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1963
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A. J. Liebling
Abbott Joseph Liebling (October 18, 1904 – December 28, 1963) was an American journalist who was closely associated with The New Yorker from 1935 until his death.
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A. Raja
A. Raja (born 10 May 1963) is a former member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Nilgiris constituency of Tamil Nadu and is a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) political party. He is the cabinet minister in Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. He got selected for the house for the third time.
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Abd al-Karim Qasim
Abd al-Karim Qasim ( ) (1914 – February 9, 1963), was a nationalist Iraqi Army officer who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état, wherein the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated. He ruled the country as Prime Minister of Iraq until his downfall and death in 1963.
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Abraham Ellstein
Abraham "Abe" Ellstein (, Avrom Ellstein, July 7, 1907, New York - March 22, 1963) was an American composer for Yiddish entertainments. Along with Shalom Secunda, Joseph Rumshinsky, and Alexander Olshanetsky, Ellstein was one of the "big four" composers of his era in New York City's Second Avenue (Manhattan) Yiddish theatre scene. His musical Yidl Mitn Fidl became one of the greatest hits of Yiddish-language cinema.
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Adolphe Menjou
Adolphe Jean Menjou (February 18, 1890 – October 29, 1963) was an American actor. His career spanned both silent films and talkies, appearing in such films as The Sheik, A Woman of Paris, Morocco, and A Star is Born. He was nominated for an Academy Award for The Front Page in 1931.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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African Americans
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Aiden Wilson Tozer
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Al Mamaux
Albert Leon Mamaux (May 30, 1894 - January 2, 1963) was a professional baseball player and manager.
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Al Snow
Allen Ray Sarven (born July 18, 1963) is a professional wrestler and actor better known by his ring name of Al Snow. He is best known for his work in Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Entertainment and currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as a road agent.
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Al St. John
Al St. John (September 10, 1893 – January 21, 1963) in his persona of Fuzzy Q. Jones basically defined the role and concept of "comical sidekick" to cowboy heroes from 1930 to 1951. St. John also created a character, "Stoney," in the [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026612/ first] of a continuing Western film series, The Three Mesquiteers, that was later played (at a low point in his own career) by John Wayne.
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Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, OM, KBE, FRS (5 February 1914, Banbury, Oxfordshire – 20 December 1998 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a British physiologist and biophysicist, who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles.
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Alasgar Alakbarov
Alasgar Hajiagha oglu Alakbarov () (26 March 1910, Baku – 31 January 1963, Baku) was an Azerbaijani actor.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".
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Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. He spent the later part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death in 1963. Best known for his novels including Brave New World and a wide-ranging output of essays, Huxley also edited the magazine Oxford Poetry, and published short stories, poetry, travel writing, and film stories and scripts.
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Alec Templeton
Alec Templeton (July 4, 1909/1910, Cardiff, Wales - March 28, 1963, Greenwich, Connecticut) was a Welsh composer, pianist and satirist. Blind from birth, he studied at London's Royal Academy.
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Alex Fong Chung-Sun
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Alexander Sakharoff
Alexander Sakharoff (, also spelled Sakharov and Sacharoff, May 13, 1886 - September 25, 1963) was a dancer, teacher, and choreographer.
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Alfred V. Kidder
Alfred Vincent Kidder (October 29, 1885 - June 11, 1963) was considered the foremost archaeologist of the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica during the first half of the 20th century. He saw a disciplined system of archaeological techniques as a means to extend the principles of anthropology into the prehistoric past and so was the originator of the first comprehensive, systematic approach to North American archaeology.
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Allama Mashriqi
Allama Mashriqi (), also known as Inayatullah Khan (Punjabi: (Shahmukhi), इनायतुल्ला ख़ान (Devanagari)) (born in Amritsar, 25 August 1888; died in Lahore, 27 August 1963) was a South Asian mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement.
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Allen Sarven
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Alma Richards
Alma Wilford Richards (February 20, 1890 – April 3, 1963) was a high jumper and was famous for being the first resident of Utah to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games, in 1912, in the running high jump event.
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Amedeo Maiuri
Amedeo Maiuri (January 7, 1886 - April 7, 1963) was a renowned Neapolitan archaeologist, famous for his archaeological investigations of the Roman city of Pompeii which was destroyed in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in August of A.D. 79.
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Amelita Galli-Curci
Amelita Galli-Curci (18 November 1882 – 26 November 1963) was an Italian operatic coloratura soprano. She was one of the best regarded singers of the early 20th century.
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Angus MacFadyen
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Anita King
Anita King (August 14, 1884 – June 10, 1963) was an American stunt driver, actress, and thoroughbred racehorse owner.
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Anita Mui
Anita Mui Yim-fong (10 October 1963 - 30 December 2003) was a popular Hong Kong singer and actress. She was also the younger sister of Hong Kong singer, Ann Mui. During her prime years she made major contributions to the cantopop music scene, while receiving numerous awards and honours. She remained an idol throughout most of her career, and was generally regarded as a cantopop diva. Mui once held a sell-out concert at Hammersmith, London, England, where she was dubbed the "Madonna of Asia". That title has stayed with her throughout her career, and has been used as a comparison for both Eastern and Western media.
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Anne-Sophie Mutter
Anne-Sophie Mutter (born June 29, 1963) is a German violin virtuoso.
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Anthony Coldeway
Anthony W. Coldeway (August 1, 1887 – January 29, 1963) was a screenwriter who had an extensive career from 1910 through 1954. Although most of his work was on films, he did some writing for television and also was the director of a silent film, entitled Her Great Dilemma, in 1917. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.
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Arnold Vanderlyde
Arnold Petrus Maria Vanderlyde (born January 24, 1963 in Sittard, Limburg) is a former boxer from the Netherlands, who participated in three Summer Olympics and won three bronze medals in the heavyweight division (– 91 kg), starting in 1984 in Los Angeles, California. He started boxing at age fifteen. Although he was a three-time European champion and seven-time Dutch champion, he never turned professional.
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Arthur Jonath
Arthur Jonath (9 September 1909 – 14 April 1963) was a German athlete. He won the bronze medal in the 100 metres (10.4 seconds) and the silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay (40.9 seconds; along with Helmut Körnig, Friedrich Hendrix, and Erich Borchmeyer) at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He set a European Record in the 100 metres. He was born in Bentrop-Fröndenberg and died in Neu-Isenburg.
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Benjamin Bratt
Benjamin Bratt (born December 16, 1963) is an American actor. He is most famous for his role as Rey Curtis on the TV series Law & Order; and his appearances in the movies Blood in Blood Out, Miss Congeniality, Traffic, and Piñero. He starred on the A&E; Network drama The Cleaner.
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Benjamin LaGuer
Benjamin LaGuer (born May 1, 1963) is a convicted rapist serving a life sentence in Massachusetts. He has not acknowledged the crime for which he was convicted, claiming innocence. His case achieved prominence in the late 1980s when reporting by John King discovered a juror who said that other members of the all-white-male jury uttered racist slurs before and during deliberations. His case became a flashpoint in the 2006 race for Massachusetts Governor when it was revealed that Deval Patrick, the Democratic candidate, had corresponded with and supported the inmate over a period of several years.
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Benno Moiseiwitsch
Benno Moiseiwitsch CBE (22 February 18909 April 1963) was a Ukrainian-born British pianist.
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Benny Elias
Benjamin Elias (لبني الياس in Arabic) (born 15 November 1963, Tripoli, Lebanon) is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 90s. He played primarily as a hooker for Balmain in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. He was one of the leading hookers from the mid 1980s until his retirement at the end of the 1994 season. Along with Wayne Pearce, Paul Sironen and Steve Roach, Elias and his Balmain teammates formed one of the best forward packs in the modern era during the late 1980s.
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Benny Moré
Benny Moré (Bartolomé Maximiliano Moré Gutiérrez, 24 August 1919 – 19 February 1963), or Beny, was a gifted Cuban singer. He is often thought of as the greatest Cuban popular singer of all time. He was gifted with an innate musicality and fluid tenor voice which he colored and phrased with great expressivity. Moré was a master of most genres of Cuban music, such as the son montuno, mambo, guaracha, and bolero. In particular, it is unusual for a singer to be equally proficient at both the fast rhythms (e.g. guaracha) and the slower rhythms, such as the bolero. Moré also formed and led the leading Cuban big band of the 1950s, until his death in 1963.
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Beppe Fenoglio
Beppe Fenoglio (born Giuseppe Fenoglio 1 March 1922, Alba (CN) - 18 February 1963, Turin) was an Italian writer. His work was published in a critical edition after his death, but controversy remains about his book Il partigiano Johnny (translated as Johnny the Partisan), often considered his best work, which was published posthumously (and incomplete) in 1968.
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Bernardo Provenzano
Bernardo Provenzano (born January 31, 1933 in Corleone, Sicily) is a member of the Sicilian Mafia (Cosa Nostra) and is suspected of having been the head of the Corleonesi, a Mafia faction that originated in the village of Corleone, and de facto capo di tutti capi (boss of bosses) of the entire Sicilian Mafia until his arrest in 2006.
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Bernie Kosar
Bernard Joseph "Bernie" Kosar, Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins.
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Bettina Bunge
Bettina Bunge (born 13 June 1963) is a German tennis player. She was born in Adliswil, Switzerland, plays right-handed and is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 56.6 kg (125 lb).
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Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist.
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Beverly Wills
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Bill Hinchman
William White Hinchman (April 4, 1883 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - February 20, 1963 in Columbus, Ohio), was a professional baseball player who played outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1905-1920. He played for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Naps, and Pittsburgh Pirates.
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Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician who has been a major figure in music for six decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was at first an informal chronicler, and later an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'" became anthems for the American civil rights and anti-war movements. His early lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social and philosophical, as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, Hank Williams, and the performance style of Little Richard, Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres, exploring numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly, to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.
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Bobby Bonilla
Roberto Martin Antonio "Bobby" Bonilla (, born February 23, 1963 in The Bronx, New York) is a former player in Major League Baseball who played from 1986 to 2001. Known in his playing days as "Bobby Bo," Bonilla is of Puerto Rican descent.
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Bobby Dall
Robert Harry Kuykendall also known as Bobby Dall (born November 2, 1963, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania) is an American musician best-known as the bass guitarist for Poison. Dall is the youngest of three children. He moved to Florida with his family for a short time, but relocated to Harrisburg when he was still young.
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Brad Pitt
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.
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Bret Michaels
Bret Michaels (born Bret Michael Sychak, March 15, 1963) is an American singer, actor, director, screenwriter, producer and reality television personality. He first gained fame as the lead vocalist of the glam metal band Poison. Besides his career as lead singer, he has several solo albums to his credit, as well as one chart single. He appeared in the VH1 reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels and its sequels, and as a judge on the talent show Nashville Star. He was the winning contestant on NBC's reality show Celebrity Apprentice 3.
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Brian Boitano
MedalCountry|
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Bruce Reid
Bruce Anthony Reid (born 14 March 1963, Perth, Australia) is an Australian cricketer and bowling coach of the Indian national cricket team on their 2003-04 tour to Australia.
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Bryan Gunn
Bryan James Gunn (born 22 December 1963 in Thurso), is a Scottish former professional football manager and goalkeeper.
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Bryant Washburn
Bryant Washburn (28 April 1889 – 30 April 1963) was an American film actor. He appeared in 330 films between 1911 and 1947.
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Buddhist
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Bump Hadley
Irving Darius Hadley (July 5, 1904 — February 15, 1963) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. Born in Lynn, Massachusetts, he played the major leagues for the Washington Senators (1926-31 and 1935), Chicago White Sox (1932), St. Louis Browns (1932-34), New York Yankees (1936-40), New York Giants (1941), and Philadelphia Athletics (1941).
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C. S. Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis and known to his friends and family as Jack, was an Irish-born British novelist, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian and Christian apologist. He is also known for his fiction, especially The Screwtape Letters, The Chronicles of Narnia and The Space Trilogy.
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Cali Timmins
Carolyn "Cali" Timmins (born April 27, 1963) is a Canadian actress, born in Montreal.
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Cambridge Five
The Cambridge Five was a ring of spies, recruited by Russian talent spotter Arnold Deutsch in the UK who passed information to the Soviet Union during World War II and at least into the early 1950s. It has been suggested they may also have passed Soviet disinformation to the Nazis. Four members of the ring have been identified: Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), Donald Duart Maclean (cryptonym: Homer), Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks) and Anthony Blunt (cryptonym: Johnson); together they are known as the Cambridge Four. Several people have been suspected of being the "fifth man" but John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt) was identified by Oleg Gordievsky. Others have been accused of being members.
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Cecil McGivern
Cecil McGivern CBE (22 May 1907, Newcastle, England – 30 January 1963, Buckinghamshire, England) was a British broadcasting executive, who initially worked for BBC Radio before transferring to BBC Television in the late 1940s.
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Cesare Fantoni
Cesare Fantoni (1 February 1905 – 15 January 1963) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 73 films between 1939 and 1962.
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Charles Barkley
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" and "The Round Mound of Rebound" , Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA's) most dominating power forwards. He was selected to the All-NBA First Team five times, the All-NBA Second Team five times, and once to the All-NBA Third Team. He earned eleven NBA All-Star Game appearances and was named the All-Star MVP in 1991. In 1993, he was voted the league's Most Valuable Player and during the NBA's 50th anniversary, named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Olympic games and won two gold medals as a member of the United States' Dream Team. In 2006, Barkley was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (, or ; 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
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Charles Oakley
Charles Oakley (born December 18, 1963) is a retired American professional basketball player who played power forward in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, Washington Wizards and Houston Rockets.
