Jon Landau (born 1947) is an American music critic, manager and record producer, most known for his association in all three capacities with Bruce Springsteen.

He is currently the head of the nominating committee for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

As a critic, Landau wrote for ''Rolling Stone'' from its first issue and for other publications. In vol. 1, number 1 of ''RS'', 1967.11.09, Landau compared Jimi Hendrix and his debut album, ''Are You Experienced'', to Eric Clapton and Cream's debut album, ''Fresh Cream'' (both released months before, and both Jimi and Cream having made huge American splashes as live performers that summer). The next few issues saw Landau staking out more traditional R&B; and soul territory with profiles of Aretha Franklin, and Sam and Dave, plus a posthumous Otis Redding appreciation.

Landau's prophetic 1974 article in ''The Real Paper'', wherein he famously claimed "I saw rock and roll's future and its name is Bruce Springsteen", is credited by Nick Hornby and others with fostering Springsteen's popularity. Landau was then hired by Springsteen, and is cited as co-producer on Springsteen studio records from 1975's ''Born to Run'', through 1992s ''Human Touch'' and ''Lucky Town''. He is considered to have influenced Springsteen artistically as well as professionally.

Other artists that Landau has managed and/or produced include MC5, Livingston Taylor, Jackson Browne, Natalie Merchant, Alejandro Escovedo, and Shania Twain, among others.

Landau was once married to ''The New York Times'' film critic (and later book reviewer) Janet Maslin. He is now married to Barbara Downey, a former ''Rolling Stone'' editor. They have two children, Kate and Charles. Kate is also an artist manager.

References

Category:American music critics Category:American record producers Category:Brandeis University alumni Category:Bruce Springsteen Category:1947 births Category:Living people

it:Jon Landau sv:Jon Landau

Annie Duke (born Anne LaBarr Lederer; September 13, 1965) is a professional poker player and author who won a bracelet in the 2004 World Series of Poker $2,000 Omaha Hi-Low Split-8 or Better Event and was the winner of the 2004 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions, where she earned the Winner-Take-All prize of $2,000,000. In 2010 she won the National Heads-Up Poker Championship, earning a cash prize of $500,000 in addition to the title.

Personal life

Duke was born Anne LaBarr Lederer in Concord, New Hampshire, the daughter of Rhoda S. (née Spagenberg) and Richard Lederer, a writer and linguist who taught at St. Paul's School. Her brother, Howard Lederer, is also a professional poker player. Her sister, Katy Lederer, is an author and poet who wrote a book about the Lederer family, titled ''Poker Face: A Girlhood Among Gamblers''. Duke has four children: Maud (1995), Leo (1998), Lucy (2000), and Nell (2002).

Annie attended Columbia University where she double-majored in English and psychology. Subsequent to her undergraduate years, Duke was awarded an NSF Fellowship to attend graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania to study psycholinguistics, a field within cognitive psychology. Although originally intending to continue her studies, she decided to leave school in 1992, after five years of graduate school and one month before defending her Ph.D. work. She married Ben Duke, a close friend from the same university, and moved to his home in Columbus, Montana. It was at this time that, with the support of her brother, she began playing poker in nearby Billings, Montana.

In 2002, she moved to Portland, Oregon to work for ieLogic, a company that produces software for online real time casino gaming, which eventually came to life as UltimateBet. She and Ben were divorced in 2004, but she did win a $500 wager made with fellow pro Steve Zolotow, who bet her that her marriage wouldn't last five years. In 2005 she and her children moved to the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Duke and her then new, Mediterranean-style home — with fiance Joe Reitman — were featured in ''The New York Times'' article "At Home With Annie Duke" on January 19, 2006.

Poker

After leaving her academic work, Duke began playing poker in the legal card rooms in Billings, Montana. Her brother, Howard, was already a successful professional and he both coached and helped finance her poker play initially. In 1994, she and her then-husband moved to Las Vegas in order to play poker full time.

In early 2004, Duke received considerable publicity for tutoring actor Ben Affleck, who then went on to win the 2004 California State Poker Championship. In the 2004 World Series of Poker, she eliminated her brother, Howard Lederer, from four separate events, including the World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions, where she took first place and her brother took third. During this same World Series, she won her first gold bracelet, in an Omaha Hi-Lo tournament. She was one of three women (Kathy Liebert and Cyndy Violette being the other two) to win an open event in that year's WSOP.

Duke is one of many poker players who take issue with the restrictions placed on players during televised tournaments. Although the players pay mandatory entry fees to enter tournaments, some venues do not allow players to wear sponsorship logos. Duke raised some controversy when she made a statement in a news article regarding this issue: "We [poker players] are not even slaves. We're people paying to pick the cotton."

In 2006, Duke won the second annual World Series of Rock Paper Scissors (WSORPS). The WSORPS is an annual charity tournament hosted by Phil Gordon at the World Series of Poker. The winner receives free entry into the WSOP Main Event and the proceeds are donated to Gordon's charity ''Bad Beat on Cancer.''

Live poker

Tournaments

As of 2010, her total live tournament winnings exceeded $4,270,000. Her 38 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,128,951 of those winnings.

World Series of Poker

As of 2010, Annie holds the women's record for most "in the money" finishes at the WSOP, ranking 32nd overall with 38 cashes. In September 2004, Duke won $2,000,000 in the inaugural World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions, a 10-player, winner-take-all invitational event. At the time, this victory was the most money paid in a single event to a female poker player. That record was broken by Annette Obrestad as a result of her victory in the 2007 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event.

Duke has won one World Series of Poker bracelet, in Omaha HiLo, and more than three million dollars in tournament play. Nowadays she refuses to play in women's only tournaments, saying that "Poker is one of the few sports where a woman can compete on a totally equal footing with a man, so I don't understand why there's a ladies only tournament."

In the Main Event of the 2006 World Series of Poker, she finished in 88th place (out of 8,773 entrants) for $51,129 in winnings. She was one of two women left in the field when she was eliminated. (The remaining woman, Sabyl Cohen, later finished in 56th place for $123,699.)

+ World Series of Poker bracelets
!Year	!Tournament	!Prize (US$)
	$3,000 Omaha High-Low 8/OB	$137,860

Other notable tournaments

In 2010, Duke won the National Heads-Up Poker Championship. In a field of 64 top-ranked players, Duke defeated in order: Andy Bloch, Darvin Moon, Paul Wasicka, Jerry Yang, Dennis Phillips and Erik Seidel.

Online poker

Up until 12/30/2010, when she and Phil Hellmuth announced their departure, Duke was an UltimateBet Cardroom Consultant and a member of Team UB.

Other poker activities

As well as competing, Duke writes and speaks on poker-related subjects, and promotes poker-related organizations. Since 2000, she has been a spokesperson for UltimateBet and has written many articles for the online poker website, mainly on Omaha HiLo. In 2005, Duke penned her autobiography, ''How I Raised, Folded, Bluffed, Flirted, Cursed, and Won Millions at The World Series of Poker''.

On January 30, 2006, Duke became the first poker personality to appear on ''The Colbert Report''. During the show, she talked about her book and what it's like to be a woman in a male-dominated event. In 2006, The Game Show Network (GSN) premiered a television special titled ''Annie Duke Takes on the World'', which features Duke playing against amateur poker players. Duke has also made appearances on the Ultimate Blackjack Tour playing Elimination Blackjack.

Annie Duke has appeared on NBC's ''Poker After Dark'' three times but has not won.

Along with Phil Hellmuth Jr., Duke is a coach on Fox Sports Network’s ''Best Damn Poker Show'', which is sponsored by the poker site UltimateBet.

WSOP Poker Academy

Annie Duke is a teacher at the WSOP Poker Academy poker school. She appeared on ''The Ellen Degeneres Show'' and donated a WSOP Academy Experience Package which was auctioned off to benefit the Humane Society.

Other ventures

In addition to poker, Duke is involved with various other ventures. On December 1, 2006, Duke appeared as a member of the Mob on the NBC program, ''1 vs. 100''. She correctly answered every question and was the only celebrity who wasn't eliminated. She returned for the next few weeks, answering her questions correctly. She reappeared on the Christmas Day episode on December 25, answering a total of 35 consecutive questions correctly during her time on ''1 vs. 100,'' making her the longest running mob member in the history of the show to that point. Duke returned on February 9, 2007 under special "Last Man Standing" rules where the game continued until only one person remained. She survived to reach the final five of 100 contestants, before she, along with three of the other four mob members including Ken Jennings, were eliminated.

