Grasses, or more technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the Poaceae (or Gramineae) family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (''Eleocharis dulcis'') and papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''). Uses for graminoids include food (as grain, sprouted grain, shoots or rhizomes), drink (beer, whisky), pasture for livestock, thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, construction, sports turf, basket weaving and many others.

Ecology

Graminoids are among the most versatile life forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous period, and fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found containing phytoliths of a variety of grasses that include grasses that are related to modern rice and bamboo. Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats, and are now the most widespread plant type; grass is a valuable source of food and energy for all sorts of wildlife and organics.

Graminoids are the dominant vegetation in many habitats, including grassland, salt-marsh, reedswamp and steppes. They also occur as a smaller part of the vegetation in almost every other terrestrial habitat.

There are some 3,500 species of graminoids.

Many types of animals eat grass as their main source of food, and are called ''graminivores'' – these include cattle, sheep, horses, rabbits and many invertebrates, such as grasshoppers and the caterpillars of many brown butterflies. Grasses are also eaten by omnivorous or even occasionally by primarily carnivorous animals.

In the study of ecological communities, herbaceous plants are divided into graminoids and ''forbs'', which are herbaceous dicotyledons, mostly with broad leaves.

Agriculture

Plants of this type have always been important to humans. They have been grown as food for domesticated animals for up to 6,000 years. (See grass fed beef.) They have been used for paper-making since 2400 BC or before. Now they provide the majority of food crops, and have many other uses, such as feeding animals, and for lawns. There are many minor uses, and grasses are familiar to most human cultures.

Lawns

In some places, particularly in suburban areas throughout the world, the maintenance of a grass lawn is a sign of a homeowner's responsibility to the overall appearance of their neighborhood. One work credits lawn maintenance to,

Many municipalities and homeowner's associations have rules which require lawns to be maintained to certain specifications, sanctioning those who allow the grass to grow too long. In communities with drought problems, watering of lawns may be restricted to certain times of day or days of the week.

The smell of the freshly cut grass is produced mainly by cis-3-Hexenal.

Sports turf

Grass is important in many sports, notably with those played on fields such as American football, Association football, baseball, cricket, and rugby. In some sports facilities, including indoor domes and other places where maintenance of a grass field would be difficult, grass may be replaced with artificial turf, a synthetic grass-like substitute. Sports such as golf, tennis and cricket are particularly dependent on the quality of the grass on which the sport is played.

Cricket

In cricket, the pitch is the strip of carefully mowed and rolled grass where the bowler bowls. In the days leading up to the match it is repeatedly mowed and rolled to produce a very hard, flat surface for the ball to bounce off. The quality of the preparation can have a considerable influence on the game; a relatively grassy pitch will favor bowlers and a hard and dryer pitch, with less grass remaining, will typically favor batsmen (at least initially). As the grass dries out and is damaged over the course of the match the pitch's characteristics will change, resulting in batting on the first day of a test match being vastly different to batting on the same pitch after 7 days of play.

Golf

Golf is very dependent on a quality grass surface. Grass on golf courses is kept in three distinct conditions: that of the ''rough'', the ''fairway'', and the ''putting green''. Grass on the fairway is short and even, allowing the player to cleanly strike the ball. Playing from the rough is a disadvantage because the grass is generally much longer, which may affect the flight of the ball. Grass on the putting green is the shortest and most even, ideally allowing the ball to roll smoothly over the surface. An entire industry revolves around the development and marketing of grasses for golf courses.

Tennis

In tennis, grass is grown on very hard-packed soil, and the bounce of a tennis-ball may vary depending on the grass's health, how recently it has been mowed, and the wear and tear of recent play. The surface is softer than hard courts and clay (other tennis surfaces), so the ball bounces lower, and players must reach the ball faster resulting in a different style of play which may suit some players more than others. The most famous grass tennis court in the world is Centre Court at Wimbledon located in England, home of the Wimbledon Championship. This is considered the most expensive lawn in the world.