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Charly Alberti
Carlos Alberto Ficicchia Gigliotti (born March 27, 1963), known by his stage name Charly Alberti, is an Argentine musician, better recognized as the drummer of the rock band Soda Stereo. He's the oldest son of Dolly Gigliotti and Argentine jazz drummer Tito Alberti.
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Chin Siu Ho
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Chris Ferguson
Christopher Philip Ferguson (born on April 11, 1963) is an American professional poker player. He has won five World Series of Poker events, including the 2000 WSOP Main Event, and the 2008 NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship.
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Chuck Yeager
Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (born February 13, 1923) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force and noted test pilot. He was the first pilot to travel faster than sound (1947). Originally retiring as a brigadier general, Yeager was promoted to major general on the Air Force's retired list 20 years later for his military achievements.
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Cilly Aussem
Cilly Aussem (Cologne, 4 January 1909 – 22 March 1963 in Portofino, Italy) was a German female tennis player.
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Clem Bevans
Clem Bevans (October 16, 1879 – August 11, 1963) was a character actor best remembered for playing eccentric, grumpy old men.
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Clifford Odets
Clifford Odets (July 18, 1906 – August 18, 1963) was an American playwright, screenwriter, socialist, and social protester.
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Clive Cowdery
Clive Cowdery (May 26, 1963) is an English businessman who made a personal fortune in the insurance industry and has since donated large amounts to charity. He is closely associated with Resolution plc, which was among the first companies to benefit from the invention of the "zombie fund". Resolution Life was sold off to Hugh Osmond, the owner of Pearl Group.
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Colin Montgomerie
Colin Stuart Montgomerie, OBE (born 23 June 1963) is a Scottish professional golfer often referred to by one of his nicknames 'Monty'. He has had one of the finest careers in European Tour history, having won a record eight Order of Merit titles including a streak of seven consecutively from 1993 to 1999, and 31 European tour victories, placing him fourth on the all time list. He is renowned also for both his extraordinary Ryder Cup performances as well as the dubious distinction of being one of the most accomplished players never to have won a major championship after finishing runner-up on five occasions. His career high world ranking is second.
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Colin Scotts
Colin Scotts (born 26 April 1963 in Sydney) was the first Australian to receive an American football scholarship in the United States and be drafted into the NFL. He became the second Australian to play in the NFL after Colin Ridgeway, an Australian rules football convert.
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Conan O'Brien
'''Conan Christopher O'Brien''' (born April 18, 1963) is an American television host, comedian, and producer. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and raised in an Irish Catholic family. O'Brien landed his first comedy job as a writer for the sketch comedy series, Not Necessarily the News, after first serving as president of the Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University. After graduating, he moved to Los Angeles, where he wrote for several comedy shows, and later moved to New York City to work on the writing staff of Saturday Night Live and later for The Simpsons. O'Brien went on to host ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien from 1993 to 2009 before going on to host the short-lived The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien'' for seven months.
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Cowboy Copas
Lloyd Estel Copas (July 15, 1913 – March 5, 1963), known by his stage name Cowboy Copas, was an American country music singer popular from the 1940s until his death in the 1963 plane crash that also killed country stars Patsy Cline and Hawkshaw Hawkins. He was a member of the Grand Ole Opry.
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Craig Saavedra
Craig Michael Saavedra (born November 2, 1963 in Los Angeles, California) is an American film producer, director, writer and co-owner of New York and Los Angeles-based production company Starry Night Entertainment.
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Criss Oliva
Christopher "Criss" Michael Oliva (April 3, 1963 - October 17, 1993) was born in Pompton Plains, NJ. He was the lead guitarist in, and co-founder of, the band Savatage. Criss was the youngest of four children, the next eldest being brother Jon Oliva, with whom he formed the band.
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Cynthia Gibb
Cynthia Gibb (born December 14, 1963 in Bennington, Vermont, U.S.) is an American actress and former model who has starred in film and on television.
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Daniel Pearl
Daniel Pearl (October 10, 1964 – February 1, 2002) was an American journalist who was kidnapped and killed by terrorists.
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Dante Bichette
Alphonse Dante Bichette (, born November 18, 1963 in West Palm Beach, Florida) is a former American Major League Baseball player.
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Dave Andreychuk
David John Andreychuk (born September 29, 1963) is a former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres, Toronto Maple Leafs, New Jersey Devils, Boston Bruins, Colorado Avalanche and Tampa Bay Lightning. He is one of the highest scoring left wingers in NHL history, and is the league's all-time leader in power-play goals with 274.
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David Cone
David Brian Cone (born January 2, 1963) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He compiled an 8–3 postseason record over 21 postseason starts and was a part of five World Series championship teams ( with the Toronto Blue Jays and , , & with the New York Yankees). He had a career postseason ERA of 3.80. He is the subject of the book ''A Pitcher's Story: Innings With David Cone'' by Roger Angell. Fans of David are known as "Cone-Heads."
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David Halberstam
David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 – April 23, 2007) was an American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author known for his early work on the Vietnam War, his work on politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and his later sports journalism.
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David Seaman
David Andrew Seaman MBE (born 19 September 1963 in Rotherham, South Yorkshire) is a former English football goalkeeper who played for several clubs, most notably Arsenal. He retired from the game on 13 January 2004, following a recurring shoulder injury. He was awarded the MBE in 1997 for services to the sport.
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Dermot Mulroney
Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor.
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Detlef Schrempf
Detlef Schrempf (born January 21, 1963, in Leverkusen, West Germany) is a retired German NBA basketball player.
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Dick Powell
Richard Ewing "Dick" Powell (November 14, 1904 – January 2, 1963) was an American singer, actor, producer, director and studio boss.
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Don C. Harvey
Don C. Harvey (January 12, 1911 – April 23, 1963) was an American television and film actor. Harvey was born in Kansas, United States.
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Don Wakamatsu
Wilbur Donald "Don" Wakamatsu (born February 22, 1963 in Hood River, Oregon) is a former Major League Baseball manager and former catcher. He was the manager of the Seattle Mariners for the season, as well as the majority of the season.
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Donald Braswell II
Donald Braswell II (born February 22, 1963) is an American actor, classical crossover tenor and composer. Braswell was on a fast track to become an internationally acclaimed opera singer when he suffered a car accident in 1995 that made him unable to speak for almost two years. After that, he had lived a quiet life outside of the spotlight until his appearance on the 2008 season of ''America's Got Talent'' where he was a Top 5 finalist, which gave him another chance at a career in entertainment. Since then, he has entertained audiences both internationally as well as shore to shore in the United States in concerts, television appearances, inspirational speaking and radio. He boasts an international fan club with fans from over 25 countries.
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Donna Tartt
Donna Tartt (born December 23, 1963) is an American writer and author of the novels The Secret History (1992) and The Little Friend (2002). She won the WH Smith Literary Award for The Little Friend in 2003.
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Donnie Yen
Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, action choreographer and film producer. Apart from being a well-known film and television actor in Hong Kong, Yen has also gained international recognition for appearing in many films together with other prominent and internationally-known actors such as Jackie Chan, Jet Li and Michelle Yeoh. He is considered to be Hong Kong's top action star; director Peter Chan mentioned that he "is the 'it' action person right now" and "has built himself into a bona fide leading man, who happens to be an action star."
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Doris Leuthard
Doris Leuthard (born 10 April 1963) is a Swiss politician and lawyer. Since 1 August 2006, she has been a member of the Swiss Federal Council and head of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs (the Swiss economics minister). She was elected President of the Confederation for 2010.
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Dorothy Schiff
Dorothy Schiff (March 11, 1903—August 30, 1989) was an owner and then publisher of the New York Post for nearly 40 years. She was a granddaughter of financier Jacob H. Schiff. Schiff was interested in social services and reform, and was involved in several welfare groups.
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Doug Gilmour
Douglas Robert Gilmour (born June 25, 1963) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who is the current head coach of the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his NHL career, he played for the St. Louis Blues, Calgary Flames, Toronto Maple Leafs, New Jersey Devils, Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres and Montreal Canadiens. Gilmour won a Stanley Cup with the Flames in 1989, and the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the NHL's best defensive forward while with the Maple Leafs in 1993. He has been dubbed "Killer", "Prince of Pain", "Archduke of Agony", and the "Sultan of Silent Suffering" for his physical play despite his small stature.
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Dr Rajendra Prasad
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Duong Van Minh
(February 16, 1916 – August 6, 2001), popularly known as Big Minh, was a South Vietnamese general and politician. He was a senior general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam during the rule of Ngô Đình Diệm. In 1963, he became president after leading a coup in which Diệm was assassinated. Minh lasted only three months before being toppled by Nguyễn Khánh, but he led that nation again in April 1975 during the last two days of its existence before surrendering to communist forces.
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Edgardo Donato
Edgardo Donato (April 14, 1897 - February 15, 1963) was a Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra leader, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Edith Hamilton
Edith Hamilton (12 August 1867–31 May 1963) was an American educator and author who was “recognized as the greatest woman Classicist”. She was sixty-two years old when The Greek Way, her first book, was published in 1930. It was instantly successful, and is the earliest expression of her belief in “the calm lucidity of the Greek mind” and “that the great thinkers of Athens were unsurpassed in their mastery of truth and enlightenment”.
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Eduard Spranger
Eduard Spranger (June 27, 1882 – September 17, 1963) was a German philosopher and psychologist.
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Edward Hearn
Edward Hearn (6 September 1888 – 15 April 1963) was an American actor. He appeared in 361 films between 1915 and 1955.
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Elisabeth Shue
Elisabeth Judson Shue (born October 6, 1963) is an American film actress who is most famous for her role in the film Leaving Las Vegas for which she won five acting awards and was nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.
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Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson (; born 29 March 1963) is an Australian supermodel, actress, and businesswoman. She is perhaps best known for her record five cover appearances for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue beginning in the 1980s. She is also known as the founder and primary model for a series of business ventures including Elle Macpherson Intimates, a lingerie line, and "The Body", a line of skin care products. According to Forbes, Macpherson possesses assets around £60 million. In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of ''Britain's Next Top Model''.
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Elsa Maxwell
Elsa Maxwell (May 24, 1883 – November 1, 1963) was an American gossip columnist and author, songwriter, and professional hostess renowned for her parties for royalty and high society figures of her day.
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Else Jarlbak
Else Jarlbak (8 August 1911 – 16 February 1963) was a Danish film actress. She appeared in 35 films between 1934 and 1961.
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Eppa Rixey
Eppa "Jeptha" Rixey (May 3, 1891 - February 28, 1963) was a American left-handed pitcher who played 21 seasons for the Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds in Major League Baseball from 1912 to 1933. Rixey was best-known as the National League's leader in career victories for a left-hander with 266 wins until Warren Spahn surpassed his total in 1959.
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Eric Edgar Cooke
Eric Edgar Cooke nicknamed The Night Caller (25 February 1931 – 26 October 1964) was an Australian serial killer. From 1959 to 1963, he terrorised the city of Perth, Western Australia by committing 22 violent crimes, eight of which resulted in deaths.
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Eric McCormack
Eric James McCormack (born April 18, 1963) is a Canadian-American actor, musician, writer and producer. Born in Toronto, he began his acting career performing in school plays at Stephen Leacock Collegiate Institute High School. He left Ryerson University in 1985, in order to accept a position with the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, where he spent five years performing in numerous play productions.
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Erik Lundqvist
Erik Hjalmar Lundqvist (June 29, 1908 – January 7, 1963) was a Swedish athlete who competed mainly in the javelin throw.
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Erik Strandmark
Erik Strandmark (14 September 1919 – 5 January 1963) was a Swedish film actor. He was born in Torsaker, Sweden and died in a plane crash in Trinidad in 1963.
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Ernesto Lecuona
Ernesto Lecuona y Casado (August 6, 1895 Guanabacoa, Havana, Cuba - November 29, 1963 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) was a Cuban composer and pianist of Canarian father and Cuban mother, and worldwide fame. He composed over six hundred pieces, mostly in the Cuban vein, and was a pianist of exceptional quality.
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Ernie Davis
Ernest Davis (December 14, 1939 – May 18, 1963) was an American football running back and the first African-American athlete to win the Heisman Trophy. Wearing number 44, Davis competed collegiately for Syracuse University before being drafted by the Washington Redskins, then almost immediately traded to the Cleveland Browns in December 1961. However, he would never play a professional game after being diagnosed with leukemia in 1962.
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Ernst Wetter
Ernst Wetter (27 August 1877 - 10 August 1963) was a Swiss politician.
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Estes Kefauver
Carey Estes Kefauver (July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963; ) was an American politician from Tennessee. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1939 to 1949 and in the U.S. Senate from 1949 to his death in 1963.
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Eugene Paul Wigner
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Europe (band)
Europe is a Swedish melodic heavy metal band formed in Upplands Väsby in 1979 under the name Force by vocalist Joey Tempest and guitarist John Norum. Although widely associated with glam metal, the band's sound incorporates heavy metal and hard rock elements. Since its formation, Europe has released eight studio albums, three live albums, three compilations and seventeen videos.