On March 24, 2008, Duke appeared on the NBC show ''Deal Or No Deal'' to support a contestant named Mary Beth Holtzheimer who, after taking a $341,000 deal from the bank with only two cases left, found her case #13 had the $1,000,000. Annie gave Mary Beth an offer earlier that included a dinner with herself, Mary Beth, and her fiance John Salmieri; private lessons; and an invitation to attend an All Ladies Poker league if the bank's offer was accepted, but it was not.

In 2009, she appeared on the reality television show, ''Celebrity Apprentice''. on which contestants raise money for charities of their choice. Duke raised more money for her charity, Refugees International, than any other contestant. Of the field of 16 competitors, Duke survived to compete in the finale against her primary rival throughout the show, Joan Rivers. Duke's fund-raising donations were more than triple those of Rivers'. However, total donations were only one of five criteria adjudged in the final task, and Rivers was ranked superior in three out of the five, placing Duke in second place overall.

Bibliography

''Annie Duke: How I Raised, Folded, Bluffed, Flirted, Cursed, and Won Millions at the World Series of Poker'' (2005) ISBN 1594630127

Notes

External links

Official site

July 2004 Columbia College article

Poker Source Online interview

PokerLizard.com interview

Hossli.com interview

July 2009 USA Today Q&A;

Category:1965 births Category:American gambling writers Category:American memoirists Category:American poker players Category:The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) contestants Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Female poker players Category:Living people Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Portland, Oregon Category:People from Billings, Montana Category:St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire) alumni Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners Category:National Heads-Up Poker Championship winners

de:Annie Duke es:Annie Duke fr:Annie Duke it:Annie Duke nl:Annie Duke ru:Дьюк, Энни fi:Annie Duke sv:Annie Duke

name	Jim Cooper
image name	Jimcooper.jpeg
birth date	July 19, 1954
birth place	Nashville, Tennessee
state	Tennessee
district	5th & 4th
term start	January 3, 2003
preceded	Bob Clement
succeeded	Incumbent
state2	Tennessee
term start2	January 3, 1983
term end2	January 4, 1995
preceded2	Al Gore
succeeded2	Van Hilleary
party	Democrat
spouse	Martha Hayes
children	Mary, Jamie, Hayes
religion	Episcopalian
residence	Shelbyville, Tennessee(1983-c. 1995)Nashville, Tennessee (c. 1995-present)
alma mater	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Oxford University Harvard Law School
occupation	Attorney }}

James Hayes Shofner "Jim" Cooper (born July 19, 1954) is the U.S. Representative for (based in Nashville), serving since 2003. He is a member of the Democratic Party and the Blue Dog Coalition. He previously represented from 1983 to 1995.

Early life and education

Cooper was born in Nashville and raised in Shelbyville, Tennessee. He is the son of former governor Prentice Cooper and his wife Hortense. Jim Cooper attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a member of Alpha Sigma Chapter of the Chi Psi fraternity and a recipient of the Morehead-Cain Scholarship. Upon graduation, he obtained a B.A. in history and economics. Cooper then went on to win the Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford earning a B.A./M.A. in politics and economics in 1977. In 1980, he received a J.D. from Harvard Law School.

U.S. House of Representatives

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services

*Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces

*Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Ranking Member)

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

*Subcommittee on Government Organization, Efficiency and Financial Management

*Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs, Stimulus Oversight and Government Spending

*Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs

Caucus Memberships

Congressional Arts Caucus

Tenure

Cooper is a member of the Blue Dog Coalition and generally has a moderate voting record. Cooper is the only Tennessean on the Armed Services Committee. He also serves on the Oversight and Government Reform Committee. Despite the different policy affiliation, he became one of Barack Obama's earliest Congressional endorsers. Cooper opposed an $819 billion economic stimulus plan that passed the House in 2009, but ended up voting for the revised $787 billion final package. He is one of only a few Blue Dog members that don't seek earmarks. Cooper voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in March 2010.

In 1992 he was co-author of a bipartisan health care reform plan, not including employer mandates to force universal coverage. This met strong opposition from Hillary Clinton.

In 1990, Cooper was one of the only three House Democrats that voted against the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. On several occasions, however, he found himself having to explain his votes to his somewhat conservative constituents.

In July 2011, Cooper was one of five Democrats to vote for the Cut, Cap, and Balance Act.

Political campaigns

In 1982, Cooper won the Democratic primary for the 4th District, which had been created when Tennessee gained a district after the 1980 census. The new 4th ran diagonally across the state, from heavily Republican areas near Tri-Cities, Knoxville and Chattanooga to the fringes of the Nashville suburbs. The district stretched across five media markets (the Tri-Cities, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Nashville and Huntsville, Alabama), so the 1982 race had much of the feel of a statewide race. Due to the district's demographics, many felt whoever won it would almost instantly become a statewide figure with a high potential for election to statewide office in the future. Cooper defeated Cynthia "Cissy" Baker, an editor in Washington for the Cable News Network and daughter of Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker with 66 percent of the vote and was reelected five more times with little substantive opposition, running unopposed in 1986 and 1988. This was somewhat surprising, given the district's volatile demographics. The district, then as now, was split between areas with strong Democratic and Republican voting histories. Indeed, prior to Cooper's election, much of the eastern portion of the 4th hadn't been represented by a Democrat since the Civil War. However, the size of the district makes it extremely difficult to unseat an incumbent.

1994 Senate campaign

In 1994, Cooper ran for the United States Senate for the seat left open when Al Gore was elected Vice President, but was soundly defeated by Republican attorney and actor Fred Thompson, receiving just under 40 percent of the vote. It was a bad year overall for Democrats in Tennessee, as Republicans captured Tennessee's other Senate seat (in the person of Bill Frist) as well as the governorship (in the person of Don Sundquist). The 4th also fell to the Republicans (in the person of Van Hilleary) as the party gained a majority of the state's congressional delegation for only the second time since Reconstruction. Cooper then moved to Nashville and entered private business, also serving as a professor at Vanderbilt University's Owen Graduate School of Management.

2002

Fifth District Congressman Bob Clement ran for Thompson's Senate seat in 2002 after Thompson opted not to run for a second full term, creating the first open-seat race in the 5th District since a 1987 special election. Cooper entered the Democratic primary along with several other prominent local Democrats. Republicans had long since given up on a district they hadn't won since 1874, and Republicans haven't made a serious bid for the 5th since 1972. It was generally understood that whoever won the Democratic primary was all but assured of victory in November. Cooper won the primary with 44 percent of the vote, all but assuring his return to Congress after an eight-year absence. Cooper defeated opponent Craig Schelske in the general election by an overwhelming margin.

2004

Cooper was reelected in 2004 against a Republican who disavowed his party's national ticket.

2006

In the 2006 election, Cooper faced Tom Kovach, the state public relations coordinator for the Constitution Party, who ran as a Republican since the Constitution Party did not have ballot access in Tennessee at the time. No one opposed Kovach for the Republican nomination. Cooper defeated Kovach by 41 points. Given the 5th's heavy Democratic tilt, it is very unlikely that Cooper will face substantive Republican opposition in the foreseeable future.

Personal life

In 1985 Cooper married with Martha Bryan Hays. They have three children.

References

External links

U.S. Representative Jim Cooper ''official House site''

Jim Cooper for Congress ''official campaign site''

Liberadio(!) audio Interview

"Jim Cooper Gets the Treatment: A Blue Dog Barks Back" Interview with Jonathan Cohn, ''The New Republic'', 2 April 2009

{{U.S. Representative box | state=Tennessee| district=4 | district_ord=4th | before=Albert A. Gore, Jr.| after=Van Hilleary| years=1983–1995}} {{U.S. Representative box | state=Tennessee| district=5 | district_ord=5th | before=Bob Clement| start=2003}}

Category:Groton School alumni Category:American Rhodes scholars Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee Category:Harvard Law School alumni Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:Investment bankers Category:Eagle Scouts Category:American Episcopalians Category:Tennessee Democrats Category:1954 births Category:Living people

de:Jim Cooper (Politiker) pl:Jim Cooper sv:Jim Cooper

name	Carole King
background	solo_singer
birth name	Carol Klein
birth date	February 09, 1942
origin	New York City, United States
instrument	PianoVocalsGuitar
genre	Folk rock, Pop
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	1958–present
label	RockingaleOde/Epic/CBS RecordsPriority/EMI Records
associated acts	James TaylorThe CityDanny KortchmarNeil Sedaka
website	CaroleKing.com }}

Carole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. King and her former husband Gerry Goffin wrote more than two dozen chart hits for numerous artists during the 1960s, many of which have become standards. As a singer, King's album ''Tapestry'' topped the U.S. album chart for 15 weeks, in 1971, and remained on the charts for more than six years.