Fiction

Grass plays a central role in two important science fiction catastrophe novels from the 1940s and 1950s, Ward Moore's ''Greener Than You Think'', in which the world is slowly taken over by unstoppable Bermuda Grass, and John Christopher's ''The Death of Grass'', in which a plague that kills off all forms of grass threatens the survival of the human species.

Gallery

Footnotes

References

Chapman, G.P. and W.E. Peat. 1992. ''An Introduction to the Grasses''. CAB Internat., Oxon, UK.

Cheplick, G.P. 1998. ''Population Biology of Grasses''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Milne, L. and M. Milne. 1967. ''Living Plants of the World''. Chaticleer Press, N.Y.

Soderstrom, T.R., K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell, and M.E. Barkworth, eds. 1987. ''Grass Systematics and Evolution''. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Went, Frits W. 1963. ''The Plants''. Time-Life Books, N.Y.

External links

Need a Definition of Grass?

Interactive Key to the Grasses of the Columbia Basin

Vegetative Key to Grasses

ar:حشيش (عشب) gn:Kapi'ipe bjn:Kumpay bn:ঘাস be:Трава be-x-old:Трава ca:Gespa cs:Tráva de:Gras nv:Tłʼoh et:Rohi myv:Тикше es:Césped eo:Herbo eu:Belar gd:Feur gl:Céspede ko:풀 hi:घास id:Rumput it:Erba (botanica) he:דשא jv:Suket sw:Nyasi lt:Žolė ms:Rumput nl:Gras (term) ja:草本 pnb:کعا ru:Трава sah:От simple:Grass so:Cows sr:Трава su:Jukut fi:Ruoho ta:புல் te:గడ్డి tg:Алаф udm:Турын vls:Ges war:Banwá bat-smg:Žuolie

Coordinates	54°5′20″N18°25′10″N
name	Günter Grass
birth name	Günter Wilhelm Grass
birth date	October 16, 1927
birth place	Danzig-Langfuhr,Free City of Danzig
occupation	Novelist, Poet, Playwright, Sculptor, Graphic Designer, Painter
nationality	German
period	1956–present
notableworks	The Tin Drum
influences	Bocaccio, François Rabelais, Grimmelshausen, Cervantès, Voltaire, Denis Diderot Laurence Sterne, Goethe, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Trakl, Ivan Goncharov, Theodor Fontane, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Kafka, Alfred Döblin, Albert Camus, the Nouveau Roman, Vladimir Nabokov
influenced	Gabriel García Márquez, Salman Rushdie, Haruki Murakami, John Irving, Philip Roth, Michel Tournier, Jose Saramago, António Lobo Antunes, Patrick Süskind, Graham Swift
awards
signature	Grass Signature.jpg }}

Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927) is a Nobel Prize-winning German author, poet, playwright, sculptor and artist.

He was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). In 1945, he came as a refugee to West Germany, but in his fiction he frequently returns to the Danzig of his childhood.

He is best known for his first novel, ''The Tin Drum'', a key text in European magic realism and the first part of his Danzig Trilogy. His works frequently have a left wing political dimension and Grass has been an active supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Life

Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig on 16 October 1927, to Willy Grass (1899–1979), a Protestant ethnic German, and Helene Grass (''née'' Knoff, 1898–1954), a Roman Catholic of Kashubian-Polish origin. Grass was raised a Catholic. His parents had a grocery store with an attached apartment in Danzig-Langfuhr (now Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz). He has one sister, who was born in 1930.

Grass attended the Danzig Gymnasium ''Conradinum''. He volunteered for submarine service with the Kriegsmarine "to get out of the confinement he felt as a teenager in his parents' house" which he considered - in a negative way - civic Catholic lower middle class. In 1943 he became a Luftwaffenhelfer, then he was drafted into the Reichsarbeitsdienst, and in November 1944, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, into the Waffen-SS. The seventeen-year-old Grass saw combat with the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg from February 1945 until he was wounded on 20 April 1945 and sent to an American POW camp.