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Eva Cassidy
Eva Marie Cassidy (February 2, 1963 – November 2, 1996) was an American vocalist known for her interpretations of jazz, blues, folk, gospel, country and pop classics. In 1992 she released her first album, The Other Side, a set of duets with go-go musician Chuck Brown, followed by a live solo album, Live at Blues Alley in 1996. Although she had been honored by the Washington Area Music Association, she was virtually unknown outside her native Washington, DC when she died of melanoma in 1996.
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Evelyn Francisco
Evelyn Francisco (, Little Rock, Arkansas – , Corona, California) was a silent era film actress who began as a bathing beauty. Her sister, Betty Francisco, was also a movie star.
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Felix Y. Manalo
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Ferenc Fricsay
Ferenc Fricsay (9 August 1914 – 20 February 1963) (pronounced "Ferr-'ens 'Frich-sye") was a Hungarian conductor. From 1960 until his death, he was an Austrian citizen.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
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Filippo Del Giudice
Filippo Del Giudice, (26 March 1892- 1 January 1963), born in Trani, Italy, was an Italian film producer.
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Fito Páez
'Rodolfo "Fito" Páez Ávalos' (born March 13, 1963 in Rosario, Santa Fe Province) is an Argentine popular rock and roll pianist, lyricist, Spanish language singer and film director.
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Francis Poulenc
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; January 7, 1899 – January 30, 1963) was a French composer and a member of the French group Les Six. He composed music in genres including art song, solo piano music, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, described Poulenc as "half monk, half delinquent" ("le moine et le voyou"), a tag that was to be attached to his name for the rest of his career.
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Francisco Bustamante
Francisco Bustamante (born December 29, 1963, Philippines) is a Filipino professional pocket billiards (pool) player from Tarlac, and the current world nine-ball champion. [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/195299/bustamante-is-new-king-of-world-9-ball-pool], nicknamed "Django", after the lead character of the film of the same name, and sometimes also called "Bustie", especially in the United States.
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Frank J. Marion
Frank Joseph Marion (July 25, 1869 - March 28, 1963) was an American motion picture pioneer. He was born in Tidioute, Pennsylvania. He had a wife named Florence and 3 kids. He was married to Florence until her death.
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Frank Sinatra Jr.
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Frank Tuttle
Frank Tuttle (6 August 1892 - 6 January 1963) was a Hollywood film director and writer who directed films from 1922 (The Cradle Buster) to 1959 (Island of Lost Women).
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Frank Yallop
Frank Yallop (born April 4, 1964 in Watford) is an English-born Canadian former professional football player. He is currently the head coach of San Jose Earthquakes in Major League Soccer.
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Franz Planer
Film cinematographer Franz Planer, A.S.C. (March 29, 1894 - January 10, 1963) was born in Karlsbad, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), the Planer family were very influential, and owned large tracts of farmland, businesses, libraries, and shops in Austria-Hungary, and several properties in and around Vienna(some of which were stolen by certain low ranking officers for their own families use in the mid to late 1930s using falsely issued papers, and threats). Planer had trained as a portrait painter, but realising that photography was becoming very popular, and would replace the requirement for talented artists changed his career path. He changed direction into films, and thus began his career as a director of photography for films in Germany and later throughout Europe in the early 1900s before beginning work in Hollywood in 1937. He shot over 130 movies, including the color films The Big Country and ''Breakfast at Tiffany's''.
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Fred McGriff
Frederick Stanley McGriff (born October 31, 1963 in Tampa, Florida) is a former left-handed Major League Baseball player who starred for several teams from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s. A power-hitting first baseman with a tall, lanky build, the five-time All-Star became, in , the first player since the dead-ball era to lead both leagues in home runs. Although he never hit more than 37 homers in a single season, he finished his career only seven homers away from joining the exclusive 500 home run club. He won a World Series title as a first baseman with the Atlanta Braves in 1995. He currently works in the Rays' front office as an advisor. He also currently works for Bright House Sports Network as a co-host for "The Baysball Show".
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Fred Shuttlesworth
Fred Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson on March 18, 1922) is a former civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961. He returned to Birmingham after his retirement in 2007.
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Fritz Reiner
Frederick Martin “Fritz” Reiner (December 19, 1888 - November 15, 1963) was a prominent conductor of opera and symphonic music in the twentieth century.
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Fulbert Youlou
Abbé Fulbert Youlou (9 June, 17 June or 9 July 1917 – 6 May 1972) was a Brazzaville-Congolese Roman Catholic priest, nationalist leader and politician.
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Gail O'Grady
'''Gail Ann O'Grady''' (born January 23, 1963) is an American television actress.
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Garry Kasparov
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (, ; born Garry Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider the greatest chess player of all time.
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Gary Daniels
Gary Edward Daniels (born 9 May 1963) is a British kickboxer, martial artist, and martial arts actor. Daniels appears mostly in action-oriented B-movies. Daniels has been in over 50 films since his start as an extra in an episode of the 1980s television series Miami Vice. He is best known for playing Kenshiro in the live-action version of Fist of the North Star. He will next been seen in the upcoming live-action Tekken movie, based upon the popular fighting game, in which he will portray Bryan Fury. He was also seen in the Sylvester Stallone film The Expendables, as 'The Brit', who helps 'General Garza'.
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Gautama Buddha
Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: ; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from ancient India who founded Buddhism. In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE,
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Geert Wilders
Geert Wilders (; born September 6, 1963) is a Dutch politician and leader of the Party for Freedom (PVV), the third-leading political party in the Netherlands. Born in Venlo, raised as a Roman Catholic, and having left the church at his coming of age, Wilders says his politics is grounded in 'Judeo-Christian values'. His travels to Israel as a young adult, as well as to neighbouring Arab countries, helped form his political views. He worked as a speechwriter for the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), and later served as parliamentary assistant to party leader Frits Bolkestein from 1990 to 1998. He was elected to the Utrecht city council in 1996, and later to the House of Representatives. Citing irreconcilable differences over the party's position on the accession of Turkey to the European Union, he left the VVD in 2004 to form his own party, the PVV.
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George Dolenz
George Dolenz (originally George Dolentz, born Jure Dolenc) (5 January 1908 - 8 February 1963) was an American film actor born in Trieste (then part of Austria-Hungary, now in Italy), in the city's Slovene community.
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George Michael
George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (); June 25, 1963) is an English singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! along with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. His first solo single, "Careless Whisper" was released when he was still in the duo and sold about six million copies worldwide.
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Georges Braque
Georges Braque[[#Notes|[p]]] (13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, along with Pablo Picasso, developed the art movement known as Cubism.
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Gilardo Gilardi
Gilardo Gilardi (May 25, 1889 - January 16, 1963) was an Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor who was the eponym of the Gilardo Gilardi Conservatory of Music in La Plata, Buenos Aires.
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Giorgos Seferis
Giorgos or George Seferis (Γιώργος Σεφέρης) was the pen name of Geōrgios Seferiádēs (Γεώργιος Σεφεριάδης, - September 20, 1971). He was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. He was also a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962.
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Giovanni Grasso
Giovanni Grasso (11 November 1888 – 3 May 1960) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 82 films between 1910 and 1986.
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Giulio Natta
Giulio Natta (26 February 1903 - 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemist and Nobel laureate. He who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for work on high polymers.
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Gordon Cooper
Leroy Gordon Cooper, Jr., also known as Gordo Cooper, (March 6, 1927 – October 4, 2004) was an engineer and American astronaut. Cooper was one of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first manned space effort by the United States. He was the first American to sleep in orbit, had flown the longest spaceflight of the Mercury project, and was the last American to be launched alone into Earth orbit and conduct an entire solo orbital mission.
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Graham Brown
Graham Brown (born October 24, 1924) is an award-winning American actor best known for his work in the theatre.
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Graham Norton
Graham William Walker (born 4 April 1963) is an Irish actor, comedian and television presenter, known by his stage name Graham Norton. He is the host of the comedy chat show The Graham Norton Show and the BBC commentator of the Eurovision Song Contest.
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Graham Poll
Graham Poll (born 29 July 1963 in Tring, Hertfordshire) is an English former football referee in the FA Premier League and is counted amongst the top 100 referees of all time in a list maintained by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS).. With 26 years of experience, he was regarded as one of the most prominent referees in the Premiership, often taking charge of the highest profile games. His final domestic game in a career spanning 1544 matches was the Championship play-off final on May 28, 2007 between Derby County and West Bromwich Albion.
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Greek Cypriots
Greek Cypriots (, Ellinokýprioi; ) are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus, forming the island's largest ethnolinguistic community at 77% of the population. Greek Cypriots are mostly members of the Church of Cyprus, an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Orthodox Christianity. In regards to the 1960 Constitution of Cyprus, the term also includes Arabic-speaking Maronites, Armenians and Latin Rite Catholics ("Latins"), who were given the option of being included in one or other of the two constituent communities (Greek or Turkish) and voted to join the Greek Cypriot community.
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Greg Howe
Gregory "Greg" Howe (born December 8, 1963) is an American guitarist and composer. As an active musician for over twenty years, he has released nine studio albums in addition to collaborating with a wide variety of artists.
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Gregory Henriquez
Gregory Henriquez is a Canadian architect, best known for the design of community-based mixed-use, institutional and social housing projects in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada. He is the managing partner of Henriquez Partners Architects and has led notable projects including the Woodward's mixed-use redevelopment, Coal Harbour Community Centre, and the Bruce Eriksen Place.
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Gustaf Gründgens
Gustaf Gründgens (December 22, 1899 – October 7, 1963) was one of Germany's most famous and influential actors of the 20th century, leading theatres in Berlin, Düsseldorf, and Hamburg. His career continued undisturbed through the years of the Nazi regime; the extent to which this can be considered as deliberate collaboration with the Nazis was hotly disputed (see below).
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Gustav Regler
Gustav Regler (25 May 1898 in Merzig – 14 January 1963 in New Delhi) - was a German Socialist novelist. He served as political commissar of the XII International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War (wounded at the Battle of Guadalajara).
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Hakeem Olajuwon
Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon (born January 21, 1963) is a retired Nigerian American professional basketball player. From 1984 to 2002, he played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Houston Rockets and Toronto Raptors. He led the Rockets to back-to-back NBA championships in 1994 and 1995. In 2008, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. Listed at 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) but closer to 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) by his own admission, Olajuwon is considered one of the greatest centers ever to play the game.Heisler. Pg. 3*Ruley, Clayton. [http://www.geoclan.com/sports/articles/06/TopFiveCentersinNBAHistory.htm Top Five Centers in NBA History], geoclan.com, accessed January 3, 2007.
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Harold Macmillan
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 18 October 1963.
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Harry Akst
Harry Akst (August 15, 1894 – March 31, 1963) was an American songwriter who started out his career as a pianist in vaudeville accompanying singers such as Nora Bayes, Frank Fay and Al Jolson.
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Harry Harper
Harry Clayton Harper (April 24, 1895 - April 23, 1963) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for four different teams between and . Listed at 6' 2", 165 lb., Harper batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Hackensack, New Jersey.
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Harry Piel
Born Hubert August Piel, Harry Piel (12 July 1892 Düsseldorf - 27 March 1963) in Munich, Germany was a prolific German actor, film director, screenwriter and film producer who was involved in over 150 films.
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Harvey Ball
Harvey Ross Ball (10 July 1921 – 12 April 2001) was an American commercial artist. He is recognized as the earliest known designer of the Smiley, which became an enduring and notable international icon. Ball was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts. During his time as a student at South High School, he became an apprentice to local sign painter, and later attended Worcester Art Museum School, where he studied fine arts.
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Harvey Gantt
Harvey Bernard Gantt (born 1943 in Charleston, South Carolina) is an American architect and Democratic politician active in North Carolina. He was Mayor of Charlotte from 1983 to 1987, and ran twice for the United States Senate.
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Hawkshaw Hawkins
Harold Franklin Hawkins (December 22, 1921–March 5, 1963), better known as Hawkshaw Hawkins, was an American country music singer popular from the 1950s into the early 60s known for his rich, smooth vocals and music drawn from blues, boogie and honky tonk. At 6 ft 5 inches tall, he had an imposing stage presence, and his tasteful Western suits set him apart from the rhinestone gaudiness of other male country singers. Hawkins died in the 1963 plane crash that also killed country stars Patsy Cline and Cowboy Copas. He was a member of the Grand Ole Opry and was married to country star Jean Shepard.
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heart attack
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Helen Hunt
Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress, film director, and screenwriter. She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years, before being cast in the romantic comedy As Good As It Gets, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. Some of her other Hollywood credits include Twister, Cast Away, What Women Want and Pay It Forward. She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me.
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Henry Daniell
Henry Daniell (5 March 1894 – 31 October 1963) was an English actor, best known for his villainous screen roles, but who had a long and prestigious career on stage as well as in films. (Daniell was given few opportunities to play a 'good' guy; one of his few was the 1947 Clarence Brown bio-pic Song of Love where played the supporting part of Franz Liszt.)
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Herbert Asbury
Herbert Asbury (September 1, 1889 – February 24, 1963) was an American journalist and writer who is best known for his true crime books detailing crime during the 19th and early 20th century such as Gem of the Prairie, Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld and The Gangs of New York. The Gangs of New York was later adapted for film as Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002). However, the film adaptation of Gangs of New York was so loose that Gangs was nominated for "Best Original Screenplay" rather than as a screenplay adapted from another work.
