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1970
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Abraham Maslow
Abraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was a professor of psychology at Brandeis University who founded humanistic psychology and created Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
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Adam Goldberg
Adam Charles Goldberg (born October 25, 1970) is an American actor, director, and producer.
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Adrian Erlandsson
Adrian Erlandsson (born 27 October 1970 in Malmö, Sweden) is a prolific Swedish heavy metal drummer, who currently plays in Brujeria, Netherbird, with his wife in Nemhain and in Yorkshire doom metal band Paradise Lost. He has also been a member of At the Gates, The Haunted, Cradle of Filth and Needleye.
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Alan Shearer
Alan Shearer OBE, DL (born 13 August 1970) is a retired English footballer, a TV pundit and a currently out of work football manager. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and for the England national team. He is widely considered as one of the greatest strikers of all time, being both Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. After retiring as a player, Shearer now works as a television pundit for the BBC. Toward the end of his playing career, Shearer worked towards gaining the UEFA Pro Licence, and expressed a desire to eventually become a manager. In 2009 he briefly left his BBC role to become Newcastle United's manager in the last eight games of their 2008–09 season, in an unsuccessful attempt to save them from relegation.
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Albert Lamorisse
Albert Lamorisse (13 January 1922 – 2 June 1970) was a French filmmaker, film producer, and writer, who is best known for his award winning short films which he began making in the late 1940s, and also for inventing the famous strategic board game Risk in 1957. He was born in Paris, France.
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Alec Clunes
Alexander "Alec" Demoro Sherriff Clunes (17 May 1912- 13 March 1970) was an English actor and stage manager.
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Aled Jones
Aled Jones (born 29 December 1970) is a Welsh singer and television/radio personality and broadcaster who first came to fame as a treble. He is notable for presenting Songs of Praise on BBC 1, BBC Radio 2's, The Early Breakfast Show, Good Morning Sunday and The Choir on BBC Radio 3.
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Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskii) ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian politician.
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Alonzo Mourning
Alonzo Harding Mourning, Jr. (born February 8, 1970, in Chesapeake, Virginia) is a former American professional basketball player, who played most of his 16-year NBA career for the Miami Heat.
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Alvin Toffler
Alvin Toffler (born October 4, 1928 in New York City) is an American writer and futurist, known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communication revolution, corporate revolution and technological singularity.
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Ammon McNeely
Ammon McNeely (born June 3, 1970) is an American rock climber, who holds the most Speed Climbing World Records and First One Day Ascents on El Capitan in Yosemite. Other interests are: BASE jumping, wingsuiting, skydiving, surfing, skateboarding, trail running, mountain biking and snowboarding.
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Andre Agassi
Andre Kirk Agassi (; born April 29, 1970) is a retired American professional tennis player and former World No. 1. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has been called the best service returner in the history of the game.
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Andreas Baader
Andreas Bernd Baader (6 May 1943 – 18 October 1977) was one of the first leaders of the German left-wing militant organization Red Army Faction, also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof group.
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Andrei Amalrik
Andrei Alekseevich Amalrik (Russian:Андрей Алексеевич Амальрик; May 12, 1938 - November 12, 1980), alternatively spelled Andrei or Andrey, was a Russian writer and dissident.
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Andrew Watson Myles
Andrew Watson Myles (February 18, 1884—May 9, 1970) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1915 to 1920 as a Liberal, and made an unsuccessful bid for the leadership of the Manitoba Liberal Party in 1927.
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Andrian Dushev
Andrian Pavlov Dushev (, born June 6, 1970 in Sofia) is a Bulgarian sprint canoer who competed from the 1989 to 2000.
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Andy Marriott
Andrew Marriott (born 11 October 1970) is an English-born Welsh professional footballer, playing as a goalkeeper for Exeter City. He is a journeyman player, having represented a large number of different clubs, and has also played for the Welsh national team.
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Ani DiFranco
Ani DiFranco () (born Angela Maria DiFranco on September 23, 1970) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, guitarist, and songwriter. She has released more than 20 albums, and is a feminist icon.
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Anil Kumble
Anil Kumble () (born 17 October 1970 in Bangalore, Karnataka) is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian Test cricket team. He is a right-arm leg spin (legbreak googly) bowler and a right-hand batsman. He is currently the leading wicket-taker for India in both Test and One Day International matches. At present he is the third highest wicket-taker in Test cricket and one of only three bowlers to have taken more than 600 Test wickets. Kumble has had success bowling with other spinners, notably Venkatapathy Raju and Rajesh Chauhan in the 1990s and Harbhajan Singh since 2000.
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Anita Louise
Anita Louise (January 9, 1915 – April 25, 1970) was an American film actress.
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Anna Mae Hays
Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays (b. February 16, 1920) was the first woman in the U.S. Military to be promoted to a general officer rank. She was promoted on June 11, 1970, after being appointed by President Richard Nixon on May 15, of that year. She was chief of the Army Nurse Corps from September 1, 1967 to August 31, 1971.
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Annika Sörenstam
Annika Sörenstam () (born 9 October 1970) is a Swedish professional golfer whose achievements rank her as one of the most successful golfers in history. Before "stepping away" from competitive golf at the end of the 2008 season, she won 90 international tournaments as a professional, making her the female golfer with the most wins to her name. She has won 72 official LPGA tournaments including ten majors and 18 other tournaments internationally, and she tops the LPGA's career money list with earnings of over $22 million—over $8 million ahead of her nearest rival. Since 2006 Sörenstam has held dual American and Swedish citizenship.
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Antonio Edwards
Antonio Edwards (born March 10, 1970 in Moultrie, Georgia) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Seattle Seahawks, the New York Giants, the Atlanta Falcons, and the Carolina Panthers. He played college football at Valdosta State University and was drafted in eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. In 2000, Edwards was the twelfth pick of the XFL draft as a member of the Las Vegas Outlaws. Edwards is currently the defensive line coach of the Collegiate School in Richmond, Virginia.
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Anwar Sadat
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Arthur Edeson
Arthur Edeson, A.S.C. (October 24, 1891 – February 14, 1970) was a film cinematographer, born in New York City.
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Arthur Leslie
Arthur Leslie (born Arthur Scottorn Broughton on 8th December 1899 – died 30th June 1970) was a British actor who was born in Newark, Nottinghamshire but moved to Lancashire at an early age. His first job was in 1916 at the Old Queen's Theatre in Farnworth and he earned great fame playing genial Rovers Return Inn Landlord Jack Walker on Coronation Street from 1960 to 1970.
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Arthur Shields
Arthur Shields (15 February 1896 - 27 April 1970) was an Irish stage and film actor.
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Bai Ling
:Note: Bai Ling () is also the name of the leader of Radio Guangdong.
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Barry Pepper
Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970) is a Canadian actor.
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Basil Liddell Hart
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Basque people
The Basques (, , ) as an ethnic group primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-eastern Spain and south-western France.
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Beck
Beck Hansen (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist known by the stage name Beck. With a pop art collage of musical styles, oblique and ironic lyrics, and postmodern arrangements incorporating samples, drum machines, live instrumentation and sound effects, Beck has been hailed by critics and the public throughout his musical career as being amongst the most creative and idiosyncratic musicians of 1990s and 2000s alternative rock.
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Ben Bailey
Benjamin Ray "Ben" Bailey (born October 30, 1970) is an American comedian, licensed taxi cab driver, and game show host for Discovery Channel's Cash Cab.
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Benny Ibarra
Benny Ibarra De Llano (born September 8, 1970 in Mexico City) is a singer, musician, producer and actor. He was born into a family of artists. His mother, Julissa, was a singer and actress in the 1960s; and his father, Benny, an actor and 1960s rock singer in the Mexican band Los Yaki.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, socialist, pacifist, and social critic. He spent most of his life in England; he was born in Wales where he also died, aged 97.
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Billie Burke
Mary William Ethelbert Appleton "Billie" Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) was an American actress. She is primarily known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the musical film The Wizard of Oz. She was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live.
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Bjarni Benediktsson
: This is an article about a former prime minister of Iceland. For the current leader of the Icelandic Independence Party, see Bjarni Benediktsson, Jr.
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Bob Kalsu
James Robert "Bob" Kalsu (April 13, 1945–July 21, 1970) was an All-American tackle at the University of Oklahoma and an eighth-round draft pick by the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League in 1968.
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Bobby Orr
Robert Gordon Orr, OC (born March 20, 1948) is a retired Canadian ice hockey player. A defenceman, he is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest hockey players of all time. He played junior hockey with the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League, and spent most of his National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Boston Bruins before joining the Chicago Blackhawks for his final two seasons.
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Bobby Seale
Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936), is an American civil rights activist, who along with Huey P. Newton, co-founded the Black Panther Party For Self Defense on October 15, 1966.
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Bonnie Bernstein
Bonnie Lynn Bernstein (born August 16, 1970, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American television and radio sportscaster.
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Bourvil
André Bourvil, born André Robert Raimbourg (27 July 1917, Prétot-Vicquemare, France – 23 September 1970, Paris) was a French actor and singer best known for his roles in comedy, most notably in his collaboration with Louis de Funès in La Grande Vadrouille (1966).
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Brian Piccolo
Louis Brian Piccolo (October 31, 1943 – June 16, 1970) was a professional football player for the Chicago Bears for 4 years. He died from embryonal cell carcinoma, an aggressive form of lung cancer, which was first diagnosed after it had spread to his chest cavity. He was the subject of the 1971 TV movie ''Brian's Song''. Piccolo was portrayed in the original film by James Caan and by Sean Maher in the 2001 remake.
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Bruce McLaren
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Bryon Russell
Bryon Demetrise Russell (born December 31, 1970 in San Bernardino, California) is an American basketball player. During an NBA career that spanned from 1993 to 2006, he played for the Denver Nuggets, Washington Wizards and Los Angeles Lakers and was a key member of the Utah Jazz, helping them reach back-to-back NBA finals appearances in 1997 and 1998. He was also a part of the Seattle SuperSonics roster for a brief time but never appeared in a game for them. Russell had his best season with the Jazz in the 1999–2000 season, when he averaged 14.1 points and 5.2 rebounds per game. From 1997 to 2000, he played in every regular season game.
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Cain Dingle
Cain Dingle is a fictional character on the ITV soap opera Emmerdale. He is played by Jeff Hordley. The character was involved in many high-profile storylines since his arrival in March 2000, such as his affair with Angie Reynolds, which resulted in her dying in his arms, discovering he was Debbie's father, numerous scrapes with the law including a spell in prison, his volatile on/off relationship with his cousin Charity Tate, and his dramatic exit in an aeroplane after he devised a plan with Sadie King to kidnap Tom King and hold him at ransom £2,000,000. He returned to the soap to in April 2009.Despite his blackmail over numerous Emmerdale residents he serves as a protagonist of the Dingle family.
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Casey Kasem
Kamal Amin "Casey" Kasem is an American radio personality and voice actor who is best known for voicing Shaggy in the popular Saturday morning cartoon franchise Scooby-Doo and for being the host of the nationally syndicated Top 40 countdown show, American Top 40.
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Cathrine Lindahl
MedalCountry|
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Cathy O'Donnell
'''Cathy O'Donnell''' (July 6, 1923 – April 11, 1970) was an American actress, best known for her many roles in film-noir movies.
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Catriona LeMay Doan
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (, or ; 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
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Charles Haughey
Charles James "Charlie" Haughey (; 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was Taoiseach of Ireland, serving three terms in office; from December 1979 to June 1981, March 1982 to December 1982 and March 1987 to February 1992. Haughey, one of the most controversial of Irish politicians in the 20th century, was the fourth leader of Fianna Fáil, from 1979 until 1992. He died of prostate cancer at the age of eighty.
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Charles Ruggles
Charles Sherman “Charlie” Ruggles (February 8, 1886 - December 23, 1970) was a comic American actor. In a career spanning six decades, Ruggles appeared in close to 100 feature films. He was also the brother of director, producer, and silent actor Wesley Ruggles (1889–1972).
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Charlie Ward
Charlie Ward, Jr. (born October 12, 1970 in Thomasville, Georgia) is a retired American professional NBA basketball player, college football Heisman Trophy winner, Davey O'Brien Award winner and a Major League Baseball draftee. Ward is considered one of the best all-around athletes in the last quarter century. He was inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame with Emmitt Smith and Bobby Bowden in 2006.
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Chester Morris
Chester Morris (February 16, 1901 – September 11, 1970) was an American actor, who starred in the Boston Blackie detective series of the 1940s.
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Choi Kyung-Ju
Choi Kyung-Ju (born May 19, 1970) is a South Korean professional golfer. He is known as K. J. Choi in many countries. Since turning pro in 1994, he has won a total of 17 professional golf tournaments, including seven on the PGA Tour.
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Chris Jericho
Christopher Keith Irvine (born November 9, 1970) better known by his ring name Chris Jericho, is an American-born Canadian professional wrestler, television and stage actor, author, radio host, television host and rock musician. He is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), wrestling on its Raw brand. He is also known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and internationally in Canadian, Mexican, and Japanese promotions. He is also known as the host of the ABC show Downfall.
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Chris Kanyon
Christopher Klucsarits (January 4, 1970 – April 2, 2010) was an American professional wrestler, best known for his work in World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation, under the ring names Chris Kanyon (or simply Kanyon) and Mortis.
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Christian Duguay
: This page is about the American comic actor. For the Canadian director, see Christian Duguay (director).
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Claudia Schiffer
Claudia Schiffer (born 25 August 1970) is a German model and occasional actress, who reached the peak of her popularity during the 1990s, initially due to her resemblance to Brigitte Bardot. Schiffer is one of the world's most successful models, having appeared on over 500 magazine covers. Forbes estimated her net worth at about $55m (£38m).
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Clay Dreslough
Clay Dreslough (born December 22, 1970) is the creator of the Baseball Mogul and Football Mogul computer sports games, and is the co-founder and President of Sports Mogul, Inc. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) in 1970, and graduated from Wesleyan University in 1993.
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Conrad Nagel
Conrad Nagel ( – ) was an American screen actor and matinee idol of the silent film era and beyond. He was also a well-known television actor and radio performer.
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Craig Doyle
Craig Doyle (born 17 December 1970 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish television and radio presenter.
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Daisy Dee
Desiree Rollocks (better known as Daisy Dee) is a singer, actress and TV host, especially well known in the German speaking world.
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Daniel Handler
Daniel Handler (born February 28, 1970) is an author, screenwriter and accordionist. He is best known for his work under the pen name Lemony Snicket.
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Daniel Kinsey
Daniel Chapin Kinsey (January 22, 1902 – June 27, 1970) was an American hurdler and a scholar in physical education.
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Daniela Peštová
Daniela Peštová (born October 14, 1970) is a Czech model. She was born in Teplice, Czechoslovakia, and was discovered by the Madison Modeling Agency's Dominique Caffin. She had plans to attend college but after winning a modelling contest she moved to Paris to sign with Madison Modeling Agency. She moved to New York and from there her career took off.
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Darren Gough
Darren Gough (born 18 September 1970, Monk Bretton, near Barnsley, South Yorkshire) is a retired English cricketer and former captain of Yorkshire County Cricket Club. The spearhead of England's bowling attack through much of the 1990s, he is England's highest wicket-taker in one-day internationals with 234, and took 229 wickets in his 58 Test matches, making him England's ninth most successful wicket-taker.
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Dave Hughes
David William "Hughesy" Hughes (born 26 November 1970) is an Australian stand-up comedian, radio and television presenter. He is currently co-host on the Network Ten series The 7PM Project and Before the Game as well as the breakfast radio show Hughesy and Kate.
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David Irving
David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938) is an English writer specializing in the military history of World War II. He is the author of 30 books on the subject, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), ''Hitler's War (1977), Uprising! (1981), Churchill's War (1987), and Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich'' (1996).
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Dawn Marie Psaltis
Dawn Marie Psaltis (born November 3, 1970) is an American former professional wrestler and professional wrestling valet. She is perhaps best known for her appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the SmackDown! brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under her ring name Dawn Marie, where she was a WWE Diva.
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Dayna Devon
Dayna Devon (born February 21, 1970) is an American journalist, was the co-anchor, with Mark McGrath, of the television show Extra before Mario Lopez took over in 2008. She joined Extra in 1999 as the weekend anchor; then became the weekday anchor in 2003.
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Dean Del Mastro
Dean A. Del Mastro, (born August 16, 1970) is a Canadian politician. Since 2006, he has represented Peterborough in the Canadian House of Commons as a member of the Conservative Party. He is currently the parliamentary secretary to the minister of Canadian Heritage.
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Deborah Compagnoni
Deborah Compagnoni (born June 4, 1970) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics.
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Deborah Gibson
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Del Lord
Del Lord (October 7, 1894March 23, 1970) was a Canadian film director and actor best known as a director of Three Stooges films.
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Del Moore
Del Moore (May 14, 1916 - August 30, 1970) was a comedian, a television and movie actor, and a radio announcer.
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Diego Simeone
MedalCountry|
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DJ Quik
David Martin Blake (born January 18, 1970), better known by his stage name DJ Quik, is an MC and record producer. According to Quik himself, his stage name reflects his ability to produce records in short time.
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Dolly Sisters
The Dolly Sisters, twins Rosika (Rose) and Jansci (Jenny) Deutsch, were born October 25, 1892 in Hungary, and emigrated to the United States in 1905. They perfected a single-sex "tandem" dance act - practising in front of mirrors - under the name of 'The Dolly Sisters' they began earning money in beer halls as early as 1907. Barred for being under age by the New York City stage, they toured the Orpheum circuit until 1909 when they debuted on the Keith vaudeville circuit till 1911 when they signed with the Ziegfeld Follies for two seasons.
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Dominic Purcell
Dominic Haakon Myrtvedt Purcell (born 17 February 1970) is a British-born Australian actor best known for his role as Lincoln Burrows in Prison Break, the title character in John Doe and Dracula in Blade Trinity.
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Dominic Roussel
Dominic Roussel (born February 22, 1970 in Hull, Quebec) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender.
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Donald Sutherland
Donald McNicol Sutherland, OC (born 17 July 1935) is a Canadian character actor with a film career spanning nearly 50 years. Some of Sutherland's more notable movie roles included offbeat warriors in such war movies as The Dirty Dozen, in 1967, and MASH and ''Kelly's Heroes in 1970, as well as in such popular films as Klute, Invasion of the Body Snatchers and Ordinary People. He recently starred in the American television series Dirty Sexy Money''. He is the father of actor Kiefer Sutherland.
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Doris Blackburn
Doris Amelia Blackburn (18 September 1889 – 12 December 1970) was an Australian activist and Member of Parliament.
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Doug E. Doug
Douglas Bourne, (born January 7, 1970) better known as Doug E. Doug is an actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and film director. He is best known for his roles as Griffin Vesey on the CBS sitcom Cosby, Sanka Coffie in the film Cool Runnings and as the voice of Bernie in the animated film Shark Tale.
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Dr. E. Lee Spence
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E. L. Grant Watson
Elliot Lovegood Grant Watson (14 June 1885 – 21 May 1970) was a writer and biologist whose works combine the scrutiny of a scientist with the insight of the poet. Among some 40 books and many essays and short stories he wrote six 'Australian' novels and several scientific-philosophical works that challenge Darwinism, or the mechanism of evolutionary theory, as an entire explanation for the development of life on earth.
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E. M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970), was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect".
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Ed Begley
Edward James Begley, Sr. (March 25, 1901 – April 28, 1970) was an Academy Award-winning American actor.
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Ed Chapman
:For other uses, see Edward Chapman.
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Eddie Peabody
Captain Edwin Ellsworth Peabody (February 19, 1902 - November 7, 1970) was an American musical entertainer. His career spanned five decades and he was perhaps the most famous plectrum (4 string) banjo player ever. He was also known professionally as "Little Eddie", "King of the Banjo", and "Happiness Boy".
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Edward Gierek
Edward Gierek (; January 6, 1913 - July 29, 2001) was a Polish communist politician.
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Edward Heath
Sir Edward Richard George "Ted" Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–1974) and as Leader of the Conservative Party (1965–1975). He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1950-2001.
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Edwin van der Sar
Edwin van der Sar (born 29 October 1970) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Manchester United. He is the most capped player in the Netherlands national football team's history.
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Egon Eiermann
Egon Eiermann (September 29, 1904, Neuendorf – July 20, 1970, Baden-Baden) was one of Germany's most prominent architects in the second half of the 20th century.
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Eiji Tsuburaya
(born on July 7, 1901 – died January 25, 1970, in Sukagawa, Fukushima) was the Japanese special effects director responsible for many Japanese science-fiction movies, including the Godzilla series.
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Elizabeth Mitchell
Elizabeth Joanna Mitchell (née Robertson; born March 27, 1970), is an Emmy-nominated American actress who is best known for her roles as Dr. Juliet Burke on ABC's hit TV series Lost and as FBI agent Erica Evans on V.
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Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an English singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. He has worked with his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums to date.
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Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".
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Emily Lloyd
Emily Lloyd (born Emily Lloyd Pack; 29 September 1970) is an English actress.
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Emmanuel Amuneke
Football biography 2
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Eric Champion
Eric Champion (born May 12, 1970 in Daytona Beach, Florida) is one of the pioneers of mid 90's Christian pop and modern rock. In the beginning of his musical career, he was a pop singer. His music had the flair of many of his Christian pop contemporaries but with more of a Michael Jackson/ Kenny Loggins vocal approach meets futuristic techno dance sounds. Although his first album was released when he was only 18 years old, one of Eric's biggest albums during his pop phase was Vertical Reality which went on to sell nearly 100,000 units.
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Eric Whitacre
Eric Whitacre (born January 2, 1970 in Reno, Nevada) is an American composer, conductor and lecturer. He is one of the most popular and performed composers of his generation. The Los Angeles Times described his work as evoking "unearthly beauty and imagination" and the American Record Guide noted its "emotional directness and intensity". In 2008, the all-Whitacre choral CD Cloudburst (released by the British ensemble Polyphony on Hyperion Records) became an international best-seller, topping the classical charts and earning a Grammy nomination. The BBC noted: "what hits you straight between the eyes is the honesty, optimism and sheer belief that passes any pretension. This is music that can actually make you smile." Whitacre's Virtual Choir projects on YouTube exposed his music to a new audience. Whitacre signed a long-term recording deal with Decca in 2010 and continues to develop his award winning musical Paradise Lost. 2010 saw a semi-staged, sold out performance at Carnegie Hall. Plans for the stage show and soundtrack extend into 2011.
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Erich Maria Remarque
Erich Maria Remarque (born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German author, most known for his anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front.
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Erik Dekker
Hendrik ("Erik") Dekker (born August 21, 1970 in Hoogeveen, Drenthe) is a retired Dutch professional road racing cyclist active from 1992 until 2006. He was a member of the Rabobank cycling team from 1996 till 2006. In 2007 he became one of Rabobank's team managers.
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Erle Stanley Gardner
Erle Stanley Gardner (July 17, 1889 – March 11, 1970) was an American lawyer and author of detective stories, who also published under the pseudonyms A.A. Fair, Kyle Corning, Charles M. Green, Carleton Kendrake, Charles J. Kenny, Les Tillray and Robert Parr.
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Ernest Haller
Ernest Haller, A.S.C. also credited as Ernie B. Haller, (31 May 1896 - 21 October 1970), was an American cinematographer.
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Eva Hesse
Eva Hesse (January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970), was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics.
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Fabian Wilnis
Fabian Lloyd Wilnis (born 23 August 1970) is a retired Dutch-Surinamese right-sided defender. He played for NAC Breda, De Graafschap, Ipswich Town and Grays Athletic.
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Flex Alexander
Mark Alexander Knox (born April 15, 1970), better known as Flex Alexander or Flex, is an American actor, comedian and dancer.
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Frances Farmer
Frances Elena Farmer (September 19, 1913 – August 1, 1970) was an American actress of stage and screen. She is perhaps better known for sensationalized and fictional accounts of her life, and especially her involuntary commitment to a mental hospital. Farmer was the subject of three films, three books, and numerous songs and magazine articles.
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Francis Peyton Rous
(Francis) Peyton Rous (October 5, 1879 – February 16, 1970) born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1879 and received his B.A. and M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He was involved in the discovery of the role of viruses in the transmission of certain types of cancer. In 1966 he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work.
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975), commonly known as Franco (), was a Spanish military general and dictator, head of state of Spain from October 1936 (whole nation from 1939 onwards), and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November 1975. As head of state, Franco used the title Caudillo de España, por la gracia de Dios, meaning; Leader of Spain, by the grace of God.
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Frank de Boer
Franciscus "Frank" de Boer (born 15 May 1970 in Hoorn, Noord-Holland) is a Dutch former professional footballer, and the younger twin brother of Ronald de Boer.
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Frank Guinta
Frank Guinta () (born September 26, 1970) is the Republican nominee for New Hampshire's 1st congressional district seat in 2010. He has previously served as the mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire, an alderman, a state representative and a Congressional aide.
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Franz Stangl
Franz Stangl (March 26, 1908 – June 28, 1971) was a commandant of the Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps in the rank of SS-Obersturmführer.
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Fred Haise
Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. (pronounced ) (born November 14, 1933) is an engineer and former NASA astronaut. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.
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Freddy Soto
Alfred Soto, Jr. (June 22, 1970 – July 10, 2005) was an American comedian, writer and actor. His stand-up comedy act focused primarily on his upbringing in a Mexican American household. Soto's death at age 35 was attributed to a mixture of alcohol and drugs.
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Fritz Kortner
Fritz Kortner (12 May 1892 – 22 July 1970) was an Austrian-born stage and film actor and theatre director.
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Gabriela Sabatini
Gabriela Beatriz Sabatini (born 16 May 1970 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a former professional Argentine tennis player. She was one of the leading players on the women's circuit in the late-1980s and early-1990s. She won the women's singles title at the US Open in 1990, the women's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1988, two WTA Tour Championships in 1988 and 1994, and a silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games. Known affectionately as the Princess of the Pampas, her versatile stylish game and perceived attractiveness brought her a wide following.
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Gabrielle Giffords
Gabrielle Giffords (born June 8, 1970) is a member of the United States House of Representatives for . A Democrat from Tucson, Arizona, she is the youngest woman ever to be elected to the Arizona Senate, where she served from 2003 to 2005, and the only member of the U.S. Congress whose spouse, astronaut Mark E. Kelly, is an active duty member of the U.S. military.
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Gabrielle Reece
Gabrielle Allyse Reece (born January 6, 1970) is an American professional volleyball player, sports announcer, fashion model and actress.
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Gao Min (diver)
Gao Min (; born September 7, 1970 in Zigong, Sichuan) is a female Chinese diver who won gold medals in the springboard event of the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games.
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Garry Trudeau
Garretson Beekman "Garry" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the Doonesbury comic strip.
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Gary Gabelich
Gary Gabelich (August 29, 1940 – January 26, 1984) was an American race car driver of Croatian descent who set the land speed record with his rocket-powered vehicle "Blue Flame" on October 23, 1970, achieving an average speed of . Only 13,000 lbs. s.t. was used during this attempt, and a peak speed of was momentarily attained (record speed was on a dry lake bed at Bonneville Salt Flats in Wendover, Utah. This record was the first over and remained unbeaten until 1983, when Richard Noble broke it driving Thrust 2.
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Genie (feral child)
Genie is the pseudonym for a feral child who spent nearly all of the first thirteen years of her life locked inside a bedroom strapped to a potty chair. She was a victim of one of the most severe cases of social isolation in American history. Genie was discovered by Los Angeles authorities on November 4, 1970.
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George Szell
George Szell () (June 7, 1897 – July 30, 1970), originally György Széll or Georg Szell, was a Hungarian-born American conductor and composer. He is remembered today for his long and successful tenure as music director of the Cleveland Orchestra, and for the recordings of the standard classical repertoire he made in Cleveland and with other orchestras.
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Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (; 5 July 1911 2 April 1974) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968, holding the longest tenure in this position, and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
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Gert Verheyen
Gert Verheyen (born September 20, 1970 in Hoogstraten, Antwerp) is a retired Belgian footballer, who played as a forward.
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Glenn McGrath
Glenn Donald McGrath AM (pronounced ) (born 9 February 1970 in Dubbo, New South Wales), nicknamed "Pigeon" is a former Australian cricket player. He is one of the most highly regarded fast-medium pace bowlers in cricketing history , and a leading contributor to Australia's domination of world cricket since the mid-1990s to the early 21st century. He holds the world record for the highest number of Test wickets by a fast bowler and is fourth on the all time list, with the top three wicket takers Muttiah Muralitharan, Shane Warne and Anil Kumble all being spin bowlers. McGrath announced his retirement from Test cricket on 23 December 2006. His Test career came to an end after the 5th Ashes test in Sydney, whilst the 2007 World Cup marked the end of his one-day career. Known throughout his career for maintaining a remarkably accurate line and length, McGrath's consistency enabled him to be one of the most economical fast bowlers of his time. McGrath also played for the Indian Premier League team of Delhi DareDevils and was one of the tournaments most economical bowlers during its first season. On January 5, the franchise announced that it had bought out the remaining year of his contract.
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Guang Liang
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Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad ( ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria for three decades. Assad's rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's central government after decades of coups and counter-coups. He was succeeded by his son and current president Bashar al-Assad in 2000.
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Hal March
Hal March (April 22, 1920 - January 19, 1970) was a Jewish-American comedian and actor.
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Harold Haley
Harold Joseph Haley (November 14, 1904 – August 7, 1970) was a Superior Court judge in Marin County, California. He was taken hostage in his courtroom, along with several others, during the course of a trial, and killed during the attempted escape of his captors with their hostages.
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Harold Wilson
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician. One of the most prominent British politicians of the latter half of the 20th century, he served two terms as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, first from 1964 to 1970, and again from 1974 to 1976. He emerged as Prime Minister after more general elections than any other 20th century premier, contesting five general elections and winning four of them (in 1964, 1966, February 1974 and October 1974). He is the most recent British Prime Minister to have served non-consecutive terms.
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Harry M. Woods
Henry MacGregor Woods (November 4, 1896 - January 14, 1970) was a Tin Pan Alley songwriter and pianist. Woods is sometimes credited as Harry Woods.
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Harry Stradling
Harry Stradling Sr., A.S.C. (September 1, 1901 - February 14, 1970) was an American cinematographer with over 130 films to his credit.
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Heike Friedrich
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Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Brüning () (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German politician during the Weimar Republic. He served as Chancellor of Germany from 1930 to 1932, making him the longest serving Chancellor of the Weimar Republic.
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Helene Madison
MedalCountry|
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Henry Marrow
Henry Dortress Marrow, Junior, called Dickie by his friends and family, was 23 when he was murdered in Oxford, North Carolina on May 11, 1970, the victim of a violent "hate crime". Henry Marrow's three killers were all found "not guilty". This verdict spurred rioting by blacks in the county and influenced events across the country.
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Herb Shriner
Herb Shriner (May 29, 1918–April 23, 1970) was an American humorist, radio personality and television host. Shriner was known for his homespun monologues, usually about his home state of Indiana. He was frequently compared to humorist Will Rogers.
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Herbert Strudwick
Herbert ("Bert") Strudwick (January 28, 1880, Mitcham, Surrey, England – February 14, 1970 in Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex) was an English wicket-keeper. During his career, his record of 1493 dismissals is the third-highest by any wicket-keeper in the history of first-class cricket.
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Hjalmar Schacht
Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, liberal politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party. He served as the Currency Commissioner and President of the Reichsbank under the Weimar Republic. He was a fierce critic of his country's post-World War I reparation obligations.
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Humberto Ramos
Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, The Spectacular Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson.
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Hussein of Jordan
Hussein bin Talal (, ; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was the King of Jordan from the abdication of his father, King Talal, in 1952, until his death. Hussein guided his country through the Cold War and four decades of Arab-Israeli conflict, balancing the pressures of Arab nationalism and the allure of Western-style development against the stark reality of Jordan's geographic location. He worked throughout his life to advance the cause of peace between Jordan and Israel (which he successfully achieved in 1994), as well as between Palestinians and Israelis.
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Hwang Jung-min
Hwang Jung-min (born September 1, 1970) is a South Korean actor.
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Ian Paisley
Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside, PC (born 6 April 1926) is a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. As the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the largest single grouping in the 2007 elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly, he was elected First Minister with Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness as deputy First Minister on 8 May 2007.
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Inger Stevens
Inger Stevens (born Inger Stensland, October 18, 1934April 30, 1970) was a Swedish-American movie and TV actress.
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Ione Skye
Ione Skye Lee (; born September 4, 1970) is a British-born American actress.
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Isabelle Brasseur
Isabelle Brasseur, MSM (born July 28, 1970, Kingsbury, Quebec) is a pair skater from Canada.
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Izabella Scorupco
Izabella Scorupco (born June 4, 1970, Białystok, Poland) is a Polish-Swedish actress who is most famous for appearing as Bond girl Natalya Simonova in the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. She is the first Polish-born actress to play a Bond girl.
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Jacco Eltingh
Jacco Folkert Eltingh (born 29 August 1970 in Heerde, Gelderland) is a former professional male tennis player and former World No. 1 doubles player from the Netherlands.
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Jack Swigert
'''John Leonard 'Jack' Swigert, Jr.''', (August 30, 1931 - December 27, 1982) was a NASA astronaut, one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.
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James Cross
James Richard Cross, CMG (born September 29, 1921, in Ireland) was a British diplomat in Canada who was kidnapped by the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) terrorist group during the October Crisis of October 1970.
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Jane Bathori
Jane Bathori (born Jeanne-Marie Berthier, June 14, 1877 - January 25, 1970) was a French opera singer. Born in Paris, France, she was famous on the operatic stage and important in the development of contemporary French music.
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Jane Fonda
Jane Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model, and fitness guru. She rose to fame in the 1960s with films such as Barbarella and Cat Ballou. She has won two Academy Awards and received several other awards and nominations. After 15 years of retirement, she returned to film in 2005 with Monster in Law followed by Georgia Rule two years later. She also produced and starred in several exercise videos released between 1982 and 1995.
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Janis Joplin
Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 - October 4, 1970) was an American singer, songwriter and music arranger. She rose to prominence in the late 1960s as the lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company and later as a solo artist. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Joplin number 46 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004, and number 28 on its 2008 list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
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Jarkko Martikainen
Jarkko Martikainen (born October 24, 1970 in Greifswald, GDR) is a Finnish singer, songwriter and member of the rock band YUP. In addition to his musical career, Martikainen has worked as a columnist, a record producer and a documentary filmmaker. Martikainen has also illustrated his first solo-album Mierolainen (2004) and YUP's third album, Toppatakkeja ja Toledon terästä (1994).
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Jason Elam
Jason Elam (born March 8, 1970 in Fort Walton Beach, Florida) is a retired American football placekicker. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the third round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Hawaii.
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Jason Gray-Stanford
Jason Gray-Stanford (born May 19, 1970) is a Canadian film and television actor. He is best known for playing the hapless Lieutenant Randy Disher in the TV program Monk.
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Jason Lee (actor)
Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American skateboarder and actor, known for his role as the title character on the NBC television series My Name is Earl, his portrayal of Syndrome in the film The Incredibles and his work with director Kevin Smith. Lee is currently starring in the new TNT series Memphis Beat, which premiered on June 22, 2010.
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Jason Orange
Jason Thomas Orange (born 10 July 1970 in Crumpsall, Manchester, England) is an English singer-songwriter, dancer and occasional actor. He is a member of the pop-rock band Take That who gained popularity in the 1990s and are currently enjoying further success since their reunion in 2005.
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Javy López
Javier López Torres (born November 5, 1970 in ) is a former catcher in Major League Baseball who played from through for the Atlanta Braves (1992–2003), Baltimore Orioles (2004–2006) and Boston Red Sox (2006). He batted and threw right-handed. He was named Ponce, Puerto Rico's Athlete of the Year from 1984-1987.
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Jay Mohr
Jay Mohr (born August 23, 1970) is an American actor and stand up comedian. He is perhaps best known for his role as Professor Rick Payne in the TV series Ghost Whisperer, in which he starred for two years. He also known for playing the title role in the CBS sitcom Gary Unmarried.
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Jean Terrell
Jean Terrell (born Velma Jean Terrell, November 26, 1944 in Belzoni, Mississippi) is an American R&B; and jazz singer. She replaced Diana Ross as the lead singer of The Supremes in January 1970.
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Jeff Garcia
: This article is about the Football player. For the comedian/voice actor, see Jeff Garcia (voice actor).
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Jeff Hordley
Jeff Hordley (born Jeffrey Thomas Percy, 7 March 1970 in Crumpsall, Manchester) is an English actor most notable for playing Cain Dingle in ITV's long-running soap opera Emmerdale.
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Jeff Zgonina
Jeffrey Marc "Jeff" Zgonina (born May 24, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American football defensive tackle for the Houston Texans in the National Football League. He played college football at Purdue University and was a seventh round pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1993 NFL Draft. Zgonina holds the title of the oldest active defensive player after linebacker Junior Seau retired from the Patriots.
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Jeffrey R. MacDonald
Jeffrey Robert MacDonald, M.D., (born October 12, 1943), is an American convicted in 1979 for the murders of his pregnant wife and two daughters in February 1970. At the time of the murders, MacDonald was an Army officer, medical doctor and practicing physician.
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Jeffrey Sebelia
Jeffrey Sebelia (born May 30, 1970) is an American fashion designer and founder of the clothing label Cosa Nostra, which he headed from a loft on Broadway in downtown Los Angeles. He is best known as the winner of the third season of American reality show Project Runway.
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Jeremy Roenick
Jeremy Shaffer "J.R." Roenick (; born January 17, 1970) is a retired American professional ice hockey player who played the majority of his career in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings, and San Jose Sharks over the course of his 18 NHL season career and represented Team USA in numerous international tournaments. On November 10, 2007, he became the third American-born player (Joe Mullen and Mike Modano are the other two) to score 500 goals.
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Jesse Pennington
Jesse Pennington (23 August 1883 – 5 September 1970) was an English football player in the early part of the 20th century. He was nicknamed "Peerless Pennington".
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Jim Courier
James Spencer "Jim" Courier, Jr. (born August 17, 1970, in Sanford, Florida) is a former world number one professional tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won four Grand Slam singles titles – two at the French Open and two at the Australian Open. He holds the record for being the youngest person to have reached the finals of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments.
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Jim Edmonds
James Patrick "Jim" Edmonds (born June 27, 1970) is an American Major League Baseball player, currently playing center field for the Cincinnati Reds. He played for the California/Anaheim Angels, the St. Louis Cardinals, the San Diego Padres, the Milwaukee Brewers, and the Chicago Cubs. He was affectionately known by Cardinal fans as "Jimmy Baseball," "Jimmy Ballgame," "Lassie," and "Hollywood."