In 1946 and 1947 he worked in a mine and received a stonemason's education. For many years he studied sculpture and graphics, first at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, then at the Universität der Künste Berlin. He also worked as an author and travelled frequently. He married in 1954 and since 1960 has lived in Berlin as well as part-time in Schleswig-Holstein. Divorced in 1978, he remarried in 1979. From 1983 to 1986 he held the presidency of the Berlin Akademie der Künste (Berlin Academy of Arts).

Works

English-speaking readers probably know Grass best as the author of ''The Tin Drum'' (''Die Blechtrommel''), published in 1959 (and subsequently filmed by director Volker Schlöndorff in 1979). It was followed in 1961 by the novella ''Cat and Mouse'' (''Katz und Maus'') and in 1963 by the novel ''Dog Years'' (''Hundejahre''), which together with ''The Tin Drum'' form what is known as The Danzig Trilogy. All three works deal with the rise of Nazism and with the war experience in the unique cultural setting of Danzig and the delta of the Vistula River. ''Dog Years'', in many respects a sequel to ''The Tin Drum'', portrays the area's mixed ethnicities and complex historical background in lyrical prose that is highly evocative.

Grass has received dozens of international awards and in 1999 achieved the highest literary honor: the Nobel Prize for Literature. His literature is commonly categorized as part of the artistic movement of ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'', roughly translated as "coming to terms with the past."

In 2002 Grass returned to the forefront of world literature with ''Crabwalk'' (''Im Krebsgang''). This novella, one of whose main characters first appeared in ''Cat and Mouse'', was Grass' most successful work in decades.

Representatives of the City of Bremen joined together to establish the ''Günter Grass Foundation'', with the aim of establishing a centralized collection of his numerous works, especially his many personal readings, videos and films. The ''Günter Grass House'' in Lübeck houses exhibitions of his drawings and sculptures, an archive and a library.

As a trained graphic artist, he has also created the distinctive cover art for his novels.

He was elected in 1993 an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature

Political activism

Grass took an active role in the Social-Democratic (SPD) party and supported Willy Brandt's election campaign. He criticised left-wing radicals and instead argued in favour of the "snail's pace", as he put it, of democratic reform (''Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke''). Books containing his speeches and essays have been released throughout his literary career.

In the 1980s, he became active in the peace movement and visited Calcutta for six months. A diary with drawings was published as ''Zunge zeigen'', an allusion to Kali's tongue.

During the events leading up to the unification of Germany in 1989-90, Grass argued for continued separation of the two German states, asserting that a unified Germany would necessarily resume its role as belligerent nation-state.

In 2001, Grass proposed the creation of a German-Polish museum for art lost during the War. The Hague Convention of 1907 requires the return of art that had been evacuated, stolen or seized. Unlike many countries that have cooperated with Germany, some countries refuse to repatriate some of the looted art.

2006 Waffen-SS revelations

On 12 August 2006, in an interview about his forthcoming book ''Peeling the Onion'', Grass stated that he had been a member of the Waffen-SS. Before this interview, Grass was seen as someone who had been a typical member of the "Flakhelfer generation," one of those too young to see much fighting or to be involved with the Nazi regime in any way beyond its youth organizations.

On 15 August 2006, the online edition of ''Der Spiegel'', Spiegel Online, published three documents from U.S. forces dating from 1946, verifying Grass's Waffen-SS membership.

After an unsuccessful attempt to volunteer for the U-Boat fleet at age 15, Grass was conscripted into the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service), and was then called up for the Waffen-SS in 1944. At that point of the war, youths could be conscripted into the Waffen-SS instead of the army (Wehrmacht); this was unrelated to membership of the SS proper.

Grass was trained as a tank gunner and fought with the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg until its surrender to U.S. forces at Marienbad. In 2007, Grass published an account of his wartime experience in ''The New Yorker'', including an attempt to "string together the circumstances that probably triggered and nourished my decision to enlist.". To the BBC, Grass said in 2006:}}

Joachim Fest, conservative German journalist, historian and biographer of Adolf Hitler, told the German weekly ''Der Spiegel'' about Grass's disclosure:

As Grass has for many decades been an outspoken left-leaning critic of Germany's treatment of its Nazi past, his statement caused a great stir in the press.