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Herbie Nichols
Herbie Nichols (3 January 1919, New York City – 12 April 1963, New York City), was an American jazz pianist and composer of the jazz standard "Lady Sings the Blues". Obscure during his lifetime, he is now highly regarded by many musicians and critics.
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Hideo Kojima
is a Japanese game designer originally employed at Konami. Formerly the vice president of Konami Computer Entertainment Japan, he is currently the director of Kojima Productions. He is the creator and director of a number of successful video games, including the Metal Gear series, Snatcher, and Policenauts and also produced both the Zone of the Enders and Boktai series. Kojima is consistently named by fans and industry experts alike as being one of the most influential and innovative video game directors and writers of all time. Newsweek named Hideo Kojima as one of the top ten people of 2002. In 2008, Next-Gen placed him #7 in their list of "Hot 100 Developer 2008." In early 2009, IGN placed him sixth in their Top 100 Game Creators of All Time list. He has also been awarded the first ever Lifetime Achievement Award handed to a game designer at the 2008 MTV Game Awards and was also honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Game Developers Conference.
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Holly Cole
Holly Cole (born November 25, 1963 in Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian jazz singer, particularly popular in Canada and Japan for both her versatile and distinctive voice, along with her adventurous repertoire, which spans such divergent genres as show tunes, rock, and country music.
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Ian Brady
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Ian Crook
Ian Stuart Crook, (born January 18, 1963 in Romford, England) is a former professional footballer who began his career with Tottenham Hotspur before making 418 appearances for Norwich City. He was an England B international.
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Ignat Bednarik
Ignat Bednarik (March 8, 1882 - March 11, 1963) was a Romanian painter who worked in almost every genre of painting before devoting himself purely to watercolor. He was also interested in decorative art, design, interior decoration and book illustration. In his lifetime, he produced more than 3,000 works of art.
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Irish Meusel
Emil Frederick "Irish" Meusel (June 9, 1893 - March 1, 1963) was an American baseball Left fielder.
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İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish Army General, Prime Minister and the second President of Turkey. In 1938, Republican People's Party gave him the title of "Milli Şef" (National Chief).
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Ivan Sutherland
Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He received the Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery in 1988 for the invention of Sketchpad, an early predecessor to the sort of graphical user interface that has become ubiquitous in personal computers.
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J. D. Tippit
J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was a police officer with the Dallas Police Department who, according to multiple government investigations including the Warren Commission, was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
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J. H. Smith
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J. Hans D. Jensen
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen (June 25, 1907 in Hamburg – February 11, 1973 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicist. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club, in which he made contributions to the separation of uranium isotopes. After the war, he was a professor at the University of Heidelberg. He was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Institute for Advanced Study, Indiana University, and the California Institute of Technology. Jensen shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physics with Maria Göppert-Mayer for their proposal of the nuclear shell model.
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Jack Carson
John Elmer "Jack" Carson (27 October 1910 – 2 January 1963) was a Canadian-born U.S.-based film actor.
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Jack Del Rio
Jack Del Rio (born April 4, 1963 in Castro Valley, California) is an American football coach and former player, who is currently the head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). Del Rio played both football and baseball for the University of Southern California Trojans, and then spent eleven years playing linebacker in the NFL. He retired from playing in 1996 and went into coaching, serving in several positions for three different teams before being selected as the Jaguars' head coach in 2003.
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Jack Hobbs
Sir John Berry (Jack) Hobbs (born 16 December 1882 at Cambridge; died 21 December 1963 at Hove) was an English professional cricketer who played for Surrey from 1905 to 1934 and for England in 61 Test matches from 1908 to 1930.
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Jack Ruby
Jack Leon Rubenstein (March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967), who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947, was an American nightclub operator in Dallas, Texas. He was convicted of the November 24, 1963 murder of Lee Harvey Oswald. The murder took place two days after Oswald was arrested by deputy Bill Vaught for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ruby appealed the conviction and death sentence. As a date for his new trial was being set, he became ill and died of lung cancer on January 3, 1967.
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Jack Solomon
Jack Solomon (1896 – July 18, 1963) was a colorful gambler-and-sports enthusiast turned restaurateur. He co-founded Gallagher's Steak House in 1927 with Helen Gallagher, the wife of Ed Gallagher (1873–1929).
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Jacob Gade
Jacob Thune Hansen Gade (Vejle, Denmark, November 29, 1879–February 20, 1963) was a Danish violinist and composer, mostly of orchestral popular music.
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Jacqueline Kennedy
http://wn.com/Jacqueline_Kennedy -
Jacques Simonet
Jacques Simonet (21 December 1963
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Jake White
Jake White (born 19 March 1963 in Johannesburg as Jacob Westerduin ) is a rugby union coach and former coach of the South Africa national rugby union team, the Springboks. His most notable achievements as coach include leading the Springboks to victory in 2007 Rugby World Cup and the 2004 Tri Nations title. White also coached the u-21 Springbok side to victory in the U-21 Rugby Union World Cup in 2002.
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James E. Webb
James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 – March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961 to October 7, 1968.
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James Hetfield
James Alan Hetfield (August 3, 1963) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, main songwriter and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica.
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James Hood
James Hood (born c. 1943) was one of the first African Americans to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963 and was made famous when Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked him from enrolling at the all-white university.
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James Kirkwood, Sr.
James Kirkwood, Sr. (February 22, 1875, Grand Rapids, Michigan – August 24, 1963, Woodland Hills, California) was an American actor and director.
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James May
James Daniel May (born 16 January 1963) is an English television presenter and award-winning journalist.
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James Meredith
James H. Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights movement figure. He was the first African American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement. Motivated by the broadcast of President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address (which did not mention civil rights ) Meredith decided to apply his democratic rights and then made the ultimate decision to apply to the University of Mississippi. Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration as to the issue.
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James Whitbourn
James Whitbourn (born 17 August 1963, Kent, UK) is a British composer and conductor.
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Jane Gail
Jane Gail (born Ethel S. Magee on August 16, 1890 in Salem, New York) was an early American silent movie and
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Jarvis Cocker
Jarvis Branson Cocker (born 19 September 1963) is an English musician and former frontman for the band Pulp. Through his work with the band, Cocker became a figurehead of the Britpop movement of the mid-1990s. Following Pulp's hiatus Cocker has led a successful solo career.
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Jason Isaacs
Jason Isaacs (born 6 June 1963) is an English actor born in Liverpool, who is most well known for his performance as the villain Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter films, the brutal Colonel William Tavington in The Patriot and as lifelong criminal Michael Caffee in the internationally-broadcast American television series Brotherhood. Though most of his work has been in film and television, it also includes stage performances; most notably, as the ambivalent gay lawyer Louis Ironson in Declan Donnellan's 1992 and 1993 Royal National Theatre London premières of Parts One (Millennium Approaches) and Two (Perestroika) of Tony Kushner's Pulitzer Prize-winning play , and as Ben, one of two hitmen, playing opposite Lee Evans as Gus, in Harry Burton's 2007 critically-acclaimed 50th-anniversary revival of Nobel Laureate Harold Pinter's 1957 two-hander The Dumb Waiter at Trafalgar Studios.
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Jason Robards, Sr.
Jason Nelson Robards, Sr. (December 31, 1892—April 4, 1963) was an American stage and screen actor, and the father of Oscar-winning actor Jason Robards, Jr. Robards appeared in many films, initially as a leading man, then in character roles and occasional bits.
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Jean Bruce
Jean Bruce born Jean Brochet on 22 March 1921 was a prolific French popular writer who died in 26 March 1963 in a car accident. He also wrote under the pseudonyms of Jean Alexandre, Jean Alexandre Brochet, Jean-Martin Rouan, and Joyce Lindsay.
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Jean Cocteau
Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Along with other avant-garde artists of his generation (Jean Anouilh and René Char for example) Cocteau grappled with the algebra of verbal codes old and new, mise en scène language and technologies of modernism to create a paradox: a classical avant-garde. His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, María Félix, Édith Piaf (whom he cast in one of his one-act plays entitled Le Bel Indifferent in 1940), and Raymond Radiguet.
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Jennifer Beals
Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American film actress and former teen model. She is known for her roles as Alexandra "Alex" Owens in the 1983 film Flashdance, and as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word. She earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films.
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Jerry Lynn
Jeremy "Jerry" Lynn (born June 12, 1963) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Lynn is a two-time world champion, having won the ROH World Championship once in Ring of Honor and the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once in Extreme Championship Wrestling. He is currently signed to Ring of Honor (ROH).
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Jerry Trimble
Jerry Foster Trimble, Jr. (born May 12, 1963) is an American actor, stuntman, writer, and World Champion. In his spare time he works with at-risk kids.
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Jet Li
Li Lian Jie (born April 26, 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist, actor, film producer, wushu champion, and international film star who was born in Beijing, China, and who has currently taken up Singapore citizenship.
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Jiang Wen
Jiang Wen (; born January 5, 1963) is a Chinese film actor and director. As a director, he is sometimes grouped with the "sixth generation" that emerged in the 1990s. He is also well known internationally as an actor, such as the male lead opposite Gong Li in fifth generation director Zhang Yimou's debut Red Sorghum (1986).
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Jim Beglin
James Martin "Jim" Beglin (born 29 July 1963 in County Waterford) is a former Irish professional footballer.
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Jim Harbaugh
James Joseph "Jim" Harbaugh (born December 23, 1963 in Toledo, Ohio) is the head coach of the Stanford Cardinal football team. He is also a former quarterback who played for the Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Baltimore Ravens, and San Diego Chargers of the NFL. He was selected by the Bears with the 26th pick in the first round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He played college football at Michigan.
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Jimmy Osmond
Jimmy Osmond (born James Arthur Osmond, , Canoga Park, California) is an American singer, actor, and businessman.
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Joan Voûte
Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Voûte (June 7, 1879–August 20, 1963) was a Dutch astronomer.
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Joaquim Cruz
Joaquim Carvalho Cruz (born March 12, 1963) is a former Brazilian athlete, winner of the 800 m at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He is one of only four men to run the 800 m in less than 1:42.
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Joe Dumars
MedalCountry|
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Joe Judge
Joseph Ignatius Judge (May 25, 1894 – March 11, 1963) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who played nearly his entire career for the Washington Senators. He set American League records for career games (2,056), putouts (19,021), assists (1,284), total chances (20,444), double plays (1,476) and fielding percentage (.993) at first base, and led the AL in fielding average five times, then a record. He also batted over .300 nine times, and hit .385 in the 1924 World Series as the Senators won their only championship. At the end of his career he ranked tenth in AL history in hits (2,328) and doubles (431), seventh in games played (2,129), eighth in triples (158) and at bats (7,786), and ninth in walks (958).
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Joe Rudán
József "Joe" Rudán (June 5, 1963, Pécs) is the vocalist of Hungarian heavy metal band Pokolgép since 1990 to 2010. He is also a bass guitarist, but now he doesn't play on bass guitar in any of his current bands.
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Joe Scarborough
Charles Joseph "Joe" Scarborough (; born April 9, 1963) is an American cable news and talk radio host, author, former politician, and Chandler look-alike. He is currently the host of Morning Joe on MSNBC, and previously hosted Scarborough Country on the same channel. Scarborough served in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2001 as a Republican from the 1st district of Florida.
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Joel Murray
:Not to be confused with Joe Murray animator and Joe Murray UK boxer.
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Joel Osteen
Joel Osteen (born March 5, 1963) is an American best-selling author and the senior pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas. His ministry reaches over seven million broadcast media viewers weekly in over 100 nations around the world.
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Joey Dedio
Joey Dedio (born September 11, 1963) is an American film, television, and theatre actor. He is also a producer and screenwriter.
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John B. Connally
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
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John Farrow
John Farrow CBE (10 February 190428 January 1963) was an Australian, later American, film director, producer and screenwriter. In 1957 he won the Academy Award for Best Writing / Best Screenplay for Around the World in Eighty Days and in 1942 he was nominated as Best Director for Wake Island.
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John Lennon
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles and, with Paul McCartney, formed one of the most successful songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.
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John Maurice Clark
John Maurice Clark (30 November 1884 in Northampton, Massachusetts – 27 June 1963 in West Haven, Connecticut) was an American economist whose work combined the rigor of traditional economic analysis with an "institutionalist" attitude.
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John Osteen
John Hillery Osteen (April 5, 1921 – January 23, 1999) was the first pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas from its beginnings in 1959 until his death in 1999 of a heart attack. His son Joel Osteen succeeded him.
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Johnny Depp
John Christopher "Johnny" Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor and musician known for his portrayals of offbeat, eccentric characters such as Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, Raoul Duke in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and Ichabod Crane in Sleepy Hollow.
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Jolanda de Rover
Jolanda de Rover (born 10 October 1963 in Amstelveen, The Netherlands) is a former backstroke swimmer from the Netherlands, who won the gold medal on the 200 backstroke at the 1984 Olympics. In total she won 12 long-course Dutch national titles between 1980-1987. De Rover retired after the 1988 Summer Olympics in South Korea.
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Jon Coffelt
Johnny Lee Coffelt born (May 16, 1963) is an American artist who lives and works in Manhattan in the Financial District of New York City.
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Jon Potter
Jonathan ("Jon") Nicholas Mark Potter (born 19 November 1963 in Paddington, Greater London) is a former field hockey player, who was a member of the golden winning British squad at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Four years earlier, at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he secured the bronze medal with his team.