She was most successful as a performer in the first half of the 1970s, although she was a successful songwriter long before and long after. She had her first No. 1 hit as a songwriter in 1961, at age 18, with "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", which she wrote with Gerry Goffin. In 1997, she co-wrote "The Reason" for Celine Dion.

In 2000, Joel Whitburn, a ''Billboard Magazine'' pop music researcher, named her the most successful female songwriter of 1955–99, because she wrote or co-wrote 118 pop hits on the Billboard Hot 100.

King has made 25 solo albums, the most successful being ''Tapestry''. Her most recent non-compilation album is ''Live at the Troubadour'', a collaboration with James Taylor, which reached No.4 on the charts in its first week, and has sold over 400,000 copies.

She has won four Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her songwriting. In 2009, Carole King was inducted into the "Hit Parade" Hall of Fame. She holds the record for the longest time for an album by a female to remain on the charts and the longest time for an album by a female to hold the No.1 position, both for ''Tapestry''.

Early life

Born Carol Klein (she added the "e" to her first name) in 1942 to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York, King grew up in Brooklyn. She learned the piano, then began singing with a vocal quartet called the Co-Sines at James Madison High School. As a teenager dreaming of having a successful entertainment career, she decided to give herself a new last name, stumbling upon "King" in a telephone directory. She attended Queens College, where she was a classmate (and girlfriend) of Neil Sedaka and inspired Sedaka's first hit, "Oh! Carol." She responded with "Oh! Neil." At Queens College, she befriended Paul Simon and Gerry Goffin.

Partnership with Gerry Goffin

Goffin and King formed a songwriting partnership for Aldon Music at 1650 Broadway in New York. Their partnership's first success was "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", recorded by The Shirelles. It topped the American charts in 1961, becoming the first No. 1 hit by a girl group. It was later recorded by Linda Ronstadt, Ben E. King, Dusty Springfield, Laura Branigan, Little Eva, Roberta Flack, The Four Seasons, Bryan Ferry, Dave Mason, Dionne Warwick, and Melanie Safka as well as by King herself, and Amy Winehouse.

Goffin and King married in September 1960 and had two daughters, Louise Goffin and Sherry Goffin. Both are musicians.

In 1965, Goffin and King wrote a theme song for Sidney Sheldon's television series, ''I Dream of Jeannie,'' but an instrumental by Hugo Montenegro was used instead. Goffin and King's 1967 song, "Pleasant Valley Sunday", a No.3 for The Monkees, was inspired by their move to suburban West Orange, New Jersey. Goffin and King also wrote "Porpoise Song (Theme from Head)" for ''Head'', the Monkees' film. (King also co-wrote "As We Go Along" with Toni Stern for the same film soundtrack.)

Goffin and King divorced in 1968 but Carole consulted Goffin on music she was writing. King lost touch with Goffin because of his declining mental health and the effect it had on their children.

Solo career

In 1967, King had a hit "Windy Day" with The Executives. In 1968, she was hired with Toni Stern to write for Strawberry Alarm Clock – "Lady of the Lake" and "Blues for a Young Girl Gone"—which appeared on the album, ''The World in a Seashell''.

King sang backup vocals on the demo of Little Eva's "The Loco-Motion". She had had a modest hit in 1962 singing one of her own songs, "It Might As Well Rain Until September" (22 in the US and top 10 in the UK, later a hit in Canada for Gary and Dave), but after "He's a Bad Boy" made 94 in 1963, it took King eight years to reach the Hot 100 singles chart again as a performer. As the '60s waned, King helped start Tomorrow Records, divorced Goffin and married Charles Larkey (of the Myddle Class), with whom she had two children (Molly and Levi). Moving to the West Coast, Larkey, King and Danny Kortchmar formed The City, which made one album, ''Now That Everything's Been Said'', a commercial failure. King made ''Writer'' (1970), also a commercial failure.

King followed ''Writer'' in 1971 with ''Tapestry'', featuring new folk-flavored compositions, as well as reinterpretations of two of her songs, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman." ''Tapestry'' was an instant success. With numerous hit singles – including a Billboard No.1 with "It's Too Late" – ''Tapestry'' held the No.1 spot for 15 consecutive weeks, remained on the charts for nearly six years, sold 10 million copies in the United States, and 25 million worldwide. The album garnered four Grammy Awards including Album of the Year; Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female; Record of the Year ("It's Too Late," lyrics by Toni Stern); and Song of the Year, become the first woman to win the award ("You've Got a Friend"). The album signalled the era of platinum albums, though it was issued prior to the invention of the platinum certification by the RIAA. It would eventually be certified Diamond.

''Tapestry'' was the top-selling solo album until Michael Jackson's ''Thriller'' in 1982. The album was later placed at 36 on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. In addition, "It's Too Late" was placed at No.469 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

''Carole King: Music'' was released in December 1971, certified gold on December 9, 1971. It entered the top ten at 8, becoming the first of many weeks ''Tapestry'' and ''Carole King: Music'' would occupy the top 10 simultaneously. The following week, it rose to 3, and finally No.1 on January 1, 1972, staying there for three weeks. The album also spawned a top 10 hit, "Sweet Seasons" (US No.9 and AC #2). ''Music'' stayed on the Billboard pop album charts for 44 weeks. ''Carole King: Music'' was eventually certified platinum.

''Rhymes and Reasons'' (1972), and ''Fantasy'' (1973) followed, each earning gold certifications. ''Rhymes and Reasons'' produced another hit, "Been to Canaan" (US No.24 and AC #1), and ''Fantasy'' produced two hits, "Believe in Humanity" (US #28) and "Corazon" (US No.37 and AC #5), as well as another song that charted on the Hot 100, "You Light Up My Life" (US No.68 and AC #6).

In 1973, King performed a free concert in New York City's Central Park with 100,000 attending.

In September 1974, King released her album ''Wrap Around Joy,'' which was certified gold on October 16, 1974 and entered the top ten at 7 on October 19, 1974. Two weeks later it reached 1 and stayed there one week. She toured to promote the album. ''Wrap Around Joy'' spawned two hits. Jazzman was a single and reached 2 on November 9 but fell out of the top ten the next week. Nightingale, a single on December 17, went to No.9 on March 1, 1975.

In 1975, King scored songs for the animated TV production of Maurice Sendak's ''Really Rosie'', released as an album by the same name, with lyrics by Sendak.

''Thoroughbred'' (1976) was the last studio album she made under the Ode label. In addition to enlisting her long-time friends such as David Crosby, Graham Nash, James Taylor and Waddy Wachtel, King reunited with Gerry Goffin to write four songs for the album. Their partnership continued intermittently. King also did a promotional tour for the album in 1976.

In 1977, King collaborated with another songwriter Rick Evers on ''Simple Things'', the first release with a new label distributed by Capitol Records. Shortly after that King and Evers were married; he died of a heroin overdose one year later. ''Simple Things'' was her first album that failed to reach the top 10 on the Billboard since ''Tapestry'', and it was her last Gold-certified record by the RIAA, except for a compilation entitled ''Her Greatest Hits'' the following year. Neither ''Welcome Home'' (1978), her debut as a co-producer on an album, nor ''Touch the Sky'' (1979), reached the top 100.

''Pearls – The Songs of Goffin and King'' (1980) yielded a hit single, an updated version of "One Fine Day." ''Pearls'' marked the end of King's career as a hitmaker and a performer, no subsequent single reaching the top 40.

Later life and work

King moved to Atlantic Records for ''One to One'' (1982), and ''Speeding Time'' in 1983, which was a reunion with Tapestry-era producer Lou Adler. In 1983, she played piano in "Chains and Things" on the B.B. King album ''Why I Sing The Blues''. After a well-received concert tour in 1984, journalist Catherine Foster of the Christian Science Monitor dubbed King as "a Queen of Rock." She also called King's performing as "all spunk and exuberance."

In 1985, she wrote and performed "Care-A-Lot," theme to ''The Care Bears Movie''. Also in 1985, she scored and performed (with David Sanborn) the soundtrack to the Martin Ritt-directed movie ''Murphy's Romance''. The soundtrack, again produced by Adler, included the songs "Running Lonely" and "Love For The Last Time (Theme from 'Murphy's Romance')," although a soundtrack album was apparently never officially released. King made a cameo appearance in the film as Tillie, a town hall employee.

In 1989, she returned to Capitol Records and recorded ''City Streets'', with Eric Clapton on two tracks and Branford Marsalis on one, followed by ''Color of Your Dreams'' (1993), with an appearance by Slash of Guns N' Roses. Her song, "Now and Forever," was in the opening credits to the 1992 movie ''A League of Their Own'', and was nominated for a Grammy Award.