Rolf Hochhuth said it was "disgusting" that this same "politically correct" Grass had publicly criticized Helmut Kohl and Ronald Reagan's visit to a military cemetery at Bitburg in 1985, because it also contained graves of Waffen-SS soldiers. In the same vein, the historian Michael Wolffsohn has accused Grass of hypocrisy in not earlier disclosing his SS membership. Many have come to Grass' defense based upon the fact the involuntary Waffen-SS membership was very early in Grass' life, starting when he was drafted shortly after his seventeenth birthday, and also precisely because he has always been publicly critical of Germany's Nazi past, unlike many of his conservative critics. For example, novelist John Irving has criticised those who would dismiss the achievements of a lifetime because of a mistake made as a teenager.

Grass's biographer Michael Jürgs spoke of "the end of a moral institution". Lech Wałęsa had initially criticized Grass for keeping silent about his SS membership for 60 years, but after a few days had publicly withdrawn his criticism after reading the letter of Grass to the mayor of Gdańsk, and admitted that Grass "set the good example for the others." On 14 August 2006, the then-ruling party of Poland, Law and Justice, called on Grass to relinquish his honorary citizenship of Gdańsk. A 'Law and Justice' politician Jacek Kurski stated, ''"It is unacceptable for a city where the first blood was shed, where World War II began, to have a Waffen-SS member as an honorary citizen."'' However, according to a 2010 poll ordered by city's authorities, the vast majority of Gdańsk citizens did not support Kurski's position. The mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, said that he opposed submitting the affair to the municipal council because it was not for the council to judge history.

Novels and collections

''Die Vorzüge der Windhühner'' (poems, 1956)

''Die bösen Köche. Ein Drama'' (play, 1956) translated as ''The Wicked Cooks'' in ''Four Plays'' (1967)

''Hochwasser. Ein Stück in zwei Akten'' (play, 1957) ''The Flood''

''Onkel, Onkel. Ein Spiel in vier Akten'' (play, 1958) ''Mister, Mister''

Danziger Trilogie

* '''Die Blechtrommel'' (1959) trans. ''The Tin Drum'' (1959)

* ''Katz und Maus'' (1961) trans. ''Cat and Mouse'' (1963)

* ''Hundejahre'' (1963) trans. ''Dog Years'' (1965)

''Gleisdreieck'' (poems, 1960)

''Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand'' (play, 1966) trans. ''The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising'' (1966)

''Ausgefragt'' (poems, 1967)

''Über das Selbstverständliche. Reden - Aufsätze - Offene Briefe - Kommentare'' (speeches, essays, 1968) trans. ''Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries'' (1969) with 3 additional pieces

''Örtlich betäubt'' (1969) trans. ''Local Anaesthetic'' (1970)

''Davor'' (play, 1970) trans. ''Max'' (1972) on a plot from ''Local Anaesthetic''

''Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke'' (1972) trans. ''From the Diary of a Snail'' (1973)

''Der Bürger und seine Stimme. Reden Aufsätze Kommentare'' (speeches, essays, 1974)

''Denkzettel. Politische Reden und Aufsätze 1965-1976'' (political essays and speeches, 1978)

''Der Butt'' (1977) trans. ''The Flounder'' (1978)

''Das Treffen in Telgte'' (1979) trans. ''The Meeting at Telgte'' (1981)

''Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus'' (1980) trans. ''Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out'' (1982)

''Widerstand lernen. Politische Gegenreden 1980–1983'' (political speeches, 1984)

''Die Rättin'' (1986) trans. ''The Rat'' (1987)

''Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen'' ("A Diary in Drawings", 1988) trans. ''Show Your Tongue'' (1989)

''Unkenrufe'' (1992) trans. ''The Call of the Toad'' (1992)

''Ein weites Feld'' (1995) trans. ''Too Far Afield'' (2000)

''Mein Jahrhundert'' (1999) trans. ''My Century'' (1999)

''Im Krebsgang'' (2002) trans. ''Crabwalk'' (2002)

''Letzte Tänze'' (poems, 2003)

''Beim Häuten der Zwiebel'' (2006) trans. ''Peeling the Onion'' (2007) First volume of memoir.