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Jim Lovell
James "Jim" Arthur Lovell, Jr., (born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired captain in the United States Navy, most famous as the commander of the Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth by the efforts of the crew and mission control. Lovell was also the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. Lovell is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, the first of only three people to fly to the Moon twice, and the only one to do so without making a landing. Lovell was also the first American to fly in space four times.
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Jim Schlossnagle
Jim Schlossnagle (born August 12, 1970 in Hagerstown, Maryland) is currently the head baseball coach at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. Schlossnagle was named 2010 National Coach of the Year by the National College Baseball Writers Association.
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Jim Thome
James Howard "Jim" Thome (; born August 27, 1970 in ) is an American Major League Baseball designated hitter for the Minnesota Twins.
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Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix, November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. He is often considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in the history of rock music by other musicians and commentators in the industry, and one of the most important and influential musicians of his era across a range of genres. After initial success in Europe, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, Hendrix headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
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Jo Frost
Joanne "Jo" Frost (born 27 June 1971) is a British nanny and the central figure of the reality television programme Supernanny. She has written three books on childcare and began her work experience in 1989.
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Joan Baez
Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer, songwriter and activist. Baez has a distinctive vocal style, with a strong vibrato. Her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues.
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Jochen Rindt
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Joe Zaso
Joseph Zaso (born on November 20, 1970 in Queens, New York) is an American actor and filmmaker.
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Johannes Semper
Johannes Semper (near Viljandi, - Tallinn, February 2, 1970) was an Estonian writer and translator.
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John Barbirolli
Sir John Barbirolli, CH, 2 December 1899 – 29 July 1970) was an English conductor and cellist. He was particularly associated with the Hallé Orchestra, Manchester, which he helped save from dissolution in 1943 and conducted for the rest of his life. Earlier in his career he was Arturo Toscanini's successor as music director of the New York Philharmonic, serving there from 1936 to 1943. He was also chief conductor of the Houston Symphony from 1961 to 1967, and was a guest conductor of many other orchestras including the BBC Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic, making recordings with all these orchestras.
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John D. Carmack
John D. Carmack II (born August 20, 1970) is an American game programmer and the co-founder of id Software. Carmack was the lead programmer of the id computer games Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, their sequels and the Commander Keen series of games.
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John Dos Passos
John Roderigo Dos Passos (January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist and artist.
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John Filan
John Filan (born 8 February 1970 in Sydney) is an Australian former football (soccer) player who played as a goalkeeper.
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John Gunther
John Gunther (August 30, 1901 – May 29, 1970) was an American journalist and author whose success came primarily in the 1940s and 1950s with a series of popular sociopolitical works known as the "Inside" books. He is best known today for the memoir Death Be Not Proud about the death of his teenage son, Johnny Gunther, from a brain tumor.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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John O'Hara
'''John Henry O'Hara' (January 31, 1905–April 11, 1970) was an American writer born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. He initially became known for his short stories and later became a best-selling novelist whose works include Appointment in Samarra and BUtterfield 8''. He was particularly known for an uncannily accurate ear for dialogue. O'Hara was a keen observer of social status and class differences, and wrote frequently about the socially ambitious.
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John Sebastian
John Benson Sebastian, Jr. (March 17, 1944, in Greenwich Village, New York City) is an American songwriter and harmonica player. He is best known as a founder of The Lovin' Spoonful, a band inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. His tie-dyed denim jacket is prominently displayed there.
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Johnny Hodges
John Cornelius "Johnny" Hodges (July 25, 1906 – May 11, 1970) was an American alto saxophonist, best known for his solo work with Duke Ellington's big band. He played lead alto in the saxophone section for many years, except the period between 1932 – 1946 when Otto Hardwick generally played first chair. Hodges was also featured on soprano saxophone, but refused to play soprano after 1946, when he also got the task of playing the lead chair.
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Jordan Knight
Jordan Nathaniel Marcel Knight (born May 17, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter best known as the lead singer in the boy band, New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), and actor which rose to fame in the 1980s and 1990s. He is best known for his distinctive falsetto style of singing, influenced by The Stylistics. After New Kids On The Block disbanded Jordan continued a solo career. He released 4 Top 40 singles, most famously for his hit song "Give It To You" in 1999 but since then he has failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 again, Jordan has also done two studio albums, one remix album and 1 EP.
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Joseph Alioto
:''For the current California politician (Joseph Alioto's grandson), see Joe Alioto Veronese.''
http://wn.com/Joseph_Alioto -
Joseph Fiennes
Joseph Alberic Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( "fines"; born 27 May 1970) is an English film and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his portrayals of William Shakespeare in Shakespeare in Love, Sir Robert Dudley in Elizabeth, Commisar Danilov in Enemy at the Gates, Martin Luther in Luther, and his portrayal of Mark Benford in the 2009 TV series FlashForward.
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Joshua Seth
Joshua Seth Freedman (born December 2, 1970) is an American voice actor. He was born in Kent, Ohio and attended the New York University film school. He has voiced dozens of well known anime characters and is sometimes credited as "Jeremiah Freedman", but has retired from voice acting in 2005. In 2005, he became the announcer of "Kids WB's Aftertoons Show" block and "Saturdays: Unleashed" block. He also works as a comedy hypnotist and formerly as a magician. He is the author of an upcoming book on the use of hypnosis for weight loss. He currently resides in Santa Barbara, California
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Juan José Torres
Juan José Torres González (5 March 1920, Cochabamba — 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader. He served as President of Bolivia from October 7, 1970 to August 21, 1971. He was popularly known as "J.J." (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of Operation Condor.
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Jukka Jokikokko
Jukka Jokikokko (born September 15, 1970 in Pudasjärvi) is a Finnish bassist and studio engineer. He has played different kinds of music and is bassist on the bands Scarlet Thread, Burning Point, Stargazery and Rytmiterapia.
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Jules Munshin
Jules Munshin (February 22, 1915 – February 19, 1970) was a Jewish song-and-dance artist who had made his name on Broadway when he starred in Call Me Mister. Additional Broadway credits include The Gay Life and Barefoot in the Park.
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Julie Chen
Julie Suzanne Chen (born January 6, 1970) is an American television personality, news anchor, and producer for CBS. She has 15 years of newscasting experience. She is best known for co-anchoring CBS's The Early Show, alongside Harry Smith and Maggie Rodriguez. She has been the host of the U.S. version of Big Brother since its debut in July 2000.
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Julien Fountain
Julien Fountain (born 1970 in Shoreham-by-sea, Sussex) is a professional English cricket coach and former Great Britain Olympic Baseballer. He has coached a wide range of both domestic and international, professional cricket teams including West Indies, Pakistan and England as a "Specialist Fielding Coach" . He was the first baseball player to be used by an Test level cricket team when he was hired in 1998, whilst coaching freelance for the England & Wales Cricket Board, by the West Indies to coach on their tour of South Africa . On the 2000/01 West Indies tour of Australia he took to the field as twelfth man for the West Indies during their fixture against the Prime Ministers eleven at the Manuka Oval in Canberra. He rose to the challenge by running out Anthony McGuire with a direct hit from the boundary In 2008 he was selected to help coach the Stanford Superstars, a privately funded cricket team set up by billionaire cricket enthusiast Allen Stanford, who beat England in a one off T20 game for 20 million US dollars during the Stanford Super Series. He is a UKCC ECB Level 3 coach and is a T20 specialist, covering "Baseball Style" power batting mechanics, slower balls and elite fielding skills.
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Katie Derham
Katie Derham (born Catherine Beatrice Margaret Derham on 18 June 1970) is a British newscaster and a presenter on television and radio.
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Kavan Smith
Kavan Joel Smith (born May 6, 1970) is a Canadian actor best known for playing Major Evan Lorne in Stargate Atlantis and Stargate SG-1 and for his recurring role as Agent Jed Garrity in The 4400.
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Kelly Ripa
Kelly Maria Ripa (born October 2, 1970) is an American television host and actress. Since February 2001, she has served as the co-host of Live with Regis and Kelly, along with Regis Philbin. Earlier in her career, Ripa played Hayley Vaughan Santos for 12 years on the soap opera All My Children; she also played Faith Fairfield on Hope & Faith. Both are television series on ABC.
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Kevin Smith
Kevin Patrick Smith (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, film producer, and director, as well as a popular comic book writer, author, comedian, podcaster, and actor, best recognized by viewers as Silent Bob. He is also the co-founder, with Scott Mosier, of View Askew Productions and owner of Jay and Silent Bob's Secret Stash comic and novelty store in Red Bank, New Jersey. He also hosts a weekly podcast with Scott Mosier known as SModcast. Smith is well-known for participating in long, humorous Q&A; sessions that are often filmed for DVD release, beginning with An Evening with Kevin Smith.
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Kevin Weisman
Kevin Weisman (born December 29, 1970) is an American film, television and stage actor. His best-known acting role was that of Marshall Flinkman on the television series Alias (2001–2006).
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Kimiko Date
http://wn.com/Kimiko_Date -
Kyan Douglas
Kyan Douglas (born Hugh Edward Douglas on May 5, 1970) was the grooming expert on the American television program Queer Eye.
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Lara Fabian
Lara Fabian (born Lara Crokaert; Jan 9, 1970, is a Belgian-born international singer who also holds Canadian citizenship. Multilingual, she sings in French, Italian and Spanish, English, in all of which she is fluent.
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Lara Flynn Boyle
Lara Flynn Boyle (born March 24, 1970) is an American film and television actress best known for her performances as Laura Palmer's best friend Donna Hayward in Twin Peaks and Assistant District Attorney Helen Gamble in The Practice. She has had a number of movie roles from the late 1980s through the present but has found the most recognition through her roles in television series.
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Latrell Sprewell
Latrell Fontaine Sprewell (born September 8, 1970 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American former professional basketball player. During his time as a professional, Sprewell was named to the NBA All-Star game during four seasons, and played for the Golden State Warriors, the New York Knicks, and the Minnesota Timberwolves. He helped lead the Knicks to the NBA Finals and the Timberwolves to the Western Conference finals. Despite his accomplishments, his career was largely overshadowed by a 1997 incident in which he choked his coach, P.J. Carlesimo, during a practice, which ultimately resulted in a 68-game suspension.
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Lawrence Gray
Lawrence Gray (July 28, 1898- 2 February 1970 ) was an American actor of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Leah Purcell
Leah Purcell (born 14 August 1970 in Murgon, Queensland) is an Australian actor, director and writer.
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Leah Remini
Leah Marie Remini (born June 15, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Carrie Heffernan on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens.
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Lee Bong-Ju
Lee Bong-Ju (born October 11, 1970 in Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea) is a South Korean marathoner.
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Leila Pahlavi
Princess Leila Pahlavi (Persian: لیلا پهلوی), (27 March 1970 – 10 June 2001), born in Tehran, Iran was the youngest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, and his third wife, Farah Pahlavi.
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Lenore Ulric
Lenore Ulric (July 21, 1892 in New Ulm, Minnesota – December 30, 1970 in Orangeburg, New York) was a star of the Broadway stage and Hollywood films of the silent-film and early sound era. Her father, Franz Xavier Ulrich, was a United States Army hospital steward. He gave his daughter the name Lenore because of his fondness for the Edgar Allan Poe poem, "The Raven." Miss Ulric dropped the H from her last name. She felt she was destined to become a stage actress from an early age. At the height of her stage career she was one of the brightest stars of the American theater.
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Leontien van Moorsel
Leontine Martha Henrica Petronella van Moorsel (born 22 March 1970 in Boekel, Netherlands) is a former Dutch racing cyclist.
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Lillian Board
MedalCountry| and
http://wn.com/Lillian_Board -
Linn Berggren
Malin Sofia Katarina Berggren (born 31 October 1970) is a former member of the band Ace of Base. Having been interested and involved in music since her childhood, she formed the band in 1987, along with her sister Jenny, her brother Jonas and their friend Ulf Ekberg. Before forming Ace of Base, Malin sang in her church's choir. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lon Nol
Lon Nol (; November 13, 1913 – November 17, 1985) was a Cambodian politician and soldier who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia twice, as well as serving repeatedly as Defense Minister. He led a military coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk and became self-proclaimed President of the newly-created Khmer Republic.
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Louis Néel
Louis Eugène Félix Néel (22 November 1904 – 17 November 2000) was a French physicist born in Lyon. He studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids. His contributions to solid state physics have found numerous useful applications, particularly in the development of improved computer memory units. About 1930 he suggested that a new form of magnetic behavior might exist; called antiferromagnetism, as opposed to ferromagnetism. Above a certain temperature (the Néel temperature) this behaviour stops. Néel pointed out (1947) that materials could also exist showing ferrimagnetism. Néel has also given an explanation of the weak magnetism of certain rocks, making possible the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field.
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Lucille Hegamin
Lucille Nelson Hegamin (November 29, 1894 – March 1, 1970) was a American singer and entertainer, and a pioneer African American blues recording artist.
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Lucy Benjamin
Lucy Benjamin (born 25 June 1970) is an English actress.
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Luis Echeverría
Luis Echeverría Álvarez (born 17 January 1922) served as President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976.
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Luis Federico Leloir
Luis Federico Leloir (September 6, 1906 – December 2, 1987) was an Argentine doctor and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He was the first Spanish-speaking scientist to ever receive the award. Although born in France, Leloir received the majority of his education at the University of Buenos Aires and was director of the private research group Fundación Instituto Campomar until his death in 1987. Although his laboratories were often plagued by lack of financial support and second-rate equipment, his research into sugar nucleotides, carbohydrate metabolism, and renal hypertension has garnered international attention and fame and has led to significant progress in understanding, diagnosing and treating the congenital disease galactosemia. He is also credited with inventing salsa golf.
http://wn.com/Luis_Federico_Leloir -
M. Night Shyamalan
Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan (; ; Maṉōj Nelliyāṯṯu Ṣiyāmaḷaṉ, born 6 August 1970), known professionally as M. Night Shyamalan, is an Indian-born, American filmmaker and screenwriter, known for making movies with contemporary supernatural plots that climax with a twist ending. He is also known for filming his movies (and staging his plots) in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was raised.
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Mahmoud Fawzi
Mahmoud Fawzi () (19 September 1900 - 12 June 1981) was an Egyptian diplomat and political figure. He was born and died in Cairo.
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Malik Sealy
Malik Sealy (February 1, 1970 – May 20, 2000) was an American professional basketball player, active from 1992 until his death in an automobile accident at the age of 30. Sealy played eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Indiana Pacers, Los Angeles Clippers, Detroit Pistons and Minnesota Timberwolves.
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Marciano Vink
Marciano Carlos Alberto Vink (born October 17, 1970 in Paramaribo, Surinam) is a former Dutch football player. Throughout his career he played primarily as a right defensive midfielder and as a right cenral defender. He most notably played for Ajax and PSV in the Eredivisie and Genoa in the Serie A. Injury prone since the very beginning of his career, he was forced to quit prematurely at the age of 28.
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Marco Etcheverry
Marco Antonio Etcheverry Vargas (born September 26, 1970 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a former Bolivian football (soccer) midfielder, considered as one of the best Bolivian players of all time, and is the current manager of Bolivian club Oriente Petrolero.
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Marco Pantani
Cyclist
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Mari Blanchard
Mari Blanchard (April 13, 1927 – May 10, 1970) was an American actress, known for her roles as a B movie femme fatale in American films of the 1950s and early 1960s.
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Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut, in 1990, under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola, in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. In 1998, Carey received the World Music Awards for becoming the "World's Best Selling Recording Artist of the 1990's" as well as the award for "World's Best Selling R&B; Artist."
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Marie Pierre Koenig
http://wn.com/Marie_Pierre_Koenig -
Mario Dumont
Mario Dumont (born May 19, 1970 in Saint-Georges-de-Cacouna, Quebec) is a television personality and former politician in the province of Quebec. He was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA), and the leader of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ), from 1994 to 2009. After the 2007 Quebec election, Dumont obtained the post of Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly.
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Marjorie Rambeau
Marjorie Rambeau (July 15, 1889 – July 6, 1970) was an American film and stage actress.
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Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970), was a Russian-born American painter. He is classified as an abstract expressionist, although he himself rejected this label, and even resisted classification as an "abstract painter".
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Martha Plimpton
Martha Campbell Plimpton (born November 16, 1970) is an American actress and singer. She currently plays the role of Virginia Chance on the Fox sitcom Raising Hope.
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Massimo Ellul
Massimo Ellul (born December 20, 1970) is an accomplished Maltese businessman, very active in Malta and other countries in the commercial, social, political and philanthropical fields of activity. An international marketor by trade and specialisation, Dr. Ellul chairs a consultancy organisation in Europe and the Middle East.
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Matthew Lillard
Matthew Leonard Lillard (born January 24, 1970) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for his roles as Stu Macher in Scream, Stevo in SLC Punk (awarded Best Actor at the Mar del Plata Film Festival), and Shaggy Rogers in the Scooby-Doo film series. Lillard was born in Lansing, Michigan, and grew up in Tustin, California. After high school, he was hired as an extra for Ghoulies 3: Ghoulies Go to College (1991). He attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena, California, with fellow actor Paul Rudd, and later, the theater school Circle in the Square in New York City.
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Matthew Pinsent
athlete
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Matthias Lechner
Matthias Lechner (born February 27, 1970) is a motion picture set designer and art director. He worked as an art director and designer on the animated films Help! I'm a Fish and Space Chimps, as well as Laura's Star, among other films. He was born in Mannheim, Germany, and lives in Vancouver, Canada.
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Maurice Stokes
Maurice Stokes (June 17, 1933 in Rankin, Pennsylvania – April 6, 1970 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was an American professional basketball player in the 1950s, whose career was cut short by a debilitating injury. He graduated from Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania in 1955.
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Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe).
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Michael Bevan
Michael Gwyl Bevan (born 8 May 1970 in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory) is a former Australian left-handed cricket batsman and a slow left arm chinaman bowler. He played 232 ODI matches for Australia, and was a part of the 1999 and 2003 teams that won the World Cup.
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Michael Shanks
Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970) is a Canadian actor who achieved fame for his role as Dr. Daniel Jackson on the long-running science fiction television series Stargate SG-1.
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Michele Jaffe
Michele Jaffe (b. March 20 in Los Angeles, California), is an American writer. She has authored novels in several genres, including historical romance, suspense thrillers, and novels for Young Adults.
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Michelle Malkin
Michelle Malkin (née Maglalang; born October 20, 1970) is an American conservative blogger, political commentator, and author. Her weekly, syndicated column appears in a number of newspapers and websites nationwide. She has been a guest on MSNBC, Fox News Channel, C-SPAN, and national radio programs. Malkin has written four books published by Regnery.
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Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer, best known as the lead vocalist of rock band, The Rolling Stones. Jagger has also acted in and produced several films.
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Mickey Daniels
Richard "Mickey" Daniels, Jr. (October 11, 1914 - August 20, 1970) was a juvenile actor. Signed by Hal Roach in 1923, he was, along with fat Joe Cobb, scruffy Jackie Condon, pretty Mary Kornman, and smiling "Sunshine Sammy" (Ernie Morrison), a regular in the popular Our Gang comedies.
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Miho Hatori
is a singer, songwriter, and musician. She is primarily known as the vocalist of the New York City group Cibo Matto, and the first person to provide the voice of Gorillaz member Noodle.
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Mikael Ljungberg
Mikael Ljungberg (June 13, 1970 – November 17, 2004) was a Swedish wrestler from Gothenburg. He competed for Örgryte IS's wrestling section.
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Mike Matheny
Michael Scott Matheny (born September 22, 1970 in Reynoldsburg, Ohio) is a former baseball catcher, playing for four different teams during his thirteen years in the major leagues. He was drafted in the 8th round of the 1991 amateur draft by the Milwaukee Brewers, with whom he made his major league debut in . He was drafted out of the University of Michigan.
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Miles Marshall Lewis
Miles Marshall Lewis (born December 18, 1970) is an American pop culture critic, essayist, literary editor, fiction writer, and music journalist. He is a graduate of Morehouse College, class of 1993.
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Mimi Benzell
Mimi Benzell (May 6, 1924 – December 23, 1970) was an American soprano who performed with the Metropolitan Opera before establishing herself as a Broadway musical theatre, television, and nightclub performer.
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Minnie Driver
Minnie Driver (born Amelia Fiona J. Driver; 31 January 1970) is a British actress and singer-songwriter. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 1997 film Good Will Hunting, as well as for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe for her work in the television series The Riches.
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Molly McKay
Molly B. McKay, born September 9, 1970, is an attorney and a civil rights activist for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered individuals. McKay was the former Co-Executive Director of Marriage Equality California and is currently the Media Director for Marriage Equality USA. She has also been active in Californians for Same Sex Marriage and the California Freedom to Marry Coalition, and was the Associate Executive Director of Equality California. McKay married her longtime partner Davina Kotulski in 2004 when Gavin Newsom made Same sex marriage legal for one day in San Francisco.
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Morgan Spurlock
Morgan Valentine Spurlock (born November 7, 1970) is an American documentary filmmaker, television producer, screenwriter and journalist, best known for the documentary film Super Size Me, in which he demonstrated negative health effects of McDonald's food by eating nothing but meals from McDonald's three times a day, every day, for 30 days. Spurlock was the executive producer and star of the reality television series 30 Days. In 2007, Spurlock was placed within the Top 10 "Best Journalists of the World" by Time magazine.
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Moses Kiptanui
Moses Kiptanui (born October 1, 1970 in Marakwet District, Kenya) is a middle and long distance athlete mostly famous for 3,000 m steeplechase in which he was the number one ranked athlete from 1991 to 1995 and three time IAAF World Champion. Kiptanui was also the first man ever to run 3000 m steeplechase in under eight minutes.
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Mr. Lobo
Mr. Lobo is an artist, satirist, genre actor and among many other talents is a television personality, the innovative horror host of the nationally syndicated American television series Cinema Insomnia.
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Mujibur Rahman
http://wn.com/Mujibur_Rahman -
Naomi Campbell
Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is an English model. "Discovered" while shopping in London, Campbell started her career in the 1980s and soon appeared on the catwalks of Milan and Paris as well as on the cover pages of internationally renowned fashion magazines. She is also known for perfumes associated with her name, and for a series of legal issues.
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Neil Blaney
Neil Terence Columba Blaney (1 October 1922 – 8 November 1995), was a senior Irish politician. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann in 1948 as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) representing Donegal East. Blaney served as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (1957), Minister for Local Government (1957–1966) and Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries (1966–1970). He is a former Father of the Dáil.
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Nelly Sachs
Nelly Sachs (10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German poet and playwright whose experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. Her best-known play is Eli: Ein Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels (1950); other works include the poems Zeichen im Sand (1962), Verzauberung (1970), and the collections of poetry In den Wohnungen des Todes (1947), Flucht und Verwandlung (1959), Fahrt ins Staublose (1961), and Suche nach Lebenden (1971).
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Nia Long
Nia Long (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress and occasional music video director. She is best known for her roles in the television series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and Third Watch, and the films Soul Food, Love Jones, The Best Man, ''Big Momma's House, and Are We There Yet?''
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Nicole DeBoer
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Nicole Sullivan
Nicole Julianne Sullivan (born April 21, 1970) is an American actress, comedian and voice artist. Sullivan is best known for her six seasons (1995–2001) on the sketch comedy series MADtv and five seasons (2001–2005, 2007) on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens.
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Niiyama Shiho
http://wn.com/Niiyama_Shiho -
Nobuhiro Watsuki
is a Japanese mangaka, best known for his samurai-themed series Rurouni Kenshin. He once worked as an assistant for his favorite author Takeshi Obata.
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Norman Borlaug
Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution". Borlaug was one of only six people to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. He was also a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor.
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Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk regular script (born October 31 1922) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 until his semi-retirement and voluntary abdication on 7 October 2004 in favor/favour of his son, the current King Norodom Sihamoni. Since his abdication he has been known as The King-Father of Cambodia (Khmer: Preahmâhaviraksat), a position in which he retains many of his former responsibilities as constitutional monarch.
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Noureddine Morceli
Noureddine Morceli (, Nūr ud-Dīn Mursilī; born February 28, 1970) is a retired Algerian athlete, winner of the 1500 m run at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
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Oded Fehr
Oded Fehr (; born November 23, 1970) is an Israeli film and television actor now based in the United States. He is known for his appearance as Ardeth Bay in the 1999 remake of The Mummy and its sequel The Mummy Returns, as well as Carlos Olivera in ' and ', Faris al-Farik in Sleeper Cell and the demon Zankou in the TV series Charmed.
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Olimpiada Ivanova
Olimpiada Vladimirovna Ivanova (, born August 26, 1970) is a Russian race walker. She has 4 medals from the major events. She was born in Munsjuty, Chuvashia.
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Patricia Ellis
Patricia Ellis (May 20, 1916 — March 26, 1970) was an American film actress of the 1930s.
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Patrick Mboma
http://wn.com/Patrick_Mboma -
Patrick Norton
Patrick Norton (born June 26, 1970, Urbana, Illinois) is most commonly known as the former co-host and managing editor of The Screen Savers, an interactive television program on TechTV geared toward the technology enthusiast. He is currently a managing editor at Revision3 where he hosts HD Nation and Tekzilla.
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Paul Allender
Paul Allender (born 17 November 1970) is the guitarist of the British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth.
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Paul McCartney
Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of The Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), McCartney is the most successful songwriter in the history of popular music, according to Guinness World Records.
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Paul Oscar
Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson (born 16 March 1970), known internationally as Páll Óskar and Paul Oscar, is an Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc jockey. He had a musical childhood, singing at private functions, with choirs and for media advertisements, but was affected by bullying in school and tension between his parents at home. He came out as gay to his family at the age of 16 years.
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Paul Samuelson
Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist, and the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory." Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics", and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century."
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Paul Thomas Anderson
Paul Thomas Anderson (born June 26, 1970) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He has written and directed five feature films: Hard Eight (1996), Boogie Nights (1997), Magnolia (1999), Punch-Drunk Love (2002) and There Will Be Blood (2007). He has been nominated for five Academy Awards—There Will Be Blood for Best Achievement in Directing, Best Motion Picture of the Year, and Best Adapted Screenplay; Magnolia for Best Original Screenplay; and Boogie Nights for Best Original Screenplay.
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Pavel Belyayev
Pavel Ivanovich Belyayev (), (June 26, 1925, Chelizshevo – January 10, 1970, Moscow), was a cosmonaut who flew on the historic Voskhod 2 mission.
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Pawel Jasienica
http://wn.com/Pawel_Jasienica -
Peta Wilson
Peta Gia Wilson (born 18 November 1970) is an Australian actress and model. She is best known as Nikita in the television series La Femme Nikita.
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Pete Rock
Peter Phillips (born June 21, 1970, in the Bronx, New York), better known by his stage name Pete Rock, is an American record producer, DJ and rapper. He rose to prominence in the early 1990s as one half of the critically acclaimed group Pete Rock & CL Smooth. After the duo went their separate ways, Rock continued with a solo career that has garnered him worldwide respect, though little in the way of mainstream success. Along with groups such as Stetsasonic, A Tribe Called Quest, The Roots and Gang Starr, Rock played a major role in the merging of elements from jazz into hip hop music (also known as jazz rap). He is widely recognized as one of the greatest hip hop producers of all time, and is often mentioned alongside DJ Premier and RZA as one of the mainstays of 1990s East Coast hip hop production. Pete Rock is also the older brother and younger cousin, respectively, of rappers Grap Luva and Heavy D.
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Peter de Noronha
Chevalier Peter Bertram Cypriano Castellino de Noronha KSG, CE (April 19, 1897–July 24, 1970) was a well known businessman, philanthropist and civil servant of Kanpur, India. He was also knighted by Pope Paul VI in 1965 for his work for the Christian community in India.
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Peter Tägtgren
Peter Tägtgren (born June 3, 1970) is a Swedish musician and producer. He is the founder, main composer, lead singer, and guitarist of the death metal band Hypocrisy.
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Philip Cocu
http://wn.com/Philip_Cocu -
Philip Effiong
Philip Effiong (also spelled Efiong, November 18, 1925 – November 6, 2003) was the first Vice President and the second and last President of the now defunct Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970.
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Pierre Laporte
Pierre Laporte (25 February 1921 – 17 October 1970) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist and politician who was the Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour of the province of Quebec before being kidnapped and killed by members of the group Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) during the October Crisis. Mr. Laporte's body was found in the trunk of Paul Rose's automobile.
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Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
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Preston Foster
Preston Foster (August 24, 1900 – July 14, 1970) was an American stage and film actor, and singer. Foster entered films in 1929 after appearing as a Broadway stage actor. He was appearing in Broadway plays as late as October 1931 when he acted in a play titled Two Seconds starring Edward J. Pawley. Some of his notable films include: Doctor X (1932), I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), Annie Oakley (1935), The Last Days of Pompeii (also 1935), The Informer (1935) (as the head of the organization), and My Friend Flicka (1943).
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Q-Tip (rapper)
Kamaal Ibn John Fareed (Arabic:كمال ابن جون فريد ) (born Jonathan Davis; April 10, 1970), better known by his stage name Q-Tip, is an American hip hop artist, producer, singer, and actor from Queens, New York City, part of the critically acclaimed group A Tribe Called Quest.
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Qaboos of Oman
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Queen Latifah
Dana Elaine Owens (born March 18, 1970), better known by her stage name Queen Latifah, is an American rapper, actress and singer. Queen Latifah's work in music, film and television has earned her a Golden Globe award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Image Awards, a Grammy Award, six additional Grammy nominations, an Emmy Award nomination and an Academy Award nomination.
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Quentin Coryatt
Quentin John Coryatt (born August 1, 1970 in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Indianapolis Colts and the Dallas Cowboys between 1992 and 1999.
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Quincy Watts
Quincy D. Watts (born June 19, 1970) is a former American athlete, winner of two gold medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
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Raine Maida
Raine Maida (born February 18, 1970) is a Canadian musician best known as being the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of the alternative rock band Our Lady Peace. He has come to be known for his unique countertenor nasal falsetto singing voice, as well as his cryptic and poetry-influenced song lyrics. He occasionally plays certain instruments, such as the acoustic guitar, while performing with Our Lady Peace.
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Rashid Karami
Rashid Abdul Hamid Karami (December 30, 1921 – June 1, 1987) () was a Lebanese statesman. He was one of the most important political figures in Lebanon for more than 30 years, including during much of Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), and he served as Prime Minister eight times.
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Ray Henderson
Ray Henderson (December 1, 1896 – December 31, 1970), was an American songwriter.
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Regina Hall
Regina Hall (born December 12, 1970) is an American film and television actress known for her lead role of Brenda Meeks in the Scary Movie films and as Corretta Lipp in the FOX comedy-drama Ally McBeal, Hall is the sororal niece of Chip Fields, and the cousin of Kim Fields and Alexis Fields.
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Regine Velasquez
Regine Velasquez (born Regina Encarnacion Ansong Velasquez on April 22, 1970) is a Filipina singer, actress, record producer and TV host. She won the 1989 Asia Pacific Singing Contest in Hong Kong and is widely known for possessing a wide and powerful vocal range.
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René Schneider
General René Schneider Chereau (December 31, 1913 - October 25, 1970) was the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army at the time of the 1970 Chilean presidential election, when he was assassinated during a botched kidnapping attempt. His murder virtually assured Salvador Allende's eventual overthrow and death in a coup three years later. He also coined the doctrine of military-political mutual exclusivity that became known as the Schneider Doctrine.
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Ricco Gross
http://wn.com/Ricco_Gross -
Richard Hancox
Richard Hancox (born October 4, 1968) is an English former professional footballer, and is married to the daughter of former Torquay United chairman Mike Bateson. He currently coaches at Plymouth Argyle. He has held various roles at Torquay United in his career.
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Richard Hofstadter
Richard Hofstadter (6 August 1916 – 24 October 1970) was an American public intellectual of the 1950s, an historian and DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia University. In the course of his career, Hofstadter became the "iconic historian of postwar liberal consensus" whom 21st-century scholars continue to consult because his intellectually engaging books and essays remain pertinent to illuminating contemporary history.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
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Richie Havens
Richard P. "Richie" Havens (born January 21, 1941) is an American folk singer and guitarist. He is best known for his intense rhythmic guitar style (in open tuning), soulful covers of pop and folk songs, and his opening performance at the 1969 Woodstock Festival.
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Rick Schroder
Richard Bartlett "Rick" Schroder, Jr. (born April 13, 1970) is an American Golden Globe Award-winning actor and film director.
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Rita Angus
Rita Angus (March 12, 1908 – January 25, 1970) was a New Zealand painter born in Hastings. Along with Colin McCahon and Toss Woollaston, she is credited as one of the leading figures in twentieth century New Zealand art. She worked primarily in oil and water colour, and is well known for her portraits and landscapes.
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Rivers Cuomo
Rivers Cuomo (; born June 13, 1970) is an American musician and lead singer, lead guitarist, and principal songwriter of the alternative rock band Weezer. He has also worked as a solo artist; in December 2007, he released his debut album, ', which featured home demos that Cuomo recorded from 1992–2007. He released his second solo artist album, ', in November 2008.
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Rob Van Dam
Robert Alexander "Rob" Szatkowski (born December 18, 1970), better known by his ring name Rob Van Dam (RVD), is an American professional wrestler and actor who is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Szatkowski has held twenty-eight championships in various promotions during his career, and is a three-time world champion: a one-time ECW World Heavyweight Champion, one-time WWE Champion, and one-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, and the only man to hold the ECW World Heavyweight Championship and WWE Championship simultaneously. Van Dam is the only man to hold the ECW, WWE, and TNA World Heavyweight titles in his career. He was also the winner of WWE's Money in the Bank ladder match in 2006.
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Robert Barrat
Robert Harriot Barrat (10 July 1889 – 7 January 1970) was an American stage, motion picture, and television character actor.
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Robert Peirce
Rob Peirce is an attorney at Robert Peirce and Associates P.C., a plaintiff’s law firm based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Rogelio Miranda
Rogelio Miranda Valdivia was a Bolivian general. He was also Bolivia Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1974–1978).
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Roland Kun
Roland Tullen Kun (b. May 6, 1970) is a political figure from the Pacific nation of Nauru.
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Ronald de Boer
Ronaldus "Ronald" de Boer (born May 15, 1970 in Hoorn, Netherlands) is a former Dutch football midfielder who has played for the Dutch national team as well as a host of professional clubs in Europe. He is the twin brother of Frank de Boer.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
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Ronaldo da Costa
Ronaldo da Costa (born June 7, 1970 in Descoberto, Brazil) broke the ten-year-old marathon world record in 1998 in Berlin. The record was previously held by Belayneh Densamo from Ethiopia at the Rotterdam Marathon in April, 1988. The time is still the fastest time by a non-African born athlete.
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Roscoe Karns
Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor. He appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964.
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Royce Clayton
Royce Spencer Clayton (born January 2, 1970 in Burbank, California) is a former Major League Baseball shortstop. He was drafted out of St. Bernard High School in Playa del Rey in the first round (15th pick overall) of the 1988 Major League Baseball Draft by the San Francisco Giants, and made his major league debut for the Giants on September 20, . In , he was selected to represent the St. Louis Cardinals at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In the 2002 film The Rookie, Clayton is played by Jorge Sanchez in a brief appearance. Clayton appeared, uncredited, in the actual batting sequence in the film. The 1999 time frame portrayed in the film shows Clayton playing for the Texas Rangers. Clayton has reportedly signed on to portray Miguel Tejada in the film Moneyball.
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Rube Goldberg
Reuben Lucius Goldberg (July 4, 1883 – December 7, 1970) was a Jewish American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor. Goldberg is best known for a series of popular cartoons he created depicting complex devices that perform simple tasks in indirect, convoluted ways – now known as Rube Goldberg machines. Goldberg received many honors in his lifetime including a Pulitzer Prize for his political cartooning in 1948 and the Banshees' Silver Lady Award 1959.
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Rubén Salazar
Rubén Salazar (March 3, 1928 – August 29, 1970) was a Mexican-American journalist killed by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War on August 29, 1970 in East Los Angeles, California. During the 1970s, his killing was often cited as a symbol of unjust treatment of Chicanos by law enforcement. Salazar was the first Mexican-American journalist to cover the Chicano community from the mainstream media.
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Rudy York
Preston Rudolph York (August 17, 1913 — February 5, 1970) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the Detroit Tigers (1934, 1937–45), Boston Red Sox (1946–47), Chicago White Sox (1947) and Philadelphia Athletics (1948). York was born in Ragland, Alabama. He batted and threw right-handed.
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Régis Debray
Jules Régis Debray (born 1940) is a French intellectual, journalist, government official and professor. He is known for his theorization of mediology, a critical theory of the long-term transmission of cultural meaning in human society; and for having fought in 1967 with Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara in Bolivia.
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Sadao Abe
is a Japanese actor and musician. His popularity started as the lead singer of the Japanese rock band Group Tamashii. He was nominated for best actor in the 31st Japanese Academy Award for Maiko Haaaan!!!.
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Said bin Taimur
Said bin Taimur (13 August 1910—19 October 1972) () was the sultan of Muscat and Oman (the country later renamed to Oman) from 10 February 1932 until his overthrow on 23 July 1970. His second wife was Mazoon al-Mashani.
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Saj Karim
http://wn.com/Saj_Karim -
Salvador Allende
Salvador Isabelino del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Allende Gossens (; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas.
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Samantha Power
Samantha Power (born September 21, 1970, in Dungarvan, County Waterford in Ireland) is an Irish American academic, governmental offical and writer. She is currently a Special Assistant to President Barack Obama and Senior Director of Multilateral Affairs on the Staff of the National Security Council. She is also the Founding Executive Director and the Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government
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Sarah Silverman
Sarah Kate Silverman (born December 1, 1970) is an American comedian, writer, actress, singer and musician. Although usually credited as Sarah Silverman, she is sometimes credited by her nickname, Big S. Her satirical comedy addresses social taboos and controversial topics such as racism, sexism, and religion.
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Sasha Sokol
Sasha Sökol (born June 17, 1970) is a Mexican singer and actress.
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Satsuki Yukino
Satsuki Yukino (雪野 五月 Yukino Satsuki) (previously 雪乃 五月), real name Yuki Inoue (井上 由起 Inoue Yuki) (May 25, 1970 - ), is a popular Japanese voice actress from Ōtsu, Shiga. Yukino is also a singer as part of the Hinata Girls. She is a member of Ken Production.
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Sean Hill
Sean Hill (born February 14, 1970 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American professional ice hockey player. He was most recently a defenseman for the Minnesota Wild in the NHL. He won the Stanley Cup in 1993 with the Montreal Canadiens. For the 2008/09 season he signed a contract with EHC Biel from Swiss National League.
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Sekou Toure
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Semyon Timoshenko
Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (, Semën Konstantinovič Timošenko; , Semen Konstiantynovych Tymoshenko) ( – March 31, 1970) was a Soviet military commander and senior professional officer of the Red Army at the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
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Shane McMahon
Shane Brandon McMahon (born January 15, 1970) is an American executive, currently serving as the Chief Executive Officer of China Broadband Inc. A former executive and professional wrestler for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), he is the son of the current WWE Chairman and CEO, Vince McMahon and US Senate candidate Linda McMahon. He is also the older brother of Stephanie McMahon and brother-in-law of professional wrestler Paul "Triple H" Levesque. He spent 20 years in the WWE, leaving in January 2010.