In 1988, she starred in the off-Broadway production ''A Minor Incident'', and in 1994, she played Mrs Johnstone on Broadway in ''Blood Brothers''. In 1996, she appeared in ''Brighton Beach Memoirs'' in Ireland, directed by Peter Sheridan. In 1991, she wrote with Mariah Carey the song "If It's Over", for Carey's second album ''Emotions''. In 1996, she wrote "Wall Of Smiles / Torre De Marfil" with Soraya for her 1997 album of the same title.

In 1997, King wrote and recorded backing vocals on "The Reason" for Celine Dion on her album ''Let's Talk About Love''. The song sold worldwide, including one million in France. It went to number 1 in France, 11 in the UK, and 13 in Ireland. The pair performed a duet on the first VH1 Divas Live benefit concert. King also performed her "You've Got A Friend" with Celine Dion, Gloria Estefan and Shania Twain as well as "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" with Aretha Franklin and others, including Mariah Carey. In 1998, King wrote "Anyone at All", and performed it in ''You've Got Mail'', starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan.

In 2001, King appeared in a television ad for the Gap, with her daughter, Louise Goffin. She performed a new song, "Love Makes the World," which became a title track for her studio album in autumn 2001 on her own label, Rockingale, distributed by Koch Records. The album includes songs she wrote for other artists during the mid-1990s and features Celine Dion, Steven Tyler, Babyface and k.d. lang. ''Love Makes the World'' went to 158 in the US and No.86 in the UK. It also debuted on ''Billboard's'' Top Independent Albums chart and Top Internet Albums chart at #20. An expanded edition of the album was issued six years later called ''Love Makes the World Deluxe Edition''. It contains a bonus disc with five additional tracks, including a remake of "Where You Lead (I Will Follow)" co-written with Toni Stern. The same year, King and Stern wrote "Sayonara Dance," recorded by Yuki, former lead vocalist of the Japanese band Judy and Mary, on her first solo album ''Prismic'' the following year. Also in 2001, King composed a song for ''All About Chemistry'' album by Semisonic, with the band's frontman Dan Wilson.

King launched her Living Room Tour in July 2004 at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago. That show, along with shows at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles and the Cape Cod Melody Tent (Hyannis, Massachusetts) were recorded as ''The Living Room Tour'' in July 2005. The album sold 44,000 copies in its first week in the US, landing at 17 on the Billboard 200, her highest-charting album since 1977. The album also charted at 51 in Australia. It has sold 330,000 copies in the United States. In August 2006 the album reentered the Billboard 200 at 151. The tour stopped in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A DVD of the tour, called ''Welcome to My Living Room'', was released in October 2007.

In November 2007, King toured Japan with Mary J. Blige and Fergie from The Black Eyed Peas. Japanese record labels Sony and Victor reissued most of King's albums, including the works from the late 1970s previously unavailable on compact disc. King recorded a duet of the Goffin/King composition "Time Don't Run Out on Me" with Anne Murray on Murray's 2007 album ''Anne Murray Duets: Friends and Legends''. The song had previously been recorded by Murray for her 1984 album ''Heart Over Mind''.

In 2010, King and James Taylor staged their Troubadour Reunion Tour together, recalling the first time they played at The Troubadour in Los Angeles in 1970. The pair had reunited two and a half years earlier with the band they used in 1970 to mark the club's 50th anniversary. They enjoyed it so much that they decided to take the band on the road. The touring band featured players from that original band: Russ Kunkel, Leland Sklar, and Danny Kortchmar. Also present was King's son-in-law, Robbie Kondor. King played piano and Taylor guitar on each others' songs, and they sang together some of the numbers they were both associated with. The tour began in Australia in March, returning to the United States in May. It was a major commercial success, with King playing to some of the largest audiences of her career. Total ticket sales exceeded 700,000 and the tour grossed over 59 million dollars, making it one of the most successful tours of the year.

During their Troubadour Reunion Tour, Carole King released two albums, one with James Taylor. The first, released on April 27, 2010, ''The Essential Carole King'', is a two-disc compilation album. The first disc features many songs Carole King has recorded, mostly her hit singles. The second disc features recordings by other artists of songs that King wrote, most of which made the top 40, and many of which reached #1. The second album was released on May 4, 2010 and is a collaboration of King and James Taylor called ''Live at the Troubadour'', which debuted at No.4 in the United States with sales of 78,000 copies. ''Live at the Troubadour'' has since received a gold record from the RIAA for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US and has remained on the charts for 34 weeks, currently charting at No.170 on the ''Billboard'' 200.

On December 22, 2010, Carole King's mother, Eugenia Gingold, died in the Hospice Care unit at Delray Medical Center in Delray Beach, Florida at the age of 94. King stated that the cause of death was congestive heart failure. Gingold's passing was reported by the Miami Herald on January 1, 2011.

The City

In 1968 King formed The City, a music trio consisting of Charles Larkey, bass, Danny Kortchmar, guitar and vocals, and King on piano and vocals. The trio was assisted by Jim Gordon on drums. The City produced one album, ''Now That Everything's Been Said'' in 1968, but King's reluctance to perform live meant sales were slow, and after a change of distributors it got deleted early, and the group disbanded in 1969. The album was re-released in 1999 as a CD, though despite a reappraisal by Kortchmar that the album sowed the seeds for ''Tapestry'' the CD was also deleted.

Acting career

King has appeared sporadically in acting roles, notably three appearances as guest star on the TV series ''Gilmore Girls'' as Sophie, the owner of the Stars Hollow music store. King's song "Where You Lead (I Will Follow)" was also the theme song to the series, in a version sung with her daughter Louise.

Political and environmental activism

After relocating to Idaho in 1977, King became involved in environmental issues. Since 1990, she has been working with the Alliance for the Wild Rockies and other groups towards passage of the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act (NREPA). King has testified on Capitol Hill three times on behalf of NREPA: in 1994, 2007 and again in 2009.

King is also politically active in the United States Democratic Party. In 2003, she began campaigning for John Kerry, performing in private homes for caucus delegates during the Democratic primaries. On July 29, 2004, she made a short speech and sang at the Democratic National Convention, about two hours before Kerry made his acceptance speech for the Democratic nomination for President. King continued her support of Kerry throughout the general election.

In 2008, King appeared on the March 18 episode of ''The Colbert Report'', touching on her politics once more. She stated that she was supporting Hillary Clinton and mentioned that the choice had nothing to do with gender. She also expressed that she would have no issues if Barack Obama were to win the election. Before the show's conclusion, she returned to the stage to perform "I Feel the Earth Move".

Tributes and covers

An all-star roster of artists paid tribute to King on the 1995 album ''Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King.'' From the album, Rod Stewart's version of "So Far Away" and Celine Dion's cover of "A Natural Woman" were both Adult Contemporary chart hits. Other artists who appeared on the album included Amy Grant ("It's Too Late"), Richard Marx ("Beautiful"), Aretha Franklin ("You've Got a Friend"), Faith Hill ("Where You Lead"), and the Bee Gees ("Will You Love Me Tomorrow?").

Former Monkee Micky Dolenz released ''King for a Day'', a tribute album consisting of songs written or co-written by King, in 2010. The album includes "Sometime in the Morning", a King-penned song originally recorded by the Monkees in 1967. Dolenz had previously recorded another of King's Monkees compositions, "Porpoise Song", on his lullaby-themed CD ''Micky Dolenz Puts You to Sleep''.

Many other cover versions of King's work have appeared over the years. Most notably, "You've Got a Friend" was a smash No.1 hit for James Taylor in 1971 and a top 40 hit for Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway that same year. Isaac Hayes recorded "It's Too Late" for his No.1 R&B; live album ''Live at the Sahara Tahoe''. Barbra Streisand had a top 40 hit in 1972 with "Where You Lead" twice – by itself and as part of a live medley with "Sweet Inspiration." Streisand also covered "No Easy Way Down" in 1971, "Beautiful" and "You've Got A Friend" in 1972, and "Being At War With Each Other" in 1974. The Carpenters recorded King's "It's Going to Take Some Time" in 1972 ,and reached number 12 on the Billboard charts. Richard Carpenter produced a version of "You've Got A Friend" with then teen singer/actor Scott Grimes in 1989. Martika had a number 25 hit in 1989 with her version of I Feel the Earth Move, and "It's Too Late" reappeared on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1995 by Gloria Estefan. Linda Ronstadt recorded a new version of "Oh No Not My Baby" in 1993. Celine Dion also recorded King's song "The Reason" on her 1997 album ''Let's Talk About Love'' with Carole King singing backup and it became a million-seller and was certified Diamond in France. "Where You Lead" (lyrics by Toni Stern) became the title song of TV show ''Gilmore Girls''.

