal life

Jean Simmons was married and divorced twice: she married Stewart Granger in Tucson, Arizona on December 20, 1950. In 1956 she and Granger became U.S. citizens; they divorced in 1960. On November 1, 1960, she married director Richard Brooks; they divorced in 1977. Although both men were significantly older than Simmons, she denied she was looking for a father figure. Her father had died when she was just sixteen but she said: "They were really nothing like my father at all. My father was a gentle, soft-spoken man. My husbands were much noisier and much more opinionated ... it's really nothing to do with age ... it's to do with what's there – the twinkle and sense of humour." And in a 1984 interview, given in Copenhagen at the time she was shooting the film ''Yellow Pages'', she elaborated slightly on her marriages, stating,

She had two daughters, Tracy Granger (born September 1956) and Kate Brooks (born July 1961), one by each marriage – their names bearing witness to Simmons' friendship with Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. Simmons moved to the East Coast in the late 1970s, briefly renting a home in New Milford, Connecticut. Later she moved to Santa Monica, California, where she lived until her death from lung cancer at home on January 22, 2010, nine days before her 81st birthday.

In 2005, Simmons signed a petition to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking him not to upgrade cannabis from a class C drug to a class B.

Her ashes were scattered at her home by her family.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | rowspan="3" | 1944 |''Sports Day'' |Peggy | |- |''Give us the Moon'' |Heidi | |- |''Mr. Emmanuel'' | Sally Cooper | Billed as Jean Simmonds |- | rowspan="4" |1945 |''Kiss the Bride Goodbye'' |Molly Dodd | |- |''Meet Sexton Blake'' |Eva Watkins | |- |''The Way to the Stars'' | A singer | |- |''Caesar and Cleopatra'' |harpist | |- |1946 |''Great Expectations'' |Estella as a girl | |- | rowspan="4" | 1947 |''The Woman in the Hall'' | Jay | |- |''Uncle Silas'' |Caroline Ruthyn | |- |''Black Narcissus'' |Kanchi | |- |''Hungry Hill'' |Jane Brodrick | |- |1948 |''Hamlet'' |Ophelia |Nominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress |- |rowspan="2"|1949 |''The Blue Lagoon'' |Emmeline Foster | |- |''Adam and Evelyne'' |Evelyne Kirby | |- |rowspan="3"|1950 |''So Long at the Fair'' |Vicky Barton | |- |''Cage of Gold'' |Judith Moray | |- |''Trio'': "Sanatorium" |Evie Bishop | |- |1951 |''The Clouded Yellow'' |Sophie Malraux | |- |rowspan="2"|1952 |''Angel Face'' |Diane Tremayne | |- |''Androcles and the Lion'' |Lavinia | |- |rowspan="4"|1953 |''Young Bess'' |Princess Elizabeth | |- |''Affair with a Stranger'' |Carolyn Parker | |- |''The Robe'' |Diana | |- |''The Actress'' |Ruth Gordon Jones |National Board of Review Award for Best Actress |- |rowspan="5"|1954 |''She Couldn't Say No'' (AKA ''Beautiful but Dangerous'' ) |Corby Lane | |- |''Demetrius and the Gladiators'' |Diana |Appeared in a clip from ''The Robe'' |- |''The Egyptian'' |Meryt | |- |''A Bullet Is Waiting'' |Cally Canham | |- |''Désirée'' |Désirée Clary | |- |rowspan="2"|1955 |''Footsteps in the Fog'' |Lily Watkins | |- |''Guys and Dolls'' |Sergeant Sarah Brown |Awarded — Golden Globe for Best Musical/Comedy ActressNominated — BAFTA for Best Actress |- |1956 |''Hilda Crane'' |Hilda Crane | |- |rowspan="2"|1957 |''This Could Be the Night'' |Anne Leeds |Nominated — Golden Globe for Best Musical/Comedy Actress |- |''Until They Sail'' (1957) |Barbara Leslie Forbes | |- |rowspan="2"|1958 |''The Big Country'' |Julie Maragon | |- |''Home Before Dark'' |Charlotte Bronn |Nominated — Golden Globe for Best Drama Actress |- |- |1959 |''This Earth Is Mine'' |Elizabeth Rambeau | |- |rowspan="3"|1960 |''Elmer Gantry'' |Sharon Falconer |Nominated — BAFTA for Best ActressNominated — Golden Globe for Best Drama Actress |- |''Spartacus'' |Varinia | |- |''The Grass Is Greener'' |Hattie Durant | |- |1963 |''All the Way Home'' |Mary Follett | |- |1965 |''Life at the Top'' |Susan Lampton | |- |1966 |''Mister Buddwing'' (1966) |The Blonde | |- |rowspan="2"|1967 |''Divorce American Style'' |Nancy Downes | |- |''Rough Night in Jericho'' |Molly Lang | |- |1968 |''Heidi'' |Fräulein Rottenmeier | |- |1969 |''The Happy Ending'' |Mary Spencer |Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actress |- |1971 |''Say Hello to Yesterday'' |Woman | |- |1975 |''Mr. Sycamore'' |Estelle Benbow | |- |rowspan="2"|1978 |''The Dain Curse'' (TV) |Aaronia Haldorn | |- |''Dominique'' |Dominique Ballard | |- |1979 |''Beggarman, Thief'' (TV) |Gretchen Jordache Burke | |- |1981 |''A Small Killing'' (TV) |Margaret Lawrence | |- |1983 |''The Thorn Birds'' (TV) |Fee Cleary |Awarded — Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress |- |1984 |''December Flower'' (TV) |Etta Marsh | |- |rowspan="2"|1985 |''Midas Valley'' (TV) |Molly Hammond | |- |''North and South'' |Clarissa Gault Main | |- |1986 |''North and South Book II'' |Clarissa Gault Main | |- |1987 |''Perry Mason: The Case of the Lost Love'' |Laura Robertson | |- |rowspan="2"|1988 |''Yellow Pages |Maxine de la Hunt | |- |''The Dawning'' |Aunt Mary | |- |rowspan="2"|1989 |''Great Expectations'' |Miss Havisham | |- |''Murder She Wrote''Episode: "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall" | |Nominated — Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress, Drama Series |- |rowspan="3"|1991 |''Star Trek: The Next Generation''Episode: "The Drumhead" |Rear Admiral Norah Satie | |- |''Dark Shadows'' | Elizabeth Collins Stoddard / Naomi Collins | |- |''They Do It with Mirrors'' |Carrie-Louise Serrocold | |- |rowspan="2"|1995 |''How to Make an American Quilt'' |Em Reed | |- |''Daisies in December'' |Katherine Palmer | |- |2001 |''Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within'' |Council Member 2 (voice) | |- |2003 |''Winter Solstice'' |Countess Lucinda Rhives |Released in Germany as ''Wintersonne'' |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |''Jean Simmons: Rose of England'' |Herself | |- |''Howl's Moving Castle'' |Grandma Sophie (voice) | |- |2005 |''Thru the Moebius Strip'' |Shepway (voice) | |- |2009 |''Shadows in the Sun'' |Hannah | |- |}