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Shawnee Smith
Shawnee Smith (born July 3, 1970) is an American film and television actress and musician. Smith is best known for her roles as Amanda Young in the Saw films and Linda in the CBS sitcom Becker.
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Sherrié Austin
Sherrie Veronica Krenn (born August 28, 1970 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian actress and singer, known professionally as Sherrié Austin. Active as a singer since her teenage years, Sherrié initially recorded as one half of the duo Colorhaus, which also featured Phil Radford. After leaving Colorhaus, she recorded one album in her native Australia before moving to the United States in pursuit of a singing career. There, she recorded four studio albums, and charted several singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. Her highest-charting single was the #18 "Streets of Heaven" in 2003.
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Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Hebrew: שמואל יוסף עגנון, July 17, 1888 - February 17, 1970) was a Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon (ש"י עגנון). In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.
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Sifu Murat Kaplan
Murat Kaplan, Sifu (13 April 1970, Istanbul, Turkey - ) Turkish martial artist, Wing Chun Kung-Fu master.
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Silke Kraushaar
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Simon Pegg
Simon Pegg (born Simon John Beckingham; 14 February 1970) is an English actor, comedian, writer, film producer and director. He is best known for his starring roles in Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, Run Fatboy Run, the comedy series Spaced and his portrayal of Montgomery "Scotty" Scott in the revamped Star Trek. Much of his major work has been in collaboration with some combination of Nick Frost, Jessica Hynes, Dylan Moran and Edgar Wright.
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Sir Bernard Katz
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Sir William Dobell
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Skeet Ulrich
Bryan Ray "Skeet" Ulrich (born January 20, 1970) is an American actor best known for starring in the CBS drama Jericho as Jake Green and for portraying Billy Loomis in Scream.
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Slim Harpo
Slim Harpo (January 11, 1924 – January 31, 1970) was an American blues musician. He was known as a master of the blues harmonica and the name "Slim Harpo" was derived from "harp," the popular nickname for the harmonica in blues circles.
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Soledad Miranda
Soledad Rendón Bueno (9 July 1943 – 18 August 1970), better known by her stage names Soledad Miranda or Susann Korda (or sometimes Susan Korday), was an actress who was born in Seville, Spain to Portuguese parents of Roma ancestry . She frequently starred in the films of Jess Franco, such as Count Dracula and Vampyros Lesbos. She died in a car accident on a Lisbon highway.
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Sonny Liston
Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (May 8, 1932 (dubious, see below) – December 30, 1970) was a professional boxer and ex-convict known for his toughness, punching power and intimidating appearance who became world heavyweight champion in 1962 by knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round. Liston bafflingly failed to live up to his fearsome reputation in an unsuccessful defense of the title against Cassius Clay, underworld connections and an early death—like his unrecorded date of birth—added to the enigma.
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Sonny Tufts
Sonny Tufts (born Bowen Charlton Tufts III, July 16, 1911, Boston, Massachusetts - June 4, 1970, Santa Monica, California) was a United States film actor. He was born into a prominent banking family, whose patriarch had supposedly sailed to America from England in 1683. He broke with the family banking tradition by studying opera at Yale. After graduating from college in 1935, he auditioned with the Metropolitan Opera in New York but eventually worked on the Broadway stage. In 1942, Tufts went to Hollywood. He attained some fame during World War II, principally because, due to an old college football injury, he was one of the few handsome male actors not serving overseas in the war. In the 1950s, his career was mired in drunkenness and scandal. He was married to Spanish dancer, Barbara Dare, from 1938 to 1953. In the 1980s he was best known as one of the semi-random people and places that TV host Johnny Carson used in his jokes.
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Steve Burton (actor)
Jack Stephen "Steve" Burton (born June 28, 1970) is an American actor who is perhaps best known for playing Jason Morgan on General Hospital from 1991 to 2000 and subsequently from 2002 to present. He is also known for voicing the character of Cloud Strife in a wide range of Square Enix products, including and the Kingdom Hearts series.
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Steve Morrow
Stephen Joseph "Steve" Morrow (born July 2, 1970 in Belfast) is a Northern Irish former football player. He is currently International Partnerships Performance Supervisor at Arsenal Football Club, where he also played for much of the 1990s.
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Sukarno
Sukarno, born Kusno Sosrodihardjo (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia.
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Takanori Nishikawa
is a renowned Japanese singer and actor. He performs as T.M.Revolution (TMR), which stands for although the name stems from the famous 50s J-Pop electronic band TM Network. Despite most of his songs being written by Akio Inoue and composed/arranged by Daisuke Asakura (also TMR’s former producer), T.M.Revolution is considered Nishikawa’s solo project.
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Tammi Terrell
Thomasina Winifred Montgomery, known as Tammi Terrell (April 29, 1945 – March 16, 1970) was a Grammy Award-nominated American soul singer, most notable for her association with Motown and her duets with Marvin Gaye. As a teenager she recorded for the Scepter–Wand, Try Me and Checker record labels. She signed with Motown in April 1965 and enjoyed modest success as a solo singer. Once she was paired with Gaye in 1967, her stardom grew, but on October 14 of that year she collapsed on stage into Gaye's arms during a performance. She was soon thereafter diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor which eventually led to her death at the age of 24.
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Tania Zaetta
Tania Zaetta (born November 17, 1970, surname is ) is an Australian actress and television presenter of Italian origin who acts in Bollywood.
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Taraji P. Henson
Taraji Penda Henson (born September 11, 1970) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles as Yvette in Baby Boy (2001), Shug in Hustle and Flow (2005) and Queeni in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2009. In 2009, she appeared in Tyler Perry's I Can Do Bad All By Myself as April, an alcoholic singer.
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Teemu Selänne
Teemu Ilmari Selänne () nicknamed "The Finnish Flash" (born July 3, 1970 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish professional ice hockey player and an alternate captain of the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Selänne was originally drafted into the NHL by the Winnipeg Jets in the 1st round, 10th overall in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. He is the all-time points leader in men's Olympic ice hockey with 38 points in 31 games.
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Terry Sawchuk
Terrance Gordon "Terry" Sawchuk (December 28, 1929 – May 31, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers.
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The Corrs
The Corrs are a Celtic folk rock band from Dundalk, Ireland. The group consists of the Corr siblings: Andrea (lead vocals, tin whistle); Sharon (violin, vocals); Caroline (drums, piano, bodhrán, vocals); and Jim (guitar, piano, vocals).
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Thea Dorn
Christiane Scherer (born July 23, 1970), better known as Thea Dorn, is a German writer of crime fiction and TV host. She lives and works in Berlin.
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Thor Heyerdahl
Thor Heyerdahl (October 6, 1914, Larvik, Norway – April 18, 2002, Colla Micheri, Italy) was a Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer with a scientific background in zoology and geography. Heyerdahl became notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition, in which he sailed 4,300 miles (8,000 km) by raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. All his legendary expeditions are shown in the Kon-Tiki Museum, Oslo.
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Tim Foster
Timothy "Tim" James Carrington Foster MBE (born 19 January 1970) is a British rower. He began rowing at Bedford Modern School and competed in the Junior World Rowing Championships in 1987 and 1988. In the latter he competed in a pair with a Matthew Pinsent. He became the first British rower to win gold medals at two consecutive Junior Worlds. From there he proceeded into the senior squad.
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Tim Hetherington
Tim Hetherington is a British photographer who won the 2007 World Press Photo competition. He received the award for his picture of a tired American soldier covering his face with his hand following a day of fighting in the Korengal valley, Afghanistan. The work was made for Vanity Fair magazine, with whom he is a contributing photographer. Hetherington made several trips to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2008 with writer Sebastian Junger. Junger and Hetherington collaborated on the 2010 documentary Restrepo based on their assignment in Afghanistan. The film received the Grand Jury Prize for best documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.
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Tina Fey
Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (; born May 18, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer and producer. She has received seven Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, four Screen Actors Guild Awards, and four Writers Guild of America Awards. She was singled out as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 by the Associated Press, who gave her their AP Entertainer of the Year award.
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Todd Day
Todd Fitzgerald Day (born January 7, 1970 in Decatur, Illinois) is a retired American professional basketball player. Day is the all-time leading scorer at the University of Arkansas, and played eight seasons in the NBA. During the 2006 season, he played for the Blue Stars of Lebanon's WASL Club League.
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Tom Dempsey
For other persons named Thomas Dempsey, see Thomas Dempsey
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Tony Amonte
Anthony Lewis Amonte (born August 2, 1970) is a retired American professional ice hockey player. He played right wing for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers and the Calgary Flames, all of the National Hockey League (NHL).
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Tonya Harding
Tonya Maxene Harding (born November 12, 1970) is an American figure skating champion. In 1991 she won the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and placed second in the World Championships. She was the second woman, and the first American woman, to complete a triple axel jump in competition.
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Trent Green
Trent Jason Green (born July 9, 1970 in ) is a retired professional American football quarterback. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Indiana University.
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Tun Abdul Razak
:''For other individuals named Abdul Razak, or some variation thereof, see Abdur Razzaq.
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Tunku Abdul Rahman
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, AC, CH (February 8, 1903 – December 6, 1990) was known as "Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), (Jawi: تنكو عبد الرحمن ڤوترا الحج ابن المرحوم سلطان عبد الحميد حليم شاه) and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained as the Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the federation in 1963 to form Malaysia.
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Udo Suzuki
, also known as Udo, is a Japanese musician and comedian. He used to be a member of the Japanese band UltraCats and is a member of the owarai group .
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Ulf Ekberg
Ulf Gunnar Ekberg (born December 6, 1970 in Gothenburg, Sweden), a.k.a. "Buddha", along with the three siblings of Jonas Berggren (Joker), Linn Berggren, and Jenny Berggren, is a founding member of the Swedish pop group Ace of Base.
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Ulf von Euler
Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.
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Ulrike Meinhof
Ulrike Marie Meinhof (7 October 1934 – 9 May 1976) was a German left-wing militant. She co-founded the Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) in 1970 after having previously worked as a journalist for the monthly left-wing magazine Konkret. She was arrested in 1972, and eventually charged with numerous murders and the formation of a criminal association. Before the trial concluded, Meinhof died in her cell in 1976.
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Uma Thurman
Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an American actress. She has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas, to science fiction and action movies. She is best known for her work under the direction of Quentin Tarantino. Her most popular films include Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Pulp Fiction (1994), Gattaca (1997) and Kill Bill (2003–2004).
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded and two weeks after the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The 'Mayaguez incident' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on 12–15 May 1975, marked the last official battle of the United States (U.S.) involvement in the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
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Vince Lombardi
Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 – September 3, 1970) was an American football coach. He is a legendary football figure, best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s. The National Football League's Super Bowl trophy is named in his honor.
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Vince Vaughn
Vincent Anthony "Vince" Vaughn (born March 28, 1970) is an American film actor , producer and comedian. He began acting in the late 1980s, appearing in minor television roles before experiencing wider recognition with the 1996 movie, Swingers. He has since appeared in a number of films, mostly comedies. Including Swingers, other notable films include Old School, Starsky & Hutch, , Couples Retreat, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, and Wedding Crashers.
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Vladislav Adelkhanov
Vladislav Adelkhanov (Russian: ) is a renowned Russian and international classical violinist, born in Tbilisi, Georgia, on 7 March 1970.
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Walter Emanuel Jones
Walter Emanuel Jones (born November 30, 1970) is an American actor known for playing the role of Zack Taylor, the Black Ranger on the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.
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Walter Reuther
Walter Philip Reuther (September 1, 1907 – May 9, 1970) was an American labor union leader, who made the United Automobile Workers a major force not only in the auto industry but also in the Democratic Party in the mid 20th century. He was a socialist in the early 1930s; he became a leading liberal and supporter of the New Deal coalition.
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Wasfi Al-Tal
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Wayne McCullough
Wayne William McCullough (born 7 July 1970 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a professional boxer. During his professional career, which spans back to 1993, he held the WBC world title in the Bantamweight category.
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Wendy Bell
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Wilfrid Kent Hughes
Sir Wilfrid Selwyn Kent Hughes KBE, MVO, MC (12 June 1895 – 31 July 1970) was an Australian soldier, Olympian and Olympic Games organiser, author and federal and state government minister.
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Will Arnett
William Emerson "Will" Arnett (pronounced ; born May 4, 1970) is a Canadian actor best known for roles as George Oscar "G.O.B." Bluth II on the Fox comedy Arrested Development and as Devon Banks on the NBC comedy 30 Rock. Since his success on Arrested Development, Arnett has landed major film roles. He recently played supporting roles in the comedy films Semi-Pro, Blades of Glory, and Hot Rod. He starred in 2006's ''Let's Go to Prison'' and 2007's The Brothers Solomon. Arnett has also done work as a voiceover artist for commercials, films, television programs, and video games.
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Will Clarke
Will Clarke (born August 13, 1970) is an American novelist who is the author of ''Lord Vishnu's Love Handles: A Spy Novel (sort of) and The Worthy: A Ghost's Story''.
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Will Forte
Orville Willis Forte IV, better known as Will Forte (born June 17, 1970) is an American actor, comedian and writer best known for his eight seasons as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and for starring in the SNL spin-off film MacGruber.
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William Beaudine
William Beaudine (January 15, 1892 – March 18, 1970) was an American film actor and director. He was one of Hollywood's most prolific directors, turning out films in remarkable numbers and in a wide variety of genres, earning him the nickname "One Shot" Beaudine.
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William Calley
William Laws Calley (born June 8, 1943) is a convicted American war criminal. He was the U.S. Army officer found guilty of ordering the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War.
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William Devino
William "Billy Batts" Devino (January 19, 1921 – June 12, 1970) was a New York mobster with the Gambino crime family who was a longtime friend of John Gotti in the 1960s. After spending six years in prison, Devino was murdered by mobster Tommy DeSimone, with the help of his associates Jimmy Burke and Henry Hill.
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William Hopper
William DeWolf Hopper, Jr. (January 26, 1915 – March 6, 1970) was an American actor. He is best-remembered for playing Paul Drake on television's Perry Mason.
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Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (; 18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992), was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.
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Władysław Gomułka
Władysław Gomułka (; 6 February 1905, Krosno - 1 September 1982, Konstancin) was a Polish Communist leader. He was a member of the Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) starting in 1926.
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Xie Jun
Xie Jun (; born October 30, 1970, Baoding, Hebei) is a chess grandmaster from China. She had two reigns as Women's World Chess Champion, from 1991 to 1996 and again from 1999 to 2001. Xie is only the second woman to have two reigns, the other being Elisabeth Bykova.
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Yigal Amir
Yigal Amir (, born May 23, 1970) is the Israeli assassin of Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin. The assassination took place November 4, 1995 at the conclusion of a rally in Tel Aviv. Amir is currently serving a life sentence for murder plus 14 years for conspiracy to murder Rabin on different occasions and for injuring Rabin's bodyguard, Yoram Rubin, under aggravating circumstances.
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Yoshiharu Habu
is a professional shogi player and a chess FIDE Master. His teacher is Tatsuya Futakami.
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Yoshihiro Tajiri
, is a Japanese professional wrestler, perhaps best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Entertainment. He is currently competing in New Japan Pro Wrestling AND SMASH as TAJIRI.
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Younus AlGohar
Younus AlGohar (Urdu: ', born Mohammad Younus'''; June 16, 1970) is a spiritualist, a sufi and a humanitarian who lives in London, England. He is the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the organization, Messiah Foundation International, as well as its sister organizations, Kalki Avatar Foundation and Mehdi Foundation International, all of which he formed under the apparent guidance of Ra Gohar Shahi to advocate the teachings of divine love and global peace based on the philosophy of divine love introduced by Ra Gohar Shahi. He is the managing director of the Interfaith Institute of Divine Love, as well as an author and poet. Messiah Foundation International considers Younus AlGohar to be the official representative of Ra Gohar Shahi.
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Yuka Imai
is a freelance female Japanese voice actress who was previously represented by Gekidan Moonlight.
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Yukio Iketani
Yukio Iketani (born September 26, 1970) is a Japanese gymnast and Olympic medalist.
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Yukio Mishima
was the pen name of , a Japanese author, poet and playwright, also remembered for his ritual suicide by seppuku. Nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Mishima is considered one of the most important Japanese authors of the 20th century, whose avant-garde work displayed a blending of modern and traditional aesthetics that broke cultural boundaries, with a focus on sexuality, death, and political change.
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Yusof bin Ishak
Yusof bin Ishak ( ; 12 August 1910 – 23 November 1970) was an eminent Singaporean politician and the first President of Singapore. His portrait appears on the Singapore Portrait Series currency notes introduced in 1999.
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Zdravko Zdravkov
Zdravko Zdravkov () (born October 4, 1970 in Sofia) is a former Bulgarian football goalkeeper. He ended his career at the end of 2006-2007 season.
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Zoë Ball
Zoë Louise Ball (born 23 November 1970 in Blackpool, Lancashire) is an English television and radio personality, most famous for becoming the first female host of the BBC Radio 1 breakfast show and for her earlier work presenting 1990s kids show Live & Kicking.
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Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical politician and the Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War.
http://wn.com/Édouard_Daladier
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Akron, Ohio
Akron () is the fifth largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Summit County. The municipality is situated on the Ohio and Erie Canal and Little Cuyahoga River, approximately 39 miles south of Cleveland midway between New York City and Chicago. As of 2000, the city proper had a total population of 217,074, being the fifth largest city in Ohio and 81st in the United States. The Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area, covers both, Summit and Portage counties. In 2000, the area had a population of 694,960 and in 2009, estimates placed the population at 699,935. Akron is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2000 had a population of 2,945,831, and ranked as the country's 14th largest. Like many former urban manufacturing centers of the U.S. Rust Belt, Akron's population has declined, falling from a peak of 290,351 in 1960, to just over two-thirds of that today.
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Amman
Amman (; , ʿAmmān) is the capital and largest city of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. A city of about 2 million inhabitants (2008 estimate), it is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Amman is the administrative seat of the homonymous governorate.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Bahamas
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (Catalan , Spanish ) is the capital and the most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 4,200,000 on an area of , it is the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan. About 5 million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean coast. The main part of a union of adjacent cities and municipalities named Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) with a population of 3,186,461 in an area of 636 km² (density 5.010 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge ().
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Biafra
The Republic of Biafra was a secessionist state in south-eastern Nigeria. Biafra was inhabited mostly by the Igbo people and existed from 30 May 1967 to 15 January 1970. The secession was led by the Igbo due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. The creation of the new country, named after the Bight of Biafra (the Atlantic bay to its south), was among the complex causes for the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War.
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Bielsa
Bielsa is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 463 inhabitants.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Bosphorus
The Bosphorus or Bosporus (, Bosporos, , Босфора), also known as the Istanbul Strait (), is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with the Dardanelles. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, it connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara (which is connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea, and thereby to the Mediterranean Sea).
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Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
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Britannia Bridge
Britannia Bridge () is a bridge across the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales, originally a tubular bridge of wrought iron rectangular box-section spans, and now a two-tier steel truss arch bridge.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires () is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around 13 million.
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Burgos
Burgos () is city of northern Spain, historic capital of Castile. It is situated at the edge of the central plateau, with about 178,966 inhabitants in the city proper and another 16,000 in its suburbs. It is the capital of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The Burgos Laws or Leyes de Burgos first governing the behaviour of Spaniards towards natives of the Americas were promulgated there in 1512.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chad
Chad (, Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
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Club Cinq-Sept fire
The Club Cinq-Sept fire was a major disaster which took place in south-eastern France on Sunday, 1 November 1970. 146 people, almost all of them aged between 17 and 30, died when a nightclub just outside the small town of Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, Isère was completely destroyed in a catastrophic fire. The scale of the disaster shocked the French nation. Subsequent official enquiries revealed a catalogue of shortcomings, oversights and evasions with regard to fire safety at both local and département level, and criminal charges were brought against a number of those involved.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
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Conakry
Conakry (Sosso: ) is the capital and largest city of Guinea. Conakry is a port city on the Atlantic Ocean and serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea with a 2009 population of 1,548,500. Originally situated on Tombo Island, one of the Îles de Los, it has since spread up the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Denver, Colorado
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East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR), informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), bordering Czechoslovakia in the south, West Germany (officially: Federal Republic of Germany) in the south and west, the Baltic Sea to the north, and Poland in the east.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Expo '70
was a World's Fair held in Suita, Osaka, Japan between March 15 and September 13, 1970. The theme of the Expo was "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." In Japanese Expo '70 is often referred to as Ōsaka Banpaku (大阪万博). This was the first World's Fair held in Japan.
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Fifth Avenue
Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the center of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA. The section of Fifth Avenue between 34th Street and 59th Street is one of the premier shopping streets in the world. Fifth Avenue serves as a symbol of wealthy New York and is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive streets in the world. The "most expensive street in the world" moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the shopping district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the world's most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world.
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Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
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Ganges Delta
The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta, also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east. It is approximately across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Haldia in India and Mongla and Dhaka in Bangladesh are the principal seaports on the delta.
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Guinea
Guinea (, officially the Republic of Guinea ), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau. Conakry is the capital, the seat of the national government, and the largest city.
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Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
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ICAO
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Izki
Izki () is a town in the region Ad Dakhiliyah, in northeastern Oman. It is located at about and has a population of 35,173 (2003 census).
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Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, or Jackson City, is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is one of two county seats of Hinds County (the town of Raymond is the other), but the city also contains areas in Madison and Rankin counties. During the 90s Jackson saw a decline in population while its suburbs boomed. Sometimes the city is credited with going through the stages the city of Atlanta went through 70s-90s with its suburbs. Jackson including its surrounding suburbs boast a strong economy as well as population. The 2000 census recorded Jackson's population at 184,256, but according to July 1, 2008 estimates, the city's population was 173,861 and its five-county Jackson metropolitan area had a population of 628,817. The Jackson-Yazoo City combined statistical area, consisting of the Jackson metropolitan area and Yazoo City micropolitan area, has a population of over 600,000, making it the 88th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Jordan
{{Infobox Country
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Khmer Republic
The République Khmère or Khmer Republic, was a government of Cambodia that preceded the establishment of the totalitarian communist state known as Democratic Kampuchea. It was formally declared on October 9, 1970 and was dissestablished in 1975.
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Korean Strait
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Leninakan
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Lop Nor
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Lubbock, Texas
Lubbock () is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Located in the northwestern part of the state, a region known historically as the Llano Estacado, it is the county seat of Lubbock County, and the home of Texas Tech University and Lubbock Christian University. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the city population was 199,564, making it the 87th largest city in the United States and the 11th largest in Texas. The 2009 population was estimated to be 225,856. with the Lubbock metropolitan area having a population of 276,659 Lubbock County had an estimated 2009 population of 270,550.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Melbourne
Melbourne (, locally also ) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre (also known as the "Central Business District" or "CBD") is the hub of the greater geographical area (or "metropolitan area") and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of 4.00 million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians.
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Menai Strait
The Menai Strait (, the "River Menai") is a narrow stretch of shallow tidal water about long, which separates the island of Anglesey from the mainland of Wales.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Montreal, Quebec
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Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
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My Lai massacre
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Nantucket
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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New York City Hall
New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Chambers Street. The building itself is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions, such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the New York City Council. Constructed from 1803 to 1812, New York City Hall is a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its exterior and interior are designated New York City landmarks.
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Vietnam
North Vietnam, also called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a communist state that ruled the northern half of Vietnam from 1954 until 1976 following the Geneva Conference and laid claim to all of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954 during the First Indochina War, during which they controlled pockets of territory throughout the country.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
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Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
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Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshū, the designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the heart of Greater Osaka Area. Located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay,
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( , O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdoh, Mojave ''Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,601,587 people according to the 2009 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun''), the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with more than 4.3 million people. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (also spelled Pyrenées, ; or '; , ; ; ; ; or ') are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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San Diego County
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San Sebastián
Donostia-San Sebastián ( ; , known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián) is the capital city of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country, Spain. Locals call themselves donostiarras both in Spanish and Basque. Its population is 183,090 (2007 estimate), and the population of its metropolitan area is 405,099.
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Scopes Trial
The Scopes Trial—formally known as The State of Tennessee v. Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial—was an American legal case in 1925 in which high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Thames Barrier
The Thames Barrier is the world's second largest movable flood barrier (after the Oosterscheldekering in the Netherlands) and is located downstream of central London. Its purpose is to prevent London from being flooded by exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the sea. It only needs to be raised during high tide; at ebb tide it can be lowered to release the water that backs up behind it. Its northern bank is in Silvertown in the London Borough of Newham and its southern bank is in the New Charlton area of Charlton in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
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Tonga
Tonga (pronounced ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
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Topeka, Kansas
Topeka ( or ; Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Shawnee County. It is situated along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County, located in northeast Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 122,377 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be 122,647 in the 2007 census. The Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Shawnee, Jackson, Jefferson, Osage, and Wabaunsee counties, had an estimated population of 226,268 in the year 2003. The city is well known for the landmark United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and declared segregation in public schools on account of race to be unconstitutional. Three ships of the US Navy have been named USS Topeka in honor of the city.
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Toronto
Toronto (, colloquially or ) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which is home to over 8.1 million residents—approximately 25% of Canada's population. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006 Census.
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Treblinka
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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UK
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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USSR
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
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Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, located in the territory of General Government in occupied Poland during World War II.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Woolwich
Woolwich ( or ) is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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World Trade Center
The World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan in New York City that were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Jugoslavija; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југославија) is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century.
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Yungay, Peru
Yungay is a town in the Ancash Region in north central Peru, South America.
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70s Disco Hits - A Video Compilation of Disco Music from the 70's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Published: 27 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: TheGreat70s
Song List : bit.ly Time Life Disco Collection: bit.ly --- Video Description: A medley of video clips of Disco music from the 70s. . For more great 70s videos visit www.thegreat70s.com
http://wn.com/70s_Disco_Hits__A_Video_Compilation_of_Disco_Music_from_the_70's
The Stooges - 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Published: 03 May 2009
- Uploaded: 21 Feb 2012
- Author: SlaytanicMegaforce
Song: 1970 Band: The Stooges Album: Fun House Year: 1970 Genre: Proto-Punk Lyrics: Out of my mind on Saturday night 1970 rollin' in sight Radio burnin' up above Beautiful baby, feed my love All night till I blow away All night till I blow away I feel alright, I feel alright Baby oh baby, burn my heart Baby oh baby, burn my heart Fall apart baby, fall apart Baby oh baby, burn my heart All night till I blow away All night till I blow away I feel alright I feel alright
http://wn.com/The_Stooges__1970
Mungo Jerry - In The Summertime ORIGINAL 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 17 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: MJRawVision
This video clip was made in 1970, and is the original Mungo Jerry line up that recorded In The Summertime, this is not to be confused with the version that has been posted by AMIMEDIA
http://wn.com/Mungo_Jerry__In_The_Summertime_ORIGINAL_1970
FLEETWOOD MAC - Albatross (1970 UK TV Performance) ~ HIGH QUALITY HQ ~
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 06 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: GreatGuitarHeroes
top of the pops old grey whistle test 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 funkyboymark rock roll and funk punk new wave blues guitarist riffs riff slide guitar heroes at the bbc peter green mick fleetwood john mcvie
http://wn.com/FLEETWOOD_MAC__Albatross_1970_UK_TV_Performance_~_HIGH_QUALITY_HQ_~
Deep Purple - Child in Time HD 1970 ( UK TV show ) full version
1970 Live at BBC ,UK Key-Jon Lord, Ds -Ian Paice, G -Ritchie Blackmore, Vo -Ian Gillan, B -Roger Glover
http://wn.com/Deep_Purple__Child_in_Time_HD_1970__UK_TV_show__full_version
Lesbian scene - Myra Breckinridge (1970)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 09 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: classyfilms
The lesbian scene from the cult classic Myra Breckinridge (1970). The scene features Raquel Welch in the title role and newcomer Farrah Fawcett.
http://wn.com/Lesbian_scene__Myra_Breckinridge_1970
DAVID BOWIE - First TV appearance 1970 - SPACE ODDITY
Although he released an album and numerous singles earlier, David Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in the autumn of 1969, when his space-age mini-melodrama "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK singles chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam-rock era as a flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona epitomised a career often marked by musical innovation, reinvention and striking visual presentation. In 1975 Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the hit album Young Americans, which the singer identified as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees.[citation needed] He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording the minimalist album Low -- the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno. His most experimental works to date, the so-called "Berlin Trilogy" nevertheless produced three UK top-five albums. The anthem-like, towering title track of the second work "Heroes" (1977) is widely regarded as a milestone in rock and pop. After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes" and its parent album, Scary <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/DAVID_BOWIE__First_TV_appearance_1970__SPACE_ODDITY
Classic 1970's Television: 1970 Promo for ABC-TV's Friday Line-Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 19 May 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: MattTheSaiyan
Classic 1970's Television: A 1970 promo for ABC-TV's Friday Night line-up, including "The Brady Bunch", "Nanny and the Professor", "The Partridge Family", "That Girl", "Love, American Style" and "This Is Tom Jones". This 3-minute promo comes from an 1970 ABC-TV presentation that I uploaded to the Internet Archive.
http://wn.com/Classic_1970's_Television_1970_Promo_for_ABC-TV's_Friday_Line-Up
big yellow taxi - joni mitchell in concert 1970
big yellow taxi joni mitchell in concert 1970.
http://wn.com/big_yellow_taxi__joni_mitchell_in_concert_1970
Moody Blues - Tuesday Afternoon (1970)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 23 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: MoodiesFan
The Moody Blues sing Tuesday Afternoon (1970)
http://wn.com/Moody_Blues__Tuesday_Afternoon_1970
Funny! 1970s American cars - damning review: Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld - BBC autos
www.topgear.com Fancy hearing a few classic Clarkson quotes? Late 70s American cars are given a grilling by motoring world's biggest critic, Jeremy Clarkson in this high quality video from BBC car review show, Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld.
http://wn.com/Funny!_1970s_American_cars__damning_review_Jeremy_Clarkson's_Motorworld__BBC_autos
Black Sabbath - War Pigs (Live in Paris 1970)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Published: 26 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: UKWaxedHead
The mighty Sabbath unleashing War Pigs.
http://wn.com/Black_Sabbath__War_Pigs_Live_in_Paris_1970
Joni Mitchell - Both Sides Now (Live, 1970)
Joni Mitchell - Both Sides Now (Live, 1970)
http://wn.com/Joni_Mitchell__Both_Sides_Now_Live,_1970
Badfinger - Come and get it 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 14 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: fritz51177
Badfinger - Come and get it 1970 (Petition Swansea Council to Honour the band Badfinger - Join the Facebook group now) If you want it, here it is come and get it Mmmm, make your mind up fast If you want it, anytime I can give it But you better hurry cause it may not last Did I hear you say that there must be a catch Will you walk away from a fool and his money If you want it, here it is come and get it But you better hurry cause it's going fast If you want it, here it is come and get it, Mmmm, make your mind up fast If you want it, anytime I can give it But you better hurry cause it may not last Did I hear you say that there must be a catch Will you walk away from a fool and his money Sonny, if you want it, here it is come and get it But you better hurry cause it's going fast You'd better hurry cause it's going fast, uuuuuhh Fool and his money Sonny, if you want it, here it is come and get it But you better hurry cause it's going fast You'd better hurry cause it's going fast You'd better hurry cause it's going fast
http://wn.com/Badfinger__Come_and_get_it_1970
James Taylor - Fire and Rain, Live 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 23 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: lameplanet
James Taylor performing Fire and Rain in 1970.
http://wn.com/James_Taylor__Fire_and_Rain,_Live_1970
The who - the seeker-1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 21 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: tooomas821
The who - the seeker-1970
http://wn.com/The_who__the_seeker-1970
1970 Dodge Charger 500(Banned Commercial)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Published: 17 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: meemojaded
With old commercials(like old education films0 the cheesier, the better - what else can i say?!?
http://wn.com/1970_Dodge_Charger_500Banned_Commercial
Black Sabbath - Paranoid(1970 - Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 23 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: radyrhodesthebest
Black Sabbath - Paranoid Lyrics: Finished with my woman 'cause she couldn't help me with my mind. People think i'm insane because I am frowning all the time. (Interlude) All day long I think of thinks but nothing seems to satisfy. Think I'll loose my mind if i don't find something to pacify. Can you help me? Ocupy my brain. Oh, yea. I need someone to show me the things in life that I can't find. I can't see the things that make true happiness, I must be blind. (Guitar Solo w/ Toni Iommi) Make a joke and I will sigh and you will laugh and I will cry. Happiness I cannot feel and love to me is so unreal. (Interlude) And so as you hear these words telling you now of my state. I tell you to enjoy life I wish I could but it's to late.
http://wn.com/Black_Sabbath__Paranoid1970__Music_Video
Leonard Cohen - Isle of Wight 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 03 Mar 2006
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: radiohades
Suzanne
http://wn.com/Leonard_Cohen__Isle_of_Wight_1970
The Beatles- Let it Be 1970 (Remastered Sound Quality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 21 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: TheBeatlesHere
Enjoy!! Subscribe if you like! Credits: George Harrison -- lead guitar, backing vocals John Lennon -- Fender Bass VI, backing vocals Paul McCartney -- lead and backing vocals, piano, maracas Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston- Keyboard
http://wn.com/The_Beatles_Let_it_Be_1970_Remastered_Sound_Quality
The Band - King Harvest 1970 - Long Black Veil 1970
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Published: 28 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 24 Feb 2012
- Author: danieldesler
great video of the band playing king harvest has surely come in woodstock studio in 1970 and Long Black Veil from Festival Express
http://wn.com/The_Band__King_Harvest_1970__Long_Black_Veil_1970
Sean (1970 documentary)
Directed by Ralph Arlyck in 1970, this is easily one of the greatest documentaries ever made... The kid being interviewed was only 4 & 1/2 years old at the time and lived with his parents in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco... Great stuff!
http://wn.com/Sean_1970_documentary
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Creative Commons![Donald C. MacDonald,CCF/NDP Leader from 1953 to 1970. Seen here in February 2007. Donald C. MacDonald became leader in 1953,[5] and spent the next fifteen years rebuilding the party, from two seats when he took over the party's helm, to ten times that number when he stepped down in 1970](http://web.archive.org./web/20120313094448im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/8b/4d/a057739501686a40a70dfdab3801_small.jpg "Donald C. MacDonald,CCF/NDP Leader from 1953 to 1970. Seen here in February 2007. Donald C. MacDonald became leader in 1953,[5] and spent the next fifteen years rebuilding the party, from two seats when he took over the party's helm, to ten times that number when he stepped down in 1970")
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Creative Commons / Christopher Ziemnowicz![AMC AMX/3 concept car. Widely considered as the best AMC design of all time,[citation needed] a third-generation AMX concept car, the AMX/3, debuted at the 1970 Chicago Auto Show](http://web.archive.org./web/20120313094448im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/b0/65/8ead5414d02545c0d1254dd539d8_small.jpg "AMC AMX/3 concept car. Widely considered as the best AMC design of all time,[citation needed] a third-generation AMX concept car, the AMX/3, debuted at the 1970 Chicago Auto Show")
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![Donald C. MacDonald,CCF/NDP Leader from 1953 to 1970. Seen here in February 2007. Donald C. MacDonald became leader in 1953,[5] and spent the next fifteen years rebuilding the party, from two seats when he took over the party's helm, to ten times that number when he stepped down in 1970](http://web.archive.org./web/20120313094448/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/8b/4d/a057739501686a40a70dfdab3801_medium.jpg "Donald C. MacDonald,CCF/NDP Leader from 1953 to 1970. Seen here in February 2007. Donald C. MacDonald became leader in 1953,[5] and spent the next fifteen years rebuilding the party, from two seats when he took over the party's helm, to ten times that number when he stepped down in 1970")
![AMC AMX/3 concept car. Widely considered as the best AMC design of all time,[citation needed] a third-generation AMX concept car, the AMX/3, debuted at the 1970 Chicago Auto Show](http://web.archive.org./web/20120313094448/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/b0/65/8ead5414d02545c0d1254dd539d8_medium.jpg "AMC AMX/3 concept car. Widely considered as the best AMC design of all time,[citation needed] a third-generation AMX concept car, the AMX/3, debuted at the 1970 Chicago Auto Show")
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
13 Mar 2012
The summer is coming and that means people will start breaking out the sunscreen. We have been told for many years that sunscreen is essential for daily use to protect ourselves from harmful rays of...
photo: AP / Srdjan Ilic
12 Mar 2012
The Sporting Gijon head coach was full of praise for the Argentine superstar, proclaiming him the world's greatest ever player after his two-goal showing on Sunday Bet: £5 £10 £20...
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By Andrew Bloxham As news broke of his retirement from all forms of cricket on Friday, a tide carrying fitting tributes of the masterful heroics ofIndia’s Rahul Dravid swept unabated...
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Tim Buckley: Starsailor (Straight, 1970)
12 Mar 2012
The Examiner
Tim Buckley's Starsailor was a beast when it was released by Straight Records back in 1970. It has the most tender of Tim Buckley's songs with "Song to the Siren" (recorded in 1968) that is his most famous song (and perfect song according to Larry Beckett in the documentary My Fleeting House). The...(size: 6.6Kb)
Missionaries, Marines, and the 1970's
08 Mar 2012
The Examiner
Read or listen to Acts 14:21-28 Anyone know who Lynn Anderson is? If you were alive in the 1970’s then you know and you probably know the song Rose Garden. I beg your pardon, I never promised you a rose garden. Along with the sunshine, There's gotta be a little rain sometimes. The song may not be as...(size: 10.2Kb)
The Examiner
In the 70's, the boomer generation came of age. Young people were marching all over the globe - against the war in Vietnam, protesting injustice at home, organizing for the brave new world they hoped to create. All of this and more is reflected in the new exhibit at the Berkeley Art Museum. “State...(size: 10.5Kb)
Simon & Garfunkel call it a career in 1970
07 Mar 2012
The Examiner
On this date in 1970, Simon and Garfunkel reached #1 on the Billboard charts with their fifth and final studio album,Bridge Over Troubled Water, released on January 26. It would stay at the top of the charts for 10 weeks. Sadly, the two had already split up by the release date. To date, it has sold...(size: 6.6Kb)
The Oklahoman
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The Stark Reality was a band fronted by Monty Stark in the late 60s that released one album during their existence, The Stark Reality Discovers Hoagy Carmichael’s Music Shop. A double album of Hoagy Carmichael covers for his show Hoagy Carmichael’s Music Shop a children’s show in...(size: 5.4Kb)
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Updated: February 24, 2012 2:28PM When the guys in the 14 Blast Furnace department at the U.S. Steel mill in Gary heard that co-worker Fred Nowlin was diagnosed with terminal bone cancer, they put their collective pedal to the metal. Nowlin, you see, had already beat cancer once in his life and his...(size: 2.3Kb)
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There was a time, mostly in the Sixties, when like all politics, the best rock & roll television was local. Top 40 disc jockeys hosted low-budget dance parties modeled on American Bandstand, with stars breezing through for lightweight interviews and to perform – usually mime – their...(size: 4.0Kb)
Purab Aur Paschim (1970)
23 Feb 2012
The Hindu
Though officially only his second directorial venture after the big grosser “Upkar”, in 1967, which won the producer-director-actor Manoj Kumar multiple awards (he had supposedly ghost-written and directed-producer Kewal P. Kashyap’s “Shaheed” credited to S. Rama...(size: 4.3Kb)
__NOTOC__
Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. It is the Unix epoch time and it was also the first year of the 1970s.