In 1996, a film very loosely based on her life, ''Grace of My Heart,'' was released. In the film an aspiring singer sacrifices her own singing career to write hit songs that launch the careers of other singers. Mirroring King's life, the film follows her from her first break, through the pain of rejection from the recording industry and a bad marriage, to her final triumph in realizing her dream to record her own hit album.

Awards and recognition

In 1987, Goffin and King were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 1988, Goffin and King received the National Academy of Songwriters Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1990, King was inducted, along with Goffin, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category for her songwriting achievements.

In 2002, King was given the "Johnny Mercer Award" by the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 2004, Goffin and King were awarded the Grammy Trustees Award.

King was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.

Discography and certifications

The years given are the years in which the albums and singles were released and not necessarily the years in which they achieved their peak positions.

U.S. Billboard Top 10 Albums

1971 – ''Tapestry'' (#1)

1971 – ''Carole King: Music'' (#1)

1972 – ''Rhymes and Reasons'' (#2)

1973 – ''Fantasy'' (#6)

1974 – ''Wrap Around Joy'' (#1)

1976 – ''Thoroughbred'' (#3)

2010 – ''Live at the Troubadour'' (with James Taylor) (#4)

U.S. Billboard Top 10 'Pop' Singles

1971 – "I Feel the Earth Move" (#1)

1971 – "It's Too Late" (#1)

1971 – "Sweet Seasons" (#9)

1974 – "Jazzman" (#2)

1974 – "Nightingale" (#9)

Albums and singles certifications

!Song title	!Certification
"It's Too Late"	Gold
!Album title	!Certification
''Tapestry''	Diamond
''Carole King: Music''	Platinum
''Rhymes and Reasons''	Gold
''Fantasy''	Gold
''Wrap Around Joy''	Gold
''Thoroughbred''	Gold
''Simple Things''	Gold
''Live at the Troubadour''	Gold

See also

List of songwriter tandems

References

External links

www.caroleking.com

Articles on Carole King

Rachel Louis Snyder on Carole King, ''Salon,'' June 19, 1999

Franck Scheck on Carole King, ''Hollywood Reporter,'' July 15, 2005

Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:A&M; Records artists Category:American female pop singers Category:American pop pianists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:E1 Music artists Category:Female rock singers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jewish American composers and songwriters Category:Musicians from New Jersey Category:People from Brooklyn Category:People from Long Island Category:People from West Orange, New Jersey Category:Queens College, City University of New York alumni Category:RCA Victor artists Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees

an:Carole King da:Carole King de:Carole King es:Carole King fr:Carole King gl:Carole King ko:캐롤 킹 io:Carole King it:Carole King he:קרול קינג nl:Carole King ja:キャロル・キング no:Carole King pl:Carole King pt:Carole King ru:Кинг, Кэрол sc:Carole King simple:Carole King fi:Carole King sv:Carole King tl:Carole King th:คาโรล คิง zh:卡洛爾·金

birth date	August 16, 1954
birth place	Kapuskasing, Ontario
birth name	James Francis Cameron
nationality	Canadian
citizenship	Canadian
networth	$650 million (est.)
education	Brea Olinda High School
alma mater	Fullerton College
home town	Chippawa, Ontario
residence	Permanent Los Angeles, California secondary Permanent New Zealand
years active	1978–present
spouse(s)	Sharon Williams (1978–1984)Gale Anne Hurd (1985–1989)Kathryn Bigelow (1989–1991)Linda Hamilton (1997–1999)Suzy Amis (2000–present)
occupation	Film director, producer, editor, screenwriter, environmentalist, explorer
Notable works	''The Terminator'', ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'', ''Avatar'', ''Titanic'', ''Aliens'', ''True Lies'', ''The Abyss''
influences	Stanley Kubrick, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Ridley Scott, George Lucas, Roger Corman, Steven Spielberg
influenced	David Fincher, Jonathan Mostow, Kathryn Bigelow, Rupert Wyatt, McG, Sam Raimi, Robert Rodriguez, Steven Spielberg, Joss Whedon, Alister Grierson, Duncan Jones
website	}}

James Francis Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian film director, film producer, deep-sea explorer, screenwriter, visual artist, editor, environmentalist and inventor. His writing and directing work includes ''Piranha II: The Spawning'' (1981), ''The Terminator'' (1984), ''Aliens'' (1986), ''The Abyss'' (1989), ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991), ''True Lies'' (1994), ''Titanic'' (1997), and ''Dark Angel'' (2000–2002). In the time between making ''Titanic'' and his return to feature films with ''Avatar'' (2009), Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films (specifically underwater documentaries), and also co-developed the digital 3D Fusion Camera System. Described by a biographer as part-scientist and part-artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies.

He has been nominated for six Academy Awards overall, and received half of them, three Oscars for ''Titanic''. In total, Cameron's directorial efforts have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America and US$6 billion worldwide. Without adjusting for inflation, Cameron's ''Titanic'' and ''Avatar'' are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $1.84 billion and $2.78 billion respectively. In March 2011 he was named Hollywood's top earner by ''Vanity Fair'', with estimated 2010 earnings of $257 million.

Background

Cameron was born in Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, 1954, the son of Shirley (Lowe), an artist and nurse, and Phillip Cameron. His paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland in 1825; thus, he descends from Clan Cameron.

Cameron grew up in Chippawa, Ontario with his brother Davie Cameron and attended Stamford Collegiate School in Niagara Falls; his family moved to Brea, California in 1971 when he was 17. Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a 2-year community college, in 1973 to study physics. He switched to English, then dropped out before the start of the fall 1974 semester.

After dropping out of Sonora High School, he went to further his secondary education at Brea Olinda High School. After graduating, he worked several jobs such as truck driving and wrote when he had time. During this period he taught himself about special effects: "I'd go down to the USC library and pull any thesis that graduate students had written about optical printing, or front screen projection, or dye transfers, anything that related to film technology. That way I could sit down and read it, and if they'd let me photocopy it, I would. If not, I'd make notes."

After seeing the original ''Star Wars'' film in 1977, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry. When Cameron read Syd Field's book ''Screenplay'', it occurred to him that integrating science and art was possible, and he wrote a ten-minute science fiction script with two friends, entitled ''Xenogenesis''. They raised money and rented camera, lenses, film stock, and studio, and shot it in 35mm. To understand how to operate the camera, they dismantled it and spent the first half-day of the shoot trying to figure out how to get it running.

Early career

While continuing to educate himself in film-making techniques, Cameron started working as a miniature-model maker at Roger Corman Studios. Making rapidly produced, low-budget productions taught Cameron to work efficiently and effectively. He soon found employment as an art director in the sci-fi movie ''Battle Beyond the Stars'' (1980). He did special effects work design and direction on John Carpenter's ''Escape from New York'' (1981), acted as production designer on ''Galaxy of Terror'' (1981), and consulted on the design of ''Android'' (1982).

Cameron was hired as the special effects director for the sequel of ''Piranha'', entitled ''Piranha II: The Spawning'' in 1981. The original director, Miller Drake, left the project due to creative differences with Ovidio Assonitis. Cameron was hired by Assonitis to take over, giving him his first directorial job. (He had worked previously with producer Roger Corman.) The interior scenes were filmed in Italy while the underwater diving sequences were shot at Grand Cayman Island.

The movie was to be produced in Jamaica. On location, production slowed down due to numerous problems and adverse weather conditions. James Cameron was fired after failing to get a close up of Carole Davis in her opening scene. Ovidio ordered Cameron to do the close-up the next day before he started on that day’s shooting. Cameron spent the entire day sailing around the resort to reproduce the lighting but still failed to get the close-up. After he was fired, Ovidio invited Cameron to stay on location and assist in the shooting. Once in Rome, Ovidio took over the editing and Cameron was struck down by food poisoning. Suffering from his illness, one night he had a nightmare about an invincible robot hitman sent from the future to kill him, giving him the idea for ''The Terminator'', which would later catapult his filming career.

Major films

''The Terminator'' (1984)

After completing a screenplay for ''The Terminator'', Cameron decided to sell it so that he could direct the movie. However, the production companies he contacted, while expressing interest in the project, were unwilling to let a largely inexperienced feature film director make the movie. Finally, Cameron found a company called Hemdale Pictures, which was willing to let him direct. Gale Anne Hurd, who had started her own production company, Pacific Western Productions, had previously worked with Cameron in Roger Corman's company and agreed to buy Cameron's screenplay for one dollar, on the condition that Cameron direct the film. Hurd was signed on as producer, and Cameron finally got his first break as director. Orion Pictures distributed the film.