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Joseph A. Walker
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Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz Tito (born Josip Broz; Cyrillic script: Јосип Броз Тито; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was Secretary-General (later President) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to heroically lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1943–63) and later President (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA).
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José Mourinho
José Mário dos Santos Félix Mourinho, GOIH (; born 26 January 1963 in Setúbal), is a Portuguese football manager and the current manager of Real Madrid in the Spanish La Liga. He has the nickname "The Special One," a self-proclaimed title which was later taken up by the British media.
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Juan Bosch
Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño (30 June 1909, La Vega – 1 November 2001, Santo Domingo) was a politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, educator, and the first cleanly elected president of the Dominican Republic for a brief time in 1963. Previously, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. To this day he is remembered as an honest politician and regarded as one of the most prominent writers in Dominican literature. He is the founder of both the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) in 1939 and the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) in 1973.
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Julian Lennon
John Charles Julian Lennon (born 8 April 1963) is an English musician, songwriter, and photographer. He is also the first of John Lennon's two sons and only child of Lennon's first marriage to Cynthia Powell, with Beatles' manager Brian Epstein as godfather. He was named after John Lennon's late mother, Julia.
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Julie Piekarski
Julie Anne Piekarski (born January 2, 1963, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) is best known for her role on the popular 1980s sitcom The Facts of Life.
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Karl Beattie
Karl Beattie (born c. 1963) is the husband of Yvette Fielding, main presenter of Living TV's Most Haunted , a programme which investigates psychic and paranormal phenomena. Beattie and Fielding co-own Antix Productions, the TV Production Company that produces Most Haunted.
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Karl Bühler
:For the SS officer, see Karl Heinz Bühler
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Karl Malone
MedalCountry|
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Kathy Ireland
Kathleen Marie "Kathy" Ireland (born March 20, 1963) is an American former-model, actress, entrepreneur, CEO and designer of her eponymous brand product marketing company, Kathy Ireland Worldwide.
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Katja Riemann
Katja Hannchen Leni Riemann (born 1 November 1963 in Weyhe-Kirchweyhe, Germany) is a German actress.
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Ken Caminiti
Kenneth Gene Caminiti (April 21, 1963 – October 10, 2004) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball and the 1996 National League Most Valuable Player. He was born in Hanford, California, and attended San Jose State University. He died of a drug overdose on October 10, 2004.
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Kenny Wallace
Kenneth Wallace (born August 23, 1963) is a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and Nationwide Series driver who currently drives the #28 Chevrolet Impala SS for Jay Robinson Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series. He also works as an on-air personality for Speed Channel, on shows such as NASCAR RaceDay and NASCAR Victory Lane. He was also featured on the show on FX. He has two brothers who are also NASCAR drivers: now retired older brother Rusty Wallace and superspeedway specialist Mike Wallace, as well as a nephew Steve Wallace who races in the Nationwide Series, and a niece Chrissy Wallace.
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Kevin Mitnick
Kevin David Mitnick (born August 6, 1963) is a computer security consultant and author. In the late 20th century, he was convicted of various computer- and communications-related crimes. At the time of his arrest, he was the most-wanted computer criminal in the United States.
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Kim Philby
'''Harold Adrian Russell 'Kim' Philby''' (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a spy for and later defected to the Soviet Union. A communist, he served as an NKVD and KGB operative.
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Kim Ung-yong
Kim Ung-Yong (born March 8, 1962) is a former Korean child prodigy. Kim was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records under "Highest IQ"; the book estimated the boy's score at about 210.
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King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early sixth century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.
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Kristina Wagner
Kristina Wagner (born Kristina Crump on October 30, 1963 in Indianapolis) is an American soap opera actress.
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Kurt Zeitzler
Kurt Zeitzler (June 9, 1895 – September 25, 1963) was an officer in the German Reichswehr and its successor the Wehrmacht, most prominent for being the Chief of the Army General Staff from 1942 to 1944.
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Larry Keating
Larry Keating (June 13, 1896 - August 23, 1963) was an American actor born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He is known for his role of next-door neighbor Roger Addison on the television series Mister Ed, which he played from 1961 until his death in 1963. He was one of several actors to play neighbor Harry Morton on The Burns and Allen Show (and its short-lived sequel, The George Burns Show). He was an announcer for NBC in the 1940s, an announcer for ABC radio's This Is Your FBI from 1945 to 1953, and a regular on the short-lived series The Hank McCune Show.
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Lars Ulrich
Lars Ulrich (born December 26, 1963) is a Danish rock drummer, best known as one of the founding members of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Gentofte, Denmark to an upper-middle class family. A tennis player in his youth, Ulrich moved to Los Angeles, California at age seventeen to pursue his training, but instead of playing tennis, he ended up as a drummer. After publishing an advertisement in a local Los Angeles newspaper called The Recycler, Ulrich met James Hetfield and formed Metallica.
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Laura Bennett
For the triathlete, see Laura Bennett (triathlete).
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Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush, and thus the First Lady of the United States from January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2009.
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Laura Davies
Laura Jane Davies CBE (born 5 October 1963 in Coventry, England) is an English professional golfer.
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Lauren Holly
Lauren Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the TV series Picket Fences, as Mary Swanson in the 1994 film Dumb & Dumber, as Jenny Shepard on the TV series NCIS, and her relationship with actor Jim Carrey.
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Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations, the assassin of President of the United States John F. Kennedy, who was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.
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Lena Zavaroni
Lena Hilda Zavaroni (4 November 1963 - 1 October 1999) was a Scottish child singer and a television show host. With her album ''Ma! He's Making Eyes At Me'' at ten years of age, she is the youngest person in history to have an album in the UK album chart top ten. Later in life she hosted TV shows and appeared on stage. She died at the age of 35 after a long battle with anorexia nervosa.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci () (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.
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Leonid Lukov
Leonid Lukov (, 2 May 1909 – 24 April 1963) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter. He directed 25 films between 1930 and 1965. Leonid Lukov was awarded Stalin Prize twice: in 1941 and 1952.
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Les Claypool
Leslie Edward "Les" Claypool (born September 29, 1963 in Richmond, California, U.S.) is a musician, best known as the lead vocalist and bassist in the band Primus. Claypool's funky, creative playing style on the electric bass mixes finger-tapping, flamenco-like strumming, whammy bar bends (unusual on a bass guitar), a Larry Graham-like slap technique, and Geddy Lee influences.
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Li Ning
http://wn.com/Li_Ning -
Lisa Rinna
Lisa Deanna Rinna (born July 11, 1963) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Billie Reed on Days of our Lives, Taylor McBride on Melrose Place, and most recently as the host of SoapNet's Soap Talk.
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Liu Huan
Liu Huan (born August 26, 1963 in Tianjin, China) is a Chinese Mandopop singer and songwriter.
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Lope K. Santos
Lope K. Santos (September 25, 1879 – May 1, 1963) was a Tagalog language writer from the Philippines. Aside from being a writer, he was also a lawyer, politician, critic, labor leader and considered as "Father of the Philippine National Language and Grammar". He was a freemason.
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Louis D. Lighton
Louis D. Lighton (25 November 1895 – 1 February 1963) was an American screenwriter and producer. He wrote for 40 films between 1920 and 1927. He also produced 30 films between 1928 and 1951.
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Louis MacNeice
Frederick Louis MacNeice CBE (12 September 1907 – 3 September 1963) was an Irish poet and playwright. He was part of the generation of "thirties poets" which included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and C. Day Lewis; nicknamed "MacSpaunday" as a group — a name invented by Roy Campbell, in his Talking Bronco (1946). His body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed, but socially and emotionally aware style. Never as overtly (or simplistically) political as some of his contemporaries, his work shows a humane opposition to totalitarianism as well as an acute awareness of his Irish roots.
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Ludde Gentzel
Ludde Gentzel (17 January 1885 – 5 March 1963) was a Swedish film actor. He appeared in 34 films between 1916 and 1955.
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Luis Somoza Debayle
Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle (18 November 1922 13 April 1967) was the 70th President of Nicaragua from 29 September 1956 to 1 May 1963, but was effectively dictator of the country from 1956 until his death. He was born in León.
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Luna H. Mitani
Luna H. Mitani (born December 22, 1963) is a Japanese-American artist. He works in the field of neo-surrealist painting and pen & ink drawing.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. He is one of four Presidents who served in all four elected Federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President and President.
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Malcolm X
Malcolm X (; May 19, 1925 February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (), was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest, and most influential, African Americans in history. In 1998, Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She is the second female laureate in physics, after Marie Curie.
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Mario Fabrizi
Mario Fabrizi (1925, Holborn, London, England – April 6, 1963 in London) was an English comedian and actor of Italian descent active in Britain in the 1950s and early 1960s.
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Marion Sunshine
Marion Sunshine (15 May 1894 – 25 January 1963), was an American actress. She appeared in 26 films between 1908 and 1916.
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Mark Hughes
Leslie Mark Hughes (born 1 November 1963 in Ruabon, Wrexham, Wales), nicknamed Sparky, is a former Welsh international football player and the current manager of Fulham having joined on 29 July 2010. As an international footballer, he made 72 appearances and scored 16 goals.
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Mark Kwok
Mark Kwok Yiu Ming is a TVB actor from 1995. His debuteed in TVB in A Kindred Spirit (1996). He acted in one drama in ATV before moving to TVB.
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Mark McGwire
Mark McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed "Big Mac", is a former Major League Baseball player who played his major league career with the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals. He replaced Hal McRae as the for the St. Louis Cardinals for 2010.
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Markus Wasmeier
Markus Wasmeier (born September 9, 1963, in Schliersee, Bavaria, Germany) is a former alpine ski racer.
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Martín Fiz
Martín Fiz Martín (born 3 March 1963 in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava) is a former long-distance runner from Spain, who won the marathon at the 1994 European Championships in Athletics in Helsinki and repeated his success at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg. The same year he captured the title in the Rotterdam Marathon.
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Matti Nykanen
http://wn.com/Matti_Nykanen -
Mercedes Echerer
Raina A. Mercedes Echerer (born 16 May 1963 in Linz) is an Austrian film and stage actress, host of TV and radio shows, and politician.
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Michael Chiklis
Michael Charles Chiklis (born August 30, 1963) is an American actor, voice actor, occasional director and television producer, currently starring in the television series, No Ordinary Family. Some of the previous roles for which he is best known include Commissioner Tony Scali on the ABC police drama The Commish, LAPD Detective Vic Mackey on the FX police drama The Shield, and the Thing in the Fantastic Four film series''.
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Michael Jordan
Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player, active businessman, and majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. His biography on the National Basketball Association (NBA) website states, "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.
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Michael Tao
Michael Tao Dai Yu (, born 26 August 1963) is a Hong Kong television actor.
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Michael Waltrip
Michael Curtis Waltrip (born April 30, 1963) is a semi-former professional race car driver and co owner of Michael Waltrip Racing. He is the younger brother of Darrell Waltrip, a three-time NASCAR champion, who is now retired. Waltrip is the winner of the 2001 Daytona 500 and the 2003 Daytona 500; he currently drives the 51 NAPA Toyota Camry, and the 55 Aaron's Toyota on a part time basis. He is also a commentator for SPEED TV's coverage of the Camping World Truck Series and is an analyst on the Showtime series "Inside NASCAR" along with Chris Myers, Brad Daugherty and Randy Pemberton.
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Mihály Székely
Mihály Székely (born Jászberény, May 8, 1901; died Budapest, March 22, 1963) was a Hungarian bass singer famous for Mozartian roles.
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Mike Myers (actor)
Michael John "Mike" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a British Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a long-time cast member on the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live in the late 1980s and the early 1990s and starred as the title characters in the films ''Wayne's World, Austin Powers, the Shrek file series, and The Love Guru''.
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Mike Wieringo
Michael Lance "Mike" Wieringo (June 24, 1963 – August 12, 2007), who sometimes signed his work under the name 'Ringo, was an American comic book artist best known for his work on DC Comics' The Flash and Marvel Comics' Fantastic Four.
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Mikhail Khodorkovsky
Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky (, ; born June 26, 1963 in Moscow) is a Russian enterpreneur, businessman, philanthropist, and convicted felon. In 2004, Khodorkovsky was the wealthiest man in Russia, and was the 16th wealthiest man in the world, although much of his wealth evaporated because of the collapse in the value of his holding in the Russian petroleum company Yukos.
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Monte Blue
Monte Blue (January 11, 1887 – February 18, 1963) was a movie actor who began his career as a romantic leading man in the silent film era, and later progressed to character roles.
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Monty Sopp
:"The G-Man" redirects here. For the video game character, see G-Man (Half-Life).
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Monty Woolley
Monty Woolley (August 17, 1888May 6, 1963) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actor. At the age of 50, he achieved a measure of stardom for his best-known role in the stage play and 1942 film The Man Who Came To Dinner. He distinctive white beard was "his trademark."
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Myra Hindley
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Nando Bruno
Nando Bruno (6 October 1895 – 11 April 1963) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 84 films between 1938 and 1961.
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Natalie Merchant
Natalie Anne Merchant (born October 26, 1963) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She joined the alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs in 1981 and left it to begin her solo career in 1993.
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Natsuhiko Kyogoku
is a Japanese mystery writer, who is a member of Ōsawa Office . Two of his novels have been turned into feature films; Mōryō no Hako was also made into an anime TV series. Vertical have published his debut novel as Summer of the Ubume.