January 5
* The first episode of US soap opera ''All My Children'' is broadcast on the ABC television network.
* An earthquake (Richter Scale 7.7 magnitude) at Yunnan, China kills at least 15,621.
January 11 – Super Bowl IV: The Kansas City Chiefs beat the heavily favored Minnesota Vikings 23–7.
January 12 – Biafra capitulates, ending the Nigerian civil war.
January 14 – Diana Ross & The Supremes perform their farewell live concert together at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, and Ross's replacement, Jean Terrell, is introduced onstage at the end of the last show.
January 15 – After a 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria, Biafran forces under Philip Effiong formally surrender to General Yakubu Gowon.
January 20 – The Greater London Council announces its plans for the Thames Barrier at Woolwich to prevent flooding (the barrier opens in 1981).
January 21
* Five lifeboatmen are killed when a Fraserburgh, Scotland vessel, The Duchess of Kent capsizes.
* Pan American Airways offers the first commercially scheduled 747 service from John F. Kennedy International Airport to London Heathrow Airport.
January 26 – Mick Jagger is fined £200 for possession of cannabis.
February 1 – A train collision near Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 236.
February 10 – An avalanche at Val d'Isère, France kills 39 tourists.
February 11 – ''Ōsumi'', Japan's first satellite, is launched on a Lambda-4 rocket.
February 13 – Black Sabbath's debut album, ''Black Sabbath'' released; often regarded as the first true heavy metal album.
February 14 – The iconic live album ''The Who: Live at Leeds'' is recorded.
February 17
MacDonald family massacre: Jeffrey R. MacDonald kills his wife and children at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, claiming that drugged-out "hippies" did it.
* Author David Irving is ordered to pay £40,000 libel damages to Capt. John Broome over his book ''The Destruction of Convoy PQ17''.
February 18 – A jury finds the Chicago Seven defendants not guilty of conspiring to incite a riot, in charges stemming from the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Five of the defendants are found guilty on the lesser charge of crossing state lines to incite a riot.
February 19 – Poseidon bubble: shares in Australian nickel mining company Poseidon NL, which stood at $0.80 in September 1969, peak at around $280 before the speculative bubble bursts.
February 21 – Construction begins on the Boğaziçi Bridge crossing the Bosphorus in Istanbul.
February 22 – Guyana becomes a Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations.
February 26 – Chevrolet release the second generation Camaro.
March 1 – Rhodesia severs its last tie with the United Kingdom, declaring itself a republic.
March 5 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.
March 6
* A bomb being constructed by members of the Weathermen and meant to be planted at a military dance in New Jersey, explodes, killing 3 members of the organization.
* Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (32nd government)
March 7
* Citroën introduces the SM at the Geneva Auto Salon
* A Solar Eclipse passes along the Atlantic coast region. Totality was visible across southern Mexico and across the southeast coast of the United States, Nantucket, and Nova Scotia.
March 12 – Teenagers in the United Kingdom vote for the first time, in a by-election in Bridgwater.
March 15 – The Expo '70 World's Fair opens in Suita, Osaka, Japan.
March 16 – The complete New English Bible is published.
March 17 – My Lai massacre: The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident.
March 18
* General Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.
* United States Postal Service workers in New York City go on strike; the strike spreads to the state of California and the cities of Akron, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Boston, and Denver, Colorado; 210,000 out of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts 2 weeks.
March 20 – Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (ACCT) (Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique).
March 21
* The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto.
* "All Kinds of Everything", sung by Dana (music and text by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 for Ireland.
March 31
* NASA's ''Explorer 1'', the first American satellite and Explorer program spacecraft, reenters Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
* Japan Airlines Flight 351, carrying 131 passengers and 7 crew from Tokyo to Fukuoka, is hijacked by Japanese Red Army members. All passengers are eventually freed.
April 1
* American President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, banning cigarette television advertisements in the United States with effect from January 1, 1971.
* American Motors Corporation introduces the Gremlin.
April 6 – BBC Radio 4 broadcasts the first edition of ''PM''.
April 8
* A huge gas explosion at a subway construction site in Osaka, Japan kills 79 and injures over 400.
* Israeli Air Force F4 Phantom II fighter bombers kill forty-seven Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known as Bahr el-Baqar massacre. The single-floor school was hit by five bombs and two air-to-ground missiles.
April 10 – Paul McCartney announces that the Beatles have disbanded, while at the same press conference, announcing the release of his first solo album. The ''Elton John'' album is released, the second album by Elton John, but the first to chart and the first to be released in America.
April 11
* An avalanche at a tuberculosis sanatorium in the French Alps kills 74, mostly young boys.
* Apollo program: ''Apollo 13'' (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert) is launched toward the Moon.
April 13 – An oxygen tank in the Apollo 13 spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in 4 days.
April 16
* Rev. Ian Paisley wins a by-election to gain a seat in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland.
* The National Westminster Bank begins trading in the United Kingdom.
April 17 – Apollo program: ''Apollo 13'' splashes down safely in the Pacific.
April 21 – The Hutt River Province Principality secedes from Australia.
April 22 – The first Earth Day is celebrated in the U.S.
April 24 – China's first satellite (''Dong Fang Hong 1'') is launched into orbit using a Long March-1 Rocket (CZ-1).
April 26 – World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
April 29 – The U.S. invades Cambodia to hunt out the Viet Cong; widespread, large antiwar protests occur in the U.S.
May 1 – Demonstrations against the trial of the New Haven Nine, Bobby Seale, and Ericka Huggins draw 12,000. President Richard Nixon orders U.S. forces to cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the Vietnam War, sparking nationwide riots and leading to the Kent State Shootings.
May 4 – Kent State shootings: Four students at Kent State University in Ohio are killed and 9 wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen, at a protest against the incursion into Cambodia.
May 6
* Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government, for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland.
* Feyenoord wins the European Cup after a 2–1 win over Celtic.
May 8
* Hard Hat riot: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and others protesting the Kent State shootings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall.
* The Beatles release their 12th and final album, ''Let It Be''.
* The New York Knicks win their first NBA championship, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 113-99 in Game 7 of the world championship series at Madison Square Garden.
May 9 – In Washington, D.C., 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War.
May 10 – The Boston Bruins win their first Stanley Cup since 1941 when Bobby Orr scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4-3 victory which completed a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Blues.
May 11
* Henry Marrow is murdered in a violent hate crime in Oxford, North Carolina.
* Lubbock Tornado: An ''F5'' tornado hits downtown Lubbock, Texas, the first to hit a downtown district of a major city since Topeka, Kansas in 1966; 28 are killed.
May 14
* Ulrike Meinhof helps Andreas Baader escape.
* In the second day of violent demonstrations at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and injuring 12.
May 17 – Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat ''Ra II'', to sail the Atlantic Ocean.
May 23 – A fire occurs in the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait in north Wales, contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately £1,000,000 worth of fire damage.
May 24 – The scientific drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole begins in the USSR.
May 26 – The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2.
May 27 – A British expedition climbs the south face of Annapurna I.
May 31
* The 1970 Ancash earthquake causes a landslide that buries the town of Yungay, Peru; more than 47,000 people are killed.
* The 1970 FIFA World Cup is inaugurated in Mexico.
June 1 – ''Soyuz 9'', a two man spacecraft, is launched in the Soviet Union.
June 2 – Norway announces that it has rich oil deposits off its North Sea coast.
June 4 – Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom.
June 6 – A D-Day celebration is held in Washington, D.C..
June 7 – The Who become the first act to perform rock music (their rock opera, Tommy) at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.
June 8 – A coup in Argentina brings a new junta of service chiefs; on June 18, Roberto M. Levingston becomes President.
June 10 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs a measure lowering the voting age to 18.
June 11 – The United States gets its first female generals: Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington.
June 12 – N.D.F.L.O.A.G. guerrillas attack military garrisons at Izki and Nizwa in Oman.
June 18 – United Kingdom general election, 1970: the Conservative Party wins and Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister, ousting the Labour government of Harold Wilson after nearly six years in power. The election result was something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third successive Labour win.
June 21
* Brazil defeats Italy 4–1 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
* Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy, largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date.
June 24 – The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
June 28 – U.S. ground troops withdraw from Cambodia.
June 30 – Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati opens.
July 1
* Colorado State College changes its name to University of Northern Colorado.
* The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is subordinated to Public Health Service.
July 3 – The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device in the Mururoa Atoll. It is their fourth and largest nuclear test.
July 4
* A chartered Dan-Air De Havilland Comet crashes into the mountains north of Barcelona; at least 112 people are killed.
* Bob Hope and other entertainers gather in Washington, D.C. for ''Honor America Day'', a nonpartisan holiday event.
* Longtime radio music countdown show American Top 40 debuts on 5 U.S. stations with Casey Kasem as host.
July 5 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes at Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario; all 109 passengers and crew are killed.
July 11 – The first tunnel under the Pyrenees links the towns of Aragnouet (France) and Bielsa (Spain).
July 12 – Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat ''Ra II'' arrives in Barbados.
July 16 – Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh opens.
July 21 – The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.
July 23
* Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, is deposed in a palace coup by his son, Qaboos.
* Two CS gas canisters are thrown into the chamber of the British House of Commons.
July 30 – Damages totalling £485,528 are awarded to 28 Thalidomide victims.
July 31 – NBC anchor Chet Huntley retires from full-time broadcasting.
August 7 – Harold Haley, Marin County Superior Court Judge, is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free George Jackson from police custody.
August 17–August 18 – The U.S. sinks 418 containers of nerve gas into the Gulf Stream near the Bahamas.
August 17 – Venera program: ''Venera 7'' is launched. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet.
August 26 – The Women's Strike for Equality takes place down Fifth Avenue in New York City.
August 26–August 30 – The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 takes place on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the largest rock festival of all time. Artists include Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors, Chicago, Richie Havens, John Sebastian, Joan Baez, Ten Years After, Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Jethro Tull.
August 29 – Rubén Salazar is shot and killed during a rally in East Los Angeles.
September 1 – An assassination attempt against King Hussein of Jordan precipitates the Black September crisis.
September 3 – September 6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon.
September 5 – Vietnam War – Operation Jefferson Glenn: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971).
September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings, The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks 4 passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Zürich.
September 7
* An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland.
* Fighting breaks out between Arab guerillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan.
September 8–September 10 – The Jordanian government and Palestinian guerillas make truces they keep breaking.
September 9
* Guinea recognizes East Germany.
* Elvis Presley begins his first concert tour since 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona at the Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
September 10
* Cambodian government forces break the siege of Kompong Tho after 3 months.
* The Chevrolet Vega is introduced.
September 11 – The Ford Pinto is introduced.
September 13 – The first New York City Marathon begins.
September 15 – King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.
September 18
* Jimi Hendrix dies in London of drug related complications.
* Black Sabbath releases its second album, ''Paranoid''
September 20
* Syrian armored forces cross the Jordanian border.
* ''Luna 16'' lands on the Moon and lifts off the next day with samples. It lands on Earth September 24.
September 21
* Palestinian armored forces reinforce Palestinian guerillas in Irbidi, Jordan.
* ''Monday Night Football'' debuts on ABC; the Cleveland Browns defeat the New York Jets 31-21 in front of more than 85,000 fans at Cleveland Stadium.
September 22
* The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is founded.
* Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.
September 23 – The first women's only tennis tournament begins in Houston, known as the Houston Women's Invitation.
September 26 – The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, burning 175,425 acres (710 km2).
September 27 – Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland.
September 28 – Gamal Abdal Nasser dies; Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt.
September 29
* The U.S. Congress gives President Richard Nixon authority to sell arms to Israel.
* In Berlin, Baader-Meinhof Gang members rob 3 banks, with loot totaling over DM200,000.
October 2 – The Wichita State University football team's "Gold" plane crashes in Colorado, killing most of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans) to a game with Utah State University.
October 3
* In Lebanon, the government of Prime Minister Rashid Karami resigns.
* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
* National Weather Service of NOAA.
* NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps.
October 4
* In Bolivia, Army Commander General Rogelio Miranda and a group of officers rebel and demand the resignation of President Alfredo Ovando Candía, who fires him.
* National Educational Television ends operations, being succeeded by PBS.
* In Los Angeles, Rock and blues singer Janis Joplin dies in her hotel room, from an overdose of heroin.
October 5
* U.S. President Richard Nixon's European tour ends.
* The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces it will not meet the demand, beginning Quebec's October Crisis.
* The Public Broadcasting Service begins broadcasting.
October 6
* Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Candía resigns; General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after.
* French President Georges Pompidou visits the Soviet Union.
October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia.
October 8
* The U.S. Foreign Office announces that renewal of arms sales to Pakistan.
* Soviet author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
* Vietnam War: In Paris, a Communist delegation rejects U.S. President Richard Nixon's October 7 peace proposal as "a maneuver to deceive world opinion."
October 9 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia.
October 10
* Fiji becomes independent.
* October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.
October 11 – Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad.
October 12 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.
October 13
* Canada and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations.
* Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon.
October 14 – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in Lop Nor.
October 15
* In Egypt, a referendum supports Anwar Sadat 90.04%.
* A section of the new West Gate Bridge in Melbourne collapses into the river below, killing 35 construction workers.
* The Baltimore Orioles defeat the Cincinnati Reds in Game 5 of the World Series, 9–3, to win the series 4 games to 1 for their 2nd World Championship.
* The domestic Soviet Aeroflot Flight 244 is hijacked and diverted to Turkey.
October 16 – October Crisis: The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front.
October 17
* October Crisis: Pierre Laporte is found murdered in south Montreal.
* A cholera epidemic breaks out in Istanbul.
* Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt.
October 20
* The Soviet Union launches the ''Zond 8'' lunar probe.
* Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister.
October 21 – A U.S. Air Force plane makes an emergency landing near Leninakan, Soviet Union. The Soviets release the American officers, including 2 generals, November 10.
October 22 – Chilean army commander René Schneider is shot in Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies October 25.
October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile.
October 25 – The wreck of the Confederate submarine ''Hunley'' is found off Charleston, South Carolina, by pioneer underwater archaeologist, Dr. E. Lee Spence, then just 22 years old. ''Hunley'' was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.
October 26 – Garry Trudeau's comic strip ''Doonesbury'' debuts in approximately two dozen newspapers in the United States.
October 28
* In Jordan, the government of Ahmed Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi Al-Tal.
* A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia.
* Gary Gabelich drives the rocket-powered ''Blue Flame'' to an official world land speed record of 622.287 mph (1 001.452 863 km/h) on the dry lake bed of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The record, the first above 1 000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years.
October 30 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in 6 years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.
November 1 – Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146.
November 3
* Democrats sweep the U.S. Congressional midterm elections; Ronald Reagan is reelected governor of California; Jimmy Carter is elected governor of Georgia.
* Salvador Allende becomes president of Chile.
November 4
* Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The United States turns control of the air base in the Mekong Delta to South Vietnam.
* Social workers in Los Angeles, California take custody of Genie, a girl who had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth.
November 5 – Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in 5 years (24 soldiers die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below 50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however).
November 8
* Egypt, Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation.
* Tom Dempsey, who was born with a deformed right foot and right hand, set a National Football League record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift the New Orleans Saints to a 19-17 victory over the Detroit Lions at Tulane Stadium.
November 9
* The Soviet Union launches ''Luna 17''.
* Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6–3 not to hear a case by the state of Massachusetts, about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.
November 10 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: For the first time in 5 years, an entire week ends with no reports of United States combat fatalities in Southeast Asia.
November 12 – Soviet author Andrei Amalrik is sentenced to 3 years for 'anti-Soviet' writings.
November 13
* Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup.
* 1970 Bhola cyclone: A 120-mph (193 km/h) tropical cyclone hits the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), killing an estimated 500,000 people (considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster).
November 14
* Southern Airlines Flight 932 crashes in Wayne County, West Virginia; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from the Marshall University football team, are killed.
* The Soviet Union enters the ICAO, making Russian the fourth official language of the organization.
November 16 – The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar flies for the first time.
November 17
* Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.
* Luna program: The Soviet Union lands ''Lunokhod 1'' on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, and is released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
November 18
* U.S. President Richard Nixon asks the U.S. Congress for US$155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government (US$85 million is for military assistance to prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier Lon Nol by the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam).
* The United Nations Security Council demands that no government recognize Rhodesia.
November 19 – European Economic Community prime ministers meet in Munich.
November 21
* Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.
* In Ethiopia, the Eritrean Liberation Front kills an Ethiopian general.
* Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Son Tay prison camp in an attempt to free American POWs thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid).
November 22 – Guinean president Sekou Toure accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land near the capital Conakry.
November 23–November 24 – The Guinean army repels the landing attempts.
November 23 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Oklahoma!'' makes its network TV debut, when CBS telecasts the 1955 film version as a 3-hour Thanksgiving special.
November 25–November 29 – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.
November 25 – In Tokyo, author and Tatenokai militia leader Yukio Mishima and his followers take over the headquarters of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. When Mishima's speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs, he commits seppuku.
November 26
* East Pakistan leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman accuses the central government of negligence in catastrophe relief.
* Pope Paul VI begins an Asian tour.
November 27 – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate Pope Paul VI during his visit in Manila.
November 30 – British Caledonian Airways Ltd. (BCal) is formed.
December 1
* The Italian House of Representatives accepts the new divorce law.
* Ethiopia recognizes the People's Republic of China.
* The Basque ETA kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in San Sebastián.
* Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico.
December 2 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency begins operations.
December 3 – October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de libération du Québec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba.
December 3 – Burgos Trial: In Burgos, Spain, the trial of 16 Basque terrorism suspects begins.
December 4
* The Spanish government declares a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzco, over strikes and demonstrations.
* The U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the attempted invasion of Guinea.
December 5 – The Asian and Australian tour of Pope Paul VI ends.
* Fluminense wins the Brazil Football Championship.
December 7
* Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners.
* The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa for its apartheid policies.
* During his visit to the Polish capital, German Chancellor Willy Brandt goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto.
December 12 – A landslide in western Colombia leaves 200 dead.
December 13 – The government of Poland announces food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between the rioters and the government on December 15, and martial law December 17–22.
December 15
* The USSR's ''Venera 7'' becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully on Venus and transmit data back to Earth.
* The South Korean ferry ''Namyong Ho'' capsizes off Korean Strait; 308 people are killed.
December 16 – The Ethiopian government declares a state of emergency in the county of Eritrea over the activities of the Eritrean Liberation Front.
December 20
* General Secretary of the Polish Communist Party, Władysław Gomułka, resigns; Edward Gierek replaces him.
* An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid.
December 22
* The Libyan Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign banks in the country.
* Franz Stangl, the ex-commander of Treblinka, is sentenced to life imprisonment.
December 23
* The Polish government freezes food prices for 2 years.
* The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray.
* The North Tower of the World Trade Center is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m), making it the tallest building in the world.
December 25 – The ETA releases Eugen Beihl.
December 27 – India's president declares new elections.
December 28
* Burgos Trial: Three Basques are sentenced to death (3 twice), others sentenced to 12 to 62 years, and one is released.
* The suspected killers of Pierre Laporte, Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested near Montreal.
December 29 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
December 30
* In Viscaya, Spain, Basque county, 15,000 go on strike to protest the Burgos trial death sentences.
* Francisco Franco commutes the death sentences of the Burgos Trial defendants to 30 years in prison.
December 31 – Paul McCartney sues in Great Britain to dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.
The first Regional Technical Colleges open in Ireland.
Sada Abe, Japanese former prostitute and later actress, disappears.
The Sweet Track, the world's oldest engineered roadway, is discovered in England.
Alvin Toffler publishes his book ''Future Shock''.
Sammlung zeitgenössischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
January 1 – Kimberly Page, American model
January 2
* Eric Whitacre, American composer
* Royce Clayton, American baseball player
January 3 – Christian Duguay, American comic actor
January 4 – Chris Kanyon, American professional wrestler (d. 2010)
January 6
* Julie Chen, American television host
* Gabrielle Reece, American volleyball player and model
January 7
* Todd Day, American basketball player
* Doug E. Doug, American comedian, actor and director
January 9 - Lara Fabian, Canadian/Belgian singer
January 13 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004)
January 15 – Shane McMahon, American professional wrestler and wrestling executive
January 17
* Jeremy Roenick, American hockey player
* Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian animator
January 18 – DJ Quik, American rapper and producer
January 19
* Tim Foster, British rower
* Udo Suzuki, Japanese comedian
January 20 – Skeet Ulrich, American actor
January 22 – Alex Ross, American comic artist
January 24 – Matthew Lillard, American actor
January 29
* Heather Graham, American actress
* Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Indian shooter
January 31 – Minnie Driver, English actress
February 1 – Malik Sealy, American basketball player (d. 2000)
February 3 – Keith Carney, American hockey player
February 8
* Alonzo Mourning, American basketball player
* John Filan, Australian footballer
February 9 – Glenn McGrath, Australian test cricketer
February 14
* Sean Hill, American hockey player
* Simon Pegg, British comedian, actor and writer
February 17 – Dominic Purcell, English-Australian actor
February 18 – Raine Maida, Canadian musician and beat poet
February 21 – Dayna Devon, American news anchor
February 22 – Dominic Roussel, Canadian ice hockey player
February 24 – Jeff Garcia, American football player
February 26
* Linda Brava, Finnish violinist
* Cathrine Lindahl, Swedish curler
February 27 – Matthias Lechner, German art director
February 28
* Daniel Handler, American author
* Noureddine Morceli, Algerian athlete
March 5 – John Frusciante, American rock musician
March 7
* Vladislav Adelkhanov, Russian classical violinist and writer
* Jeff Hordley, English actor (Emmerdale's 'Cain Dingle')
* Rachel Weisz, British actress
March 8 – Jason Elam, American football player
March 9 – Martin Johnson, English rugby player
March 10 – Antonio Edwards, American football player
March 16 – Paul Oscar (Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson), Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc jockey
March 18 – Queen Latifah, American rapper, record producer, and actress
March 20 – Michele Jaffe, U.S.American novelist
March 21 – Niiyama Shiho, Japanese voice actress
March 22 – Leontien van Moorsel, Dutch cyclist
March 24
* Lara Flynn Boyle, American actress
* Sharon Corr, Irish musician (The Corrs)
March 27
* Mariah Carey, American singer
* Elizabeth Mitchell, American actress
* Leila Pahlavi, Iranian princess (d. 2001)
March 28 – Vince Vaughn, American actor, writer, and producer
April 4
* Sean Kelly, Canadian musician
* Barry Pepper, Canadian actor
* Wendy Bell, American news reader
April 5 – Miho Hatori, Japanese singer and songwriter
April 10 – Q-Tip, American musician and actor
April 13
* Rick Schroder, American actor
* Eduardo Capetillo, Mexican actor and singer
* Sifu Murat Kaplan, Turkish martial artist and academician
April 15 – Flex Alexander, American actor
April 18 – Heike Friedrich, German swimmer
April 19 – Luis Miguel, Mexican singer
April 20 – Adriano Moraes, Brazilian rodeo performer
April 21 – Nicole Sullivan, American actress, comedian, and writer
April 22 – Regine Velasquez, Filipino singer, actress, model and record producer
April 23
* Sadao Abe, Japanese actor
* Andrew Gee, Australian rugby league footballer
April 25 – Jason Lee, American skateboarder and actor
April 28 – Diego Simeone, Argentine footballer and manager
April 29
* Andre Agassi, American tennis player
* Uma Thurman, American actress
May 3 – Jeffrey Sebelia, American fashion designer
May 4 – Will Arnett, Canadian actor
May 5
* Kyan Douglas, Television personality
* Todd Newton, American television personality
May 6
* Kavan Smith, Canadian actor
* Roland Kun, Nauruan politician
May 8
* Michael Bevan, Australian cricketer
* Luis Enrique, Spanish footballer
May 9 – Doug Christie, NBA basketball player and TV personality
May 12
* Mike Weir, Canadian golfer
* Eric Champion, American Christian musician
May 15
* Ronald de Boer and Frank de Boer, Dutch footballers
* Rod Smith, American football player
May 16 – Gabriela Sabatini, Argentine tennis player
May 17 – Jordan Knight, American singer (''New Kids on the Block'')
May 18 – Tina Fey, American writer, comedian, and actress
May 19
* K.J. Choi, South Korean golfer
* Mario Dumont, Canadian politician
* Jason Gray-Stanford, Canadian actor
May 20 – Louis Theroux, British-American TV personality and author
May 22 – Naomi Campbell, British model and actress
May 23
* Yigal Amir, Israeli assassin of Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin
* Robert Peirce, American attorney
May 24 – Jeff Zgonina, American football player
May 25
* Jamie Kennedy, American actor and comedian
* Satsuki Yukino, Japanese voice actress
May 26 – Nobuhiro Watsuki, Japanese cartoonist
May 27 – Joseph Fiennes, English actor
May 30 – Jeffrey Sebelia, American fashion designer
June 3
* Ammon McNeely, American rock climber
* Peter Tägtgren, Swedish musician
June 4
* Izabella Scorupco, Polish actress
* Deborah Compagnoni, Italian alpine skier
June 6
* Anthony Norris, American professional wrestler
* Andrian Dushev, Bulgarian canoeist
June 7 – Ronaldo da Costa, Brazilian long-distance runner
June 8
* Gabrielle Giffords, American politician
* Kelli Williams, American actress
June 13
* Mikael Ljungberg, Swedish wrestler (d. 2004)
* Rivers Cuomo, American musician
June 15 – Leah Remini, American actress
June 16 – Phil Mickelson, American golfer
June 16 – Younus AlGohar, British spiritualist, author, poet, sufi & humanitarian
June 17
* Sasha Sokol, Mexican singer
* Will Forte, American writer, actor and comedian
June 18 – Katie Derham, British newsreader
June 19 – Quincy Watts, American athlete
June 20
* Russell Garcia, British field hockey player
* Moulay Rachid, Prince of Morocco
June 21 – Pete Rock, American rapper/DJ/producer
June 22
* Michel Elefteriades, Greek-Lebanese politician, artist, producer and businessman
* Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor
June 25 – Lucy Benjamin, British actress
June 26
* Patrick Norton, American writer and television host
* Chris O'Donnell, American actor
* Paul Thomas Anderson, American screenwriter and director
June 27
* Jim Edmonds, American baseball player
* Jo Frost, English nanny and television host
June 28 – Steve Burton, American actor
July 2 – Steve Morrow, Northern Irish footballer
July 3
* Teemu Selänne, National Hockey League player
* Shawnee Smith, American actress
July 5 – Mac Dre, American rapper (d. 2004)
July 7 – Wayne McCullough, Northern Irish boxer
July 8 – Beck, American singer
July 9 – Trent Green, National Football League quarterback
July 10
* Ed Chapman, British artist
* Jason Orange, British singer (Take That)
July 11 – Saj Karim, British politician
July 23 – Thea Dorn, German writer
July 25 – Julien Fountain, English Cricket Coach
July 29 – Andi Peters, British TV presenter and producer
July 30 – Christopher Nolan, English screenwriter and director
August 1
* Quentin Coryatt, American football player
* David James, English football goalkeeper
August 2
* Tony Amonte, American hockey player
* Kevin Smith, American screenwriter, film director, and actor
August 4 – Pete Abrams, American webcomic artist
August 6 – M. Night Shyamalan, Indian-American film director, writer, producer, and actor
August 12 – Jim Schlossnagle, American baseball coach
August 13
* Alan Shearer, English footballer (Newcastle United, England)
* Will Clarke, American novelist
August 14 – Leah Purcell, Australian actress
August 16
* Bonnie Bernstein, American sportscaster
* Dean Del Mastro, Canadian Member of Parliament
August 17 – Jim Courier, American tennis player
August 18 – Malcolm-Jamal Warner, American actor
August 20 – John D. Carmack, American computer game programmer
August 21 – Erik Dekker, Dutch professional cyclist
August 22 – Ricco Gross, German biathlete
August 23
* Jay Mohr, American actor and comedian
* River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
* Fabian Wilnis, Dutch footballer
August 25 – Claudia Schiffer, German model
August 26 – Olimpiada Ivanova, Russian race walker
August 27
* Jim Thome, American baseball player
* Peter Ebdon, English snooker player
August 28 – Sherrié Austin, Australian actress and singer
August 29 – Jacco Eltingh, Dutch tennis player
August 30 – Guang Liang, Malaysian singer
August 31 – Deborah Gibson, American singer
September 1 – Hwang Jung-min, South Korean actor
September 4
* Daisy Dee, Dutch singer and actress
* Ione Skye, British-born American actress
September 5 – Liam Lynch, American musician, comedian, and puppetteer
September 7 – Gao Min, Chinese diver
September 8
* Latrell Sprewell, American basketball player
* Benny Ibarra, Mexican singer
September 10
* Phaswane Mpe, South African writer (d. 2004)
* Molly McKay, LGBT activist
* Ménélik, French rapper
September 11 – Taraji P. Henson, American actress
September 15 – Jukka Jokikokko, Finnish musician and studio engineer
September 18 – Darren Gough, English cricketer
September 19
* Dan Bylsma, American ice hockey player
* Takanori Nishikawa, Japanese singer
* Yuka Imai, Japanese seiyu (voice actress)
September 20 – Gert Verheyen, Belgian footballer
September 21 – Samantha Power, Irish-American academic, government official, Pulitzer prize winning writer
September 22 – Mike Matheny, American baseball player
September 23 – Ani DiFranco, American musician
September 25 – Aja Kong, Japanese professional wrestler
September 26
* Yukio Iketani, Japanese gymnast
* Frank Guinta, Mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire
* Marco Etcheverry, Bolivian football player
September 27 – Yoshiharu Habu, Japanese professional shogi player
September 28
* Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
* Kimiko Date, Japanese tennis player
September 29
* Emily Lloyd, English actress
* Natasha Gregson Wagner, American actress
* Yoshihiro Tajiri, Japanese professional wrestler
September 30 – Mark Smith, former ''Gladiator''
October 1 – Moses Kiptanui, Kenyan athlete
October 2 – Kelly Ripa, American actress and talk-show hostess
October 4
* Richard Hancox, English footballer
* Zdravko Zdravkov, Bulgarian footballer
October 8
* Matt Damon, American actor
* Tetsuya Nomura, Japanese video game and film director
October 9 – Annika Sörenstam, Swedish golfer
October 10
* Silke Kraushaar, German luger
* Bai Ling, Chinese actress
* Sir Matthew Pinsent, British Olympic winning rower
October 11
* Andy Marriott, English footballer
* Lee Bong-Ju, South Korean long-distance runner
October 12
* Kirk Cameron, American actor
* Charlie Ward, American retired football and basketball player
October 14 – Daniela Peštová, Czech supermodel
October 17
* Anil Kumble, Indian cricketer
* Marciano Vink, Dutch footballer
October 18 – Jose Padilla, American gang member and alleged terrorist
October 20 – Michelle Malkin, American political commentator
October 24 – Jarkko Martikainen, Finnish rock musician
October 25 – Adam Goldberg, American actor
October 27
* Adrian Erlandsson, Swedish drummer
* Felix Bwalya, Zambian fighter
October 28 – Alan Peter Cayetano, Filipino politician and current senator
October 29
* Philip Cocu, Dutch footballer
* Edwin van der Sar, Dutch footballer
October 30
* Nia Long, American actress
* Xie Jun, Chinese chess grandmaster
* Ben Bailey, American host of the game show Cash Cab
October 31 – Linn Berggren, Swedish singer (Ace of Base)
November 2
* Sharmell Sullivan, American World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) valet and former Nitro Girl
* Ely Buendia, Filipino rock lead singer and rhythm guitarist (The Eraserheads)
November 3 – Dawn Marie Psaltis, American Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and WWE performer
November 5 – Javy López, American baseball player
November 6 – Ethan Hawke, American actor, writer, and film director
November 7 – Morgan Spurlock, American Film-Maker, Super-size Me
November 9
* Chris Jericho, Canadian pro wrestler
* Scarface, member of the rap group Geto Boys
November 12 – Tonya Harding, American figure skater
November 15 – Patrick Mboma, Cameroonian footballer
November 16 – Martha Plimpton, American actress
November 17
* Tania Zaetta, Australian Actress & Television Presenter
* Paul Allender, English guitarist (Cradle of Filth)
November 18 – Peta Wilson, Australian actress
November 20 – Joe Zaso, American actor and producer
November 22 – Stel Pavlou, British novelist and screenwriter
November 23
* Zoë Ball, British television and radio presenter
* Oded Fehr, American actor
November 26 – Dave Hughes, Australian comedian
November 27
* Mr. Lobo, television personality/horror host
* Humberto Ramos, Mexican comic book penciller
November 30
* Natalie Williams, American basketball player
* Walter Emanuel Jones, American actor
December 1 – Sarah Silverman, American comedian
December 2 – Joshua Seth, American voice actor and hypnotist
December 5
* Fauziah Latiff, Malaysian singer
* Tim Hetherington, English-born Photojournalist (d. 2011)
December 6 – Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg, Swedish rock musician (Ace of Base)
December 12
* Jennifer Connelly, American actress
* Regina Hall, American actress
December 15 – Michael Shanks, Canadian actor
December 17 – Craig Doyle, Irish television presenter
December 18
* DMX, American rapper and actor
* Miles Marshall Lewis, American author
* Rob Van Dam, American pro wrestler
December 20
* Nicole DeBoer, Canadian actress
* Massimo Ellul, Maltese entrepreneur and philanthropist
December 22 – Clay Dreslough, American game designer
December 23 – Catriona LeMay Doan, Canadian speed skater
December 25 – Emmanuel Amuneke, Nigerian footballer
December 29
* Aled Jones, Welsh singer and television presenter
* Kevin Weisman, American actor
December 31 – Bryon Russell, African-African basketball player
January 1 – Rose Dolly, American actress (b. 1892)
January 4 – Jean-Etienne Valluy, French general (b. 1899)
January 5 – Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
January 7 – Robert Barrat, American actor (b. 1889)
January 10 – Pavel Belyayev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1925)
January 14 – Harry M. Woods, American songwriter (b. 1896)
January 18 – David O. McKay, 9th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1873)
January 19 – Hal March, American actor (b. 1920)
January 25
* Jane Bathori, French mezzo-soprano (b. 1877)
* Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (''Godzilla'', ''Ultraman'') (b. 1901)
January 27 – Rita Angus, New Zealand painter (b. 1908)
January 29
* Basil Liddell Hart, British military historian (b. 1895)
* Thelma Morgan, American socialite (b. 1904)
January 31 – Slim Harpo, American singer (b. 1924)
February 2
* Bertrand Russell, English logician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)
* Lawrence Gray, American actor (b. 1898)
February 5 – Rudy York, American baseball player (b. 1913)
February 6 – Roscoe Karns, American actor (b. 1891)
February 14
* Arthur Edeson, American cinematographer (b. 1891)
* Harry Stradling, American cinematographer (b. 1901)
* Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer (b. 1880)
February 15 – Hugh Dowding, British RAF Fighter Commander during the Battle of Britain (b. 1882)
February 16 – Francis Peyton Rous, American pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1879)
February 17
* Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
* Alfred Newman, American film composer (b. 1901)
February 19 – Jules Munshin, American actor (b. 1915)
February 20 – Sophie Treadwell, American playwright and journalist (b. 1885)
February 21 – Johannes Semper, Estonian writer and translator (b. 1892)
February 24 – Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
February 25 – Mark Rothko, Latvian-born painter (b. 1903)
February 26 – Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, engineer (b. 1913)
March 6 – William Hopper, American actor (b. 1915)
March 11
* Erle Stanley Gardner, American crime writer(b. 1889)
* Lucille Hegamin, American singer and entertainer (b. 1894)
March 13 – Alec Clunes, English actor (b. 1912)
March 16 – Tammi Terrell, African-American singer (''Ain't No Mountain High Enough'') (b. 1945)
March 18 – William Beaudine, American film director (b. 1892)
March 23 – Del Lord, Canadian film director (b. 1894)
March 26 – Patricia Ellis, American actress (b. 1916)
March 30 – Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1885)
March 31 – Semyon Timoshenko, Russian World War II general (b. 1895)
April 5 – Alfred Henry Sturtevant, American geneticist (b. 1891)
April 6 – Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (b. 1933)
April 11
* Cathy O'Donnell, American actress (b. 1923)
* John O'Hara, American writer (b. 1905)
April 23 – Herb Shriner, American humorist (b. 1918)
April 25 – Anita Louise, American actress (b. 1915)
April 26 – Gypsy Rose Lee, American actress (b. 1911)
April 27 – Arthur Shields, Irish actor (b. 1896)
April 28 – Ed Begley, American actor (b. 1901)
April 30 – Inger Stevens, Swedish-born actress (b. 1934)
May 1
* Ralph Hartley, American inventor (b. 1888)
* Yi Eun, Crown Prince of Korea (b. 1897)
May 9
* Andrew Watson Myles, Canadian politician (b. 1884)
* Walter Reuther, American labor union leader (b. 1907)
May 10 – Mari Blanchard, American actress (b. 1927)
May 11 – Johnny Hodges, American jazz musician (b. 1906)
May 12 – Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
May 13 – Sir William Dobell, Australian artist (b. 1899)
May 14 – Billie Burke, American actress (b. 1885)
May 21 – E. L. Grant Watson, Australian scientist and writer (b. 1885)
May 29
* John Gunther, American writer (b. 1901)
* Eva Hesse, German-born American sculptor (b. 1936)
May 31 – Terry Sawchuk, Canadian hockey player (b. 1929)
June 1 – George Watkins, American baseball player (b. 1900)
June 2
* Albert Lamorisse, French filmmaker (b. 1922)
* Bruce McLaren, Formula 1 driver (b. 1937)
June 3 – Hjalmar Schacht, Nazi German economic minister (b. 1877)
June 4 – Sonny Tufts, American actor (b. 1911)
June 7 – E. M. Forster, English writer (b. 1879)
June 8 – Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (b. 1908)
June 11
* William 'Billy Batts' Devino, American mobster (b. 1921)
* Alexander Kerensky, Russian revolutionary politician (b. 1881)
June 14 – William H. Daniels, American cinematographer (b. 1901)
June 16
* Heino Eller, Estonian composer and composition teacher (b. 1887)
* Brian Piccolo, American football star (b. 1943)
June 21 – Sukarno, President of Indonesia (b. 1901)
June 27 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler (b. 1902)
June 30 – Arthur Leslie, British actor (b. 1901)
July 6 – Marjorie Rambeau, American actress (b. 1889)
July 10 – Bjarni Benediktsson, Icelandic foreign and later prime minister (b. 1908)
July 14 – Preston Foster, American actor (b. 1900)
July 19 – Egon Eiermann, German architect (b. 1904)
July 21 – Bob Kalsu, American football player (b. 1945)
July 22 – Fritz Kortner, Austrian-born director (b. 1892)
July 24 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman (b. 1897)
July 27 – António de Oliveira Salazar, Prime Minister of Portugal (de facto dictator) (b. 1889)
July 29
* John Barbirolli, English conductor (b. 1899)
* George Szell, Hungarian conductor (b. 1897)
July 31 – Wilfrid Kent Hughes, Australian Olympian and politician (b. 1895)
August 1
* Frances Farmer, American actress (b. 1913)
* Otto Heinrich Warburg, German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (b. 1883)
August 18 – Soledad Miranda, Spanish actress (b. 1943)
August 19 – Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (b. 1909)
August 20 – Mickey Daniels, American actor (b. 1914)
August 30 – Del Moore, American actor (b. 1916)
September 1 – Francois Mauriac, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
September 2 – Marie Pierre Koenig, French general and politician (b. 1898)
September 3 – Vince Lombardi, American football coach (b. 1913)
September 5
* Jesse Pennington, English footballer (b. 1883)
* Jochen Rindt, Austrian race car driver (b. 1942)
September 11
* Ernst May, German architect (b. 1886)
* Chester Morris, American actor (b. 1901)
September 18 – James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix, American rock musician (b. 1942)
September 23 – André Bourvil, French actor (b. 1917)
September 25 – Erich Maria Remarque, German author (''All Quiet On The Western Front'') (b. 1898)
September 28
* Gamal Abdal Nasser, second President of Egypt (b. 1918)
* John Dos Passos, American novelist (b. 1896)
September 29 – Edward Everett Horton, American actor (b. 1886)
October 4 – Janis Joplin, American rock singer (''Mercedes Benz'') (b. 1943)
October 10 – Édouard Daladier, French prime minister, signed Munich Agreement (b. 1884)
October 17 – Pierre Laporte, Canadian statesman (assassinated) (b. 1921)
October 21
* Ernest Haller, American cinematographer (b. 1896)
* John T. Scopes, American Scopes Monkey Trial defendant (b. 1900)
October 24 – Richard Hofstadter, American historian (b. 1916)
October 25 – Ülo Sooster, Estonian painter (b. 1924)
November 2 – Fernand Gravey, French actor (b. 1904)
November 3 – Peter II of Yugoslavia, Last King of Yugoslavia (b. 1923)
November 7 – Eddie Peabody, American musician (b. 1902)
November 9 – Charles de Gaulle, President of France (b. 1890)
November 14 – Louis Rich, American entrepreneur (b. 1896)
November 23 – Yusof bin Ishak, first President of Singapore (b. 1910)
November 25
* Louise Glaum, American actress (b. 1888)
* Yukio Mishima, Japanese novelist (b. 1925)
November 27 – Helene Madison, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1913)
December 2 – United States Environmental Protection Agency established.