Initially, for the role of the Terminator, Cameron wanted someone who wasn't exceptionally muscular, and who could "blend into" a normal crowd. Lance Henriksen, who had starred in ''Piranha II: The Spawning'', was considered for the title role, but when Arnold Schwarzenegger and Cameron first met over lunch to discuss Schwarzenegger playing the role of Kyle Reese, both came to the conclusion that the cyborg villain would be the more compelling role for the Austrian bodybuilder; Henriksen got the smaller part of LAPD detective Hal Vukovich and the role of Kyle Reese went to Michael Biehn. In addition, Linda Hamilton first appeared in this film in her iconic role of Sarah Connor, and later married Cameron.

''The Terminator'' was a box office hit, breaking expectations by Orion Pictures executives that the film would be regarded as no more than a sci-fi film, and only last a week in theaters. It was a low-budget film which cost $6.5 million to make, cutting expenses in such ways as recording the audio track in mono. However, ''The Terminator'' eventually earned over $78 million worldwide.

''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' (1985)

During the early 1980s, Cameron wrote three screenplays simultaneously: ''The Terminator'', ''Aliens'', and the first draft of ''Rambo: First Blood Part II''. While Cameron continued with ''The Terminator'' and ''Aliens'', Sylvester Stallone eventually took over the script of ''Rambo: First Blood Part II'', creating a final draft which differed radically from Cameron's initial version.

''Aliens'' (1986)

Cameron next began the sequel to ''Alien'', the 1979 film by Ridley Scott. Cameron named the sequel ''Aliens'', and again cast Sigourney Weaver in the iconic role of Ellen Ripley. According to Cameron, the crew on ''Aliens'' was hostile to him, regarding him as a poor substitute for Ridley Scott. Cameron sought to show them ''The Terminator'' but the majority of the crew refused to watch it and remained skeptical of his direction throughout production. Despite this and other off-screen problems (such as clashing with an uncooperative camera man and having to replace one of the lead actors – Michael Biehn of ''Terminator'' took James Remar's place as Corporal Hicks), ''Aliens'' became a box office success, and received Academy Award nominations for Best Actress in a Leading Role for Weaver, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, Best Sound, and won awards for Best Sound Effects Editing and Best Visual Effects. In addition, the film and its lead actress made the cover of ''TIME'' magazine as a result of its numerous and extensive scenes of women in combat - these were almost without precedent and expressed the feminist theme of the film very strongly.

''The Abyss'' (1989)

Cameron's next project stemmed from an idea that had come up during a high school biology class. The story of oil-rig workers who discover otherworldly underwater creatures became the basis of Cameron's screenplay for ''The Abyss'', which cast Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Michael Biehn. Initially budgeted at $41 million U.S. (though the production ran considerably over budget), it was considered to be one of the most expensive films of its time, and required cutting-edge effects technology. Because much of the film takes place underwater and the technology wasn't advanced enough to digitally create an underwater environment, Cameron chose to shoot much of the movie "reel-for-real", at depths of up to . For creation of the sets, the containment building of an unfinished nuclear power plant was converted, and two huge tanks were used. The main tank was filled with of water, and the second with . The cast and crew resided there for much of the shooting.

''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991)

After the success of ''The Terminator'', there had always been talks about a sequel to continue the story of Sarah Connor and her struggle against machines from the future. Although Cameron had come up with a core idea for the sequel, and Schwarzenegger expressed interest in continuing the story, there were still problems regarding who had the rights to the story, as well as the logistics of the special effects needed to make the sequel. Finally, in late-1980s, Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the sequel, allowing Cameron to greenlight production of the film, now called ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day''.

For the film, Linda Hamilton reprised her iconic role of Sarah Connor. In addition, Schwarzenegger also returned in his role as The Terminator, but this time as a protector. Unlike the T-800, who is made of a metal endoskeleton, the new villain of the sequel, called the T-1000, was a more advanced Terminator made of liquid metal, and with polymorphic abilities. The T-1000 would also be much less bulky than the T-800. For the role, Cameron cast Robert Patrick, a sharp contrast to Schwarzenegger. Cameron explained, "I wanted someone who was extremely fast and agile. If the T-800 is a human Panzer tank, then the T-1000 is a Porsche."

Cameron had originally wanted to incorporate this advanced-model Terminator into the first film, but the special effects at the time were not advanced enough. The ground-breaking effects used in ''The Abyss'' to digitally depict the water tentacle convinced Cameron that his liquid metal villain was now possible.

TriStar Pictures agreed to distribute the film, but under a locked release date only about one year after the start of shooting. The movie, co-written by Cameron and his longtime friend, William Wisher, Jr., had to go from screenplay to finished film in just that amount of time. Like Cameron's previous film, it was one of the most expensive films of its era, with a budget of about $100 million. The biggest challenge of the movie was the special effects used in creating the T-1000. Nevertheless, the film was finished on time, and released to theaters on July 3, 1991.

''Terminator 2'', or ''T2'', as it was abbreviated, broke box-office records (including the opening weekend record for an R-rated film), earning over $200 million in the United States and Canada, and over $300 million in other territories, and became the highest-grossing film of that year. It won four Academy Awards: Best Makeup, Best Sound, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Visual Effects. It was also nominated for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing, but lost both Awards to ''JFK''.

James Cameron announced a third Terminator film many times during the 1990s, but without coming out with any finished scripts. Kassar and Vajna purchased the rights to the Terminator franchise from a bankruptcy sale of Carolco's assets. ''Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines'' was eventually made and released in July 2003 without Cameron's involvement. Jonathan Mostow directed the film and Schwarzenegger returned as the Terminator.

Cameron reunited with the main cast of ''Terminator 2'' to film ''T2 3-D: Battle Across Time'', an attraction at Universal Studios Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Japan. It was released in 1996 and was a mini-sequel to ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day''. The show is in two parts: a prequel segment in which a spokesperson talks about Cyberdyne, and a main feature, in which the performers interact with a 3-D movie.

''True Lies'' (1994)

Before the release of ''T2'', Schwarzenegger came to Cameron with the idea of making a remake of the French comedy ''La Totale!'' Titled ''True Lies'', with filming beginning after ''T2'''s release, the story revolves around a secret-agent spy who leads a double life as a married man, whose wife believes he is a computer salesman. Schwarzenegger was cast as Harry Tasker, a spy charged with stopping a plan by a terrorist to use nuclear weapons against the United States. Jamie Lee Curtis and Eliza Dushku played the character's family, and Tom Arnold the sidekick.

Cameron's ''Lightstorm Entertainment'' signed on with Twentieth Century Fox for production of ''True Lies''. Made on a budget of $115 million and released in 1994, the film earned $146 million in North America, and $232 million abroad. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects.

''Titanic'' (1997)

Cameron expressed interest in the famous sinking of the ship . He decided to script and film his next project based on this event. The picture revolved around a fictional romance story between two young lovers from different social classes who meet on board. Before production began, he took dives to the bottom of the Atlantic and shot actual footage of the ship underwater, which he inserted into the final film. Much of the film's dialogue was also written during these dives.

Subsequently, Cameron cast Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, Billy Zane, Kathy Bates, Frances Fisher, Gloria Stuart, Bernard Hill, Jonathan Hyde, Victor Garber, Danny Nucci, David Warner, Suzy Amis and Bill Paxton as the film's principal cast. Cameron's budget for the film reached about $200 million, making it the most expensive movie ever made at the time. Before its release, the film was widely ridiculed for its expense and protracted production schedule.

Released to theaters on December 19, 1997, ''Titanic'' grossed less in its first weekend ($28.6 million) than in its second, ($35.4 million), an increase of 23.8%. This is unheard of for a widely released film, which is a testament to the movie's appeal. This was especially noteworthy, considering that the film's running time of more than three hours limited the number of showings each theater could schedule. It held the No. 1 spot on the box-office charts for months, eventually grossing a total of over $600 million in the United States and Canada and more than $1.8 billion worldwide. ''Titanic'' became the highest-grossing film ever made, until Cameron's 2009 film ''Avatar''. The CG visuals surrounding the sinking and destruction of the ship were considered spectacular. Despite criticism during production of the film, it received a record-tying 14 Oscar nominations (tied with ''All About Eve'') at the 1998 Academy Awards. It won 11 Oscars (also record-tying with ''Ben-Hur'' and later ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''), including Best Picture, Best Film Editing, Best Sound, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Visual Effects, Best Original Song, Best Original Dramatic Score, and the Best Director award for Cameron. Upon receiving the award, Cameron exclaimed, "I'm king of the world!", in reference to one of the main characters' lines from the film. In March 2010, Cameron revealed that ''Titanic'' will be re-released in 3D in April 2012, in order to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the actual ship.