''Dummer August'' (poems, 2007)

''Die Box'' (2008) trans. ''The Box'' (2010) Second volume of memoir.

''Grimms Wörter'' (2010) Third volume of memoir.

Collections in English translation

''Four Plays'' (1967) including ''Ten Minutes to Buffalo''

''In the Egg and Other Poems'' (1977)

''Two States One Nation?'' (1990)

References

External links

Nobel prize Biobibliographical notes (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)

Biographical timeline Concise biographical information, essays

Grass' special links to Gdansk

Less concise biographical information

Grass admits serving with Waffen-SS The Guardian article

Survey of reactions to Grass's disclosure of his time in the Waffen-SS from the German and international press

Grass' "Shame" Over SS Service

Günter Grass 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.

Detailed article on his Waffen-SS membership

Interviews

Gunter Grass discusses ''The Tin Drum'' on the BBC World Service programme ''World Book Club''

Video interview on PBS with Günter Grass by Charlie Rose

2007 Real Audio interview at NYPL with Günter Grass and Norman Mailer by Andrew O'Hagan

Portrait on rosenthalusa.com

Category:1927 births Category:Living people Category:People from Gdańsk Category:German novelists Category:Kashubian poets Category:Magic realism writers Category:Nobel laureates in Literature Category:German Nobel laureates Category:German atheists Category:German socialists Category:German military personnel of World War II Category:SS personnel Category:German autobiographers Category:Tank personnel Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners Category:Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni

af:Günter Grass ar:غونتر غراس an:Günter Grass az:Qünter Qrass be:Гюнтэр Грас be-x-old:Гюнтэр Грас bs:Günter Grass br:Günter Grass bg:Гюнтер Грас ca:Günter Grass cs:Günter Grass cy:Günter Grass da:Günter Grass de:Günter Grass et:Günter Grass el:Γκίντερ Γκρας es:Günter Grass eo:Günter Grass eu:Gunter Grass fa:گونتر گراس fr:Günter Grass fy:Günter Grass ga:Günter Grass gd:Günter Grass gl:Günter Grass ko:귄터 그라스 hi:गुण्टर ग्रास hr:Günter Grass io:Günter Grass ilo:Günter Grass id:Günter Grass is:Günter Grass it:Günter Grass he:גינטר גראס ka:გიუნტერ გრასი csb:Günter Grass sw:Günter Grass ku:Günter Grass la:Gunterius Grass lv:Ginters Grass lb:Günter Grass lt:Günter Grass hu:Günter Grass mrj:Грасс, Гӱнтер nl:Günter Grass ja:ギュンター・グラス no:Günter Grass nn:Günter Grass oc:Günter Grass pnb:گنٹر گراس pl:Günter Grass pt:Günter Grass ro:Günter Grass qu:Günter Grass ru:Грасс, Гюнтер sa:गुंटर ग्रास simple:Günter Grass sk:Günter Grass sr:Гинтер Грас sh:Günter Grass fi:Günter Grass sv:Günter Grass th:กึนเทอร์ กราส tg:Гюнтер Грас tr:Günter Grass uk:Ґюнтер Вільгельм Ґрасс vi:Günter Grass yo:Günter Grass zh:君特·格拉斯

Ulrich Wickert (born December 2, 1942 in Tokyo) is a German journalist. He is one of the best known broadcasters in Germany.

As a result of his father's employment with NATO, Wickert grew up in Heidelberg and Paris. In the 1960s he studied law and political sciences at the University of Bonn. In 1962 he spent a year at Wesleyan University on a Fulbright scholarship.

After passing the first level of German bar exams in 1968, he started working as freelance radio producer for ARD, becoming a full-time editor there a short time later.

Between 1969 and 1977, Wickert was an editor for Monitor, a political affairs program produced by the WDR network. He was deployed as a correspondent for every French presidential election between 1969 and 1978. In 1978 he was made French correspondent and transferred to the Paris bureau of the ARD.

In 1981, he founded the discussion group "Journalists for Public Broadcasting"; in that same year he became chief correspondent of the ARD bureau in New York. In 1984 he became chief correspondent of the Paris ARD bureau.