December 7 – Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (b. 1883)
December 12 – Doris Blackburn, Australian politician (b. 1889)
December 23
* Mimi Benzell, American soprano (b. 1924)
* Charles Ruggles, American actor (b. 1886)
December 26 – Lillian Board, British track and field athlete (b. 1948)
December 30
* Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
* Lenore Ulric, American actress (b. 1892)
December 31 – Ray Henderson, American songwriter (b. 1896)
Physics – Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel
Chemistry – Luis Federico Leloir
Medicine – Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
Literature – Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn
Peace – Norman E. Borlaug
Economics – Paul Samuelson
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
World population
{|class="wikitable" !colspan="7"|World population |- ! !1970 !colspan="2"|1965 !colspan="2"|1975 |- !World |align="right"|3,692,492,000 |align="right"|3,334,874,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|4,068,109,000 |align="right"|10px 375,617,000 |- !Africa |align="right"|357,283,000 |align="right"|313,744,000 |align="right"|10px 43,539,000 |align="right"|408,160,000 |align="right"|10px 50,877,000 |- !Asia |align="right"|2,143,118,000 |align="right"|1,899,424,000 |align="right"|10px 243,694,000 |align="right"|2,397,512,000 |align="right"|10px 254,394,000 |- !Europe |align="right"|655,855,000 |align="right"|634,026,000 |align="right"|10px 21,829,000 |align="right"|675,542,000 |align="right"|10px 19,687,000 |- !Latin-America |align="right"|284,856,000 |align="right"|250,452,000 |align="right"|10px 34,404,000 |align="right"|321,906,000 |align="right"|10px 37,050,000 |- !North America |align="right"|231,937,000 |align="right"|219,570,000 |align="right"|10px 12,367,000 |align="right"|243,425,000 |align="right"|10px 11,488,000 |- !Oceania |align="right"|19,443,000 |align="right"|17,657,000 |align="right"|10px 1,786,000 |align="right"|21,564,000 |align="right"|10px 2,121,000 |}
Births
January–February
March–April
May–June
July–August
September–October
November–December
Deaths
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Nobel Prizes
References
af:1970 am:1970 እ.ኤ.አ. ar:ملحق:1970 an:1970 frp:1970 ast:1970 gn:1970 av:1970 ay:1970 az:1970 bn:১৯৭০ zh-min-nan:1970 nî map-bms:1970 be:1970 be-x-old:1970 bh:१९७० bcl:1970 bs:1970 br:1970 bg:1970 ca:1970 cv:1970 cs:1970 cbk-zam:1970 co:1970 cy:1970 da:1970 de:1970 et:1970 el:1970 myv:1970 ие es:1970 eo:1970 eu:1970 fa:۱۹۷۰ (میلادی) hif:1970 fo:1970 fr:1970 fy:1970 fur:1970 ga:1970 gv:1970 gd:1970 gl:1970 gan:1970年 xal:1970 җил ko:1970년 hy:1970 hi:१९७० hr:1970. io:1970 ilo:1970 bpy:মারি ১৯৭০ id:1970 ia:1970 ie:1970 os:1970-æм аз is:1970 it:1970 he:1970 jv:1970 kn:೧೯೭೦ pam:1970 krc:1970 джыл ka:1970 csb:1970 kk:1970 kw:1970 sw:1970 kv:1970 во ht:1970 (almanak gregoryen) ku:1970 la:1970 lv:1970. gads lb:1970 lt:1970 m. lij:1970 li:1970 ln:1970 jbo:1970moi lmo:1970 hu:1970 mk:1970 ml:1970 mi:1970 mr:इ.स. १९७० arz:1970 ms:1970 nah:1970 nl:1970 nds-nl:1970 ne:१९७० ja:1970年 nap:1970 no:1970 nn:1970 nrm:1970 nov:1970 oc:1970 mhr:1970 uz:1970 pa:੧੯੭੦ pi:१९७० pnb:1970 pap:1970 tpi:1970 nds:1970 pl:1970 pt:1970 ty:1970 ro:1970 qu:1970 rue:1970 ru:1970 год sah:1970 se:1970 sq:1970 scn:1970 simple:1970 sk:1970 sl:1970 so:1970 ckb:١٩٧٠ sr:1970 sh:1970 su:1970 fi:1970 sv:1970 tl:1970 ta:1970 tt:1970 ел te:1970 tet:1970 th:พ.ศ. 2513 tr:1970 tk:1970 udm:1970 ар uk:1970 ur:1970ء vec:1970 vi:1970 vo:1970 fiu-vro:1970 wa:1970 zh-classical:一九七〇年 vls:1970 war:1970 yi:1970 yo:1970 zh-yue:1970年 diq:1970 bat-smg:1970 zh:1970年This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | David Bowie |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | David Robert Jones |
| birth date | January 08, 1947 |
| birth place | Brixton, London, England |
| occupation | Musician, singer-songwriter,record producer, actor |
| years active | 1964–present |
| instrument | |
| genre | Rock, glam rock, art rock, pop |
| associated acts | The Riot Squad, Tin Machine |
| label | Deram, RCA, Virgin, EMI, ISO, Columbia, BMG, Pye |
| website | davidbowie.com }} |
Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with the flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.
In 1975, Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the hit album ''Young Americans'', which the singer characterised as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording the minimalist album ''Low'' (1977)—the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno over the next two years. The so-called "Berlin Trilogy" albums all reached the UK top five and garnered lasting critical praise.
After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes" and its parent album, ''Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)''. He paired with Queen for the 1981 UK chart-topping single "Under Pressure", then reached a new commercial peak in 1983 with the album ''Let's Dance'', which yielded the hit singles "Let's Dance", "China Girl", and "Modern Love". Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, including blue-eyed soul, industrial, adult contemporary, and jungle. His last recorded album was ''Reality'' (2003), which was supported by the 2003–2004 Reality Tour.
Biographer David Buckley says of Bowie: "His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure." In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Bowie was placed at number 29. Throughout his career, he has sold an estimated 140 million albums. In the United Kingdom, he has been awarded nine Platinum album certifications, 11 Gold and eight Silver, and in the United States, five Platinum and seven Gold certifications. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked him 39th on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", and 23rd on their list of the best singers of all-time.
History
1947–62: early years
David Bowie was born David Robert Jones in Brixton, London, on 8 January 1947. His mother, Margaret Mary "Peggy" (née Burns), of Irish descent, worked as a cinema usherette, while his father, Haywood Stenton "John" Jones, was a promotions officer for Barnardo's. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, located near the border of the south London areas of Brixton and Stockwell. A neighbour recalled that "London in the forties was the worst possible place, and the worst possible time for a child to grow up in." Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler.In 1953 the family moved to the suburb of Bromley, where, two years later, Bowie progressed to Burnt Ash Junior School. His singing voice was considered "adequate" by the school choir, and his recorder playing judged to demonstrate above-average musical ability. At the age of nine, his dancing during the newly introduced music and movement classes was strikingly imaginative: teachers called his interpretations "vividly artistic" and his poise "astonishing" for a child. The same year, his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American 45s by artists including Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, The Platters, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley and Little Richard. Upon listening to "Tutti Frutti", Bowie would later say, "I had heard God". Presley's impact on him was likewise emphatic: "I saw a cousin of mine dance to ... 'Hound Dog' and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything. It really impressed me, the power of the music. I started getting records immediately after that." By the end of the following year he had taken up the ukelele and tea-chest bass and begun to participate in skiffle sessions with friends, and had started to play the piano; meanwhile his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley and Chuck Berry—complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists—to his local Wolf Cub group was described as "mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet." Failing his eleven plus exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education, Bowie joined Bromley Technical High School.
It was an unusual technical school, as biographer Christopher Sandford writes:
Bowie studied art, music, and design, including layout and typesetting. After Terry Burns, his half-brother, introduced him to modern jazz, his enthusiasm for players like Charles Mingus and John Coltrane led his mother to give him a plastic alto saxophone in 1961; he was soon receiving lessons from a local musician. He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend George Underwood, wearing a ring on his finger, punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. Doctors feared he would lose the sight of the eye, and he was forced to stay out of school for a series of operations during a four-month hospitalisation. The damage could not be fully repaired, leaving him with faulty depth perception and a permanently dilated pupil (the latter producing Bowie's appearance of having different coloured eyes, though each iris has the same blue colour). Despite their fisticuffs, Underwood and Bowie remained good friends, and Underwood went on to create the artwork for Bowie's early albums.
1962–68: the Konrads to the Riot Squad
Graduating from his plastic saxophone to a real instrument in 1962, Bowie formed his first band at the age of 15. Playing guitar-based rock and roll at local youth gatherings and weddings, the Konrads had a varying line-up of between four and eight members, Underwood among them. When Bowie left the technical school the following year, he informed his parents of his intention to become a pop star. His mother promptly arranged his employment as an electrician's mate. Frustrated by his band-mates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees. He wrote to the newly successful washing-machine entrepreneur John Bloom inviting him to "do for us what Brian Epstein has done for the Beatles—and make another million." Bloom did not respond to the offer, but his referral to Dick James's partner Leslie Conn led to Bowie's first personal management contract.Conn quickly began to promote Bowie. The singer's debut single, "Liza Jane", credited to Davie Jones and the King Bees, had no commercial success. Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire of Howlin' Wolf and Willie Dixon blues numbers, Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys, another blues outfit, who incorporated folk and soul — "I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger", Bowie was to recall. "I Pity the Fool" was no more successful than "Liza Jane", and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third, a blues trio strongly influenced by The Who. "You've Got a Habit of Leaving" fared no better, signalling the end of Conn's contract. Declaring that he would exit the pop world "to study mime at Sadler's Wells", Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third. His new manager, Ralph Horton, later instrumental in his transition to solo artist, soon witnessed Bowie's move to yet another group, the Buzz, yielding the singer's fifth unsuccessful single release, "Do Anything You Say". While with the Buzz, Bowie also joined the Riot Squad; their recordings, which included a Bowie number and Velvet Underground material, went unreleased. Ken Pitt, introduced by Horton, took over as Bowie's manager.
Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie re-named himself after the 19th century American frontiersman Jim Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, "The Laughing Gnome", utilising sped-up Chipmunk-style vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, ''David Bowie'', an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It would be his last release for two years.
Bowie's fascination with the bizarre was fuelled when he met dancer Lindsay Kemp: "He lived on his emotions, he was a wonderful influence. His day-to-day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen, ever. It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was. I joined the circus." Kemp, for his part, recalled, "I didn't really teach him to be a mime artiste but to be more of himself on the outside, ... I enabled him to free the angel and demon that he is on the inside." Studying the dramatic arts under Kemp, from avant-garde theatre and mime to commedia dell'arte, Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world. Satirising life in a British prison, meanwhile, the Bowie-penned "Over the Wall We Go" became a 1967 single for Oscar; another Bowie composition, "Silly Boy Blue", was released by Billy Fury the following year. After Kemp cast Bowie with Hermione Farthingale for a poetic minuet, the pair began dating; they soon moved into a London flat together. Playing acoustic guitar, she formed a group with Bowie and bassist John Hutchinson; between September 1968 and early 1969, when Bowie and Farthingale broke up, the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, Merseybeat, poetry and mime.
1969–73: psychedelic folk to glam rock
''Space Oddity'' to ''Hunky Dory''
Because of his lack of commercial success, Bowie was forced to try to earn a living in different ways. He featured in a Lyons Maid ice cream commercial, but was rejected for another by Kit Kat. Intended as a vehicle to promote the singer, a 30-minute film featuring performances from his repertoire, ''Love You till Tuesday'', was made. Although not released until 1984, the filming sessions in January 1969 led to unexpected success when Bowie told the producers, "That film of yours—I've got a new song for it." He then demoed the song that would provide his commercial breakthrough. "Space Oddity" was released later in the year to coincide with the first moon landing. Breaking up with Farthingale shortly after completion of the film, Bowie moved in with Mary Finnigan as her lodger. Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street. This soon morphed into the Beckenham Arts Lab, and became extremely popular. The Arts Lab hosted a free festival in a local park, later immortalised by Bowie in his song "Memory of a Free Festival". "Space Oddity" was released on 11 July, five days ahead of the Apollo 11 launch, to become a UK top five hit. Bowie's second album, ''Space Oddity'', followed in November; originally issued in the UK as ''David Bowie'', it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name, and the early US release was instead titled ''Man of Words/Man of Music''. Featuring philosophical post-hippie lyrics on peace, love and morality, its acoustic folk rock occasionally fortified by harder rock, the album was not a commercial success at the time of its release.Bowie met Angela Barnett in April 1969. They would marry within a year. Her impact on him was immediate, and her involvement in his career far-reaching, leaving Pitt with limited influence. Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie now began to sense a lack: "a full-time band for gigs and recording—people he could relate to personally". The shortcoming was underlined by his artistic rivalry with Marc Bolan, who was at the time acting as his session guitarist. A band was duly assembled. John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab, was joined by Tony Visconti on bass and Mick Ronson on electric guitar. After a brief and disastrous manifestation as the Hype, the group reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist. Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter's drumming style; matters came to a head when Bowie, enraged, accused, "You're fucking up my album." Cambridge summarily quit and was replaced by Mick Woodmansey. Not long after, in a move that would result in years of litigation, at the conclusion of which Bowie would be forced to pay Pitt compensation, the singer fired his manager, replacing him with Tony Defries.
The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie's third album, ''The Man Who Sold the World'' (1970). Characterised by the heavy rock sound of his new backing band, it was a marked departure from the acoustic guitar and folk rock style established by ''Space Oddity''. To promote it in the United States, Mercury Records financed a coast-to-coast publicity tour in which Bowie, between January and February 1971, was interviewed by radio stations and the media. Exploiting his androgynous appearance, the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later would depict the singer wearing a dress: taking the garment with him, he wore it during interviews—to the approval of critics, including ''Rolling Stone''s John Mendelsohn who described him as "ravishing, almost disconcertingly reminiscent of Lauren Bacall"—and in the street, to mixed reaction including laughter and, in the case of one male pedestrian, producing a gun and telling Bowie to "kiss my ass". During the tour Bowie's observation of two seminal American proto-punk artists led him to develop a concept that would eventually find form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed, producing "the ultimate pop idol". A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".
''Hunky Dory'' (1971) found Visconti, Bowie's producer and bassist, supplanted in both roles, by Ken Scott and Trevor Bolder respectively. The album saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of "Space Oddity", with light fare such as "Kooks", a song written for his son, Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones, born on 30 May. (His parents chose "his kooky name"—he would be known as Zowie for the next 12 years—after the Greek word ''zoe'', life.) Elsewhere, the album explored more serious themes, and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with "Song for Bob Dylan", "Andy Warhol", and "Queen Bitch", a Velvet Underground pastiche. It was not a significant commercial success at the time.
''Ziggy Stardust''
With his next venture, Bowie, in the words of biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture". Dressed in a striking costume, his hair dyed red, Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with the Spiders from Mars—Ronson, Bolder and Woodmansey—at the Toby Jug pub in Tolworth on 10 February 1972. The show was hugely popular, catapulting him to stardom as he toured the UK over the course of the next six months and creating, as described by Buckley, a "cult of Bowie" that was "unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom." ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars'' (1972), combining the hard rock elements of ''The Man Who Sold the World'' with the lighter experimental rock and pop of ''Hunky Dory'', was released in June. "Starman", issued as an April single ahead of the album, was to cement Bowie's UK breakthrough: both single and album charted rapidly following his July ''Top of the Pops'' performance of the song. The album, which would remain in the chart for two years, was soon joined there by the six-month-old ''Hunky Dory''. At the same time the non-album single "John, I’m Only Dancing", and "All the Young Dudes", a song he wrote and produced for Mott the Hoople, became UK hits. The Ziggy Stardust Tour continued to the United States.Bowie contributed backing vocals to Lou Reed's 1972 solo breakthrough ''Transformer'', co-producing the album with Mick Ronson. His own ''Aladdin Sane'' (1973) topped the UK chart, his first number one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the United States during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour, which now continued to Japan to promote the new album. ''Aladdin Sane'' spawned the UK top five singles "The Jean Genie" and "Drive-In Saturday".
Bowie's love of acting led his total immersion in the characters he created for his music. "Offstage I'm a robot. Onstage I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David." With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties: acting the same role over an extended period, it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust—and, later, the Thin White Duke—from his own character offstage. Ziggy, Bowie said, "wouldn't leave me alone for years. That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity." His later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both ''Ziggy Stardust'' and ''Aladdin Sane'', were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a sumo wrestling loincloth or simulating oral sex with Ronson's guitar. Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973. Footage from the final show was released in 1983 for the film ''Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''.
After breaking up the Spiders from Mars, Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona. His back catalogue was now highly sought: ''The Man Who Sold the World'' had been re-released in 1972 along with ''Space Oddity''. "Life on Mars?", from ''Hunky Dory'', was released in June 1973 and made number three in the UK singles chart. Entering the same chart in September, Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "The Laughing Gnome", would reach number four. ''Pin Ups'', a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, followed in October, producing a UK number three hit in "Sorrow" and itself peaking at number one, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK. It brought the total number of Bowie albums currently in the UK chart to six.
1974–1976: Soul, funk and the Thin White Duke
Bowie moved to the United States in 1974, initially staying in New York City before settling in Los Angeles. ''Diamond Dogs'' (1974), parts of which found him heading towards soul and funk, was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-apocalyptic city, and setting George Orwell's ''1984'' to music. The album went to number one in the UK, spawning the hits "Rebel Rebel" and "Diamond Dogs", and number five in the US. To promote it, Bowie launched the Diamond Dogs Tour, visiting cities in North America between June and December 1974. Choreographed by Toni Basil, and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects, the high-budget stage production was filmed by Alan Yentob. The resulting documentary, ''Cracked Actor'', featured a pasty and emaciated Bowie: the tour coincided with the singer's slide from heavy cocaine use into addiction, producing severe physical debilitation, paranoia and emotional problems. He later commented that the accompanying live album, ''David Live'', ought to have been titled "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only In Theory". ''David Live'' nevertheless solidified Bowie's status as a superstar, charting at number two in the UK and number eight in the US. It also spawned a UK number ten hit in Bowie's cover of "Knock on Wood". After a break in Philadelphia, where Bowie recorded new material, the tour resumed with a new emphasis on soul.The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was ''Young Americans'' (1975). Biographer Christopher Sandford writes, "Over the years, most British rockers had tried, one way or another, to become black-by-extension. Few had succeeded as Bowie did now." The album's sound, which the singer identified as "plastic soul", constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. ''Young Americans'' yielded Bowie's first US number one, "Fame", co-written with John Lennon, who contributed backing vocals, and Carlos Alomar. Lennon would call Bowie's work as "great, but just rock and roll with lipstick on". Earning the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the US variety show ''Soul Train'', Bowie mimed "Fame", as well as "Golden Years", his October single, and that it was offered to Elvis Presley to perform, but Presley declined it. ''Young Americans'' was a commercial success in both the US and the UK, and a re-issue of the 1969 single "Space Oddity" became Bowie's first number one hit in the UK a few months after "Fame" achieved the same in the US. Despite his by now well established superstardom, Bowie, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "for all his record sales (over a million copies of ''Ziggy Stardust'' alone), existed essentially on loose change." In 1975, in a move echoing Pitt's acrimonious dismissal 15 years earlier, Bowie fired his manager. At the culmination of the ensuing months-long legal dispute, he watched, as described by Sandford, "millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered" in what were "uniquely generous terms for Defries", then "shut himself up in West 20th Street, where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door." Michael Lippman, Bowie's lawyer during the negotiations, became his new manager; Lippman in turn would be awarded substantial compensation when Bowie fired him the following year.
''Station to Station'' (1976) introduced a new Bowie persona, the "Thin White Duke" of its title track. Visually, the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'' the same year. Developing the funk and soul of ''Young Americans'', ''Station to Station'' also prefigured the Krautrock and synthesiser music of his next releases. The extent to which drug addiction was now affecting Bowie was made public when Russell Harty interviewed the singer for his London Weekend Television talk show in anticipation of the album's supporting tour. Shortly before the satellite-linked interview was scheduled to commence, the death of the Spanish dictator General Franco was announced. Bowie was asked to relinquish the satellite booking, to allow the Spanish Government to put out a live newsfeed. This he refused to do, and his interview went ahead. In the ensuing conversation with Harty, as described by biographer David Buckley, "the singer made hardly any sense at all throughout what was quite an extensive interview. [...] Bowie looked completely disconnected and was hardly able to utter a coherent sentence." His sanity—by his own later admission—had become twisted from cocaine; he overdosed several times during the year, and was withering physically to an alarming degree.
''Station to Station''s January 1976 release was followed in February by a three-and-a-half-month concert tour of Europe and North America. Featuring a starkly lit set, the Isolar – 1976 Tour highlighted songs from the album, including the dramatic and lengthy title track, the ballads "Wild Is the Wind" and "Word on a Wing", and the funkier "TVC 15" and "Stay". The core band that coalesced around this album and tour—rhythm guitarist Alomar, bassist George Murray, and drummer Dennis Davis—would continue as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s. The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy. Bowie was quoted in Stockholm as saying that "Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader", and detained by customs on the Russian/Polish border for possessing Nazi paraphernalia. Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the "Victoria Station incident". Arriving in an open-top Mercedes convertible, the singer waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a Nazi salute, which was captured on camera and published in ''NME''. Bowie said the photographer simply caught him in mid-wave. He later blamed his pro-Fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke. "I was out of my mind, totally crazed. The main thing I was functioning on was mythology ... that whole thing about Hitler and Rightism ... I'd discovered King Arthur ...". According to playwright Alan Franks, writing later in ''The Times'', "he was indeed 'deranged'. He had some very bad experiences with hard drugs."
1976–79: the Berlin era
Bowie moved to Switzerland in 1976, purchasing a chalet in the hills to the north of Lake Geneva. In the new environment, his cocaine use increased; so too did his interest in pursuits outside his musical career. He took up painting, producing a number of post-modernist pieces. When on tour, he took to sketching in a notebook, and photographing scenes for later reference. Visiting galleries in Geneva and the Brücke Museum in Berlin, Bowie became, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art. [...] Not only did he become a well-known patron of expressionist art: locked in Clos des Mésanges he began an intensive self-improvement course in classical music and literature, and started work on an autobiography".Before the end of 1976, Bowie's interest in the burgeoning German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move to West Berlin to clean up and revitalise his career. Working with Brian Eno while sharing an apartment in Schöneberg with Iggy Pop, he began to focus on minimalist, ambient music for the first of three albums, co-produced with Tony Visconti, that would become known as his Berlin Trilogy. During the same period, Iggy Pop, with Bowie as a co-writer and musician, completed his solo album debut, ''The Idiot'', and its follow-up, ''Lust for Life'', touring the UK, Europe, and the US in March and April 1977. ''Low'' (1977), partly influenced by the Krautrock sound of Kraftwerk and Neu!, evidenced a move away from narration in Bowie's songwriting to a more abstract musical form in which lyrics were sporadic and optional. It received considerable negative criticism upon its release—a release which RCA, anxious to maintain the established commercial momentum, did not welcome, and which Bowie's ex-manager, Tony Defries, who still maintained a significant financial interest in the singer's affairs, tried to prevent. Despite these forebodings, ''Low'' yielded the UK number three single "Sound and Vision", and its own performance surpassed that of ''Station to Station'' in the UK chart, where it reached number two. Leading contemporary composer Philip Glass described ''Low'' as "a work of genius" in 1992, when he used it as the basis for his ''Symphony No. 1 "Low"''; subsequently, Glass used Bowie's next album as the basis for his 1996 ''Symphony No. 4 "Heroes"''. Glass has praised Bowie's gift for creating "fairly complex pieces of music, masquerading as simple pieces".
Echoing ''Low''s minimalist, instrumental approach, the second of the trilogy, ''"Heroes"'' (1977), incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent, seeing Bowie joined by guitarist Robert Fripp. Like ''Low'', ''"Heroes"'' evinced the zeitgeist of the Cold War, symbolised by the divided city of Berlin. Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators, synthesizers and koto, the album was another hit, reaching number three in the UK. Its title track, though only reaching number 24 in the UK singles chart, gained lasting popularity, and within months had been released in both German and French. Towards the end of the year, Bowie performed the song for Marc Bolan's television show ''Marc'', and again two days later for Bing Crosby's televised Christmas special, when he joined Crosby in "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", a version of "The Little Drummer Boy" with a new, contrapuntal verse. Five years later, the duet would prove a worldwide seasonal hit, charting in the UK at number three on Christmas Day, 1982.
After completing ''Low'' and ''"Heroes"'', Bowie spent much of 1978 on the Isolar II world tour, bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries. By now he had broken his drug addiction; biographer David Buckley writes that Isolar II was "Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. [...] Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends." Recordings from the tour made up the live album ''Stage'', released the same year.
The final piece in what Bowie called his "triptych", ''Lodger'' (1979), eschewed the minimalist, ambient nature of the other two, making a partial return to the drum- and guitar-based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era. The result was a complex mixture of New Wave and World Music, in places incorporating Hejaz non-Western scales. Some tracks were composed using Eno and Peter Schmidt's Oblique Strategies cards: "Boys Keep Swinging" entailed band members swapping instruments, "Move On" used the chords from Bowie's early composition "All the Young Dudes" played backwards, and "Red Money" took backing tracks from "Sister Midnight", a piece previously composed with Iggy Pop. The album was recorded in Switzerland. Ahead of its release, RCA's Mel Ilberman stated, "It would be fair to call it Bowie's ''Sergeant Pepper'' [...] a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer, shunned and victimized by life's pressures and technology." As described by biographer Christopher Sandford, "The record dashed such high hopes with dubious choices, and production that spelt the end—for fifteen years—of Bowie's partnership with Eno." ''Lodger'' reached number 4 in the UK and number 20 in the US, and yielded the UK hit singles "Boys Keep Swinging" and "DJ". Towards the end of the year, Bowie and Angela initiated divorce proceedings, and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980.
1980–89: from superstar to megastar
''Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)'' (1980) produced the number one hit "Ashes to Ashes", featuring the textural work of guitar-synthesist Chuck Hammer and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The song gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement when Bowie visited the London club "Blitz"—the main New Romantic hangout—to recruit several of the regulars (including Steve Strange of the band Visage) to act in the accompanying video, renowned as one of the most innovative of all time. While ''Scary Monsters'' utilised principles established by the Berlin albums, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically. The album's hard rock edge included conspicuous guitar contributions from Robert Fripp, Pete Townshend, Chuck Hammer and Tom Verlaine. As "Ashes to Ashes" hit number one on the UK charts, Bowie opened a three-month run on Broadway on 24 September, starring in ''The Elephant Man''.Bowie paired with Queen in 1981 for a one-off single release, "Under Pressure". The duet was a hit, becoming Bowie's third UK number one single. The same year, he made a cameo appearance in the German film ''Christiane F.'', a real-life story of teenage drug addiction in 1970s Berlin. The soundtrack, in which Bowie's music featured prominently, was released as ''Christiane F.'' a few months later. Bowie was given the lead role in the BBC's 1981 televised adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's play ''Baal''. Coinciding with its transmission, a five-track EP of songs from the play, recorded earlier in Berlin, was released as ''David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal''. In March 1982, the month before Paul Schrader's film ''Cat People'' came out, Bowie's title song, "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)", was released as a single, becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK top 30.
Bowie reached a new peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with ''Let's Dance''. Co-produced by Chic's Nile Rodgers, the album went platinum in both the UK and the US. Its three singles became top twenty hits in both countries, where its title track reached number one. "Modern Love" and "China Girl" made number two in the UK, accompanied by a pair of acclaimed promotional videos that, as described by biographer David Buckley, "were totally absorbing and activated key archetypes in the pop world. 'Let's Dance', with its little narrative surrounding the young Aborigine couple, targeted 'youth', and 'China Girl', with its bare-bummed (and later partially-censored) beach lovemaking scene (a homage to the film ''From Here to Eternity''), was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV. By 1983, Bowie had emerged as one of the most important video artists of the day. ''Let's Dance'' was followed by the Serious Moonlight Tour, during which Bowie was accompanied by guitarist Earl Slick and backing vocalists Frank and George Simms. The world tour lasted six months and was extremely popular.
''Tonight'' (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating with Tina Turner and, once again, Iggy Pop. It included a number of cover songs, among them the 1966 Beach Boys hit "God Only Knows". The album bore the transatlantic top ten hit "Blue Jean", itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video, "Jazzin' for Blue Jean". Bowie performed at Wembley in 1985 for Live Aid, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief. During the event, the video for a fundraising single was premièred, Bowie's duet with Jagger. "Dancing in the Street" quickly went to number one on release. The same year, Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group to record "This Is Not America" for the soundtrack of ''The Falcon and the Snowman''. Released as a single, the song became a top 40 hit in the UK and US.
Bowie was given a role in the 1986 film ''Absolute Beginners''. It was poorly received by critics, but Bowie's theme song rose to number two in the UK charts. He also appeared as Jareth, the Goblin King, in the 1986 Jim Henson film ''Labyrinth'', for which he wrote five songs. His final solo album of the decade was 1987's ''Never Let Me Down'', where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums, instead offering harder rock with an industrial/techno dance edge. Peaking at number six in the UK, the album yielded the hits "Day-In, Day-Out" (his 60th single), "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Bowie later described it as his "nadir", calling it "an awful album". Supporting ''Never Let Me Down'', and preceded by nine promotional press shows, the 86-concert Glass Spider Tour commenced on 30 May. Bowie's backing band included Peter Frampton on lead guitar. Critics maligned the tour as overproduced, saying it pandered to the current stadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing.
1989–91: Tin Machine
Bowie shelved his solo career in 1989, retreating to the relative anonymity of band membership for the first time since the early 1970s. A hard-rocking quartet, Tin Machine came into being after Bowie began to work experimentally with guitarist Reeves Gabrels. The line-up was completed by Tony and Hunt Sales, known by Bowie since the late 1970s for their contribution, on drums and bass respectively, to Iggy Pop's 1977 album ''Lust For Life''.Though he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy, Bowie dominated, both in songwriting and in decision-making. The band's album debut, ''Tin Machine'' (1989), was initially popular, though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval: Bowie described one song as "a simplistic, naive, radical, laying-it-down about the emergence of neo-Nazis"; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford, "It took nerve to denounce drugs, fascism and TV [...] in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book." EMI complained of "lyrics that preach" as well as "repetitive tunes" and "minimalist or no production". The album nevertheless reached number three in the UK. Tin Machine's first world tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance—among fans and critics alike—to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member. A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart, and Bowie, after a disagreement with EMI, left the label. Like his audience and his critics, Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band. Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work. Performing his early hits during the seven-month Sound+Vision Tour, he found commercial success and acclaim once again.
In October 1990, a decade after his divorce from Angela, Bowie and Somali-born supermodel Iman were introduced by a mutual friend. Bowie recalled, "I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate." They would marry in 1992. Tin Machine resumed work the same month, but their audience and critics, ultimately left disappointed by the first album, showed little interest in a second. ''Tin Machine II''s arrival was marked by a widely publicised and ill-timed conflict over the cover art: after production had begun, the new record label, Victory, deemed the depiction of four ancient nude Kouroi statues, judged by Bowie to be "in exquisite taste", "a show of wrong, obscene images", requiring air-brushing and patching to render the figures sexless. Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album ''Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby'' failed commercially, the band drifted apart, and Bowie, though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels, resumed his solo career.
1992–99: electronica
In April 1992 Bowie appeared at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, following the Queen frontman's death the previous year. As well as performing "Heroes" and "All the Young Dudes", he was joined on "Under Pressure" by Annie Lennox, who took Mercury's vocal part. Four days later, Bowie and Iman were married in Switzerland. Intending to move to Los Angeles, they flew in to search for a suitable property, but found themselves confined to their hotel, under curfew: the 1992 Los Angeles riots began the day they arrived. They settled in New York instead.1993 saw the release of Bowie's first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure, the soul, jazz and hip-hop influenced ''Black Tie White Noise''. Making prominent use of electronic instruments, the album, which reunited Bowie with ''Let's Dance'' producer Nile Rodgers, confirmed Bowie's return to popularity, hitting the number one spot on the UK charts and spawning three top 40 hits, including the top 10 song "Jump They Say". Bowie explored new directions on ''The Buddha of Suburbia'' (1993), a soundtrack album of incidental music composed for the TV series adaptation of Hanif Kureishi's novel. It contained some of the new elements introduced in ''Black Tie White Noise'', and also signalled a move towards alternative rock. The album was a critical success but received a low-key release and only made number 87 in the UK charts.
Reuniting Bowie with Eno, the quasi-industrial ''Outside'' (1995) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder. Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie, the album achieved US and UK chart success, and yielded three top 40 UK singles. In a move that provoked mixed reaction from both fans and critics, Bowie chose Nine Inch Nails as his tour partner for the Outside Tour. Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February the following year, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.
Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996. Incorporating experiments in British jungle and drum 'n' bass, ''Earthling'' (1997) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US, and two singles from the album became UK top 40 hits. Bowie's song "I'm Afraid of Americans" from the Paul Verhoeven film ''Showgirls'' was re-recorded for the album, and remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release. The heavy rotation of the accompanying video, also featuring Reznor, contributed to the song's 16-week stay in the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The Earthling Tour took in Europe and North America between June and November 1997. Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record "(Safe in This) Sky Life" for ''The Rugrats Movie''. Although the track was edited out of the final cut, it would later be re-recorded and released as "Safe" on the B-side of Bowie's 2002 single "Everyone Says 'Hi'". The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited-edition single release version of Placebo's track "Without You I'm Nothing", co-produced by Visconti, with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording.
1999–present: Neoclassicist Bowie
Bowie created the soundtrack for ''Omikron'', a 1999 computer game in which he and Iman also appeared as characters. Released the same year and containing re-recorded tracks from Omikron, his album '''Hours...''' featured a song with lyrics by the winner of his "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition, Alex Grant. Making extensive use of live instruments, the album was Bowie's exit from heavy electronica. Sessions for the planned album ''Toy'', intended to feature new versions of some of Bowie's earliest pieces as well as three new songs, commenced in 2000, but the album was never released. Bowie and Visconti continued their collaboration, producing a new album of completely original songs instead: the result of the sessions was the 2002 album ''Heathen''. Alexandria Zahra Jones, Bowie and Iman's daughter, was born on 15 August.In October 2001, Bowie opened The Concert for New York City, a charity event to benefit the victims of the September 11 attacks, with a minimalist performance of Simon & Garfunkel's "America", followed by a full band performance of "Heroes". 2002 saw the release of ''Heathen'', and, during the second half of the year, the Heathen Tour. Taking in Europe and North America, the tour opened at London's annual ''Meltdown'' festival, for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director. Among the acts he selected for the festival were Philip Glass, Television and The Polyphonic Spree. As well as songs from the new album, the tour featured material from Bowie's ''Low'' era. ''Reality'' (2003) followed, and its accompanying world tour, the A Reality Tour, with an estimated attendance of 722,000, grossed more than any other in 2004. Onstage in Oslo, Norway, on 18 June, Bowie was hit in the eye with a lollipop thrown by a fan; a week later he suffered chest pain while performing at the Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel, Germany. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked artery, requiring an emergency angioplasty in Hamburg. The remaining 14 dates of the tour were cancelled.
Since recuperating from the heart surgery, Bowie has reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio. He sang in a duet of his 1972 song "Changes" with Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 animated film ''Shrek 2''. During a relatively quiet 2005, he recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written with Brian Transeau, for the film ''Stealth''. He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005, appearing with Arcade Fire for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the CMJ Music Marathon. He contributed back-up vocals on TV on the Radio's song "Province" for their album ''Return to Cookie Mountain'', made a commercial with Snoop Dogg for XM Satellite Radio, and joined with Lou Reed on Danish alt-rockers Kashmir's 2005 album ''No Balance Palace''.