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Nazim Hikmet
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Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngô Đình Diệm (, , ), (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam (1955–1963). In the wake of the French withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diệm led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam. Accruing considerable US support due to his staunch anti-Communism, he achieved victory in a 1955 plebiscite that was widely considered fraudulent. Proclaiming himself the Republic's first President, he demonstrated considerable political skill in the consolidation of his power, and his rule proved authoritarian, elitist, nepotistic, and corrupt. A Catholic, Diệm pursued policies that rankled and oppressed the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority. Amid religious protests that garnered worldwide attention, Diệm lost the backing of his US patrons and was assassinated by Nguyen Van Nhung, the aide of ARVN General Dương Văn Minh on November 2, 1963, during a coup d'état that deposed his government. Upon learning of Diệm's ouster and death, Democratic Republic of Vietnam President Ho Chi Minh is reported to have said, "I can scarcely believe the Americans would be so stupid."
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Ngo Dinh Nhu
:For his wife, see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu.
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Ngo Dinh Thuc
http://wn.com/Ngo_Dinh_Thuc -
Nicollette Sheridan
Nicollette Sheridan (born November 21, 1963) is a British television actress. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the American television series Knots Landing and Desperate Housewives.
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Norberto Barba
Norberto Barba (born September 12, 1963) is an American cinematographer and film director who is better known for his collaborations for the ''Law & Order franchise.
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Norm Macdonald
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Ole Olsen (comedian)
John Siguard "Ole" Olsen (6 November 1892 – 26 January 1963) was an American vaudevillian and comedian.
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Oliver La Farge
Oliver Hazard Perry La Farge (December 19, 1901 - August 2, 1963) was an American writer and anthropologist, best known for his 1930 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Laughing Boy.
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Osamu Tezuka
was a Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine. Born in Osaka Prefecture, he is best known as the creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack. He is often credited as the "Godfather of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who served as a major inspiration during his formative years. His prolific output, pioneering techniques, and innovative redefinitions of genres earned him such titles as "the father of manga", "the god of comics" and "kamisama of manga". His grave is located in Tokyo's Souzen-ji Temple Cemetery.
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Oskari Tokoi
Antti Oskari Tokoi (1873–1963) was a Finnish socialist who served as a leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. During the short-lived Revolution of 1918, Tokoi participated as a leading figure in the revolutionary government.
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Ossie Vitt
Oscar Joseph "Ossie" Vitt (January 4, 1890 - January 31, 1963), was a Major League Baseball third baseman in the American League for the Detroit Tigers (1912–1918) and Boston Red Sox (1919–1921). Vitt later became manager of the Cleveland Indians (1938–1940), where he sometimes clashed with his players.
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Otto Harbach
Otto Abels Harbach, born Otto Abels Hauerbach (August 18, 1873 – January 24, 1963) was an American lyricist and librettist of about 50 musical comedies. Some of his more famous lyrics are for "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes", "Indian Love Call" and "Cuddle up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine".
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Park Chan-wook
Park Chan-wook (; born August 23, 1963) is a South Korean film director, screenwriter, producer, and former film critic. One of the most acclaimed and popular filmmakers in his native country, Park is most known for his films Joint Security Area, Thirst and what has become known as The Vengeance Trilogy, consisting of 2002's Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, Oldboy in 2003 and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance in 2005. His films are noted for their immaculate framing and often brutal subject matter.
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Patsy Cline
Patsy Cline (September 8, 1932 – March 5, 1963), born Virginia Patterson Hensley, was an American country music singer who enjoyed pop music crossover success during the era of the Nashville sound in the early 1960s. Since her death in 1963 at age 30 in a private airplane crash at the height of her career, she has been considered one of the most influential, successful, and acclaimed female vocalists of the 20th century.
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Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
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Pauline Ester
Pauline Ester (born Sabrina Ocon, born on 18 December 1963 in Toulouse) is a French singer.
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Peter Arnett
Peter Gregg Arnett, ONZM (born November 13, 1934, Riverton, New Zealand) is a New Zealand-American journalist.
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Peter Schmeichel
Peter Bolesław Schmeichel MBE (born 18 November 1963) is a retired Danish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and was voted the "World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1992 and 1993. He is best remembered for his most successful years at English club Manchester United, whom he captained to the 1999 UEFA Champions League to complete The Treble. He was a key member of the Danish national team that won Euro 92.
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Phil Mills
Phil Mills (born 30 August 1963 in Trefeglwys, Powys) is a Welsh rally racing co-driver. He was winner of the 2003 World Rally Championship (WRC), as co-driver to Petter Solberg.
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Piero Manzoni
Piero Manzoni (July 13, 1933 - February 6, 1963) was an Italian artist best known for his ironic conceptual art. Influenced by the work of Yves Klein, his own work anticipated, and directly influenced, the work of a generation of younger Italian artists brought together by the critic Germano Celant in the first Arte Povera exhibition held in Genoa, 1967 . Manzoni is most famous for a series of artworks that call into question the nature of the art object, directly prefiguring Conceptual Art . His work eschews normal artist's materials, instead using everything from rabbit fur to human excrement in order to "tap mythological sources and to realize authentic and universal values" .
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Pirmin Zurbriggen
Pirmin Zurbriggen (born 4 February 1963) is a former champion alpine ski racer, one of the all-time best. He won the overall World Cup title four times, an Olympic gold medal in 1988 in Downhill, and 9 World Championships medals (4 gold, 4 silver, 1 bronze).
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Pola Gojawiczyńska
Pola Gojawiczyńska, real name Apolonia Gojawiczyńska, née Koźniewska (1 April 1896 – 29 March 1963) was a Polish writer.
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police officer
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Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), known as Blessed John XXIII since his beatification, was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City on 28 October 1958.
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Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
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Preki
Predrag "Preki" Radosavljević (Serbian Cyrillic: Предраг Радосављевић Преки) (born June 24, 1963 in Belgrade) is a Yugoslavian-born, former American international soccer player of Serbian ethnicity. He was head coach of Toronto FC in Major League Soccer, however it was reported on September 14, 2010 that he had had been fired.
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Quentin Tarantino
Quentin Jerome Tarantino (; born March 27, 1963) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and occasional actor. In the early 1990s he began his career as an independent filmmaker whose films used nonlinear storylines and the aestheticization of violence. His most notable films include Reservoir Dogs (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Jackie Brown (1997), Kill Bill (2003–2004), Death Proof (2007) and Inglourious Basterds (2009), all of which enjoyed critical success to varying degrees. His films have earned him an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA and a Palme d'Or and he has been nominated for Emmy and Grammy awards.
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Rafael Correa
Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (; born April 6, 1963) is the President of the Republic of Ecuador and the current President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations. An economist educated in Ecuador, Belgium and the United States, he briefly served as his country's Finance Minister in 2005. He was elected President in late 2006 and took office in January 2007. In December 2008, he declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate because it was contracted by corrupt/despotic prior regimes, pledging to fight creditors in international courts, and succeeded in reducing the price of the debt letters and continued paying all the debt. He brought Ecuador into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in June 2009.
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Randy Couture
Randy Duane Couture (; born June 22, 1963) is an American mixed martial artist, Greco-Roman wrestler, actor, a six-time former heavyweight champion and a three-time light-heavyweight champion of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Couture is the first fighter to hold two UFC championship titles in two different divisions (heavyweight and light heavyweight). Couture has competed in a record 15 title fights. He, along with Matt Hughes and Chuck Liddell hold the record for most UFC fights, with 23. Couture is one of the first members of the UFC Hall of Fame and many consider him to be one of the greatest in MMA history.
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Ratna Pathak
Ratna Pathak Shah (born 18 March 1963) is an Indian actress who works in Bollywood films.
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Red Cross
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Rich Rodriguez
Richard A. Rodriguez (born May 24, 1963 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head football coach for the University of Michigan, a position he has held since the 2008 season. Previously, Rodriguez served as the head coach at Salem University (1988), Glenville State College (1990–1996), and West Virginia University (2001–2007).
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Richard Barthelmess
Richard "Dick" Semler Barthelmess (May 9, 1895 – August 17, 1963) was an Oscar-nominated silent film star.
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Richard Marx
Richard Noel Marx (born September 16, 1963 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American adult contemporary and pop/rock singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. He had a string of hit singles in the late 1980s and 1990s, including "Endless Summer Nights", "Right Here Waiting", "Now and Forever", and "Hazard". Although most of his major hit songs were slow ballads, many of his songs had a classic rock style, such as "Don't Mean Nothing," "Should've Known Better," "Satisfied," and "Too Late To Say Goodbye". Marx placed himself in the record books by being the first solo artist to have his first seven singles hit the Top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart (3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4). His record sales worldwide exceed 30 million. Aside from songs that he has sung himself, he has written, co-written, and produced successful tracks for other artists such as "This I Promise You" by NSYNC and "Dance With My Father" by Luther Vandross. The latter song won several Grammy Awards.
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Rick Allen (drummer)
Richard John Cyril "Rick" Allen (born 1 November 1963) is the drummer for the English hard rock band Def Leppard. He is famous for overcoming the complete amputation of his left arm and continuing to play with the band, which subsequently went on to its greatest popular success worldwide. His fans now call him the "Thunder God".
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Riddell Akua
Michael Riddell Akua (b. January 26, 1963) is a political figure from the Pacific nation of the Republic of Nauru.
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Rikidōzan
, better known as Rikidōzan (Japanese: 力道山, Korean: 역도산, November 14, 1924 – December 15, 1963), was a Korean Japanese professional wrestler, known as the "Father of Puroresu" and one of the most influential men in wrestling history. Initially, he had moved from his native country Korea to Japan to become a sumo wrestler. He was credited with bringing the sport of professional wrestling to Japan at a time when the Japanese needed a local hero to emulate and was lauded as a national hero. Rikidōzan is of similar professional wrestling fame in Japan as Santo in Mexico, Bret Hart in Canada, Big Daddy in the United Kingdom, or Hulk Hogan in the United States.
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Rob Andrew
Christopher Robert "Rob" Andrew MBE (born 18 February 1963 in Richmond, Yorkshire), nicknamed "Squeaky", is a former English rugby union footballer and currently Director of Elite Rugby at the RFU. He was formerly the Director of Rugby of Newcastle Falcons. As a player, Andrew was assured in his kicking and defensive skills off both feet. Andrew also had a brief career in first-class cricket.
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Rob Schneider
Robert Michael "Rob" Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter and director. A stand-up comic and veteran of the NBC sketch-comedy series Saturday Night Live, Schneider went on to a career in feature films, including starring roles in the comedy films , The Hot Chick and Grown Ups.
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Robert Frost
Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
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Roger Désormière
Roger Désormière (born Vichy, 13 September 1898, died Paris 25 October 1963) was a French conductor.
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Rogers Hornsby
Rogers Hornsby (April 27, 1896 – January 5, 1963), nicknamed "The Rajah", was a Major League Baseball second baseman and manager. He spent the majority of his playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals, though after a falling out with Cardinals management he played for and or managed the Chicago Cubs, the Boston Braves, and the New York Giants. He ended his career as the player-manager of the St. Louis Browns.
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Roland Pertwee
Roland Pertwee (17 May 1885 - 26 April 1963) was an English playwright, film and television screenwriter, director and actor. He was the father of both Doctor Who star Jon Pertwee and fellow playwright and screenwriter Michael Pertwee. He is also the uncle of actor Bill Pertwee and the grandfather of actors Sean Pertwee and Dariel Pertwee.
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Ronald Koeman
Ronald Koeman (born 21 March 1963 in Zaandam, Noord-Holland) is a former Dutch footballer and former manager of AZ. He is the younger brother of former Feyenoord coach Erwin Koeman and the son of former Dutch international Martin Koeman. He was renowned for his long-range accuracy, especially in free kicks.
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Ronni Le Tekrø
Ronni Le Tekrø (born Rolf Ågrim Tekrø on October 5, 1963) is a Norwegian guitarist best known for playing with the Norwegian hard rock band TNT and as a solo guitarist.
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Roy Dupuis
Roy Dupuis (born April 21, 1963) is a Canadian actor best known for his role as counterterrorism operative Michael Samuelle in the television series La Femme Nikita. He is one of the most famous actors throughout French-speaking Canada, while throughout English-speaking Canada he has become known for portraying hockey legend Maurice Richard on television and in film, as well as Roméo Dallaire in the 2007 film Shake Hands with the Devil.
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Russell T Davies
Russell T Davies, OBE, (born Stephen Russell Davies, 27 April 1963) is a Welsh television producer and screenwriter whose works include Queer as Folk, Bob & Rose, The Second Coming, Casanova, and the 2005 revival of the classic British science fiction series Doctor Who.
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Russell Wong
Russell Girard Wong (王盛德, pinyin: Wáng Shèngdé; born March 1, 1963) is an American actor and photographer, as well as the brother of actor/model Michael Wong.
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Sam Cooke
Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American gospel, R&B;, soul, and pop singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. He is considered to be one of the pioneers and founders of soul music. He is commonly known as The King of Soul for his unmatched vocal abilities and impact and influence on the modern world of music. His contribution in pioneering Soul music led to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and popularizing the likes of Otis Redding and James Brown.
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Sandy Koufax
Sanford "Sandy" Koufax () (born Sanford Braun, on December 30, 1935) is an American left-handed former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, from to . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972, the youngest former player to receive that honor.