Awards and nominations

;Awards

Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Series/Special, ''The Thorn Birds'' (1983)

Golden Globe for Best Musical/Comedy Actress, ''Guys and Dolls'' (1956)

;Nominations

Academy Award for Best Actress, ''The Happy Ending'' (1969)

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, ''Hamlet'' (1948)

BAFTA for Best Actress, ''Guys and Dolls'' (1956)

BAFTA for Best Actress, ''Elmer Gantry'' (1960)

Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress - Drama Series, ''Murder, She Wrote'' (1989)

Golden Globe for Best Drama Actress, ''Home Before Dark'' (1959)

Golden Globe for Best Drama Actress, ''Elmer Gantry'' (1961)

Golden Globe for Best Drama Actress, ''The Happy Ending'' (1970)

Golden Globe for Best Musical/Comedy Actress, ''This Could Be the Night'' (1958)

Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress - Miniseries, ''The Thorn Birds'' (1984)

References

External links

The Jean Simmons Memorial YouTube Page

Jean Simmons - A Fan Resource

Jean Simmons 1946 newsreel footage from British Pathe   (newsreel search)

newsreel footage 19th birthday in Fiji

BBC obituary

Telegraph obituary

Obituary in ''The New York Times'' (January 23, 2010)

Biography

In Appreciation of Jean Simmons (1929-2010)

Photographs and literature

Category:1929 births Category:2010 deaths Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:American people of English descent Category:American film actors Category:American musical theatre actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:Cancer deaths in California Category:Deaths from lung cancer Category:Emmy Award winners Category:English film actors Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:English musical theatre actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Actors from London Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Crouch End Category:People from Santa Monica, California

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