Bowie was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on 8 February 2006. In April, he announced, "I’m taking a year off—no touring, no albums." He made a surprise guest appearance at David Gilmour's 29 May concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The event was recorded, and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released. He performed again in November, alongside Alicia Keys, at the Black Ball, a New York benefit event for Keep a Child Alive.
Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival, selecting musicians and artists for the Manhattan event, and performed on Scarlett Johansson's 2008 album of Tom Waits covers, ''Anywhere I Lay My Head''. On the 40th anniversary of the July 1969 moon landing—and Bowie's accompanying commercial breakthrough with "Space Oddity"—EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight-track studio recording of the song, in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix. ''A Reality Tour'', a double album of live material from the 2003 concert tour, was released in January 2010.
In late March 2011, ''Toy'', Bowie's previously unreleased album from 2001, was leaked onto the internet, containing material used for ''Heathen'' and most of its single B-sides, as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue.
Acting career
Biographer David Buckley writes, "The essence of Bowie's contribution to popular music can be found in his outstanding ability to analyse and select ideas from outside the mainstream—from art, literature, theatre and film—and to bring them inside, so that the currency of pop is constantly being changed." Buckley says "Just one person took glam rock to new rarefied heights and invented character-playing in pop, marrying theatre and popular music in one seamless, powerful whole." Bowie's career has also been punctuated by various roles in film and theatre productions, earning him some acclaim as an actor in his own right.The beginnings of his acting career predate his commercial breakthrough as a musician. Studying avant-garde theatre and mime under Lindsay Kemp, he was given the role of Cloud in Kemp's 1967 theatrical production ''Pierrot in Turquoise'' (later made into the 1970 television film ''The Looking Glass Murders''). In the black-and-white short ''The Image'' (1969), he played a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist's painting to haunt him. The same year, the film of Leslie Thomas's 1966 comic novel ''The Virgin Soldiers'' saw Bowie make a brief appearance as an extra. Bowie starred in ''The Hunger'' (1983), a revisionist vampire film, with Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. In Nagisa Oshima's film the same year, ''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'', based on Laurens van der Post's novel ''The Seed and the Sower'', Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in ''Yellowbeard'', a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members, and a small part as Colin, the hitman in the 1985 film ''Into the Night''. He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film ''A View to a Kill'' (1985).
''Absolute Beginners'' (1986), a rock musical based on Colin MacInnes's 1959 novel about London life, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year, Jim Henson's dark fantasy ''Labyrinth'' found him with the part of Jareth, the king of the goblins. Two years later he played Pontius Pilate in Martin Scorsese's 1988 film ''The Last Temptation of Christ''. Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite Rosanna Arquette in ''The Linguini Incident'' (1991), and the mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch's ''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' (1992). He took a small but pivotal role as Andy Warhol in ''Basquiat'', artist/director Julian Schnabel's 1996 biopic of Jean-Michel Basquiat, and co-starred in Giovanni Veronesi's Spaghetti Western ''Il Mio West'' (1998, released as ''Gunslinger's Revenge'' in the US in 2005) as the most feared gunfighter in the region. He played the ageing gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's ''Everybody Loves Sunshine'' (1999), and appeared in the TV horror serial of ''The Hunger''. In ''Mr. Rice's Secret'' (2000), he played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill twelve-year-old, and the following year appeared as himself in ''Zoolander''.
Bowie portrayed physicist Nikola Tesla in the Christopher Nolan film, ''The Prestige'' (2006), which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the early 20th century. He voice-acted in the animated film ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' as the powerful villain Maltazard, and lent his voice to the character Lord Royal Highness in the ''SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis'' television film. In the 2008 film ''August'', directed by Austin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, alongside Josh Hartnett and Rip Torn, with whom he had worked in 1976 for ''The Man Who Fell to Earth''.
Sexual orientation
Buckley writes, "If Ziggy confused both his creator and his audience, a big part of that confusion centred on the topic of sexuality." Bowie declared himself bisexual in an interview with Michael Watts of ''Melody Maker'' in January 1972, a move coinciding with the first shots in his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust.In a 1983 interview with ''Rolling Stone'', Bowie said his public declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made", and on other occasions he said his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than his own feelings; as described by Buckley, he said he had been driven more by "a compulsion to flout moral codes than a real biological and psychological state of being".
Asked in 2002 by ''Blender'' whether he still believed his public declaration was the biggest mistake he ever made, he replied: }}
Buckley's view of the period is that Bowie, "a taboo-breaker and a dabbler ... mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock", and that "it is probably true that Bowie was never gay, nor even consistently actively bisexual ... he did, from time to time, experiment, even if only out of a sense of curiosity and a genuine allegiance with the 'transgressional'." Biographer Christopher Sandford says that according to Mary Finnigan, with whom Bowie had an affair in 1969, the singer and his first wife Angie "lived in a fantasy world [...] and they created their bisexual fantasy." Sandford tells how, during the marriage, Bowie "made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while 'fucking the same bloke' [...] Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter. That Bowie's actual tastes swung the other way is clear from even a partial tally of his affairs with women."
Musicianship
From the time of his earliest recordings in the 1960s, Bowie has employed a wide variety of musical styles. His early compositions and performances were strongly influenced not only by rock and rollers like Little Richard and Elvis Presley but also by the wider world of show business. He particularly strove to emulate the British musical theatre singer-songwriter and actor Anthony Newley, whose vocal style he frequently adopted, and made prominent use of for his 1967 debut release, ''David Bowie'' (to the disgust of Newley himself, who destroyed the copy he received from Bowie's publisher). Bowie's music hall fascination continued to surface sporadically alongside such diverse styles as hard rock and heavy metal, soul, psychedelic folk and pop.Musicologist James Perone observes Bowie's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody, exemplified in his commercial breakthrough single, "Space Oddity", and later in the song "Heroes", to dramatic effect; Perone notes that "in the lowest part of his vocal register [...] his voice has an almost crooner-like richness."
Voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie's vocal vibrato technique as "particularly deliberate and distinctive". Schinder and Schwartz call him "a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability, able to pitch his singing to particular effect." Here, too, as in his stagecraft and songwriting, the singer's chamaeleon-like nature is evident: historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie's lyrics "arrest our ear, without question. But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them [...] His voice changes dramatically from section to section."
Bowie plays many instruments, among them electric, acoustic, and twelve-string guitar, alto, tenor and baritone saxophone, keyboards including piano, synthesizers and Mellotron, harmonica, Stylophone, xylophone, vibraphone, koto, drums and percussion, and string instruments including viola and cello.
Legacy
Bowie's innovative songs and stagecraft brought a new dimension to popular music in the early 1970s, strongly influencing both its immediate forms and its subsequent development. A pioneer of glam rock, Bowie, according to music historians Schinder and Schwartz, has joint responsibility with Marc Bolan for creating the genre. At the same time, he inspired the innovators of the punk rock music movement—historian Michael Campbell calls him "one of punk's seminal influences". While punk musicians trashed the conventions of pop stardom, Bowie moved on again—into a more abstract style of music making that would in turn become a transforming influence. Biographer David Buckley writes, "At a time when punk rock was noisily reclaiming the three-minute pop song in a show of public defiance, Bowie almost completely abandoned traditional rock instrumentation." Bowie's record company sought to convey his unique status in popular music with the slogan, "There is old wave, there is new wave, and there is Bowie..." Musicologist James Perone credits him with having "brought sophistication to rock music", and critical reviews frequently acknowledge the intellectual depth of his work and influence.Buckley writes that, in an early 1970s pop world that was "Bloated, self-important, leather-clad, self-satisfied, ... Bowie challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day." As described by John Peel, "The one distinguishing feature about early-70s progressive rock was that it didn't progress. Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change." Buckley says that Bowie "subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star", with the result that "After Bowie there has been no other pop icon of his stature, because the pop world that produces these rock gods doesn't exist any more. ... The fierce partisanship of the cult of Bowie was also unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom." Buckley concludes that "Bowie is both star and icon. The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture. ... His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure."
Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. Through perpetual reinvention, he has seen his influence continue to broaden and extend: music reviewer Brad Filicky writes that over the decades, "Bowie has become known as a musical chameleon, changing and dictating trends as much as he has altered his style to fit", influencing fashion and pop culture to a degree "second only to Madonna". Biographer Thomas Forget adds, "Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie."
Awards and recognition
Bowie's 1969 commercial breakthrough, the song "Space Oddity", won him an Ivor Novello Special Award For Originality. For his performance in the 1976 science fiction film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'', he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor. In the ensuing decades he has been honoured with numerous awards for his music and its accompanying videos, receiving, among others, two Grammy Awards and two BRIT Awards.
In 1999, Bowie was made a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. He received an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music the same year. He declined the British honour Commander of the British Empire in 2000, and a knighthood in 2003, stating: "I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for."
Throughout his career he has sold an estimated 136 million albums. In the United Kingdom, he has been awarded 9 Platinum, 11 Gold and 8 Silver albums, and in the United States, 5 Platinum and 7 Gold. In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, he was ranked 29. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists of All Time and the 23rd best singer of all time. Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996.
Discography
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
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| name | Joni Mitchell |
|---|---|
| genre | Folk-rock, folk-jazz/jazz, pop |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Roberta Joan Anderson |
| born | November 07, 1943Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada |
| origin | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |
| instrument | Vocals, piano, guitar, ukulele, dulcimer |
| occupation | Singer, songwriter, composer, record producer, musician, painter, guitarist, pianist |
| label | Reprise (1968–1972; 1994–2001)Asylum (1972–1981)Geffen (1982–1993)Nonesuch (2002)Hear Music (2007) |
| associated acts | Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, Graham Nash, Joan Baez, Charles Mingus, Mary Travers, David Crosby, James Taylor, Herbie Hancock, Mama Cass |
| website | }} |
Joni Mitchell, CC, (born Roberta Joan Anderson; November 7, 1943) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, and painter. Mitchell began singing in small nightclubs in her native Western Canada and then busking on the streets of Toronto. In the mid-1960s she left for New York City and its rich folk music scene, recording her debut album in 1968 and achieving fame first as a songwriter ("Urge for Going", "Chelsea Morning", "Both Sides, Now", "Woodstock") and then as a singer in her own right. Finally settling in Southern California, Mitchell played a key part in the folk rock movement then sweeping the musical landscape. ''Blue'', her starkly personal 1971 album, was voted #30 in Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list of 2003. Mitchell also had pop hits such as "Big Yellow Taxi", "Free Man in Paris", and "Help Me", the last two from 1974's best-selling ''Court and Spark''.
Mitchell's distinctive harmonic guitar style and piano arrangements all grew more complex through the 1970s as she was deeply influenced by jazz, melding it with pop, folk and rock on experimental albums like 1976's ''Hejira''. She worked closely with jazz musicians including Pat Metheny, Wayne Shorter, Jaco Pastorius, Herbie Hancock, and on a 1979 record released after his death, Charles Mingus. From the 1980s on, Mitchell reduced her recording and touring schedule but turned again toward pop, making greater use of synthesizers and direct political protest in her lyrics, which often tackled social and environmental themes alongside romantic and emotional ones.
Mitchell's work is highly respected both by critics and by fellow musicians. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine called her "one of the greatest songwriters ever," while Allmusic said, "When the dust settles, Joni Mitchell may stand as the most important and influential female recording artist of the late 20th century." Mitchell is also a visual artist. She created the artwork for each of her albums, and in 2000 described herself as a "painter derailed by circumstance." A blunt critic of the music industry, Mitchell stopped recording over the last several years, focusing more attention on painting, but in 2007 she released ''Shine'', her first album of new songs in nine years.
Early life
Joni Mitchell was born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7, 1943, in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada, to Bill Anderson and Myrtle Anderson (née McKee). Her mother was a teacher, and her father an officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force. During the war years, she moved with her parents to a number of bases in western Canada. After the war, her father began working as a grocer, and his work took the family to Saskatchewan to the towns of Maidstone and North Battleford. When she was eleven years old, the family settled in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, which Mitchell considers her hometown.Her mother's ancestors were Scottish and Irish; her father's were Norwegian and Sami. Her paternal grandmother was born on the farm Farestveit in Modalen, Hordaland, Norway. Her paternal grandfather was from Sømna, Sør-Helgeland, Nordland, Norway.
At the age of eight, Mitchell contracted polio during a Canadian epidemic, but she recovered after a stay in hospital. This was the same polio epidemic (1951) in which singer Neil Young, then aged five, also contracted the virus. It was during this time that she first became interested in singing. She describes her first experience singing while in hospital during the winter in the following way:
"They said I might not walk again, and that I would not be able to go home for Christmas. I wouldn't go for it. So I started to sing Christmas carols and I used to sing them real loud ... The boy in the bed next to me, you know, used to complain. And I discovered I was a ham."She began smoking at the age of nine as well, a habit which is arguably one of the factors contributing to the change in her voice in recent years (Mitchell herself disputes this in several interviews).
As a teenager, Joni taught herself ukulele and, later, guitar. She began performing at parties and bonfires, which eventually led to gigs playing in coffeehouses and other venues in Saskatoon. After finishing high school at Aden Bowman Collegiate in Saskatoon, she attended the Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary for a year, during which she made the acquaintance of another budding singer-songwriter, Harry Chapin, but Mitchell then left, telling her mother: "I'm going to Toronto to be a folksinger."
After leaving art college in June 1964, Mitchell left her home in Saskatoon to relocate to Toronto. She found out that she was pregnant by her college ex-boyfriend, and in February 1965 she gave birth to a baby girl. A few weeks after the birth, Joni Anderson married folk-singer Chuck Mitchell, and took his surname. A few weeks later she gave her daughter, Kelly Dale Anderson, up for adoption. The experience remained private for most of her career, but she made allusions to it in several songs, most notably a very specific telling of the story in the 1971 song "Little Green". Mitchell's 1982 song "Chinese Cafe", from the album ''Wild Things Run Fast'', includes the lyrics "Your kids are coming up straight / My child's a stranger / I bore her / But I could not raise her."
Mitchell's daughter, renamed Kilauren Gibb, began a search for her as an adult. In 1997 Gibb mentioned her search to the girlfriend of a man with whom she had grown up. By coincidence, this woman knew a third person who had once told her that he knew Joni Mitchell years earlier "when she was pregnant." Mitchell and her daughter were reunited shortly thereafter.
Career
1965–1969: Folk rock breakthrough
In the summer of 1965, Chuck Mitchell took Joni with him to the United States. While living in Detroit, Chuck & Joni were regular performers at area coffee houses as well as The Alcove bar near Wayne State University and the "Rathskelter" a restaurant on the campus of the University of Detroit. Oscar Brand featured her several times on his CBC television program ''Let's Sing Out'' in 1965 and 1966, broadening her exposure. Mitchell attended school at West Virginia University for a short period, which led to her song "Morning Morgantown." The marriage and partnership of Joni and Chuck Mitchell dissolved in early 1967, and Joni moved to New York City to pursue her musical dreams as a solo artist. She played venues up and down the East Coast, including Philadelphia, Boston, and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. She performed frequently in coffeehouses and folk clubs and, by this time creating her own material, became well known for her unique songwriting and her innovative guitar style.Folk singer Tom Rush had met Mitchell in Toronto and was impressed with her songwriting ability. He took "Urge For Going" to popular folk act Judy Collins but she was not interested in the song at the time, so Rush recorded it himself. Country singer George Hamilton IV heard Rush performing it and recorded a hit country version. Other artists who recorded Mitchell songs in the early years were Buffy Sainte-Marie ("The Circle Game"), Dave Van Ronk ("Both Sides Now"), and eventually Judy Collins ("Both Sides Now", a top ten hit, and Michael From Mountains, both included on her 1967 album ''Wildflowers''). Collins also covered "Chelsea Morning", a recording which again eclipsed Mitchell's own commercial success early on.
While she was playing one night in "The Gaslight South", a club in Coconut Grove, Florida, David Crosby walked in and was immediately struck by her ability and her appeal as an artist. He took her back to Los Angeles, where he set about introducing her and her music to his friends. Crosby convinced a record company to agree to let Mitchell record a solo acoustic album without all the folk-rock overdubs that were in vogue at the time, and his clout earned him a producer's credit in March 1968, when Reprise Records released her debut album, alternately known as ''Joni Mitchell'' or ''Song to a Seagull''.
Mitchell continued touring steadily to promote the LP. The tour helped create eager anticipation for Mitchell's second LP, ''Clouds'', which was released in April 1969. It finally contained Mitchell's own versions of some of her songs already recorded and performed by other artists: "Chelsea Morning", "Both Sides, Now", and "Tin Angel." The covers of both LPs, including a self-portrait on ''Clouds'', were designed and painted by Mitchell, a marriage of her art and music which she would continue throughout her career.
1970–1974: Mainstream success
In March 1970 ''Clouds'' won Joni Mitchell her first Grammy Award for Best Folk Performance. The following month, Reprise released her third album, ''Ladies of the Canyon''. Mitchell's sound, still under the guidance of producer Crosby, was already beginning to expand beyond the confines of acoustic folk music and toward pop and rock, with more overdubs, percussion, and backing vocals, and for the first time, many songs composed on piano, which would become a hallmark of Mitchell's style in her most popular era. Her own version of "Woodstock", slower and darker than the Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young cover, was performed on a Wurlitzer electric piano. The album also included the already-familiar song "The Circle Game" and the environmental anthem "Big Yellow Taxi", with its now-famous line, "they paved paradise and put up a parking lot."''Ladies of the Canyon'' was an instant smash on FM radio and sold briskly through the summer and fall, eventually becoming Mitchell's first gold album (selling over a half million copies). Mitchell made a decision to stop touring for a year and just write and paint, yet she was still voted "Top Female Performer" for 1970 by ''Melody Maker'', the UK's leading pop music magazine. On the April 1971 release of James Taylor's ''Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon'' album, Joni Mitchell is credited with backup vocals – along with Carole King – on the track "You've Got A Friend". The songs she wrote during the months she took off for travel and life experience would appear on her next album, ''Blue'', released in June 1971. Of ''Blue'' and in comparing Joni Mitchell's talent to his own, David Crosby said, "By the time she did ''Blue'' she was past me and rushing toward the horizon" (A 65th Birthday Tribute to Joni Mitchell, 2008).
''Blue'' was an almost instant critical and commercial success, peaking in the top 20 in the Billboard Album Charts in September and also hitting the British Top 3. Lushly produced "Carey" was the single at the time, but musically, other parts of ''Blue'' departed further from the sounds of ''Ladies of the Canyon'' in favor of simpler, rhythmic acoustic parts allowing a focus on Mitchell's voice and emotions ("All I Want", "A Case of You"), while others such as "Blue", "River" and "The Last Time I Saw Richard" were sung to her rolling piano accompaniment. In its lyrics, the album was regarded as an inspired culmination of her early work, with depressed assessments of the world around her serving as counterpoint to exuberant expressions of romantic love (for example, in "California"). Mitchell later remarked, "At that period of my life, I had no personal defenses. I felt like a cellophane wrapper on a pack of cigarettes. I felt like I had absolutely no secrets from the world and I couldn't pretend in my life to be strong."
Mitchell made the decision to return to the live stage after the great success of ''Blue'', and she presented many new songs on tour which would appear on her next album. Her fifth album, ''For the Roses'', was released in October 1972 and immediately zoomed up the charts. She followed with the single, "You Turn Me On, I'm a Radio", which peaked at #25 in the Billboard Charts in February 1973, becoming her first bonafide hit single. The album was critically acclaimed and earned her success on her own terms, though it was somewhat overshadowed by the success of ''Blue'' and by Mitchell's next album.
''Court and Spark'', released in January 1974, would see Mitchell begin the flirtation with jazz and jazz fusion that marked her experimental period ahead, but it was also her most commercially successful recording, and among her most critically acclaimed. ''Court and Spark'' went to #1 on the Cashbox Album Charts. The LP made Joni Mitchell a widely popular act for perhaps the only time in her career, on the strength of popular tracks such as the rocker "Raised on Robbery", which was released right before Christmas 1973, and "Help Me", which was released in March of the following year, and became Joni's only Top 10 single when it peaked at #7 in the first week of June. "Free Man in Paris" was another hit single and staple in her catalog.
While recording ''Court and Spark'', Mitchell had tried to make a clean break with her earlier folk sound, producing the album herself and employing jazz/pop fusion band the L.A. Express as what she called her first real backing group. In February 1974, her tour with the L.A. Express began, and they received rave notices as they traveled across the United States and Canada during the next two months. A series of shows at L.A.'s Universal Amphitheater from August 14–17 were recorded for a live album release. In November, Mitchell released a live album called ''Miles of Aisles'', a two-record set including all but two songs from the L.A. concerts (one selection each from the Berkeley Community Center, on March 2, and the LA Music Center, on March 4, were also included in the set). The live album slowly moved up to #2, matching ''Court and Sparks'''s chart peak on Billboard. "Big Yellow Taxi", the live version, was also released as a single and did reasonably well (Mitchell would ultimately release yet another recording of "Big Yellow Taxi" in 2007).
In January 1975, ''Court and Spark'' received four nominations for Grammy Awards, including Grammy Award for Album of the Year, for which Mitchell was the only woman nominated. She won only the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
1975–1980: Jazz explorations
Mitchell went into the studio in the spring of 1975 to record acoustic demos of some songs she'd written since the ''Court and Spark'' tour ended. A few months later she recorded versions of the tunes with her band, which now included saxophonist Wayne Shorter. Mitchell's musical interests now were diverging from both the folk and the pop scene of the era, toward less structured, more jazz-inspired pieces, with a wider range of instruments. On "The Jungle Line", she also made an early effort at sampling a recording of African musicians, something that would become more commonplace among Western rock acts in the 1980s. Meanwhile, "In France They Kiss on Main Street" continued the lush pop sounds of ''Court and Spark'', and efforts such as the title song and "Edith and the Kingpin" chronicled the underbelly of suburban lives in Southern California.The new song cycle was released in November 1975 as ''The Hissing of Summer Lawns''. The album was initially a big seller, peaking at #4 on the Billboard Album Charts, but it received mixed reviews at the time of its release. A common legend holds that ''Rolling Stone'' magazine declared it the "Worst Album of the Year"; in truth, it was called only the year's worst album ''title''. However, Mitchell and ''Rolling Stone'' have had a contentious relationship, beginning years earlier when the magazine featured a "tree" illustrating all of Mitchell's alleged romantic partners, primarily other musicians, which the singer said "hurt my feelings terribly at the time." During 1975, Mitchell also participated in several concerts in the Rolling Thunder Revue tours featuring Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, and in 1976 she performed as part of ''The Last Waltz'' by The Band. In January 1976, Mitchell received one nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the album ''The Hissing of Summer Lawns'', though the Grammy went to Linda Ronstadt.
In early 1976, Mitchell traveled with friends who were driving cross country to Maine. Afterwards, Mitchell drove back to California alone and composed several songs during her journey which would feature on her next album, 1976's ''Hejira''. She states, "This album was written mostly while I was traveling in the car. That's why there were no piano songs..." ''Hejira'' was arguably Mitchell's most experimental album so far, due to her ongoing collaborations with legendary jazz virtuoso bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius on several songs including the first single, "Coyote", the atmospheric "Hejira", the disorienting, guitar-heavy "Black Crow," and the album's last song "Refuge of the Roads." The album climbed to No. 13 on the Billboard Charts, reaching gold status three weeks after release, and received airplay from album oriented FM rock stations. Yet "Coyote", backed with "Blue Motel Room", failed to chart on the Hot 100. While the album was greeted by many fans and critics as a "return to form", by the time she recorded it her days as a huge pop star were over. However, if ''Hejira'' "did not sell as briskly as Mitchell's earlier, more "radio friendly" albums, its stature in her catalogue has grown over the years." Mitchell herself believes the album to be unique. In 2006 she said, "I suppose a lot of people could have written a lot of my other songs, but I feel the songs on ''Hejira'' could only have come from me."
In the summer of 1977, Mitchell began work on new recordings, what would become her first double studio album. Close to completing her contract with Asylum Records, Mitchell felt that this album could be looser in feel than any album she'd done in the past.''Don Juan's Reckless Daughter'' was released in December 1977. The album received mixed reviews but still sold relatively well, peaking at No. 25 in the US and going gold within three months. The cover of the album created its own controversy; Mitchell was featured in several photographs on the cover, including one where she was disguised as a black man (this is a reference to a character in one song on the album). Layered, atmospheric compositions such as "Overture / Cotton Avenue" featured more collaboration with Pastorius, while "Paprika Plains" was a 16-minute epic that stretched the boundaries of pop, owing more to Joni's memories of childhood in Canada and her study of classical music. "Dreamland" and "The Tenth World", featuring Chaka Khan on backing vocals, were percussion dominated tracks. Other songs continued the jazz-rock-folk collisions of ''Hejira''. Mitchell also revived "Jericho", written but never recorded years earlier (a version is found on her 1974 live album).
A few months after the release of ''Don Juan's Reckless Daughter'', Mitchell was contacted by jazz great Charles Mingus, who had heard the orchestrated song, "Paprika Plains", and wanted her to work with him. Mitchell began a collaboration with Mingus, who died before the project was completed in 1979. She finished the tracks (most were her own Mingus-inspired compositions, though "Goodbye Pork Pie Hat" is a Mingus instrumental standard to which Joni composed lyrics) and the resulting album, ''Mingus'', was released in June 1979, though it was poorly received in the press. Fans were confused over such a major change in Mitchell's overall sound, and though the album topped out at No. 17 on the Billboard album charts—a higher placement than ''Don Juan's Reckless Daughter'' – ''Mingus'' still fell short of gold status, making it her first album since the 1960s to not sell at least a half-million copies.
Mitchell's summer tour to promote ''Mingus'' began in August 1979 in Oklahoma City and concluded six weeks later with five shows at Los Angeles' Greek Theater, where she recorded and filmed the concerts. It was her first tour in several years, and with Pastorius, jazz guitar great Pat Metheny, and other members of her band, Mitchell also performed songs from her other jazz-inspired albums. When the tour ended she began a year of work, turning the tapes from the Los Angeles shows into a two-album set and a concert film, both to be called ''Shadows and Light''. Her final release on Asylum Records and her second live double-album, it was released in September 1980, and made it up to No. 38 on the Billboard Charts. A single from the LP, "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?", Mitchell's duet with The Persuasions (her opening act for the tour), bubbled under on Billboard, just missing the Hot 100.
1981–1993: Pop, protest and personal changes
For a year and a half, Mitchell worked on the tracks for her next album. During this period Mitchell recorded with bassist Larry Klein, eventually marrying him in 1982. While the album was being readied for release, her friend David Geffen, founder of Asylum Records, decided to start a new label, Geffen Records. Still distributed by Warner Bros,, (who controlled Asylum Records), Geffen was able to negate the remaining contractual obligations Mitchell had with Asylum and signed her to his new label. 1982's ''Wild Things Run Fast'' marked a return to pop songwriting, including "Chinese Cafe/Unchained Melody", which incorporated the chorus and parts of the melody of the famous Righteous Brothers hit, and "(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care", a remake of the Elvis chestnut which charted higher than any Mitchell single since her '70s sales peak when it climbed to No. 47 on the charts. The album, however, peaked on the Billboard Charts in its fifth week at only No. 25.As 1983 began, Mitchell began a world tour, visiting Japan, Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia and then back to the United States. A performance from the tour was videotaped and later released on home video (and later DVD) as "Refuge Of The Roads." As 1984 ended, Mitchell was writing new songs, when she had a suggestion from Geffen that perhaps an outside producer with experience in the modern technical arenas they wanted to explore might be a worthy addition. British synth-pop performer and producer Thomas Dolby was brought on board. Of Dolby's role, Mitchell later commented: "I was reluctant when Thomas was suggested because he had been asked to produce the record [by Geffen], and would he consider coming in as just a programmer and a player? So on that level we did have some problems... He may be able to do it faster. He may be able to do it better, but the fact is that it then wouldn't really be my music."
The album that resulted, ''Dog Eat Dog'', released in October 1985, received a mostly negative critical response. It turned out to be only a moderate seller, peaking at No. 63 on Billboard's Top Albums Chart, Mitchell's lowest chart position since her first album peaked at No. 189 almost eighteen years before. One of the songs on the album, "Tax Free", created controversy by lambasting "televangelists" and what she saw as a drift to the religious right in American politics. "The churches came after me", she wrote, "they attacked me, though the Episcopalian Church, which I've described as the only church in America which actually uses its head, wrote me a letter of congratulation."
Mitchell continued experimenting with synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers for the recordings of her next album, 1988's ''Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm''. She also collaborated with artists including Willie Nelson, Billy Idol, Wendy & Lisa, Tom Petty, Don Henley and Peter Gabriel. The album's first official single, "My Secret Place", was in fact a duet with Gabriel, and just missed the Billboard Hot 100 charts. The song "Lakota" was one of many songs on the album to take on larger political themes, in this case the deadly battle between Native American activists and the FBI on the Lakota Sioux reservation in the previous decade. Musically, several songs fit into the trend of world music popularized by Gabriel during the era. Reviews were mostly favorable towards the album, and the cameos by well-known musicians brought it considerable attention. ''Chalk Mark'' ultimately improved on the chart performance of ''Dog Eat Dog'', peaking at No. 45.
After its release, Mitchell, who rarely performed live anymore, participated in Roger Waters' The Wall Concert in Berlin in 1990. She performed the song, "Goodbye Blue Sky" and also was one of the performers on the concerts ending song, "The Tide Is Turning" along with Waters, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams, Van Morrison and Paul Carrack.
Throughout the first half of 1990, Mitchell recorded songs that would appear on her next album. She delivered the final mixes for the new album to Geffen just before Christmas, after trying nearly a hundred different sequences for the songs. The album ''Night Ride Home'' was released in March 1991. In the United States, it premiered on Billboard's Top Album charts at No. 68, moving up to No. 48 in its second week, and peaking at No. 41 in its sixth week. In the United Kingdom, the album premiered at No. 25 on the album charts. Critically, it was better received than her '80s work and seemed to signal a move closer to her acoustic beginnings, along with some references to the style of ''Hejira''. This album was also Mitchell's first since Geffen Records was sold to MCA Inc., meaning that ''Night Ride Home'' was her first album not to be initially distributed by WEA (now Warner Music Group).
1994–2001: Resurgence and vocal development
To wider audiences, the real "return to form" for Mitchell came with the 1994's Grammy-winning ''Turbulent Indigo''. While the recording period also saw the divorce of Mitchell and bassist Larry Klein, their marriage having lasted almost 12 years, ''Indigo'' was seen as Mitchell's most accessible set of songs in years. Songs such as "Sex Kills", "Sunny Sunday", "Borderline" and "The Magdalene Laundries" mixing social commentary and guitar-focused melodies for "a startling comeback." The album won two Grammy awards, including Best Pop Album, and it coincided with a much-publicized resurgence in interest in Mitchell's work by a younger generation of singer-songwriters.In 1996, Mitchell agreed to release a greatest ''Hits'' collection when label Reprise also allowed her a second ''Misses'' album to include some of the lesser known songs from her career. ''Hits'' charted at No. 161 in the US, but made No. 6 in the UK. Mitchell also included on ''Hits'', for the first time on an album, her first recording, a version of "Urge for Going" which preceded ''Song to a Seagull'' but was previously released only as a B-side.
Two years later, Mitchell released her final set of "original" new work before nearly a decade of other pursuits, 1998's ''Taming the Tiger''. She promoted ''Tiger'' with a return to regular concert appearances, most notably a co-headlining tour with Bob Dylan and Van Morrison. On the album, Mitchell had played a "guitar synthesizer" on most songs, and for the tour she adapted many of her old songs to this instrument, and reportedly had to re-learn all her complex tunings once again.
It was around this time that critics also began to notice a real change in Mitchell's voice, particularly on her older songs; the singer later admitted to feeling the same way, explaining that "I'd go to hit a note and there was nothing there." While her more limited range and huskier vocals have sometimes been attributed to her smoking (she has been described as "one of the world's last great smokers"), Mitchell believes the changes in her voice that became noticeable in the nineties were due to other problems, including vocal nodules, a compressed larynx, and the lingering effects of having had polio. In an interview in 2004, she denied that "my terrible habits" had anything to do with her more limited range and pointed out that singers often lose the upper register when they pass fifty. In addition, she contended that in her opinion her voice became a more interesting and expressive alto range when she no longer could hit the high notes, let alone hold them like she did in her youth.
The singer's next two albums featured no new songs and, Mitchell has said, were recorded to "fulfill contractual obligations", but on both she attempted to make use of her new vocal range in interpreting familiar material. ''Both Sides, Now'' (2000) was an album composed mostly of covers of jazz standards, performed with an orchestra, featuring orchestral arrangements by Vince Mendoza. The album also contained remakes of "A Case of You" and the title track "Both Sides Now", two early hits transposed down to Mitchell's now dusky, soulful alto range. It received mostly strong reviews and spawned a short national tour, with Mitchell accompanied by a core band featuring Larry Klein on bass plus a local orchestra on each tour stop. Its success led to 2002's ''Travelogue'', a collection of re-workings of her previous songs with lush orchestral accompaniments.
2002–2005: Retirement
Mitchell stated at the time that this would be her final album. In a 2002 interview with ''Rolling Stone'', she voiced discontent with the current state of the music industry, describing it as a "cesspool." Mitchell expressed her dislike of the record industry's dominance and her desire to control her own destiny, possibly through releasing her own music over the Internet.During the next few years, the only albums Mitchell released were compilations of her earlier work. In 2003, Mitchell's Geffen recordings were collected in a remastered, four-disc box set, ''The Complete Geffen Recordings'', including notes by Mitchell and some previously unreleased tracks. A series of themed compilations of songs from earlier albums were also released: ''The Beginning of Survival'' (2004), ''Dreamland'' (2004), and ''Songs of a Prairie Girl'' (2005), the last of which collected the threads of her Canadian upbringing and which she released after accepting an invitation to the Saskatchewan Centennial concert in Saskatoon. The concert, which featured a tribute to Mitchell, was also attended by Queen Elizabeth II. In ''Prairie Girl'' liner notes, she writes that the collection is "my contribution to Saskatchewan's Centennial celebrations."
In the early 1990s, Mitchell signed a deal with Random House to publish an autobiography. In 1998 she told ''The New York Times'' that her memoirs were "in the works", that they would be published in as many as four volumes, and that the first line would be "I was the only black man at the party." In 2005, Mitchell said that she was using a tape recorder to get her memories "down in the oral tradition."
As well in the early 2000s, Joni Mitchell worked with artist Gilles Hebert. Joni visited the Mendel Art Gallery in Saskatoon, where she and Giles produced a book called 'Voices'. The book received international attention and extended her fame, and the fame of Gilles Hebert.
Although Mitchell stated that she would no longer tour or give concerts, she has made occasional public appearances to speak on environmental issues. Mitchell divides her time between her longtime home in Los Angeles, and the property in Sechelt, British Columbia that she has owned since the early 1970s. "L.A. is my workplace", she said in 2006, "B.C. is my heartbeat." According to interviews, today she focuses mainly on her visual art, which she does not sell and which she displays only on rare occasions.
2006–2009: Late recordings and Morgellons advocacy
In an interview with ''The Ottawa Citizen'' in October 2006, Mitchell "revealed she's recording her first collection of new songs in nearly a decade", but gave few other details. Four months later, in an interview with ''The New York Times'', Mitchell said that the forthcoming album, titled ''Shine'', was inspired by the war in Iraq and "something her grandson had said while listening to family fighting: 'Bad dreams are good—in the great plan.'" Early media reports characterized the album as having "a minimal feel... that harks back to [Mitchell's] early work", and a focus on political and environmental issues.In February 2007, Mitchell also returned to Calgary and served as an advisor for the Alberta Ballet Company premiere of "The Fiddle and the Drum", a dance choreographed to both new and old songs. Mitchell also filmed portions of the rehearsals for a documentary she's working on. Of the flurry of recent activity she quipped, "I've never worked so hard in my life."
In summer 2007, Mitchell's official fan-run site confirmed speculation that she had signed a two-record deal with Starbucks' Hear Music label. ''Shine'' was released by the label on September 25, 2007, debuting at number 14 on the Billboard 200 album chart, her highest chart position in the United States since the release of ''Hejira'' in 1976, over thirty years previously, and at number 36 on the United Kingdom albums chart.
On the same day, Herbie Hancock, a longtime associate and friend of Mitchell's, released ''River: The Joni Letters'', an album paying tribute to Mitchell's work. Among the album's contributors were Norah Jones, Tina Turner, Leonard Cohen, and Mitchell herself, who contributed a vocal to the re-recording of "The Tea Leaf Prophecy (Lay Down Your Arms)" (originally on her album ''Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm''). On February 10, 2008, Hancock's recording won Album of the Year at the Grammy Awards. It was the first time in 43 years that a jazz artist took the top prize at the annual award ceremony. In accepting the award, Hancock paid tribute to Mitchell as well as to Miles Davis and John Coltrane. At the same ceremony Mitchell won a Grammy for Best Instrumental Pop Performance for the opening track "One Week Last Summer" from her album ''Shine''.
On February 12, 2010, "Both Sides, Now" was performed at the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
Mitchell is currently receiving treatment for the controversial condition called "Morgellons syndrome". Mitchell spoke to the ''Los Angeles Times'' on April 22, 2010 about the disease, saying, "I have this weird, incurable disease that seems like it's from outer space, but my health's the best it's been in a while." She described Morgellons as a "slow, unpredictable killer" but said she is determined to fight the disease. "I have a tremendous will to live: I've been through another pandemic – I'm a polio survivor, so I know how conservative the medical body can be." According to Mitchell, Morgellons is often misdiagnosed as "delusion of parasites," and sufferers of the disease are offered psychiatric treatment. Mitchell said she plans to leave the music industry to work toward giving people diagnosed with Morgellons more credibility. In the same interview, Mitchell made the statement that singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, with whom she had worked closely in the past, was a fake and plagiarist. The controversial remark was widely reported by other media. Mitchell did not explain the contention further, but it may have related to the allegations of plagiarism surrounding some lyrics on Dylan's 2006 album ''Modern Times''.
Mitchell's longtime archivist, the San Francisco-based Joel Bernstein, maintains a detailed list of all her tunings, and has assisted her in relearning the tunings for several older songs.
Mitchell was also highly innovative harmonically in her early work (1966–72) using techniques including modality, chromaticism, and pedal points.
In 2003 ''Rolling Stone'' named her the 72nd greatest guitarist of all time; she was the highest-ranked woman on the list.