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Satoshi Kon
(October 12, 1963 - August 24, 2010) was a Japanese anime director and mangaka from Kushiro, Hokkaidō and a member of the Japan Animation Creators Association (JAniCA). He was a graduate of the Graphic Design department of the Musashino Art University. He is sometimes credited as in the credits of Paranoia Agent. He was the younger brother of guitarist and studio musician Tsuyoshi Kon.
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Sean Payton
Patrick Sean Payton (born December 29, 1963 in San Mateo, California) is the head coach of the Super Bowl Champion New Orleans Saints. He was previously the quarterbacks coach and later assistant head coach of the Dallas Cowboys until being hired by the Saints on January 17, 2006.
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Slatan Dudow
Slatan Theodor Dudow (, Zlatan Dudov) (30 January 1903 - 12 July 1963) was a Bulgarian born film director and screenwriter who made a number of films in the Weimar Republic and East Germany.
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Sonny Clark
Conrad Yeatis "Sonny" Clark (July 21, 1931 – January 13, 1963) was an American jazz pianist who mainly worked in the hard bop idiom.
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Stark Young
Stark Young (October 11, 1881 - January 6, 1963) was an American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic and essayist.
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Stephen Walkom
Stephen Walkom (born August 8, 1963 in North Bay, Ontario), is a professional National Hockey League referee and formerly served as vice president and director of officiating for the National Hockey League (NHL).
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Steve Blackman
Steve Blackman (born September 28, 1963 in Annville, Pennsylvania) is a retired American professional wrestler who best known for his career in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under his own name.
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Steven Soderbergh
Steven Andrew Soderbergh (; born January 14, 1963) is an American film producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, editor, actor, and an Academy Award-winning film director. He is best known for directing commercial Hollywood films like Erin Brockovich, Traffic, ''Ocean's Eleven'' and the rest of the Ocean's series, but he has also directed smaller less conventional and commercialized works such as Sex, Lies, and Videotape, Schizopolis, Bubble, and Che.
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Susan Ann Sulley
Musical artist
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Sylvanus Olympio
Sylvanus Epiphanio Olympio (6 September 1902 - 13 January 1963) was a Togolese political figure who served as Prime Minister, and then President, of Togo from 1958 until his assassination in 1963.
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Sylvia Plath
Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. Born in Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a professional poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956 and they lived together first in the United States and then England, having two children together: Frieda and Nicholas. Following a long struggle with depression and a marital separation, Plath committed suicide in 1963. Controversy continues to surround the events of her life and death, as well as her writing and legacy.
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Teddy Wakelam
Captain Henry Blythe Thornhill (Teddy) Wakelam (May 8, 1893 - July 10, 1963) was an English sports broadcaster and rugby union player.
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Terri Schiavo
#REDIRECTTerri Schiavo case
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Theodor Heuss
Theodor Heuss (31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a German politician and served as the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1959.
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Theodore Roethke
Theodore Roethke ( ) (May 25, 1908 – August 1, 1963) was an American poet, who published several volumes of poetry characterized by its rhythm and natural imagery. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1954 for his book, The Waking.
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Theodore von Kármán
Theodore von Kármán (original Hungarian name: Szőllőskislaki Kármán Tódor) (May 11, 1881 – May 7, 1963) was a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. He is responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization.
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Thich Quang Duc
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Thomas Brezina
Thomas Brezina (born January 30, 1963 in Vienna), is an Austrian writer of children's books. He is especially known for his series The Knickerbocker Gang and his stories about the talking bike Tom Turbo. He has published over 400 books and his work has been translated into 33 languages. He also hosts several children's programmes on Austrian television.
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Thomas Di Leva
Thomas di Leva, birth name Sven Thomas Magnusson, (born October 23, 1963 in Gävle, Gävleborg County, Gästrikland, Sweden) is a Swedish singer-songwriter and a New Age-spokesman.
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Thoralf Skolem
Thoralf Albert Skolem (23 May 1887 – 23 March 1963) () was a Norwegian mathematician known mainly for his work on mathematical logic and set theory.
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Thích Quảng Ðức
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Till Lindemann
Till Lindemann (born 4 January 1963) is a German musician and poet who is the frontman for the German metal band Rammstein.
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Tim DeKay
Timothy Robert DeKay (born June 12, 1963) is an American character actor. His first on screen acting job was as corporate giant Larry Deon on seaQuest 2032. He was a cast member of the series Party of Five from 1997–1999, Carnivàle from 2003–2005 and Tell Me You Love Me in 2007. He has also guest–starred on a number of top-rated television series, including Seinfeld, Friends, , My Name is Earl, NCIS, and scrubs.
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Todd Carty
Todd Carty (born 31 August 1963) to Irish parents, is an English actor and director, who has grown up on television screens in a variety of roles. His stage work has varied from pantomime to serious drama, as well as radio plays, voiceovers, commercials, narrations and films. He is best known for his roles as Tucker in Grange Hill, Mark Fowler in EastEnders and villainous policeman Gabriel Kent in The Bill.
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Tokugawa Iemasa
Prince , 2nd Prince Tokugawa (March 23, 1884 – February 18, 1963) Japanese political figure of the Taisho and Showa periods. Seventeenth head of the former Tokugawa shogunal house, he held a variety of government positions, including ambassador to Turkey. He was the final president of the House of Peers of Japan, serving from 19 June 1946 until 2 May 1947, when the Allied occupation authorities authorized the current Constitution of Japan abolishing the House of Peers and the institution of the nobility.
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Tony Halme
Tony Christian Halme (January 6, 1963 – January 8, 2010) was a member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the True Finns party. He was also known by the pseudonym Viikinki he used while appearing in the Finnish version of the TV game show American Gladiators in the 1990s (Gladiaattorit). He was also a professional wrestler best known for his appearances with World Wrestling Federation under the name Ludvig Borga, an MMA fighter and a professional boxer who held the Finnish Heavyweight Championship.
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Tony! Toni! Toné!
Tony! Toni! Toné! is an American new jack swing/R&B; group from Oakland, California, popular during the late 1980s and early to mid 1990s. During the band's heyday, it was composed of D'wayne Wiggins on lead vocals and guitar, his brother Raphael Saadiq (born Charles Ray Wiggins) on lead vocals and bass, and their cousin Timothy Christian Riley on drums. Other members were Elijah Baker, Carl Wheeler, Randall Wiggins, and Amar Khalil, who is the current lead singer of the group, and Antron Haile.
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Tori Amos
Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos; August 22, 1963) is an American pianist and singer-songwriter. She was at the forefront of a number of female singer-songwriters in the early 1990s and was noteworthy early in her career as one of the few alternative rock performers to use a piano as her primary instrument. Some of her charting singles include "Crucify", "Silent All These Years", "God", "Cornflake Girl", "Caught a Lite Sneeze", "Professional Widow", "Spark", "1000 Oceans", and "A Sorta Fairytale", her most commercially successful single in the U.S. to date.
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Toshiaki Kawada
(born December 8, 1963) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is most known for his work in All Japan Pro Wrestling. In 2005, he started freelancing in other promotions.
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Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara (; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; –December 25, 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was known best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Under the influence of Adrian Maniu, the adolescent Tzara became interested in Symbolism and co-founded the magazine Simbolul with Ion Vinea (with whom he also wrote experimental poetry) and painter Marcel Janco. During World War I, after briefly collaborating on Vinea's Chemarea, he joined Janco in Switzerland. There, Tzara's shows at the Cabaret Voltaire and Zunfthaus zur Waag, as well as his poetry and art manifestos, became a main feature of early Dadaism. His work represented Dada's nihilistic side, in contrast with the more moderate approach favored by Hugo Ball.
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Troy Hurtubise
Troy James Hurtubise (born November 23, 1963, Hamilton, Ontario) is an inventor and conservationist from North Bay, Ontario, Canada noted for his often bizarre creations that he tests on himself in spectacular ways. Some of these inventions include the Ursus personal armor suit, firepaste, an ablative heatproofing material, various ray generators, and, recently, Trojan, which is a type of body armor.
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Tuff Hedeman
Richard Neale "Tuff" Hedeman (b. 2 March 1963, El Paso, Texas) is a retired 3 time Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) World Champion bull rider, as well as the 1995 Professional Bull Riders (PBR) World Champion, and is the current president of Championship Bull Riding (CBR). He was also the president of the PBR until leaving to go to the CBR, and is also known for having been one of Lane Frost's closest friends.
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Turkish Cypriots
Turkish Cypriots ( ) are the ethnic Turks and members of the Turkish-speaking ethnolinguistic community of the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The term is used to refer explicitly to the indigenous Turkish Cypriots, whose Ottoman Turkish forbears colonised the island in 1571. About 30,000 Turkish soldiers were given land once they settled in Cyprus, which bequeathed a significant Turkish community; today's Turkish Cypriots.
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Tõnu Trubetsky
Tõnu Trubetsky (born 24 April 1963), also known as Tony Blackplait, is an Estonian punk rock/glam punk musician, film and music video director, and individualist anarchist.
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Uwe-Jens Mey
MedalCountry|
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Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova () (born 6 March 1937) is the first woman in space, now a retired Soviet cosmonaut. Out of more than four hundred applicants and then out of five finalists, she was selected to pilot Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963 and become the first woman to fly in space. This also made her the first civilian in space (she was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force as a condition on joining the Cosmonaut Corps). On this mission, lasting almost three days in space, she performed various tests on herself to collect data on the female body's reaction to spaceflight.
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Valerie Plame
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson (born April 19, 1963), known as Valerie Plame, Valerie E. Wilson, and Valerie Plame Wilson, is a former United States CIA Operations Officer and the wife of former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV.
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Valery Levaneuski
Valéry Levanéuski (, , ) - Belarussian political and social activist, former political prisoner. Amnesty International recognizes him as a prisoner of conscience .
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Van Wyck Brooks
Van Wyck Brooks (b. Plainfield, New Jersey, February 16, 1886; d. Bridgewater, Connecticut, May 2, 1963) was an American literary critic, biographer, and historian.
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Vanessa L. Williams
Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American singer and actress. In 1983, she became the first woman of African American descent to be crowned Miss America, but a scandal caused her to relinquish her title early. Williams rebounded by launching a career as an entertainer, earning Grammy, Emmy, and Tony Award nominations.
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded and two weeks after the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The 'Mayaguez incident' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on 12–15 May 1975, marked the last official battle of the United States (U.S.) involvement in the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
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Vijay Singh
Vijay Singh, CF (, ; born 22 February 1963), nicknamed "The Big Fijian", is a Fijian professional golfer who was number one in the Official World Golf Rankings for 32 weeks in 2004 and 2005. He has won three major championships (The Masters in 2000 and the PGA Championship in 1998 and 2004) and was the leading PGA Tour money winner in 2003, 2004 and 2008. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2006. He won the FedEx Cup in 2008.
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Vinny Testaverde
Vincent Frank Testaverde (; born November 13, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York) is a former Italian-American quarterback who last played for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. Testaverde has previously played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens, New York Jets, Dallas Cowboys, and the New England Patriots. He led the Jets to the AFC Championship game in 1998. Testaverde holds the NFL record for having thrown a touchdown pass in 21 consecutive seasons. Testaverde also holds the record for most losses by a starting quarterback with 123. In addition, he holds the NFL record for throwing touchdown passes to 70 different players. Also, he holds the second highest completion percentage in a single game during the regular season (at least 20 attempts) at 91.3% (21/23), in 1993 vs. the LA Rams (Kurt Warner is the first, with 24/26 for 92.3%). As a University of Miami quarterback, he won the Heisman Trophy in 1986.
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Vivian Malone
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Vytautas Juozapaitis
Vytautas Juozapaitis (born December 14, 1963 in Radviliskis, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian singer (baritone), recipient of Lithuanian National Prize, a soloist of Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre and Kaunas State Musical Theatre, a professor of Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre and a docent of Vilnius College of Higher Education, and a television personality. He has performed in many international venues.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor.
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Wally Dallenbach Jr.
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Walt Disney
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist. Disney is famous for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. As the co-founder (with his brother Roy O. Disney) of Walt Disney Productions, Disney became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation he co-founded, now known as The Walt Disney Company, today has annual revenues of approximately U.S. $35 billion.
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Wanda Hawley
Wanda Hawley (a.k.a. Wanda Petit), (July 30, 1895 – March 18, 1963) was a veteran of the silent screen films era. She entered the theatrical profession with an amateur group in Seattle, and later toured the U.S. and Canada as a singer. She co-starred with Rudolph Valentino in the 1922's The Young Rajah, and rose to stardom in a number of Cecil B. DeMille and director Sam Wood's films.
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Warwick Capper
Warwick Capper (born 12 June 1963) is a retired high profile professional Australian rules football full-forward who played with the Sydney Swans with a short stint at the Brisbane Bears in the VFL (now AFL).
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Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis (May 31, 1963 – August 21, 2003) was a busker, musician, comedian and artist from Chicago. A diagnosed chronic schizophrenic, he gained an enormous cult following in the 1990s after releasing several hundred songs of simple but unique music, with emphasis on his humorous, bizarre, and frequently obscene lyrics. In addition to his large body of solo musical work, Willis fronted the punk rock band the Wesley Willis Fiasco. He was also a visual artist long before his forays into music, and produced hundreds of intricate, unusual, colored ink-pen drawings, most of them of Chicago streetscapes and CTA buses.