Since 1 July 1991 he had been the chief anchor for ''tagesthemen'', in alternation with Sabine Christiansen (1991-1997), Gabi Bauer (1997-2001) and Anne Will (2001-2006). On April 11, 2004, he announced that he would not seek a renewal of his contract, which expired in 2006. On September 1, 2006 Wickert was succeeded by Washington D.C. bureau chief Tom Buhrow.

He was elevated to the French Légion d'honneur in 2005 for his service to French-German relations.

Wickert is in his third marriage, to Julia Jäkel, executive publisher of the Brigitte Group at Gruner und Jahr.

External links

Interview with Ulrich Wickert: "Bunt und locker flockig reicht nicht" (in German, by sbznet.de)

Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:German television journalists Category:German journalists Category:University of Bonn alumni Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:Wesleyan University alumni

de:Ulrich Wickert eo:Ulrich Wickert fr:Ulrich Wickert zh:乌利希·威克尔特

Coordinates	54°5′20″N18°25′10″N
name	Olaf Scholz
office	Mayor of Hamburg
term start	7 March 2011
predecessor	Christoph Ahlhaus
office1	Minister of Labour and Social Affairs
term start1	21 November 2007
term end1	27 October 2009
predecessor1	Franz Müntefering
successor1	Franz Josef Jung
office2	Senator of the Interior of Hamburg
term start2	30 May 2001
term end2	31 October 2001
predecessor2	Hartmuth Wrocklage
successor2	Ronald Schill
office3	Vice Chairman of SPDwith Hannelore Kraft, Klaus Wowereit and Manuela Schwesig
term start3	13 November 2009
predecessor3	Frank-Walter SteinmeierPeer SteinbrückAndrea Nahles
birth date	June 06, 1958
birth place	Osnabrück, Germany
nationality
party	SPD
alma mater	University of Hamburg
occupation	Lawyer
website	OlafScholz.de
footnotes	}}

Olaf Scholz (; born June 14, 1958 in Osnabrück) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Mayor of Hamburg since 7 March 2011.

From May to October 2001 he was Minister of the Interior ''(Innensenator)'' of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and from 2002 to 2004 he was general secretary of the SPD. Scholz succeeded Franz Müntefering as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, when the latter left office in 2007.

In 2010 Olaf Scholz participated in the annual Bilderberg Meeting in Sitges, Spain.

On 20 February 2011 the Social Democrats led by Scholz won the Hamburg state election, 2011 with 48.3% of the votes, resulting in 62 out of 121 seats in the Hamburg Parliament. Scholz resigned as a member of the seventeenth Bundestag on 11 March 2011 shortly after his election as First Mayor.

References

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Government ministers of Germany Category:Labor ministers (Germany) Category:People from Hamburg Category:People from Osnabrück Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Category:Members of the Bundestag Category:Ministers of the Hamburg State Government Category:Social Affairs ministers of Germany Category:Mayors of Hamburg

als:Olaf Scholz ar:أولاف شولتس da:Olaf Scholz de:Olaf Scholz fr:Olaf Scholz la:Olaus Scholz ja:オーラフ・ショルツ no:Olaf Scholz nds:Olaf Scholz pl:Olaf Scholz pt:Olaf Scholz ru:Шольц, Олаф simple:Olaf Scholz fi:Olaf Scholz sv:Olaf Scholz

Rolf van Dick (born 5 April 1967 in Duisburg) is social psychologist in Germany.

Life

Rolf van Dick graduated in psychology at the Philipps-University Marburg, Germany. He earned his Ph.D. in 1999 from Philipps-University Marburg, supervised by Ulrich Wagner. From 1995 to 2002, he was working as a lecturer and assistant professor at the Philipps-University Marburg. From 2003 to 2006, he worked at Aston University, Birmingham, England, first as a senior lecturer, and from 2005 to 2007 as a full professor and chair of Social Psychology and Organizational Behavior.