''Spider-Man'' and ''Dark Angel'' (2000–2002)

Cameron had initially next planned to do a film of the comic book character Spider-Man, a project developed by Menahem Golan of Cannon Films. Columbia hired David Koepp to adapt Cameron's treatment into a screenplay, and Koepp's first draft is taken often word-for-word from Cameron's story, though later drafts were heavily rewritten by Koepp himself, Scott Rosenberg, and Alvin Sargent. Columbia preferred to credit David Koepp solely, and none of the scripts before or after his were ever examined by the Writers Guild of America, East to determine proper credit attribution. Cameron and other writers objected, but Columbia and the WGA prevailed. In its release in 2002, ''Spider-Man'' had its screenplay credited solely to Koepp.

Unable to make ''Spider-Man'', Cameron moved to television and created ''Dark Angel'', a superheroine-centered series influenced by cyberpunk, biopunk, contemporary superhero franchises, and third-wave feminism. Co-produced with Charles H. Eglee, ''Dark Angel'' starred Jessica Alba as Max Guevara, a genetically enhanced transgenic super-soldier created by a secretive organization. Cameron's work was said to "bring empowered female warriors back to television screens[...] by mixing the sober feminism of his ''The Terminator'' and ''Aliens'' characters with the sexed-up Girl Power of a Britney Spears concert." While a success in its first season, low ratings in the second led to its cancellation. Cameron himself directed the series finale, a two-hour episode wrapping up many of the series' loose ends.

Documentaries (2002–2009)

In 1998 James and John David Cameron formed a digital media company, earthship.tv which became Earthship Productions. The company produced live multimedia documentaries from the depths of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. With Earthship Productions, John Cameron's recent projects have included undersea documentaries on the (''Expedition: Bismarck'', 2002) and the ''Titanic'' (''Ghosts of the Abyss'' (2003, in IMAX 3D) and ''Tony Robinson's Titanic Adventure'' (2005)). He was a producer on the 2002 film ''Solaris'', and narrated ''The Exodus Decoded''.

Cameron is a leading advocate for stereoscopic digital 3-D films. In a 2003 interview about his IMAX 2D documentary ''Ghosts of the Abyss'', he mentioned that he is "going to do everything in 3D now". He has made similar statements in other interviews. ''Ghosts of the Abyss'' and ''Aliens of the Deep'' (also an IMAX documentary) were both shot in 3-D and released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media, and Cameron did the same for his new project, ''Avatar'' for 20th Century Fox & Sony Pictures' Columbia Pictures. He intends to use the same technology for ''The Dive'', ''Sanctum'' and an adaptation of the manga series ''Battle Angel Alita''.

Cameron was the founder and CEO of Digital Domain, a visual effects production and technology company.

In addition, he plans to create a 3-D project about the first trip to Mars. ("I've been very interested in the Humans to Mars movement—the 'Mars Underground'—and I've done a tremendous amount of personal research for a novel, a miniseries, and a 3-D film.") He is on the science team for the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory.

Cameron announced on February 26, 2007, that he, along with his director, Simcha Jacobovici, have documented the unearthing of the Talpiot Tomb, which is alleged to be the tomb of Jesus. Unearthed in 1981 by Israeli construction workers, the names on the tomb are claimed, by Cameron, to correlate with the names of Jesus and several individuals closely associated with him. Cameron further claims to have DNA tests, archaeological evidence, and Biblical studies to back up his claim. The documentary, named ''The Lost Tomb of Jesus'', was broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 4, 2006.

''Avatar'' (2009)

In June 2005, Cameron was announced to be working on a project tentatively titled "Project 880" (now known to be ''Avatar'') in parallel with another project, ''Battle Angel'' (an adaptation of the manga series Battle Angel Alita). Both movies were to be shot in 3D. By December, Cameron stated that he wanted to film ''Battle Angel'' first, followed by ''Avatar''. However in February 2006, he switched goals for the two film projects and decided to film ''Avatar'' first. He mentioned that if both films are successful, he would be interested in seeing a trilogy being made for both.

''Avatar'' had an estimated budget of over $300 million and was released on December 18, 2009. This marked his first feature film since 1997's ''Titanic''. It is composed almost entirely of computer-generated animation, using a more advanced version of the "performance capture" technique used by director Robert Zemeckis in ''The Polar Express''. James Cameron wrote an 80 page scriptment for ''Avatar'' in 1995 and announced in 1996 that he would make the film after completing ''Titanic''. In December 2006, Cameron explained that the delay in producing the film since the 1990s had been to wait until the technology necessary to create his project was advanced enough. The film was originally scheduled to be released in May 2009 but was pushed back to December 2009 to allow more time for post production on the complex CGI and to give more time for theatres worldwide to install 3D projectors. Cameron originally intended ''Avatar'' to be 3D-only. The film went on to break the record for highest-grossing film ever, beating Cameron's previous film ''Titanic''. ''Avatar'' also became the first movie to ever earn more than $2 billion worldwide. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects and Best Art Direction. Cameron lost the award for Best Director to his ex-wife, Kathryn Bigelow, who also took Best Picture with her film ''The Hurt Locker''.

Cameron was declared as the highest earner in Hollywood for 2010 earning $257 million for his blockbuster hit, in a survey listing the top 40 earners by Vanity Fair.

Critics of "Avatar" have said that it continues to perpetrate the "White Messiah" myth. Film-maker Neil Diamond described it in an interview as "Dances with Pocahontas in Space."

Planned films

In October 2010, Cameron signed an agreement with Fox to direct two sequels to ''Avatar'', which are scheduled to be released in December 2014 and December 2015. Another project Cameron has announced a personal commitment to shoot is a film on the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as told through the story of Tsutomu Yamaguchi, a man who survived both attacks. Cameron met with Yamaguchi just days before he died in 2010.

Awards

Cameron received the Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1991—but, being primarily thought of as a genre filmmaker, he did not receive any major mainstream filmmaking awards prior to ''Titanic''. With ''Titanic'', Cameron received Academy Awards for Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris), Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau), and Best Director. He also won a Golden Globe Award for best director for the film.

In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University, Ottawa, awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998. Cameron accepted the degree in person and gave the Convocation Address.

He also received an honorary doctorate in October 1998 from Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, for his accomplishments in the international film industry.

In 1998, Cameron attended convocation to receive an honorary doctorate of Laws from Ryerson University, Toronto. The university awards its highest honor to those who have made extraordinary contributions in Canada, or internationally.

In 1999, Cameron received the honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Fullerton, where he had been a student in the 1970s. He received the degree at the university's annual Commencement exercises that year, where he gave the keynote speech.

In recognition of his contributions to underwater filming and remote vehicle technology, the University of Southampton awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of the University. Cameron received his degree in person at the graduation ceremony in July 2004.

On June 3, 2008, it was announced that he would be inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. On December 18, 2009, the same day ''Avatar'' was released worldwide, Cameron received the 2,396th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

On February 28, 2010 James Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society (VES) Lifetime Achievement Award.

With ''Avatar'', Cameron has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau), Best Director and Best Film Editing (shared with John Refoua and Stephen E. Rivkin) and received the Golden Globe for Best Picture and Best Director. Cameron and ''Avatar'' lost the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture to Cameron's former wife Kathryn Bigelow for her film, ''The Hurt Locker''.

On September 24, 2010 James Cameron was named Number 1 in The 2010 Guardian Film Power 100 list. In a list compiled by the British magazine New Statesman in September 2010, he was listed 30th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".