Influence on other artists
Mitchell's work has had an influence on artists as disparate as S. J. Tucker, Led Zeppelin, Nancy Wilson, Sonic Youth, Morrissey, Prince, Chaka Khan, Alanis Morissette, Björk, Counting Crows, Stevie Nicks, Jeff Buckley, Elvis Costello, Dan Fogelberg, Janet Jackson, Maynard James Keenan, Cyndi Lauper, Annie Lennox, k.d. lang, Madonna, Kurt Cobain,Frank Turner, Cassandra Wilson, Cat Power, George Michael, Marillion, Juice Newton, Conor Oberst, The Roots, Roxette, The Sundays, Clannad, Shawn Colvin, Anita Baker, Fiona Apple, Holly Brook, KT Tunstall, Seal, Tori Amos, Keith Green, Spank Rock, Schuyler Fisk, Kate Voegele, Regina Spektor, Me'Shell Ndegeocello, Keith Jarrett, Slash, Laura Marling, Keri Noble, Joanna Newsom, Boards of Canada and Sarah Dawn Finer.For instance, Prince's song "The Ballad of Dorothy Parker" on the album ''Sign 'O' the Times'' (1987), pays tribute to Mitchell, both through his evocative Mitchell-like harmonies and through the use of one of Mitchell's own techniques: as in Mitchell's song "This Flight Tonight", Prince references a song in his lyrics (Joni's own "Help Me") as the music begins to emulate the chords and melody of that song. Another Mitchell reference left by Prince can also be seen on the back cover of his 1981 ''Controversy'' record, where one of the headlines reads "★JONI★." His song "Raspberry Beret" also references "McGee's general store" from Joni's song "Paprika Plains".
Madonna has also cited Mitchell as the first female artist that really spoke to her as a teenager; "I was really, really into Joni Mitchell. I knew every word to ''Court and Spark''; I worshipped her when I was in high school. ''Blue'' is amazing. I would have to say of all the women I've heard, she had the most profound effect on me from a lyrical point of view."
Steve Hogarth, Steve Rothery and Mark Kelly of Marillion all cite Mitchell as a favorite artist.
A number of artists have enjoyed success covering Mitchell's songs. Judy Collins's 1967 recording of "Both Sides Now" reached No. 8 on Billboard charts and was a breakthrough in the career of both artists (Mitchell's own recording did not see release until two years later, on her second album ''Clouds''). This is Mitchell's most-covered song by far, with 587 versions recorded at latest count. Hole also covered "Both Sides Now" in 1990, renaming it ''Clouds'' and changing the lyrics. Pop group Neighborhood in 1970 and Amy Grant in 1995 scored hits with covers of "Big Yellow Taxi", the second most covered song in Mitchell's repertoire (with 223 covers). Recent releases of this song have been by Counting Crows in 2002 and Nena in 2007. Janet Jackson used a sample of the chorus of "Big Yellow Taxi" as the centerpiece of her 1997 hit single "Got 'Til It's Gone", which also features rapper Q-Tip saying "Joni Mitchell never lies." Rap artists Kanye West and Mac Dre have also sampled Mitchell's vocals in their music. In addition, Annie Lennox has covered "Ladies Of The Canyon" for the B-side of her 1995 hit "No More I Love You's." Mandy Moore covered "Help Me" in 2003. In 2004 singer George Michael covered her song "Edith And The Kingpin" for a radio show. "River" has been of the most popular songs covered in recent years, with versions by Dianne Reeves (1999), James Taylor (recorded for television in 2000, and for CD release in 2004), Allison Crowe (2004), Rachael Yamagata (2004), Aimee Mann (2005), and Sarah McLachlan (2006). McLachlan also did a version of "Blue" in 1996, and Cat Power recorded a cover of "Blue" in 2008. Other Mitchell covers include the famous "Woodstock" by both Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young and Matthews Southern Comfort, "This Flight Tonight" by Nazareth, and well-known versions of "Woodstock" by Eva Cassidy and "A Case of You" by Tori Amos, Michelle Branch, Jane Monheit, Prince, and Diana Krall. A 40th anniversary version of "Woodstock" was released in 2009 by Nick Vernier Band featuring Ian Matthews (formerly of Matthews Southern Comfort).
Prince's version, "A Case of U", appeared on ''A Tribute to Joni Mitchell'', a 2007 compilation released by Nonesuch Records, which also featured Björk ("The Boho Dance"), Caetano Veloso ("Dreamland"), Emmylou Harris ("The Magdalene Laundries"), Sufjan Stevens ("Free Man in Paris") and Cassandra Wilson ("For the Roses"), among others. Some of the recordings were made in the late 1990s when a project entitled ''A Case of Joni'' was developed but left incomplete. Among those who recorded tracks for the first tribute album, which remain unreleased, were Janet Jackson, Steely Dan, and Sheryl Crow. Chaka Khan recorded "Ladies Man" from Mitchell's LP ''Wild Things Run Fast'' on her 2007 CD titled ''Funk This''. Cassandra Wilson recorded "Black Crow" from Mitchell's ''Hejira'' on her ''Blue Light 'Til Dawn'' CD.
Several other songs reference Joni Mitchell. The song "Our House" by Graham Nash refers to Nash's brief affair with Mitchell at the time Crosby, Stills Nash and Young recorded the Déjà Vu album. Led Zeppelin's "Going to California" was said to be written about Robert Plant and Jimmy Page's infatuation with Mitchell, a claim that seems to be borne out by the fact that, in live performances, Plant often says "Joni" after the line "To find a queen without a king, they say she plays guitar and cries and sings." Jimmy Page uses a double dropped D guitar tuning similar to the alternative tunings Mitchell uses. The Sonic Youth song "Hey Joni" from their acclaimed ''Daydream Nation'' album is named for Mitchell. Sonic Youth also uses a wide variety of alternate guitar tunings. Alanis Morissette also mentions Joni in one of her songs, "Your House." British folk singer; Frank Turner mentions Joni in his song 'Sunshine State'. Fellow Canadian songwriter Ferron invokes Mitchell to open the song "Maya": "Last night I dreamed Joni Mitchell cut her hair and changed her name to Gaia. And she spoke to me in a confident air and said...'You better push the edge of Maya.'"
Melody Green wrote in "No Compromise, the life story of Keith Green", that her husband Keith Green and some friends found Joni's Southern California home security gate was open and they sang in her front lawn until she came out. She invited them all in and Green entertained her for a while on her piano.
Also, on the 2004 album ''eMOTIVe'' by A Perfect Circle, Maynard James Keenan covered Mitchell's song ''Fiddle and the Drum.''
Awards and honors
In 1995, Mitchell received Billboard's Century Award. In 1996, she was awarded the Polar Music Prize. In 1997, Mitchell was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but did not attend the ceremony.She has received eight Grammy Awards during her career, with the first coming in 1969 and the most recent in 2008. She received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002, with the citation describing her as "one of the most important female recording artists of the rock era" and "a powerful influence on all artists who embrace diversity, imagination and integrity."
In fitting tribute to Joni Mitchell, the TNT network presented an all-star celebration at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City, April 6, 2000. Many legendary performers sang Mitchell's songs, including James Taylor, Elton John, Wynonna Judd, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Diana Krall, and Richard Thompson of Fairport Convention fame. Mitchell herself ended the evening with a rendition of "Both Sides Now" with a full 70 piece orchestra. The version was featured on the soundtrack to the hit movie, ''Love Actually''.
Regarding her as a national treasure, Mitchell's home country Canada has bestowed a number of honours on her. She was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1981 and received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000. In 2002 she became only the third popular Canadian singer/songwriter (Gordon Lightfoot and Leonard Cohen being the other two), to be appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour. She received an honorary doctorate in music from McGill University in 2004. In January 2007 she was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame. In June 2007 Canada Post featured Mitchell on a postage stamp.
In November 2006, the album ''Blue'' was listed by ''TIME'' magazine as among the "All-Time 100 Albums."
In 1999 Mitchell was listed as fifth on VH1's list of "The 100 Greatest Women of Rock N' Roll." In 2010, Vh1 would name her the #44 Greatest Artist of All Time.
In the 2010 film ''The Kids Are All Right'', the character Joni is supposed to have been named after Joni Mitchell since the character Nic, Joni's mother, declares to be a fan of Mitchell.
Grammy Awards
| Year !!Category !! Work!! Result | ||||
| 1969 | Best Folk Performance | Clouds (Joni Mitchell album)>Clouds'' | ||
| 1974 | Album of the Year| | ''Court and Spark'' | Nomination | |
| 1974 | Record of the Year| | Help Me (Joni Mitchell song)>Help Me" | Nomination | |
| 1974 | Pop Female Vocalist| | ''Court and Spark'' | Nomination | |
| 1974 | Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)| | "Down To You" | Won | |
| 1976 | Pop Female Vocalist| | ''The Hissing of Summer Lawns'' | Nomination | |
| 1977 | Best Album Package| | Hejira (album)>Hejira'' | Nomination | |
| 1988 | Pop Female Vocalist| | ''Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm'' | Nomination | |
| 1995 | Best Pop Album| | ''Turbulent Indigo'' | Won | |
| 1995 | Best Album Package| | ''Turbulent Indigo'' | Won | |
| 2000 | Best Female Pop Vocal Performance| | ''Both Sides, Now'' | Nomination | |
| 2000 | Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album| | ''Both Sides, Now'' | Won | |
| 2002 | Lifetime Achievement Award| | – | Won | |
| 2007 | Album of the Year| | ''River: The Joni Letters'' | Won* | |
| 2007 | Best Pop Instrumental Performance | | | "One Week Last Summer" | Won |
Discography
;Studio releases
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Alberta Category:Appalachian dulcimer players Category:Canadian female guitarists Category:Canadian female singers Category:Canadian folk guitarists Category:Canadian folk singers Category:Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian singer-songwriters Category:Canadian people of Norwegian descent Category:Canadian people of Irish descent Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent Category:Companions of the Order of Canada Category:Crossover (music) Category:Female rock singers Category:Feminist musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Juno Award winners Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:People from Southern California Category:People from Saskatoon Category:People from Willow Creek, Alberta Category:Musicians from Saskatchewan Category:Sami people
af:Joni Mitchell ca:Joni Mitchell cs:Joni Mitchell da:Joni Mitchell de:Joni Mitchell el:Τζόνι Μίτσελ es:Joni Mitchell fr:Joni Mitchell id:Joni Mitchell it:Joni Mitchell he:ג'וני מיטשל nl:Joni Mitchell ja:ジョニ・ミッチェル no:Joni Mitchell nn:Joni Mitchell pl:Joni Mitchell pt:Joni Mitchell ro:Joni Mitchell ru:Джони Митчелл sc:Joni Mitchell simple:Joni Mitchell sk:Joni Mitchellová sh:Joni Mitchell fi:Joni Mitchell sv:Joni Mitchell th:โจนี มิตเชลล์ tr:Joni Mitchell uk:Джоні Мітчелл zh:琼尼·米歇尔This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | Jeremy Clarkson |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson |
| Birth date | April 11, 1960 |
| Birth place | Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England, UK |
| Residence | Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, EnglandLangness, Isle of Man |
| Other names | ''Jezza'' |
| Notable works | See below |
| Networth | £2.7 million (estimated). |
| Salary | £2 million (estimated). |
| Height | |
| Known for | |
| Education | Repton SchoolHill House School, Doncaster |
| Employer | |
| Occupation | Author, writer, journalist, broadcaster, talk show host |
| Home town | Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Spouse | (divorced) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parents | Shirley and Eddie Clarkson |
| Website | topgear.com }} |
From a career as a local journalist in Northern England, Clarkson rose to public prominence as a presenter of the original format of ''Top Gear'' in 1988. Since the mid-1990s Clarkson has become a recognised public personality, regularly appearing on British television presenting his own shows and appearing as a guest on other shows. As well as motoring, Clarkson has produced programmes and books on subjects such as history and engineering. From 1998 to 2000 he also hosted his own chat show, ''Clarkson''.
His opinionated but humorous tongue-in-cheek writing and presenting style has often generated much public reaction to his viewpoints. His actions both privately and as a ''Top Gear'' presenter have also sometimes resulted in criticism from the media, politicians, pressure groups and the public.
Despite the criticism levelled against him, Clarkson has also generated a significant following from the public at large, being credited as a major factor in the resurgence of ''Top Gear'' as one of the most popular shows on the BBC.
Personal life
Clarkson was born in Doncaster, South Yorkshire (West Riding at the time of his birth), to teacher Shirley Gabrielle Ward and travelling salesman Edward Grenville "Eddie" Clarkson; his parents ran a business selling tea cosies. They put the young Jeremy Clarkson's name down in advance for a number of private schools with no idea how they were going to pay the fees, until at the last moment, when he was 13, they made two Paddington Bear stuffed toys for each of their children. These proved so popular that they started selling them through the business with sufficient success to be able to pay the fees for Clarkson to attend Hill House School, Doncaster and later Repton School. By his own account, he was expelled from Repton School for "drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself."Clarkson played the role of a public schoolboy, Taplin, in a BBC radio Children's Hour serial adaptation of Anthony Buckeridge's ''Jennings'' novels until his voice broke.
Clarkson suffered from testicular torsion as a teenager and has since become a patron of several charities raising awareness of this condition.
Clarkson is twice-married. His first marriage was in September 1989 to Alexandra James (now Hall). This marriage was short-lived, and in May 1993 he married his manager, Frances Cain (daughter of VC recipient Robert Henry Cain) in Fulham. The couple currently live in the town of Chipping Norton, situated in the Cotswolds, with their three children. Known for buying him car-related gifts, for Christmas 2007 Clarkson's wife bought him a Mercedes-Benz 600.
Clarkson's fondness for wearing jeans has been blamed by some for the decline in sales of denim in the mid 1990s, particularly Levi's, because of their being associated with middle aged men, the so-called 'Jeremy Clarkson effect'. After fashion gurus Trinny and Susannah labelled Clarkson's dress sense as that of a market trader, he was persuaded to appear on their fashion makeover show ''What Not to Wear'' in order to avoid being considered for their all-time worst dressed winner award. Their attempts at restyling Clarkson were however all rebuffed, and Clarkson stated he would rather eat his own hair than appear on the show again.
For an episode of the first series of the BBC's ''Who Do You Think You Are?'' broadcast in November 2004, Clarkson was invited to investigate his family history. It included the story of his great-great-great grandfather John Kilner (1792–1857), who invented the Kilner jar: a container for preserved fruit.
Clarkson is reportedly a big fan of the rock band Genesis and attended the band‘s reunion concert at Twickenham Stadium in 2007. He also provided sleeve notes for the reissue of the album ''Selling England by the Pound'' as part of the ''Genesis 1970–1975'' box set.
Clarkson has been involved in a protracted legal dispute about access to a "permissive path" across the grounds of his second home on the Isle of Man since 2005, after reports that dogs had attacked and killed sheep on the property. He eventually lost the dispute after the Isle of Man government started a public enquiry and was told to re-open the footpath in May 2010. The case is currently being brought before the High Court.
Clarkson is also an avid birdwatcher. His favorite bird noted as being the Peregrine Falcon.
Career
Writing career
Clarkson's first job was as a travelling salesman for his parents' business selling Paddington Bear toys. He later trained as a journalist with the ''Rotherham Advertiser'', before also writing for the ''Rochdale Observer'', ''Wolverhampton Express and Star'', ''Lincolnshire Life'' and the Associated Kent Newspapers.In 1984 Clarkson formed the Motoring Press Agency (MPA), in which, with fellow motoring journalist Jonathan Gill, he would conduct road tests for local newspapers and automotive magazines. This developed into pieces for publications such as ''Performance Car''. He has regularly written for ''Top Gear'' magazine since its launch in 1993.
Clarkson went on to writing articles for a diverse spectrum of readers through regular columns in both the mass-market tabloid newspaper ''The Sun'', and for the more 'up market' broadsheet newspaper ''The Sunday Times''. The ''Times'' columns are republished in The Weekend Australian newspaper. He also writes for the Toronto Star-Wheels Section.
In addition to newsprint, Clarkson has written books about cars and several other, humorous, titles. Many of his books are aggregated collections of articles that he has written for ''The Sunday Times''.
Television
Clarkson's first major television role came as one of the presenters on the British motoring programme ''Top Gear'', from 27 October 1988 to 3 February 2000, in the programme's original format, and then again from 20 October 2002, when it was relaunched in a new format after a brief period off the air. He is credited with co-presenters James May and Richard Hammond as turning ''Top Gear'' into the most-watched TV show on BBC Two, rebroadcast to over 100 countries around the world. While closely associated with presenting motoring shows through the original ''Top Gear'' and Motorworld, by the late 1990s Clarkson had diversified into presenting programmes on other topics, beginning as presenter of the UK version of ''Robot Wars''. At the same time his television presence also branched out into appearances on a number of other shows, both as guest and guest host. From 1998 for three years he had his own talk show, ''Clarkson'', hosting 27 half-hour episodes aired in the United Kingdom between November 1998 and December 2000, and featured guest interviews with musicians, politicians and television personalities. In his television career, Clarkson went on to present a number of documentaries focused on non-motoring themes such as history and engineering, although the motoring shows and videos continued. Alongside his stand-alone shows, many often mirror the format of his newspaper columns and books, combining his love of driving and motoring journalism, with the examination and expression of his other views on the world, such as in ''Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld'', ''Jeremy Clarkson's Car Years'' and ''Jeremy Clarkson Meets the Neighbours''.Clarkson's views are often showcased on television shows. In 1997 Clarkson appeared on the light hearted comedy show ''Room 101'', in which a guest nominates things they hate in life to be consigned to nothingness. Clarkson despatched caravans, houseflies, the sitcom ''Last Of The Summer Wine'', the mentality within golf clubs, and vegetarians. His public persona has seen him make several appearances on the prime time talk shows ''Parkinson'' and ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'' since 2002. By 2003 his persona was deemed to fit the mould for the series ''Grumpy Old Men'', in which middle-aged men talk about any aspects of modern life which irritate them. Since the topical news panel show ''Have I Got News for You'' dismissed regular host Angus Deayton in October 2002, Clarkson has become one of the most regularly used guest hosts on the show in a role which attracts a sideways look at current affairs. On a more serious platform, Clarkson has appeared as a panellist on the political current affairs television show ''Question Time'' twice since 2003.
In 2007 Clarkson won the National Television Awards' Special Recognition Award. Also in 2007, it was reported that Clarkson earned £1 million a year for his role as a ''Top Gear'' presenter, and a further £1.7 million from books, DVDs and newspaper columns.
In 2007, Clarkson and co-presenter James May were the first people to reach the magnetic North Pole in a car, chronicled in a ''Top Gear'' polar special. Clarkson more recently sustained minor injuries to his legs, back and hand in an intentional high-speed head-on collision with a brick wall while making the 12th series of ''Top Gear''.
Persona
Clarkson is in favour of personal freedom and very much against government regulation, stating that government should "build park benches and that is it. They should leave us alone." He has a particular contempt for the Health and Safety Executive. He has often criticised the Labour Governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, especially the 'ban' culture, frequently fixating on the bans on smoking and 2004 ban on fox hunting.Clarkson is often politically incorrect. He often comments on the media-perceived social issues of the day such as the fear of challenging adolescent youths, known as 'hoodies'. In 2007 Clarkson was cleared of allegations of assaulting a hoodie while visiting Central Milton Keynes, after Thames Valley Police said that if anything, he had been the victim. In the five-part series ''Jeremy Clarkson Meets the Neighbours'' he travelled around Europe in a Jaguar E-Type, examining (and in some cases reinforcing) his stereotypes of other countries.
As a motoring journalist, he is frequently critical of government initiatives such as the London congestion charge or proposals on road charging. He is also frequently scornful of caravanners and cyclists. He has often singled out John Prescott the former Transport Minister, and Stephen Joseph the head of the public transport pressure group Transport 2000 for ridicule.
Clarkson is unsympathetic to the green movement and has little respect for groups such as Greenpeace—he believes that the "eco-mentalists" are a by-product of the "old trade unionists and CND lesbians" who had found a more relevant cause— but "loves the destination" of environmentalism and believes that people should quietly strive to be more eco-friendly. Clarkson has unorthodox views regarding global warming: although he believes that higher temperatures are not necessarily negative and that anthropogenic carbon dioxide production has a negligible effect on the global climate, but is aware of the negative potential consequences of global warming, saying "let's just stop and think for a moment what the consequences might be. Switzerland loses its skiing resorts? The beach in Miami is washed away? North Carolina gets knocked over by a hurricane? Anything bothering you yet?"
In an attempt to prove the press and public furore over the 2007 UK child benefit data scandal was a fuss about nothing, he published his own bank account number and sort code, together with instructions on how to find out his address, in ''The Sun'' newspaper, expecting nobody to be able to remove money from his account. He later discovered that someone had been able to set up a monthly direct debit for £500 to Diabetes UK, and this person's identity was protected from the bank under the Data Protection Act 1998.
Clarkson has been highly critical of the United States and more recently President Barack Obama. In an article after Obama was sworn into office, Clarkson wrote (in reference to over 308,000,000 Americans) "they have got it into their heads that Barack Obama is actually a blend of Jesus, Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King." Clarkson has also been very critical of the Special Relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. He referred to America as the United States of Total Paranoia, commenting that one needs a permit to do everything except for purchasing firearms.
Whilst Clarkson states such views in his columns and in public appearances, his public persona does not necessarily represent his personal views, as he acknowledged whilst interviewing Alastair Campbell saying "I don't believe what I write, any more than you (Alastair Campbell) believe what you say"
Clarkson has been described as a "skilful propagandist for the motoring lobby" by ''The Economist'' and a "dazzling hero of political incorrectness" by the ''Daily Mirror''. With a forthright and sometimes deadpan delivery, Clarkson is said to thrive on the notoriety his public comments bring, and has risen to the level of the bête noire of the various groups who disagree with his views. On the Channel 4 organised viewer poll, for the ''100 Worst Britons We Love to Hate'' programme, Clarkson polled in 66th place. By 2005, Clarkson was perceived by the press to have upset so many people and groups, ''The Independent'' put him on trial for various 'crimes', declaring him guilty on most counts.
Responses to Clarkson's comments are often directed personally, with derogatory comments about residents of Norfolk leading to some residents organising a "We hate Jeremy Clarkson" club. In ''The Guardian's'' 2007 'Media 100' list, which lists the top 100 most "powerful people in the [media] industry", based on cultural, economic and political influence in the UK, Clarkson was listed as a new entrant at 74th. Some critics even attribute Clarkson's actions and views as being influential enough to be responsible for the closure of Rover and the Luton manufacturing plant of Vauxhall. Clarkson's comments about Rover prompted workers to hang an "Anti-Clarkson Campaign" banner outside the defunct Longbridge plant in its last days.
The BBC often plays down his comments as ultimately not having the weight they are ascribed. In 2007 they described Clarkson as "Not a man given to considered opinion", and in response to an official complaint another BBC spokeswoman once said: "Jeremy's colourful comments are always entertaining, but they are his own comments and not those of the BBC. More often than not they are said with a twinkle in his eye." Some of his opponents state they take the view he is a man that should be ignored. Kevin Clinton, head of Road Safety at the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) has stated "We don't take what he says too seriously and hopefully other people don't either."
On his chat show, ''Clarkson'', he caused upset to the Welsh by placing a 3D plastic map of Wales into a microwave oven and switching it on. He later defended this by saying, "I put Wales in there because Scotland wouldn't fit."
His views on the environment once precipitated a small demonstration at the 2005 award ceremony for his honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University, when Clarkson was pied by road protester Rebecca Lush. Clarkson took this incident in good humour, responding 'good shot' and subsequently referring to Lush as "Banana girl". Clarkson has spoken in support of hydrogen cars as a solution.
In 2008 an internet petition was posted on the Prime Minister's Number 10 website to "Make Jeremy Clarkson Prime Minister". By the time it closed, it had attracted 49,446 signatures. An opposing petition posted on the same site set to "Never, Ever Make Jeremy Clarkson Prime Minister" attracted 87 signatures. Clarkson later commented he would be a rubbish Prime Minister as he is always contradicting himself in his columns. In their official response to the petition, Number 10 agreed with Clarkson's comments.
In a 2008 poll of 5,000 female members of an online dating website, Clarkson came third in a poll of MISAs—Men I Secretly Adore—behind Jonathan Ross and Phillip Schofield. Characteristically, Clarkson was upset not to have come top.
In response to the reactions he gets, Clarkson has stated "I enjoy this back and forth, it makes the world go round but it is just opinion" and "I don't have any influence over what people do, I really don't. It makes no difference what I say. ''Top Gear'' is just fluff. It's just entertainment – people don't listen to me." On the opinion that his views are influential enough to topple car companies, he has argued that he has proof that he has had no influence. "When I said that the Ford Orion was the worst car ever it went on to become a best-selling car."
Clarkson was ranked 50th on Motor Trend Magazine's Power List for 2011, its list of the fifty most influential figures in the automotive industry.
Military interests
Clarkson has a keen interest in the British Armed Forces several of his DVDs and television shows have featured a military theme, whether it be flying in military jets or several Clarkson focused ''Top Gear'' spots having a military theme such as Clarkson escaping a tank in a Range Rover, an Apache helicopter shooting at a Lotus, a platoon of Irish Guardsmen shooting at a Porsche and Mercedes, or using a Ford Fiesta as a Royal Marine landing craft. Clarkson visited British troops in Baghdad in October 2005.Clarkson presented a programme looking at recipients of the Victoria Cross, in particular focusing on his father-in-law, Robert Henry Cain, who received a VC for actions during the Battle of Arnhem in World War II.
In 2007 Clarkson wrote and presented ''Jeremy Clarkson: Greatest Raid of All Time'', a documentary about the World War II Operation Chariot, a 1942 Commando raid on the docks of Saint-Nazaire in occupied France. At the end of 2007 Clarkson became a patron of Help for Heroes, a charity aiming to raise money to provide better facilities to wounded British servicemen. His effort led to the 2007 Christmas appeal in ''The Sunday Times'' supporting Help for Heroes.
Clarkson borrowed a Lightning (serial XM172), an RAF supersonic jet fighter of the Cold War era, which was temporarily placed in his garden and documented on his TV show Speed.
Engineering interests
Clarkson is passionate about engineering, especially pioneering work. In ''Inventions That Changed the World'' Clarkson showcased the invention of the gun, computer, jet engine, telephone and television. He has previously criticised the engineering feats of the 20th century as merely improvements on the truly innovative inventions of the Industrial Revolution. He cites the lack of any source of alternative power for cars, other than by "small explosions". In ''Great Britons'', as part of a public poll to find the greatest historical Briton, Clarkson was the chief supporter for Isambard Kingdom Brunel, a prominent engineer during the Industrial Revolution credited with numerous innovations. Despite this, he also has a passion for many modern examples of engineering. In ''Speed'' and ''Extreme Machines'' Clarkson rides and showcases numerous vehicles and machinery. Clarkson was awarded an honorary degree from Brunel University on 12 September 2003, partly because of his work in popularising engineering, and partly because of his advocacy of Brunel.In his book, ''I Know You Got Soul'' he describes many machines that he believes possess a soul. He cited the Concorde crash as his inspiration, feeling a sadness for the demise of the machine as well as the passengers. Clarkson was a passenger on the last BA Concorde flight on 24 October 2003. Paraphrasing Neil Armstrong he described the retirement of the fleet as "This is one small step for a man, but one huge leap backwards for mankind", and that the challenge of building Concorde had been a greater human feat than landing a man on the Moon.
His known passion for single- or two-passenger high-velocity transport led to his brief acquisition of an English Electric Lightning F1A jet fighter XM172, which was installed in the front garden of his country home. The Lightning was subsequently removed on the orders of the local council, which "wouldn't believe my claim that it was a leaf blower", according to Clarkson on a Tiscali Motoring webchat. In fact, the whole affair was set up for his programme ''Speed'', and the Lightning is now back serving as gate guardian at Wycombe Air Park (formerly RAF Booker).
In a ''Top Gear'' episode, Clarkson drove the Bugatti Veyron in a race across Europe against a Cessna private aeroplane. The Veyron was an £850,000 technology demonstrator project built by Volkswagen to become the fastest production car, but a practical road car at the same time. In building such an ambitious machine, Clarkson described the project as "a triumph for lunacy over common sense, a triumph for man over nature and a triumph for Volkswagen over absolutely every other car maker in the world." After winning the race, Clarkson announced that "It's quite a hollow victory really, because I've got to go for the rest of my life knowing that I'll never own that car. I'll never experience that power again."
Cars
Ownership
Clarkson and his family own or have owned: Ford Escort RS CosworthIn addition to the many cars he has owned, as a motoring journalist Clarkson regularly has car companies deliver a choice of cars to his driveway for testing.
Clarkson wanted to purchase the Ford GT after admiring its inspiration, the Ford GT40 race cars of the 1960s. Clarkson was able to secure a place on the shortlist for the few cars that would be imported to Britain to official customers, only through knowing Ford's head of PR through a previous job. After waiting years and facing an increased price, he found many technical problems with the car. After "the most miserable month's motoring possible," he returned it to Ford for a full refund. After a short period, including asking ''Top Gear'' fans for advice over the Internet, he bought back his GT. He called it "the most unreliable car ever made", owing to never being able to complete a return journey with it. In 2006 Clarkson ordered a Gallardo Spyder and sold the Ford GT to make way for it. In August 2008 he sold the Gallardo because "idiots in Peugeots kept trying to race [him] in it" [Jeremy Clarkson - "The Italian Job" DVD]. In October, he also announced he sold his Volvo XC90. But in January 2009, in a review of the car printed in The Times, he said, "I’ve just bought my third Volvo XC90 in a row and the simple fact is this: it takes six children to school in the morning."
Likes
Clarkson often enthuses about whether a car gives you the proper "driving experience". He enthuses about needing to feel the front wheels connected to your fingers through the steering wheel. His preferred cars need to stir a passion and exhibit a 'soul', and look good, such as his preferred sportscar marque, Ferrari. Clarkson is often seen to be more than willing to accept several other flaws in a car such as practicality, build quality, reliability, if the basic criteria of performance and styling are deemed to have been met.. Clarkson seems to be an admirer of any car that delivers a performance and features for less money than traditionally known 'superior' marques, such as the Subaru Impreza, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, Chevrolet Corvette ZR1, and Holden Monaro (marketed in the UK under the Vauxhall brand). He is also known for liking the Noble M12. However, sometimes his liking of cars is more in respect because they do not possess this 'soul' although it is portrayed in the TV show as a legitimate love. It was like that with the Nissan GTR. He said that it's great but 'sometimes I'd like it to go down the front of my trousers and have a little rummage' implying the GTR's lack of 'soul' and excitement.Despite not liking Rover or Vauxhall, Clarkson does have an affection for the 'British' marques of Jaguar and Aston Martin, but has previously described this success as being down to the combination of British ingenuity with foreign funding, management and marketing. Clarkson often applies national stereotypes to cars, i.e. German cars are well built but too serious, Italian cars are stylish but temperamental, Japanese cars are hi-tech but soulless, and the present intermixing of nationalities in the global car industry becomes a source of comment.
Clarkson has a particular fondness for Alfa Romeos, and has owned several. He contends that "you cannot be a true petrolhead until you've owned one... it's like having really great sex that leaves you with an embarrassing itch." In his book ''I Know You Got Soul'' the Alfa Romeo 166 was one of only three cars classified as having that "special something". Clarkson quotably called the Brera, Alfa's latest sports car, "Cameron Diaz on wheels". Despite his love for Alfa Romeos, he was very critical of the company's supercar, the 8C Competizione. In both ''Top Gear'' and his 2009 video special ''Thriller'', Clarkson had no doubts about the car's beauty, but panned the poorly-designed suspension, comparing it to a Ford Mustang.
Clarkson has had mixed views on the Porsche 911 sports cars, feeling them to have uninspiring styling. He is also not a fan of the rear-engined flat six layout, feeling it a fundamentally flawed design. He has, however, often complimented the technical aspects and practicalities of many Porsches, over say the equivalent Ferrari of the time. In reviewing a 2003 Porsche 911 GT3 though, Clarkson conceded that Porsche had finally overcome the natural tendency of a Porsche mechanical layout to lose the grip in the rear tyres in a bend, and stated it was the first Porsche he had ever seriously considered buying. Clarkson also praised Porsche's supercar, the Carrera GT, in an October 2004 episode of ''Top Gear'', and even commented that it's one of the most beautiful cars he has ever driven. Clarkson has also expressed fondness for late-model V8 Holdens, available in the UK rebadged as Vauxhalls. Of the Monaro VXR he said, "It's like they had a picture of me on their desk and said
Dislikes
Clarkson often derides any car that in his view might be bought by a Premier League footballer such as Wayne Rooney. Clarkson will often pick faults in the trim or build quality in any car he dislikes. He will also use his substantial frame to criticise any model with inadequate front or rear leg room or head room, and to criticise the throttle or brake pedal positions. Clarkson is also not a great fan of technological gadgetry where it detracts from or seeks to control the experience of driving, commenting that the only saving grace of the increasingly hi-tech BMW M5 was that in M mode all gadgetry was switched off, and it subsequently still retained the performance characteristics of historical M5s. He has frequently criticised the Mercedes-Benz practice of releasing a model and option list to suit every conceivable customer demand.One of Clarkson's most infamous dislikes was of the British car brand Rover, the last major British owned and built car manufacturer. This view stretched back to the company's time as part of British Leyland. Describing the history of the company up to its last flagship model, the Rover 75, he stated "Never in the field of human endeavour has so much been done, so badly, by so many." In the latter years of the company Clarkson blamed the "uncool" brand image as being more of a hindrance to sales than any faults with the cars. On its demise, Clarkson stated "I cannot even get teary and emotional about the demise of the company itself – though I do feel sorry for the workforce."
Clarkson is also well known for his criticism of Vauxhalls and has described Vauxhall's parent company, General Motors, as a "pensions and healthcare" company which sees the "car making side of the business as an expensive loss-making nuisance". In spite of this, he has expressed approval of several recent Vauxhall models including the VXR models, the Monaro and Maloo, (both originally Australian Holdens) and the Zafira people carrier. Clarkson has expressed particular disdain of the Vauxhall Vectra, describing it as "One of my least favourite cars in the world. I've always hated it because I've always felt it was designed in a coffee break by people who couldn't care less about cars" and "one of the worst chassis I've ever come across". After a Top Gear piece by Clarkson for its launch in 1995, described by ''The Independent'' as "not doing [GM] any favours", Vauxhall complained to the BBC and announced, "We can take criticism but this piece was totally unbalanced."
Clarkson is known for destroying his most hated cars in various ways, including crushing a Yugo with a tank, catapulting a Nissan Sunny with a trebuchet, dropping a Porsche 911 onto a caravan (after plunging a piano onto the bonnet and dousing it in hydrochloric acid, amongst other things), getting a Land Rover and a box labelled "CND" to destroy a Citroën 2CV, allowing his American friend "Billy Bob" to destroy a Toyota Prius by shooting it with an arsenal of weaponry, shooting a Chevrolet Corvette with a helicopter gunship, dismantling a Buick Park Avenue with a bulldozer, or tearing a Lada Riva in half. In an episode of ''Top Gear'', Clarkson bought a Maserati Biturbo just to drop a skip on it to show how much the model ruined Maserati's reputation. In ''Jeremy Clarkson: Heaven and Hell'' (2005), he bought a brand-new Perodua Kelisa, proceeded to attack it with a sledgehammer, tore it apart with a heavy weight while being suspended in mid-air and finally blew it up.
Controversy
Clarkson's comments and actions have sometimes resulted in complaints from viewers, car companies, and national governments.
Offensive remarks
In October 1998 Hyundai complained to the BBC about what they described as "bigoted and racist" comments he made at the Birmingham Motor Show, where he was reported as saying that the people working on the Hyundai stand had "eaten a dog" and that the designer of the Hyundai XG had probably eaten a spaniel for his lunch. Clarkson also allegedly referred to those working on the BMW stand as "Nazis", although BMW said they would not be complaining. In a later incident during a ''Top Gear'' episode broadcast on 13 November 2005, Clarkson, while talking about a Mini design that might be "quintessentially German", made a mock Nazi salute, and made references to the Hitler regime and the German invasion of Poland by setting the GPS system to Poland.In April 2007 he was criticised in the Malaysian parliament for having described one of their cars, the Perodua Kelisa, as the worst in the world, built "in jungles by people who wear leaves for shoes". A Malaysian government minister countered, pointing out that no complaints had been received from UK customers who had bought the car.
While in Australia, Clarkson made disparaging remarks aimed at Gordon Brown, in February 2009, calling him a "one-eyed Scottish idiot" and accused him of lying. These comments were widely condemned by the Royal National Institute of Blind People and also Scottish politicians who requested that he should be taken off air. Furthermore, the comments were condemned as racist. He subsequently provided a qualified apology for remarks regarding Brown's "personal appearance".
In July 2009 though, Clarkson made another indignant remark about the British Prime Minister during a warm-up while recording a ''Top Gear'' show, apparently describing Brown as "a silly cunt". Although several newspapers reported that he had subsequently argued with BBC 2 controller Janice Hadlow, who was present at the recording, the BBC denied that he had been given a "dressing down". John Whittingdale, Conservative chair of the Culture Select Committee remarked: "Many people will find that offensive, many people will find that word in particular very offensive [...] I am surprised he felt it appropriate to use it."
On 6 July 2010 Clarkson reportedly angered gay rights campaigners after he made a remark on Top Gear that did not get aired on the 4 July's episode. But guest Alastair Campbell wrote about it on twitter. Clarkson apparently said he "Demanded the right not to get bummed". The BBC later said that they cut this remark out as they had to "Cut Down" the interview as it was too long to fit into the show.
Road safety
Clarkson readily discusses high speed driving on public roads, and criticises road safety campaigns involving cameras and speed bumps. In 2002 a Welsh Assembly Member Alun Pugh wrote to BBC director general Greg Dyke to complain about Clarkson's comments that he believed encouraged people to use Welsh roads as a high speed test track. A BBC spokesman said that suggestions Clarkson had encouraged speeding were "nonsense". Clarkson has also made similar comments about driving in Lincolnshire. As of 2004 Clarkson was reported as having a clean licence. In a November 2005 ''Times'' article, Clarkson wrote on the Bugatti Veyron, "On a recent drive across Europe I desperately wanted to reach the top speed but I ran out of road when the needle hit 240mph", and "From the wheel of a Veyron, France is the size of a small coconut. I cannot tell you how fast I crossed it the other day. Because you simply wouldn’t believe me." In 2007 the celebrity lawyer Nick 'Mr. Loophole' Freeman got a charge against Clarkson of driving at 86 mph in a 50 mph zone on the A40 road in London dropped, on the basis that the driver of the car loaned to Clarkson from Alfa Romeo could not be ascertained. In 2008 the BBC faced calls to sack Clarkson after he claimed in a talk at the Hay Festival to have been given a speeding ticket for driving at 186 mph on the A1203 Limehouse Link road in London. At the same talk he stated he had "never been pulled over for speed while working on ''Top Gear''. I don't drive very fast." The reported version of events by the ''Daily Mail'' were disputed by a BBC spokesman.