Since 2006 Rolf van Dick has held the chair for Social Psychology at the Institute for Psychology at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Germany) and also is teaching at Goethe Business School, Frankfurt. He has been a visiting professor in Kathmandu (Nepal, 2009), Rhodes (University of the Aegaean, Greece, 2002) and at the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA in 2001). At Goethe University, he was Director of the Institute of Psychology, and since 2008 he serves as Associate Dean of the Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences.

Rolf van Dick is co-founder and Scientific Director of the Center for Leadership and Behavior in Organizations (CLBO) at Goethe University.

Rolf van Dick is/was in various editorial functions at the British Journal of Management (Editor-in-chief), the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (Associate Editor), and the Journal of Personnel Psychology (Editor-in-chief). He is/was a member of various editorial boards including the British Journal of Management, the European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, the Journal of Managerial Psychology, the Journal of Management Studies, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, Science You Can Use (SIOP/APA annual series), Social Psychology, the German journals Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie and Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie.

Research interests and awards

Among Rolf van Dick's main research interests are inter- and intragroup-processes, especially the application of the social identity approach to diversity, leadership, mergers, teamwork, etc. Rolf van Dick conducts his research in laboratory settings as well as in field studies or through cooperation with companies and schools. He has published more than 40 book chapters and 80 papers in academic outlets (such as ''Academy of Management Journal'', ''Journal of Applied Psychology'', ''Journal of Marketing'', ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', ''Journal of Vocational Behavior'', and ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''), and he has authored or edited several books.

In 2008, Rolf van Dick was awarded with the University Teaching excellence award by the 1822-Foundation (German: ''Universitätspreis für exzellente Lehre der 1822-Stiftung'').

List of publications (selection)

;Papers Hirst, G., Van Dick, R., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2009). A social identity perspective on leadership and employee creativity. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', 30, 963-982.

Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E., & Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitments at work: Toward and integrative model. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', 27, 665-683.

Richter, A., West, M.A., Van Dick, R., & Dawson, J.F. (2006). Boundary spanners’ identification, intergroup contact and effective intergroup relations. ''Academy of Management Journal'', 49, 1252-1269.

Ullrich, J., Christ, O., & Van Dick, R. (2009). Substitutes for procedural fairness: Prototypical leaders are endorsed whether they are fair or not. ''Journal of Applied Psychology'', 94, 235-244.

Wieseke, J., Ahearne, M., Lam, S.K., & Van Dick, R. (2009). The role of leaders in internal marketing. ''Journal of Marketing'', 73, 123-145.

;Book chapters Haslam, S.A. & Van Dick, R. (2011). A social identity analysis of organizational well-being. In D. De Cremer, R. Van Dick, & K. Murnighan, (eds.). ''Social psychology and organizations''. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2009). Commitment’s place in the literature. In H.J. Klein, T.E. Becker, & J.P. Meyer (eds.), ''Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions'' (pp. 69–95). (SIOP Organizational Frontiers Series) New York: Routledge.

Sluss, D., van Dick, R., & Thompson, B. (2011). Role theory in organizations: A relational perspective. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), ''Handbook of I/O-Psychology'' (Vol. 1, pp. 505–534). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

;Books De Cremer, D., Van Dick, R., & Murnighan, K. (Eds.). (2011). ''Social psychology and organizations''. Taylor & Francis (Series in Organization and Management).

Löwstedt, J., Larsson, P., Karsten, S., & Van Dick, R. (Eds.), (2007). ''From Intensified Work to Professional Development – A Journey through European schools''. Brussels: PIE Lang.

Van Dick, R. (2006). ''Stress und Arbeitszufriedenheit bei Lehrerinnen und Lehrern. Zwischen „Horrorjob“ und Erfüllung''. [Stress and work satisfaction among teachers] Marburg: Tectum. 2nd edition

References

External links

Website of the Social Psychology Unit of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Website of the Center for Leadership and Behavior in Organizations (CLBO) at Goethe University

Website of the Research Training Group "Group focused enmity: Causes, phenomenology, consequences" of the Philipps-University Marburg and the University of Bielefeld

Website of the German Psychological Society

Journal of Personnel Psychology

Category:Social psychologists Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:German psychologists