Awards

''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' ''[[Aliens (film) ''[[Aliens (film) ''The Abyss'' ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' ''True Lies'' ''[[Titanic (1997 film) ''[[Titanic (1997 film) ''Ghosts of the Abyss'' ''Avatar (2009 film)

Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
style="text-align:center;"	1984	''The Terminator''	Director, Writer
style="text-align:center;"	1985	|	Writer	1986	Aliens">Golden Raspberry Award
style="text-align:center;"	1986	Aliens'' ||	Director, Writer	Academy Award for Best Sound EditingAcademy Award for Best Visual EffectsNominated for Academy Award for Best ActressNominated for Academy Award for Best Original ScoreNominated for Academy Award for Best Sound MixingNominated for Academy Award for Best Film EditingNominated for Academy Award for Best Art Direction
style="text-align:center;"	1989	|	Director, Writer	Academy Award for Best Visual EffectsNominated for Academy Award for Best Art DirectionNominated for Academy Award for Best CinematographyNominated for Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing
style="text-align:center;"	1991	|	Director, Writer and Producer	Academy Award for Best MakeupAcademy Award for Best Sound MixingAcademy Award for Best Sound EditingAcademy Award for Best Visual EffectsNominated for Academy Award for Best CinematographyNominated for Academy Award for Best Film Editing
style="text-align:center;"	1994	|	Director, Writer and Producer	Nominated for 1997	Titanic">Academy Awards
style="text-align:center;"	1997	Titanic'' ||	Director, Writer, Producer and Editor	Academy Award for Best DirectorAcademy Award for Best PictureAcademy Award for Best Film EditingAcademy Award for Best CinematographyAcademy Award for Best Costume DesignAcademy Award for Best Visual EffectsAcademy Award for Best Sound MixingAcademy Award for Best Sound EditingAcademy Award for Best Original ScoreAcademy Award for Best Original SongAcademy Award for Best Art DirectionNominated for Academy Award for Best ActressNominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated for Academy Award for Best Makeup
style="text-align:center;"	2003	|	Director and Producer	Nominated by the Broadcast Film Critics Association for Best Documentary
style="text-align:center;"	2009	Avatar'' ||	Director, Writer, Producer and Editor	Academy Award for Best Cinematography Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Academy Award for Best Art DirectionNominated for Academy Award for Best PictureNominated for Academy Award for Best DirectorNominated for Academy Award for Best Film EditingNominated for Academy Award for Best Original ScoreNominated for Academy Award for Best Sound EditingNominated for Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing

Casting

Cameron often casts certain actors more than once in his films. Cameron has consistently worked with Bill Paxton, Michael Biehn, Lance Henriksen, Jenette Goldstein and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Actor !! ''Xenogenesis (film)

Xenogenesis'' (1978) !! ''Piranha II: The Spawning'' (1981) !! ''The Terminator'' (1984) !! ''Aliens'' (1986) !! ''The Abyss'' (1989) !! ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991) !! ''True Lies'' (1994) !! ''Titanic'' (1997) !! ''Expedition: Bismarck'' (2002) !! ''Ghosts of the Abyss'' (2003) !! ''Avatar'' (2009)!! ''Avatar 2'' (2014)!! ''Avatar 3'' (2015)

! William Wisher, Jr.

|

Lance Henriksen

|

Bill Paxton

|

Michael Biehn

|

1

Earl Boen

|

Linda Hamilton

|

Arnold Schwarzenegger

|

Jenette Goldstein

|

Sigourney Weaver

|

Zoe Saldana

|

Sam Worthington

|

¹ His reprised role of Reese was cut from the theatrical release, but restored in the DVD's Special Edition Version. ² Although Wisher Jr. has written some of Cameron's works, he is listed in the above table as an actor.

Recurring themes

Cameron's films have recurring themes and subtexts. These include the prospects of nuclear holocaust (the Skynet takeover scenario from both Terminator films), attempts to reconcile humanity with technology (as seen in ''Aliens'' and ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day''), humanity repeating the same mistakes, the dangers of corporate greed (''Aliens'', ''Avatar''), strong female characters (Sarah Connor, Neytiri, and Ellen Ripley being the most famous), and a strong romance subplot.

While ''The Abyss'' dealt with deep sea exploration (shot on a studio set), Cameron himself became an expert in the field of deep sea wreckage exploration, exploring the wreckage of Titanic and Bismarck. Cameron will return to this theme with ''The Dive'', shooting from a minisub.

So important is technology in Cameron's films that he waited years for the technical tools of the craft to advance sufficiently to realize his vision for ''Avatar'', for which he had special 3-D cameras developed.

Filmography

Cameron has contributed to many projects as either a writer, director, producer, or as a combination of the three.

Cameron's first film was the 1978 science fiction short film ''Xenogenesis'', which he directed, wrote and produced. Cameron's films have grossed a total of over $7 billion worldwide.

In addition to works of fiction, Cameron has directed and appeared in several documentaries including ''Ghosts of the Abyss'' and ''Aliens of the Deep''. He also contributed to a number of television series including ''Dark Angel'' and ''Entourage''. He plans to shoot a small drama film after the Avatar trilogy, just to prove that 3D works even for domestic dramas. His next movie is called Myth.

Personal life

Cameron has been married five times: to Sharon Williams (1978–1984), Gale Anne Hurd (1985–1989), director Kathryn Bigelow (1989–1991), and Linda Hamilton (1997–1999, daughter Josephine born in 1993). Cameron dated Hamilton since 1991, but the two didn't marry until 1997. Eight months after the marriage, however, they separated, and within days of Cameron's Oscar victory with ''Titanic,'' the couple announced their divorce. As part of the divorce settlement, Cameron was forced to pay Hamilton $50 million. Hamilton later revealed that the reason for their divorce was not only Cameron's blind devotion to his work to the exclusion of almost everything else, but also that he had been having an affair with Suzy Amis, an actress he cast in ''Titanic.''. He married Amis in 2000, and they have one son and two daughters. Cameron lives in Malibu, California with his wife. On February 2 the Associated Press said Cameron will be moving to New Zealand to film Avatar.

Hurd was the producer of Cameron's ''The Terminator'', ''Aliens'', and ''The Abyss'', and the executive producer of ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day''. Hamilton played the role of Sarah Connor in both ''Terminator'' films. Amis played the part of Lizzy Calvert, Rose's granddaughter, in ''Titanic''. Both Cameron (''Avatar'') and Bigelow (''The Hurt Locker'') were nominated for the Oscar, Golden Globe, and BAFTA Award for Best Director for films released in 2009. Cameron won the Golden Globe, whilst Bigelow won the Oscar and the BAFTA for Best Director, becoming the first woman to win either.

Cameron is a member of the NASA Advisory Council and is working on the project to put cameras on an upcoming manned Mars mission. Cameron has also given speeches and raised money for the Mars Society, a non-profit organization lobbying for the colonization of Mars.

In June 2010, Cameron met in Washington with the EPA to discuss possible solutions to the 2010 BP oil spill. Later that week at the All Things Digital Conference, he attracted some notoriety when he stated, "Over the last few weeks I've watched...and [been] thinking, 'Those morons don't know what they're doing'." Reportedly, Cameron had offered BP help to plug the oil well, but they declined. The oil spill was eventually stopped using techniques similar to what Cameron recommended.

Although Cameron has lived his entire adult life in the United States, he remains a Canadian citizen. Cameron applied for American citizenship but withdrew his application after George W. Bush won the presidential election in 2004.

Cameron calls himself "Converted Agnostic", and says "I've sworn off agnosticism, which I now call cowardly atheism". As a child he described the Lord's Prayer as being a 'tribal chant'.

On March 7, 2012, Cameron took the Deepsea Challenger submersible to the bottom of the New Britain Trench in a five-mile-deep solo dive; he plans to visit the deepest part of the Mariana Trench ''Challenger Deep'' later in the year.

Reputation

Cameron has been labeled by one collaborator, author Orson Scott Card, as selfish and cruel. When asked about working with Cameron on the novelization of ''The Abyss'', Card said the experience was "hell on wheels. He was very nice to me, because I could afford to walk away. But he made everyone around him miserable, and his unkindness did nothing to improve the film in any way. Nor did it motivate people to work faster or better. And unless he changes his way of working with people, I hope he never directs anything of mine. In fact, now that this is in print, I can fairly guarantee that he will never direct anything of mine. Life is too short to collaborate with selfish, cruel people."

After working with Cameron on ''Titanic'', Kate Winslet decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned "a lot of money." She said that Cameron was a nice man, but she found his temper difficult to deal with. In an editorial, the British newspaper ''The Independent'' said that Cameron "is a nightmare to work with. Studios have come to fear his habit of straying way over schedule and over budget. He is notorious on set for his uncompromising and dictatorial manner, as well as his flaming temper."

Sam Worthington, the latest lead actor to work with Cameron, stated on the ''Jay Leno Show'' that Cameron had very high expectations from everyone, and would often use a nail gun to nail the film crew's cell phones to a wall above an exit door in retaliation for unwanted ringing during production. Other actors, such as Bill Paxton and Sigourney Weaver, have praised Cameron's perfectionism. Weaver said of Cameron: "He really does want us to risk our lives and limbs for the shot, but he doesn't mind risking his own."

Additionally, composer James Horner refused to work with Cameron for ten years following their strained working relationship on 1986's ''Aliens,'' but they would eventually settle their differences, and Horner would go on to score both ''Titanic'' and ''Avatar'' for Cameron.

References

Further reading

Matthew Wilhelm Kapell and Stephen McVeigh, eds., The Films of James Cameron: Critical Essays. McFarland & Company, 2011.

External links

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