Piers Morgan feud
From 2000 to 2006 Clarkson had a public feud with Piers Morgan, which began when Morgan published pictures of Clarkson kissing his BBC producer, Elaine Bedell.On the final Concorde flight, Clarkson threw a glass of water over Morgan during an argument. In March 2004 at the British Press Awards, he swore at Morgan and punched him before being restrained by security; Morgan says it has left him with a scar above his left eyebrow. In 2006 Morgan revealed that the feud was over, saying "There should always be a moment when you finally down cudgels, kiss and make up." Clarkson also mentioned that despite not getting on with Morgan, he can at least be in the same room as him at the same time.
Activities on ''Top Gear''
In 2004 the BBC apologised unreservedly and paid £250 in compensation to a Somerset parish council, after Clarkson damaged a 30-year-old horse-chestnut tree by driving into it to test the strength of a Toyota Hilux. In December 2006 the BBC complaints department upheld the complaint of four ''Top Gear'' viewers that Clarkson had used the phrase "ginger beer" (rhyming slang for "queer") in a derogatory manner, when Clarkson picked up on and agreed with an audience member's description of the Daihatsu Copen as being a bit "gay". The ''Top Gear: Polar Special'' was criticised by the BBC Trust for glamorising drink driving in a scene showing Clarkson and James May in a vehicle, despite Clarkson saying to the camera "Don't write in to complain about us drinking and driving, because we're sailing!" (As they were on top of frozen water.) They stated the scene "was not editorially justified" despite occurring outside the jurisdiction of any drink driving laws.In November 2008 Clarkson attracted over 500 complaints to the BBC when he joked about lorry drivers murdering prostitutes. The BBC stated the comment was a comic rebuttal of a common misconception about lorry drivers and was within the viewer's expectation of Clarkson's ''Top Gear'' persona. Chris Mole, the Member of Parliament for Ipswich, where five prostitutes were murdered in 2006, wrote a "strongly worded" letter to BBC Director-General Mark Thompson, demanding that Clarkson be sacked. Clarkson dismissed Mole's comments in his ''Sunday Times'' column the following weekend, writing, "There are more important things to worry about than what some balding and irrelevant middle-aged man might have said on a crappy BBC2 motoring show." On the next ''Top Gear'' programme, Clarkson appeared sincerely apologetic and stated "It has been all over the news and the internet and after many complaints I feel I must apologise." However, instead of apologising for his comments, he went on to say "I'm sorry I didn't put the [Porsche] 911's time on the board last week" (after he set it on fire in the previous week's show), much to the studio audience's amusement. Andrew Tinkler, chief executive of the Eddie Stobart Group, a major trucking company, stated that "They were just having a laugh. It’s the 21st century, let’s get our sense of humour in line."
In an episode aired after the watershed on 1 August 2010, Clarkson described a ''Ferrari F430 Speciale'' as "speciale needs". He said the car owned by co-presenter James May looked "like a simpleton". Media regulator Ofcom investigated after receiving two complaints, and found that the comments "were capable of causing offence" but did not censure the BBC.
Filmography
Presenter
{|class=wikitable |-! Year !! Title |- | 1988–2000 || ''Top Gear'' (1977) |- | 1995–96 || ''Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld'' |- | 1996 || ''Clarkson: Unleashed On Cars'' |- | 1997 || ''Apocalypse Clarkson'' |- | 1997 || ''Jeremy Clarkson's: Extreme Machines'' |- | 1998 || ''The Most Outrageous Jeremy Clarkson Video In The World...Ever!'' |- | 1998 || ''Robot Wars'' |- | 1999 || ''Jeremy Clarkson: Head To Head'' |- | 1998–2000 || ''Clarkson (chat show)'' |- | 2000 || ''Jeremy Clarkson: At Full Throttle'' |- | 2000 || ''Clarkson's Car Years'' |- | 2001 || ''Clarkson's Top 100 Cars'' |- | 2001 || ''Speed'' |- | 2001 || ''You Don't Want To Do That'' |- | 2002 || ''Clarkson: No Limits'' |- | 2002 – present|| ''Top Gear (2002)'' |- | 2002 || ''Jeremy Clarkson Meets The Neighbours'' |- | 2003 || ''Clarkson: Shootout'' |- | 2003 || ''The Victoria Cross: For Valour'' |- | 2004 || ''Clarkson: Hot Metal'' |- | 2004 || ''Inventions That Changed the World'' |- | 2005 || ''Clarkson: Heaven And Hell'' |- | 2006 || ''Clarkson: The Good, The Bad And The Ugly'' |- | 2007 || ''Clarkson: Supercar Showdown'' |- | 2007 || ''Jeremy Clarkson: The Greatest Raid of All Time'' |- | 2008 || ''Clarkson: Thriller'' |- | 2009 || ''Clarkson: Duel'' |- | 2010 || ''Clarkson: The Italian Job'' |}
Other roles
{|class=wikitable |-! Year !! Title !! Role |- | 1993 || ''Mr Blobby's Christmas (Music Video) || Guest |- | 1997 || ''Room 101'' || Guest |- | 1997 || ''The Mrs Merton Show'' || Guest |- | 2002 || ''100 Greatest Britons'' || Guest |- | 2002 || ''Have I Got News for You'' || Guest Host |- | 2002 || ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'' || Guest |- | 2003 || ''Patrick Kielty Almost Live'' || Guest |- | 2003 || ''Parkinson'' || Guest |- | 2003 || ''Question Time'' || Participant |- | 2003 || ''Grumpy Old Men'' || Participant |- | 2004 || ''Call My Bluff'' || Participant |- | 2004 || ''QI'' || Participant |- | 2004 || ''Who Do You Think You Are?'' || Participant |- | 2005 || ''Top of the Pops'' || Guest Host |- | 2006 || ''Cars'' || Voice Artist of Harv in UK Version. |- | 2006 || ''Never Mind the Buzzcocks'' || Guest Host |- | 2006 || ''The F Word || Participant |- | 2008 || ''The One Show'' || Guest |- | 2008 || ''Have I Got News for You'' || Guest Host |- | 2009 || ''The Chris Moyles Show'' || Guest |- | 2009 || ''Love the Beast'' || Guest |- | 2009 || ''8 out of 10 Cats'' || Guest |- | 2009 || ''Have I Got News For You'' || Guest |- | 2010 || ''Have I Got News For You'' || Guest Host |- | 2010 || ''QI'' || Participant |}
Videos/DVDs
Running Series
# Clarkson – Unleashed On Cars (1996, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Apocalypse Clarkson (1997, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # The Most Outrageous Jeremy Clarkson Video In The World...Ever! (1998, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – Head To Head (1999, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – At Full Throttle (2000, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson's Top 100 Cars (2001, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – No Limits (2002, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – Shoot Out (2003, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – Hot Metal (2004, VCI Video, VHS/DVD). # Clarkson – Heaven & Hell (2005, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – The Good, The Bad And The Ugly (2006, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – Supercar Showdown (2007, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – Supercar Showdown – Behind The Scenes (2007, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – Thriller (2008, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson - Thriller - Behind The Scenes (2008, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – Duel (2009, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – Duel – Behind The Scenes (2009, 2|Entertain, DVD). # Clarkson – The Italian Job (2010, 2|Entertain, DVD).
Voice-Over Compilations
# Jeremy Clarkson's Motorsport Mayhem (1995, Arison International, VHS/DVD). # Jeremy Clarkson's More Motorsport Mayhem (1996, Arison International, VHS).
Television Compilations
# Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld (1996, BBC Video, VHS). # Jeremy Clarkson's Extreme Machines (1997, BBC Video, VHS). # Jeremy Clarkson's Speed (2001, BBC Video, VHS). # The Jeremy Clarkson Collection (2008, 2|Entertain, DVD).
Bibliography
{| class=wikitable |-! Book !! Publisher !! Year |- | Jeremy Clarkson's Motorworld || BBC Books Penguin Books || 1996 Reprinted 2004 |- | Clarkson On Cars || Virgin Books Penguin Books || 1996 Reprinted 2004 |- | Clarkson's Hot 100 || Virgin Books Carlton Books || 1997 Reprinted 1998 |- | Planet Dagenham || Andre Deustch Carlton Books || 1998 Reprinted 2006 |- | Born To Be Riled || BBC Books Penguin Books || 1999 Reprinted 2007 |- | Jeremy Clarkson On Ferrari || Lancaster Books Salamander Books || 2000 Reprinted 2001 |- | The World According To Clarkson || Icon Books Penguin Books || 2004 Reprinted 2005 |- | I Know You Got Soul || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2005 Reprinted 2006 |- | And Another Thing... || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2006 Reprinted 2007 |- | Don't Stop Me Now!! || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2007 Reprinted 2008 |- | For Crying Out Loud! || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2008 Reprinted 2009 |- | Driven To Distraction || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2009 Reprinted 2010 |- | How Hard Can It Be? || Micheal Joseph Penguin Books || 2010 Reprinted 2010 |}
Footnotes
References
External links
Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:Critics of the European Union Category:English writers Category:English journalists Category:English television presenters Category:Motoring journalists Category:Never Mind the Buzzcocks Category:Old Reptonians Category:People from Doncaster Category:The Sunday Times people Category:Top Gear Category:People educated at Hill House School, Doncaster
ar:جيرمي كلاركسون cs:Jeremy Clarkson da:Jeremy Clarkson de:Jeremy Clarkson et:Jeremy Clarkson es:Jeremy Clarkson fa:جرمی کلارکسون fr:Jeremy Clarkson gl:Jeremy Clarkson it:Jeremy Clarkson he:ג'רמי קלארקסון hu:Jeremy Clarkson ms:Jeremy Clarkson nl:Jeremy Clarkson ja:ジェレミー・クラークソン no:Jeremy Clarkson pl:Jeremy Clarkson pt:Jeremy Clarkson ro:Jeremy Clarkson ru:Кларксон, Джереми sq:Jeremy Clarkson simple:Jeremy Clarkson fi:Jeremy Clarkson sv:Jeremy Clarkson tr:Jeremy Clarkson vi:Jeremy Clarkson zh:杰里米·克拉克森This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | James Taylor |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | James Vernon Taylor |
| born | March 12, 1948Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| origin | Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar, harmonica |
| genre | Folk rock, rock, pop, country |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter, musician |
| years active | 1968–present |
| label | Apple/Capitol/EMIWarner Bros.Columbia/SME RecordsHear Music |
| associated acts | Carole King, Carly Simon |
| website | |
| notable instruments | }} |
Taylor achieved his major breakthrough in 1970 with the #3 single "Fire and Rain" and had his first #1 hit the following year with "You've Got a Friend", a recording of Carole King's classic song. His 1976 ''Greatest Hits'' album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies. Following his 1977 album, ''JT'', he has retained a large audience over the decades. His commercial achievements declined slightly until a big resurgence during the late 1990s and 2000s, when some of his best-selling and most-awarded albums (including ''Hourglass'', ''October Road'' and ''Covers'') were released.
Biography
Early years
James Taylor was born at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 12, 1948, where his father, Isaac M. Taylor, was a resident physician. His father was from a well-off family of Southern Scottish ancestry. His mother, the former Gertrude Woodard, had studied singing with Marie Sundelius at the New England Conservatory of Music and was an aspiring opera singer before the couple's marriage in 1946. James was the second of five children, the others being Alex (born 1947), Kate (born 1949), Livingston (born 1950), and Hugh (born 1952).In 1951, when James was three years old, the family moved to what was then the countryside of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, when Isaac took a job as Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. They built a house in the Morgan Creek area off of what is now Morgan Creek Road, which was sparsely populated. James would later say, "Chapel Hill, the Piedmont, the outlying hills, were tranquil, rural, beautiful, but ''quiet''. Thinking of the red soil, the seasons, the way things smelled down there, I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people." James attended public primary school in Chapel Hill. Isaac's career prospered, but he was frequently away from home, either on military service at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland or as part of Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica during 1955–1956. Isaac Taylor later rose to become Dean of the UNC School of Medicine from 1964 to 1971. The family spent summers on Martha's Vineyard beginning in 1953.
Taylor first learned to play the cello as a child in North Carolina, and switched to the guitar in 1960. His style on that instrument evolved from listening to hymns, carols, and Woody Guthrie, while his technique derived from his bass clef-oriented cello training and from experimenting on his sister Kate's keyboards: "My style was a finger-picking style that was meant to be like a piano, as if my thumb were my left hand, and my first, second, and third fingers were my right hand." He began attending Milton Academy, a prep boarding school in Massachusetts in Fall 1961; summering before then with his family on Martha's Vineyard, he met Danny Kortchmar, an aspiring teenage guitarist from Larchmont, New York. The two began listening to and playing blues and folk music together, and Kortchmar quickly realized that Taylor's singing had a "natural sense of phrasing, every syllable beautifully in time. I knew James had that ''thing''." Taylor wrote his first song on guitar at age 14, and continued to learn the instrument effortlessly. By the summer of 1963, he and Kortchmar were playing coffeehouses around the Vineyard, billed as "Jamie & Kootch".
Taylor faltered during his junior year at Milton, not feeling at ease in the high-pressured college prep environment despite having good scholastic performance. The Milton principal would later say, "James was more sensitive and less goal oriented than most students of his day." He returned home to North Carolina to finish out the semester at Chapel Hill High School. There he joined a band his brother Alex had formed called The Corsayers (later The Fabulous Corsairs), playing electric guitar; in 1964 they cut a single in Raleigh that featured James's song "Cha Cha Blues" on the B-side. Having lost touch with his former school friends in North Carolina, Taylor returned to Milton for his senior year.
There, Taylor started applying to colleges, but soon descended into depression; his grades collapsed, he slept twenty hours a day, and he felt part of a "life that I [was] unable to lead." In late 1965 he committed himself to the renowned McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, where he was treated with Thorazine and where the organized days began to give him a sense of time and structure. As the Vietnam War built up, Taylor received a psychological rejection from Selective Service System when he appeared before them with two white-suited McLean assistants and was uncommunicative. Taylor earned a high school diploma in 1966 from the hospital's associated Arlington School. He would later view his nine-month stay at McLean as "a lifesaver ... like a pardon or like a reprieve," and both his brother Livingston and sister Kate would later be patients and students there as well. As for his mental health struggles, Taylor would think of them as innate, and say: "It's an inseparable part of my personality that I have these feelings."
1966–1969: Early career
Taylor checked himself out of McLean and, at Kortchmar's urging, moved to New York City to form a band. They recruited Joel O'Brien, formerly of Kortchmar's old band The King Bees, to play drums, and Taylor's childhood friend Zachary Wiesner (son of noted academic Jerome Wiesner) to play bass, and – after Taylor rejected the notion of naming the group after him – called themselves The Flying Machine. They played songs that Taylor had written at and about McLean, such as "Knocking 'Round the Zoo", "Don't Talk Now", and "The Blues Is Just a Bad Dream". In some other songs, Taylor romanticized his life, although he was plagued by self-doubt. By summer 1966 they were performing regularly at the high-visibility Night Owl Cafe in Greenwich Village alongside acts such as The Turtles and Lothar and the Hand People.Taylor associated with a motley collection of people and began using heroin, to Kortchmar's dismay, and wrote the "Paint It, Black"-influenced "Rainy Day Man" to depict his drug experience. In a hasty recording session in late 1966, the group cut a single, Taylor's "Brighten Your Night with My Day" backed with his "Night Owl". Released on Jay Gee Records, a subsidiary of Jubilee Records, it received some radio airplay in the Northeast, but only charted to #102 nationally. Other songs had been recorded during the same session, but Jubilee declined to go forward with an album. After a series of poorly-chosen appearances outside New York, culminating with a three-week stay at a failing nightspot in Freeport, Bahamas for which they were never paid, The Flying Machine broke up. (A UK band with the same name emerged in 1969 with the hit song "Smile a Little Smile for Me". The New York band's recordings were later released in 1971 as ''James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine''.)
Taylor would later say of this New York period, "I learned a lot about music and too much about drugs." Indeed, his drug use had developed into full-blown heroin addiction during the final Flying Machine period: "I just fell into it, since it was as easy to get high in the Village as get a drink." He hung out in Washington Square Park, playing guitar to ward off depression and then passing out, letting runaways and criminals stay at his apartment. Finally out of money and abandoned by his manager, he made a desperate call one night to his father. Isaac Taylor flew to New York and staged a rescue, renting a car and driving all night back to North Carolina with James and his possessions. Taylor spent six months getting treatment and making a tentative recovery; he also required a throat operation to fix vocal cords damaged from singing too harshly.
Taylor decided to try being a solo act and a change of scenery. In late 1967, funded by a small family inheritance, he moved to London, living variously in Notting Hill, Belgravia, and Chelsea. He recorded some demos in Soho and, capitalizing on Kortchmar's connection to The King Bees (who once once opened for Peter and Gordon), brought the demos to Peter Asher, who was A&R; head for The Beatles' newly-formed label Apple Records. Asher showed the demos to Paul McCartney, who later said, "I just heard his voice and his guitar and I thought he was great ... and he came and played live, so it was just like, 'Wow, he's ''great''." Taylor became the first non-British act signed to Apple. Living chaotically in various places with various women, Taylor wrote additional material, including "Carolina in My Mind", and rehearsed with a new backing band. Taylor recorded the album from July to October 1968 at Trident Studios, at the same time The Beatles were recording ''The White Album''. McCartney and an uncredited George Harrison guested on "Carolina in My Mind", whose lyric ''holy host of others standing around me'' made reference to the Beatles, while the title phrase of Taylor's "Something in the Way She Moves" provided the lyrical starting point for Harrison's classic "Something". McCartney and Asher brought in arranger Richard Hewson to add orchestrations to several of the songs and unusual "link" passages in between them; these would receive a mixed reception at best.
During the recording sessions, Taylor fell back into his drug habit, using heroin and methedrine. He underwent physeptone treatment in a British program, returned to New York and was hospitalized there, and then finally committed himself to the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, which emphasized cultural and historical factors in trying to treat difficult psychiatric disorders. Meanwhile, Apple released his debut album, ''James Taylor'', in December 1968 in the UK and February 1969 in the U.S. Critical reaction was generally good, including a very positive Jon Landau review in ''Rolling Stone'' which said "this album is the coolest breath of fresh air I've inhaled in a good long while. It knocks me out." The record's commercial potential suffered from Taylor's inability to promote it due to his hospitalization and it sold poorly; "Carolina in My Mind" was released as a single, but failed to chart in the UK and only made #118 in the U.S.
Apple Corps itself had fallen into chaos, with anarchic business planning and freeloaders taking advantage of it in every direction. In early 1969, to clean up the situation, three of the Beatles brought in Allen Klein, who began purging Apple personnel. Asher did not like Klein; he resigned of his own accord and offered to manage Taylor, to which Taylor agreed. Klein wanted to hit Taylor with a $5 million lawsuit for leaving, but McCartney (a Klein antagonist) and then the other Beatles, overruled him on the grounds that artists should not be holding each other to contracts.
In July 1969 Taylor had a six-night stand at The Troubadour in Los Angeles. On July 20 he performed at the Newport Folk Festival as the last act, and was cheered by thousands of fans who stayed in the rain to hear him. Shortly thereafter, he broke both hands and both feet in a motorcycle accident on Martha's Vineyard and was forced to stop playing for several months. But while recovering, he continued to write songs and in October 1969, signed a new deal with Warner Bros. Records.
1970–1973: Breakthrough
Once recovered, Taylor moved to California, keeping Asher as his manager and record producer. In December 1969, he held the recording sessions for his second album there. Entitled ''Sweet Baby James'', and with the participation of Carole King, the album was released in February 1970 and was Taylor's critical and popular triumph, buoyed by the single "Fire and Rain", a song about Taylor's experience in psychiatric institutions and the suicide of his friend, Suzanne Schnerr. Both the album and the single reached #3 in the Billboard charts, with ''Sweet Baby James'' selling more than 1½ million copies in its first year and eventually more than 3 million in the United States alone. ''Sweet Baby James'' was received at its time as a folk-rock masterpiece, an album that effectively showcased Taylor's talents to the mainstream public, marked the direction he would take in following years, and made Taylor one of the main forces of the nascent movement. It earned several Grammy Award nominations including one for Album of the Year. (It would be listed at #103 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003, with "Fire and Rain" listed as #227 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time the year after.)During the time ''Sweet Baby James'' was released, Taylor appeared with Dennis Wilson of The Beach Boys in a Monte Hellman film, ''Two-Lane Blacktop''. In October 1970, he performed with Joni Mitchell, Phil Ochs, and the Canadian band Chilliwack at a Vancouver benefit concert that funded Greenpeace's protests of 1971 nuclear weapons tests by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at Amchitka, Alaska. (This performance would be released in 2009 on the album ''Amchitka, The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace''.) In January 1971, sessions for Taylor's next album began.
His career success so far, and appeal to female fans of various ages, piqued tremendous interest in Taylor, prompting a March 1, 1971, ''Time'' magazine cover story. It compared his strong-but-brooding persona to that of ''Wuthering Heights''s Heathcliff and to ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'', and said that, "Taylor's use of elemental imagery—darkness and sunlight, references to roads traveled and untraveled. to fears spoken and left unsaid—reaches a level both of intimacy and controlled emotion rarely achieved in purely pop music." Released in April, ''Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon'' also gained massive critical acclaim and contained Taylor's biggest hit single in the U.S., a version of the Carole King standard "You've Got a Friend" (featuring backing vocals by Joni Mitchell), which reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in late July. The album itself reached #2 in the album charts, which would be Taylor's highest position ever on this list. In early 1972, Taylor received his first Grammy Award, for (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male) for "You've Got a Friend" (King also won Song of the Year for the same song in that ceremony). The album went on to sell 2½ million copies in the United States alone.
November 1972 saw the release of Taylor's fourth album, ''One Man Dog''. A concept album primarily recorded in his home recording studio, it featured cameos by Linda Ronstadt and consisted of eighteen short pieces of music put together. It was received with generally lukewarm reviews and, despite making the Top 10 of the Billboard Album Charts, overall sales were disappointing. The lead single "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" peaked at #18 on the Hot 100, and the follow-up, "One Man Parade", barely reached the Top 75. Almost simultaneously, Taylor married fellow singer-songwriter Carly Simon on November 3, in a small ceremony at her Murray Hill, Manhattan apartment. A post-concert party following a Taylor performance at Radio City Music Hall turned into a large-scale wedding party, and the Simon-Taylor marriage would find much public attention over the following years. They had two children, Sarah Maria "Sally" Taylor, born January 7, 1974, and Benjamin Simon "Ben" Taylor, born January 22, 1977.
1974–1976: Career ups and downs
Taylor spent most of 1973 enjoying his new life as a married man, and he did not return to the recording studio until January 1974, when sessions for his fifth album began. ''Walking Man'' was released in June and featured appearances of Paul and Linda McCartney and guitarist David Spinozza. The album was a critical and commercial disaster, being his first album to miss the Top 5 since his contract with Warner. It received poor reviews and sold a mere 300,000 copies in the United States. The title track was a huge disappointment, and failed to even appear on the Top 100 – nevertheless, it stands today as an often reprised fan favorite in concerts.However, James Taylor's artistic fortunes spiked again in 1975 when the Gold album ''Gorilla'' reached #6 and provided one of his biggest hit singles, a cover version of Marvin Gaye's "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)", which featured wife Carly in backing vocals and reached #5 in America and #1 in Canada. On the Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, the track also reached the top, and the follow-up single, the feel-good "Mexico" also reached the Top 5 of that list. A critically very-well received album, ''Gorilla'' showcased Taylor's electric, lighter side that was evident on ''Walking Man''. However, it was arguably a more consistent and fresher-sounding Taylor, with classics such as "Wandering" and "Angry Blues." It also featured a song about his daughter Sally, "Sarah Maria".
''Gorilla'' was followed in 1976 by ''In the Pocket'', Taylor's last studio album to be released under Warner Bros. Records. The album found him with many colleagues and friends, including Art Garfunkel, David Crosby, Bonnie Raitt and Stevie Wonder (who co-wrote a song with Taylor and contributed a harmonica solo). A very melodic album, it was highlighted with the single "Shower the People", an enduring classic that hit #1 Adult Contemporary and almost hit the Top 20 of the Pop Charts. But the album was not very well-received, reaching only #16 and being highly criticized, particularly by ''Rolling Stone''. Nevertheless 1976 was a huge boom year in the recording business — the year of inception of the "Platinum" disc — and ''In The Pocket'' was certified Gold.
With the close of Taylor's contract with Warner, in November the label released ''Greatest Hits'', the album that comprised most of his best work between 1970 and 1976. It became with time his best-selling album, ever. It was certified eleven times Platinum in the US, earning a Diamond certification by the RIAA and eventually selling close to twenty million copies worldwide. It still stands as the best-selling folk album by any artist.
1977–1981: Move to Columbia and maintained success
In 1977 Taylor signed with Columbia Records. Between March and April, he quickly recorded his first album for the label. ''JT'', released that June, gave Taylor his best reviews since ''Sweet Baby James'', earning a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year in 1978. Rolling Stone was particularly favorable to the album – "''JT'' is the least stiff and by far the most various album Taylor has done. That's not meant to criticize Taylor's earlier efforts [...]. But it's nice to hear him sounding so healthy." ''JT'' reached #4 in the Billboard charts, selling more than 3 million copies in the United States alone. The album's Triple Platinum status ties it with ''Sweet Baby James'' as Taylor's all-time biggest selling studio album. It was propelled by the highly successful cover of Jimmy Jones and Otis Blackwell's "Handy Man", which hit #1 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart and reached #4 on the Hot 100, earning Taylor another Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his cover version. The song also topped the Canadian charts. The success of the album propelled the release of two further singles – the up-tempo pop "Your Smiling Face" (an enduring live favorite) reached the American Top 20; however, "Honey Don't Leave L.A.," penned by Danny Kortchmar did not enjoy much success, barely reaching the Top 75.Back in the forefront of popular music, Taylor collaborated with Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel in the recording of a cover of Sam Cooke's "Wonderful World", which reached the Top 20 in the U.S. and topped the AC charts in early 1978. After briefly working on Broadway, he took a one-year break, reappearing in the summer of 1979 with the cover-studded Platinum album ''Flag,'' featuring a Top 30 version of Gerry Goffin and Carole King's "Up on the Roof". (Two selections from ''Flag,'' "Millworker" and "Brother Trucker," were featured on the PBS production of the Broadway musical based on Studs Terkel's non-fiction book ''Working,'' and James himself appeared in that production as a trucker; he performed "Brother Trucker" in character.) Taylor also appeared on the No Nukes concert in Madison Square Garden, where he made a memorable live performance of "Mockingbird" with his wife Carly. The concert appeared on both the ''No Nukes'' album and film.
On December 7, 1980 Taylor had an encounter with Mark David Chapman who would assassinate John Lennon. Taylor told the BBC in 2010 "The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested, and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon. And it was surreal to actually have contact with the guy 24 hours before he shot John." The next night Taylor, who lived in the next building from Lennon, heard the assassination occur. Taylor commented "I heard him shot — five, just as quick as you could pull the trigger, about five explosions".
In March 1981, James Taylor released the album ''Dad Loves His Work,'' whose themes concerned his relationship with his father, the course his ancestors had taken, and the effect he and Simon had had on each other. The album was another Platinum success, reaching #10 and providing Taylor's final real hit single in a duet with J. D. Souther, "Her Town Too," which reached #5 Adult Contemporary and #11 on the Hot 100 in Billboard. The album's title was, in part, drawn from the reasons for Taylor's divorce from Carly Simon. She gave him an ultimatum: cut back on his music and touring, and spend more time with her and their children, or the marriage was through. The album's title was Taylor's answer, and Simon asked for divorce. (The emotional repercussions of the divorce likely served as at least part of the inspiration for "Her Town Too.")
1981–1996: Troubled times and new beginnings
Simon announced her separation from Taylor in September 1981 – saying "Our needs are different; it seem[s] impossible to stay together" – and their divorce became final in 1983. Taylor was living on West End Avenue in Manhattan and on a methadone maintenance program. Over the course of four months starting in September 1983, spurred on in part by the deaths of his friends John Belushi and Dennis Wilson and in part by the desire to be a better father to his children, he dropped methadone and finally kicked his habit for good.Taylor had thoughts of retiring by the time he played the massive Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro in January 1985. He was encouraged by the nascent democracy in Brazil at the time, buoyed by the positive reception he got from the large crowd and other musicians, and musically energized by the sounds and nature of Brazilian music. "I had... sort of bottomed-out in a drug habit, my marriage with Carly had dissolved, and I had basically been depressed and lost for a while, " he recalled in 1995. "I sort of hit a low spot. I was asked to go down to Rio de Janeiro to play in this festival down there. We put the band together and went down and it was just an amazing response. I played to 300,000 people. They not only knew my music, they knew things about it and were interested in aspects of it that to that point had only interested me. To have that kind of validation right about then was really what I needed. It helped get me back on track." The song "Only a Dream in Rio" was written in tribute to that night, with lines like ''I was there that very day and my heart came back alive.'' The October 1985 album, ''That's Why I'm Here'', from which that song came, started a series of studio recordings that, while spaced further apart than his previous records, showed a more consistent level of quality and fewer covers, most notably the Buddy Holly song "Everyday", released as a single reached #61.
On December 14, 1985, Taylor married actress Kathryn Walker at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York. Taylor's next albums were partially successful – in 1988, he released ''Never Die Young'', highlighted with the charting title track, and in 1991, the platinum ''New Moon Shine'' provided Taylor some popular songs with the melancholic "Copperline" and the upbeat "(I've Got to) Stop Thinkin' About That", both hit singles in the AC radio. During the late 1980s, he began touring regularly, especially on the summer amphitheater circuit. His later concerts feature songs from throughout his career and are marked by the musicianship of his band and backup singers. The 1993 two-disc ''Live'' album captures this, with a highlight being Arnold McCuller's descants in the codas of "Shower the People" and "I Will Follow." In 1995, Taylor performed the role of the Lord in Randy Newman's Faust.
1997–2003: Successful comeback
After six years since his last studio album, Taylor released ''Hourglass'', an introspective album that gave him the best critical reviews in almost twenty years. The album had much of its focus on Taylor's troubled past and family. "Jump Up Behind Me" paid tribute to his father's rescue of him after The Flying Machine days, and the long drive from New York City back to his home in Chapel Hill. "Enough To Be On Your Way" was inspired by the alcoholism-related death of his brother Alex earlier in the decade. The themes were also inspired by Taylor and Walker's divorce, which took place in 1996. Rolling Stone found that "one of the themes of this record is disbelief", while Taylor told the magazine that it was "spirituals for agnostics." Critics embraced the dark themes on the album, and ''Hourglass'' was a huge commercial success, reaching #9 on the Billboard 200 (Taylor's first Top 10 album in sixteen years) and also provided a big adult contemporary hit on "Little More Time With You". The album also gave Taylor his first Grammy since ''JT'', when he was honored with Best Pop Album in 1998.On February 18, 2001 at the Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston, Taylor wed for the third time, marrying Caroline ("Kim") Smedvig, the director of public relations and marketing for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. They had begun dating in 1995, when they met as he appeared with John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra. Part of their relationship was worked into the album ''October Road'', on the song "On the 4th of July." The couple reside in the town of Washington, Massachusetts with their twin boys, Rufus and Henry, born in April 2001 to a surrogate mother via in vitro fertilization.
Flanked by two greatest hit releases, Taylor's Platinum-certified ''October Road'' appeared in 2002 to a receptive audience. It featured a number of quiet instrumental accompaniments and passages. Overall, it found Taylor in a more peaceful frame of mind; rather than facing a crisis now, Taylor said in an interview that "I thought I'd passed the midpoint of my life when I was 17." The album appeared in two versions, a single-disc version and a "limited edition" two-disc version which contained three extra songs including a duet with Mark Knopfler, "Sailing to Philadelphia," which also appeared on Knopfler's ''Sailing to Philadelphia'' album. Also in 2002, Taylor teamed with bluegrass musician Alison Krauss in singing "The Boxer" at the Kennedy Center Honors Tribute to Paul Simon. They later recorded the Louvin Brothers duet, "How's the World Treating You?" In 2004, after he chose not to renew his record contract with Columbia/Sony, he released ''James Taylor: A Christmas Album'' with distribution through Hallmark Cards.
Current events
Always visibly active in environmental and liberal causes, in October 2004 Taylor joined the "Vote for Change" tour playing a series of concerts in American swing states. These concerts were organized by MoveOn.org with the goal of mobilizing people to vote for John Kerry and against George W. Bush in that year's Presidential campaign. Taylor's appearances were joint performances with the Dixie Chicks.Taylor performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Game 2 of the World Series in Boston on October 24, 2004. In December, he appeared as himself in an episode of ''The West Wing'' entitled "A Change Is Gonna Come". He sang Sam Cooke's classic "A Change Is Gonna Come" at an event honoring an artist played by Taylor's wife Caroline. Later on, he appeared on CMT's ''Crossroads'' alongside the Dixie Chicks. In early 2006, MusiCares honored Taylor with performances of his songs by an array of notable musicians. Before a performance by the Dixie Chicks, lead singer Natalie Maines acknowledged that he had always been one of their musical heroes, and had for them lived up to their once-imagined reputation of him. They performed his song, "Shower the People", with a surprise appearance by Arnold McCuller, who has sung backing vocals on Taylor's live tours for many years.
In the fall of 2006, Taylor released a repackaged and slightly different version of his Hallmark Christmas album, now entitled ''James Taylor at Christmas,'' and distributed by Columbia/Sony. In 2006, Taylor performed Randy Newman's song "Our Town" for the Disney animated film ''Cars''. The song was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for the best Original Song. On January 1, 2007, Taylor headlined the inaugural concert at the Times Union Center in Albany, New York, honoring newly sworn in Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer.
Taylor's next album, ''One Man Band'' was released on CD and DVD in November 2007 on Starbucks' Hear Music Label, where he joined with Paul McCartney and Joni Mitchell. The introspective album grew out of a three-year tour of the United States and Europe—featuring some of Taylor's most beloved songs and anecdotes about their creative origins—accompanied solely by the "one man band" of his longtime pianist/keyboardist, Larry Goldings. The digital discrete 5.1 surround sound mix of ''One Man Band'' won a TEC Award for best surround sound recording in 2008.
November 28–30, 2007, Taylor, accompanied by his original band and Carole King, headlined a series of six shows at The Troubadour. The appearances marked the 50th anniversary of the venue, where Taylor, King and many others, such as Tom Waits, Neil Diamond, and Elton John, began their music careers. Proceeds from the concert went to benefit the Natural Resources Defense Council, MusiCares, Alliance for the Wild Rockies, and the Los Angeles Regional Foodbank, a member of America's Second Harvest — The Nation's Food Bank Network. Parts of the performance shown on ''CBS Sunday Morning'' in the December 23, 2007, broadcast showed Taylor alluding to his early drug problems by saying, "I played here a number of times in the 70s, allegedly..." Taylor has used versions of this joke on other occasions, and it appears as part of his ''One Man Band'' DVD and tour performances.
In December 2007 ''James Taylor at Christmas'' was nominated for a Grammy Award. In January 2008 Taylor recorded approximately 20 songs by others for a new album with a band including Luis Conte, Michael Landau, Lou Marini, Arnold McCuller, Jimmy Johnson, David Lasley, Walt Fowler, Andrea Zonn, Kate Markowitz, Steve Gadd and Larry Goldings. The resulting live-in-studio album, named ''Covers'', was released in September 2008. This album forays into country and soul while being the latest proof that Taylor is a more versatile singer than his best known hits might suggest. The Covers sessions stretched to include "Oh What a Beautiful Morning," from the musical Oklahoma - a song that his grandmother had caught him singing over and over at the top of his lungs when he was seven years old. Meanwhile, in summer 2008, Taylor and this band toured 34 North American cities with a tour entitled James Taylor and His Band of Legends. A additional album, called ''Other Covers'', came out in April 2009, containing songs that were recorded during the same sessions as the original ''Covers'' but had not been put out to the full public yet.
During October 19–21, 2008, Taylor performed a series of free concerts in five North Carolina cities in support of Barack Obama's presidential bid. On Sunday, January 18, 2009, he performed at the We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial, singing "Shower the People" with John Legend and Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland.
Taylor performed on the final ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' on May 29, 2009, distinguishing himself further as the final musician to appear in Leno's original 17-year run.
On September 8, 2009 Taylor made an appearance at the twenty-fourth season premiere block party of ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' on Chicago's Michigan Avenue.
On January 1, 2010, Taylor sang the American national anthem at the NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park, while Daniel Powter sang the Canadian national anthem.
On March 7, 2010, Taylor sang The Beatles' "In My Life" in tribute to deceased artists at the 82nd Academy Awards.
In March 2010 he commenced the Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King and members of his original band, including Russ Kunkel, Leland Sklar, and Danny Kortchmar. They played shows in Australia, New Zealand, Japan and North America, with the final night being at the Honda Center, in Anaheim, CA. The tour was a major commercial success, and in some locations found Taylor playing arenas instead of his usual theaters or amphitheaters. Ticket sales amounted to over 700,000 and the tour grossed over 59 million dollars. It was one of the most successful tours of the year.
Taylor owns a house in the Berkshire County town of Washington, Massachusetts.
Musicians in the family
Taylor's four siblings—Alex, Livingston, Hugh, and Kate—have also been musicians with recorded albums. Livingston is still an active musician; Kate was active in the 1970s but did not record another album until 2003; Hugh operates a bed-and-breakfast with his wife, The Outermost Inn in Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard; and Alex died in 1993. Taylor's children with Carly Simon—Ben and Sally—have also embarked on musical careers.
Awards and recognition
Grammy Awards
Other recognition
Discography
;U.S. Billboard Top 10 Albums
;U.S. Billboard Top 10 'Pop' Singles
Other appearances
Bibliography
References
External links
Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American acoustic guitarists Category:American folk guitarists Category:American folk singers Category:American male singers Category:American pop guitarists Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Apple Records artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:MusiCares Person of the Year Honorees Category:Musicians from Massachusetts Category:Musicians from North Carolina Category:People from Belmont, Massachusetts Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:People from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients
da:James Taylor de:James Taylor es:James Taylor fr:James Vernon Taylor ga:James Taylor id:James Taylor it:James Taylor he:ג'יימס טיילור nl:James Taylor ja:ジェームス・テイラー no:James Taylor pl:James Taylor pt:James Taylor ru:Тейлор, Джеймс simple:James Taylor fi:James Taylor sv:James Taylor tl:James Taylor th:เจมส์ เทย์เลอร์ tr:James Taylor uk:Джеймс Тейлор zh:詹姆士·泰勒This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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Black Sabbath - Paranoid(1970 - Music Video)
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