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Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American R&B;/Pop singer, actress, and former fashion model. A relative of several soul singers, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and close family friend Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing at her New Jersey church as a member of a junior gospel choir at age eleven. After she began performing alongside her mother at night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston has released studio albums and movie soundtrack albums throughout her career, all of which have had diamond, multi-platinum, platinum, or gold certification.
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Wilcy Moore
William Wilcy "Cy" Moore (May 20, 1897 - March 29, 1963) was a former professional baseball right-handed pitcher over parts of six seasons (1927-1933) with the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. He led the American League in ERA as a rookie in 1927 while playing for New York.
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Wilhelm Beiglböck
Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Beiglböck (born October 10, 1905, Hochneukirchen, Lower Austria, Austria – November 22, 1963, Buxtehude, Lower Saxony, Germany) was an internist and held the title of Consulting Physician to the German Luftwaffe during World War II.
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William C. Mellor
William C. Mellor, A.S.C. (29 June 1903 – 30 April 1963) was a cinematographer who worked at Paramount, MGM and 20th Century Fox during a career that spanned three decades.
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William Gaxton
William Gaxton (December 2, 1893 - February 2, 1963) was a star of vaudeville, film, and theatre.
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Wilson Yip
Wilson Yip Wai-Shun () is a Hong Kong actor, filmmaker and screenwriter. His films include Bio Zombie, The White Dragon, , Dragon Tiger Gate, Flash Point, and Ip Man.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as prime minister twice (1940–1945 and 1951–1955). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to be recognised as an honorary citizen of the United States.
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Wyndham Standing
Wyndham Standing (23 August 1880 – 1 February 1963) was an English film actor. He appeared in 131 films between 1915 and 1948. He delivered a memorable performance in ''Hell's Angels'' as the commanding officer who gets fed up with the cowardly antics of Ben Lyon and James Hall just before sending them off on a deadly bombing mission.
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Yasujiro Ozu
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Yngwie Malmsteen
Yngwie Johann Malmsteen ( ; born June 30, 1963) is a Swedish guitarist, composer, multi-instrumentalist and bandleader. Malmsteen became famous and very influential for his neo-classical approach in heavy metal music. He is often considered one of the most talented rock guitarists of all time and is considered to be a pioneer of shred guitar.
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Yvette Fielding
Yvette Fielding (born 23 September 1968) is a British broadcaster, producer and actress. She best known for being the presenter of the TV shows Blue Peter, Most Haunted and Ghosthunting with....
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ZaSu Pitts
ZaSu Pitts (; January 3, 1894– June 7, 1963) was an American actress who starred in many silent dramas and comedies, although later, her career digressed to comedy sound films. She overcame her looks and voice, which had served her in silent films to play dramatic roles, using them to craft her persona in talkie comedies.
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Édith Piaf
Édith Piaf (; 19 December 1915 – 11 October 1963), born Édith Giovanna Gassion, was a French singer and cultural icon who became universally regarded as France's greatest popular singer. Her singing reflected her life, with her specialty being ballads. Among her songs are "La Vie en rose" (1946), "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Milord" (1959), "La Foule" (1957), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), and "Padam... Padam..." (1951).
http://wn.com/Édith_Piaf
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Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority) is the capital city of Ethiopia. (In Ethiopian languages: Amharic, Addis Abäba "new flower"; Oromo, Finfinne; Ge'ez ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the largest city in Ethiopia, with a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2007 population census.
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Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
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Aldermaston
Aldermaston () is a rural village, civil parish and electoral ward in Berkshire, South East England, with a population of 927. The village is on the southern edge of the River Kennet flood plain, near the Hampshire county boundary. It is equidistant from Newbury, Basingstoke and Reading and west of London.
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Bahá'í World Centre
The '''Bahá'í World Centre''' is the name given to the spiritual and administrative centre of the Bahá'í Faith. The World Centre consists of the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh near Acre, Israel, the Shrine of the Báb and its gardens on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel, and various other buildings in the area including the Arc buildings.
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Bali
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island.
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham (, ) is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to an estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2007, Birmingham had a population of about 229,800. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area, in estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2009, had a population of about 1,212,848. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area contains about one-quarter of the entire population of Alabama.
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Camden, Tennessee
Camden is a city in Benton County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,828 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Benton County.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Canton, Ohio
Canton is the county seat of Stark County in northeastern Ohio, approximately south of Akron and south of Cleveland.
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Cape Cod
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is an island and a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. It is coextensive with Barnstable County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, and Seconsett Island, are also in Barnstable County, being part of municipalities with land on the Cape. The Cape's small-town character and large beachfront attract heavy tourism during the summer months.
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Chad
Chad (, Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (; , Kýpros, ; ), – officially the Republic of Cyprus (, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, ; ) – is a Eurasian island country in the Eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
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Dallas, Texas
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Dartford Tunnel
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Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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Detroit, Michigan
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
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Elkton, Maryland
Elkton is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 11,893 as of the 2000 census and 14,842 according to current July 2008 census estimates. It is the county seat of Cecil County. It was formerly called Head of Elk because it is located at the head of navigation on the Elk River, which flows into the nearby Chesapeake Bay.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Federation of Malaya
The Federation of Malaya (), is the name given to a federation of 11 states that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963. Comprising the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca, it was eventually superseded by Malaysia.
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Fitchville, Ohio
Fitchville is an unincorporated community in Fitchville Township, Huron County, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Norwalk Micropolitan Statistical Area. Fitchville is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 250, State Route 13, and State Route 162. The community has no post office of its own and is assigned the New London zip code of 44851.
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Florida Everglades
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Fort-Lamy
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Fuji TV
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Haifa
Haifa ( ; ) is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 265,000. Another 300,000 people (almost all of them Jewish) live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, and Nesher. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area. Haifa has a mixed population of Jews and Arabs, although Jews make up a 90% majority. The Arab population used to be predominantly Christian, while 28% of the Jewish population is from the Former Soviet Union. It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Harrah's Lake Tahoe
'''Harrah's Lake Tahoe''', is a resort casino, in South Lake Tahoe, at Stateline, Nevada. It is branded with the name of its former owner William Fisk Harrah and owned by Harrah's Entertainment. The 18-story tower and 525 rooms, plus of casino make it one of the largest resorts at South Lake Tahoe.
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Hispaniola
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española) is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east, directly within the hurricane belt. Hispaniola is perhaps most famous as the site of the first European colonies in the New World, colonies founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493. It is the tenth most populous island in the world, and the most populous in the Americas. It is the 22nd largest island in the world.
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Hue Vesak shootings
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Iceland
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Ich bin ein Berliner
"Ich bin ein Berliner" (translation: "I am a citizen of Berlin") is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. He was underlining the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after the Soviet-supported Communist state of East Germany erected the Berlin Wall as a barrier to prevent movement between East and West.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), often abbreviated Indy (), is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. The United States Census estimated the city's population, excluding the included towns, at 807,584 in 2009. It is Indiana's largest city and is the 14th largest city in the U.S., the third largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago and Detroit), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also the fastest growing region in the Midwest.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, or Jackson City, is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is one of two county seats of Hinds County (the town of Raymond is the other), but the city also contains areas in Madison and Rankin counties. During the 90s Jackson saw a decline in population while its suburbs boomed. Sometimes the city is credited with going through the stages the city of Atlanta went through 70s-90s with its suburbs. Jackson including its surrounding suburbs boast a strong economy as well as population. The 2000 census recorded Jackson's population at 184,256, but according to July 1, 2008 estimates, the city's population was 173,861 and its five-county Jackson metropolitan area had a population of 628,817. The Jackson-Yazoo City combined statistical area, consisting of the Jackson metropolitan area and Yazoo City micropolitan area, has a population of over 600,000, making it the 88th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and is the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, a region of over two million people. The city is part of the "Unified Government" which also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 146,867. The city is situated at Kaw Point, which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers.
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Kyūshū
or Kyushu is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternate ancient names include Kyūkoku (九国 Nine States), Chinzei (鎮西 West of the Pacified Area), and Tsukushi-no-shima (筑紫島 Island of Tsukushi). The historical regional name Saikaidō (西海道 West Sea Circuit) referred to Kyūshū and its surrounding islands.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Mariehamn
Mariehamn () is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland, and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city. Like all of Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around {{Formatnum: of the inhabitants speak it as their native language.
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Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in and the county seat of Midland County, Texas, United States, on the Southern Plains of the state's western area. A small portion of the city extends into Martin County. As of 2009 , the estimated population of Midland was 108,668. It is the principal city of the Midland, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Midland County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa, Texas Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 266,941 as of July 1, 2009. People in Midland are called Midlanders.
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Montreal
Montreal (; pronounced in French, in English) is the second-largest city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mont-Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, whose name was also initially given to the island on which the city is located, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French, (Mont Royal in present French).
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Montreal, Quebec
http://wn.com/Montreal_Quebec -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mount Carmel
Mount Carmel (, Har HaKarmel (lit. God's vineyard); , Kármēlos; , Kurmul) is a coastal mountain range in northern Israel stretching from the Mediterranean Sea towards the southeast. Archaeologists have discovered ancient wine and oil presses at various locations on Mt. Carmel. The range is a UNESCO biosphere reserve and a number of towns are located there, most notably the city of Haifa, Israel's third largest city, located on the northern slope.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Borneo
North Borneo was a British protectorate under the sovereign North Borneo Chartered Company from 1882 to 1946. After the war it became a crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1946 to 1963, known in this time as British North Borneo. It is located on the northeastern end of the island of Borneo. It is now the state of Sabah, East Malaysia. The last Governor of North Borneo was William Allmond Codrington Goode who held office from 1959 to 1963.
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Norwich
Norwich ( or ) is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the second largest city in England, after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom.
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Ostankino Tower
Ostankino Tower (, Ostankinskaya telebashnya) is a free-standing television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia. Standing tall, Ostankino was designed by Nikolai Nikitin. It is a member of the World Federation of Great Towers, currently the tallest in Europe and 3rd tallest in the world. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed in height. The tower was constructed to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the October Revolution. It is named after the Ostankino district of Moscow in which it is located.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Red Cross
http://wn.com/Red_Cross -
Republic of Congo
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Congo -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. In spite of its status as a Malaysian state, Sabah remains a disputed territory; the Philippines has a dormant claim over much of the eastern part of the territory. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah, the land below the wind", because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines.
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Saigon
http://wn.com/Saigon -
Sarawak
Sarawak () is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the Hornbills"), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, Sabah, lies to the northeast.
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Senegal
Senegal (), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, ), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Skopje
Skopje (, ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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South Yemen
The '''People's Democratic Republic of Yemen — also referred to as Democratic Yemen, South Yemen-South Arabia, or Yemen (Aden)''' — was a socialist republic in the present-day southern and eastern Provinces of Yemen. It united with the Yemen Arab Republic, commonly known as North Yemen, on May 22, 1990 to form the current Republic of Yemen.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Stockholm
Stockholm () is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the Riksdag (parliament), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace outside of Stockholm and uses the Royal Palace of Stockholm as his workplace and official residence. As of 2009, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden with a population of 829,417 in the municipality (2009), 1.25 million in the urban area (2005), and 2 million in the 6650 km² large metropolitan area (2009).
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
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Toledo, Ohio
Toledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County. The municipality is located in northwest Ohio on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory; then re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of theToledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. Toledo grew quickly as a result of the Miami and Erie Canal and its position on the railway line between New York and Chicago. It has since become a city well known for its industry, particularly in glass and auto assembly (Jeep headquarters and related auto parts production), as well as for its art community, education, and local sports teams.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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U.S.
http://wn.com/US -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Yokohama
() is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū. It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Jugoslavija; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југославија) is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century.
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Zanzibar
Zanzibar () is a semi-autonomous part of the United Republic of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Zanzibar was once a separate state with a long trading history within the Arab world; it united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania in 1964 and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site. The name comes from the Persian zang () meaning "rust" (politically correct equivalent for "black") and bar () meaning "land".
http://wn.com/Zanzibar
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Snow (1963)
(Viewers are advised to use the 'watch in high quality' option for this video). 'Snow' is available to buy as part of the BFI DVD 'Geoffrey Jones: The Rhythm of Film' - filmstore.bfi.org.uk Comprising train and track footage quickly shot just before a heavy winter's snowfall was melting, the award-winning classic that emerged from the cutting-room compresses British Rail's dedication to blizzard-battling into a thrilling eight-minute montage cut to music. Tough-as-boots workers struggling to keep the line clear are counterpointed with passengers' buffet-car comforts. In a mere half-dozen films released between 1959 and 1975, director Geoffrey Jones revealed himself as an outstanding talent, embracing industrial filmmaking as consistent with a personal style, blending movement and sound into a joyous, rhythmic whole. Brilliantly aided by Wolfgang Suschitzky's shimmering camerawork, the Oscar-nominated 'Snow' is Jones' masterpiece. It's crisply invigorating enough to induce brief amnesia about our trains' notorious inability to cope with the white stuff - then and now. (Patrick Russell) For more information about 'Snow' see www.screenonline.org.ukYou can watch over 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge in the Mediatheque at BFI Southbank, London and at the new QUAD centre for art and film in Derby - www.bfi.org.uk www.derbyquad.co.uk
http://wn.com/Snow_1963
December, 1963 (Oh What A Night) - Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: handsmlake
Song is from the 1975 album "Who Loves You" and the single was released the same year. In March of 1976, the song was #1 on the Billboard Charts.
http://wn.com/December,_1963_Oh_What_A_Night__Frankie_Valli_the_Four_Seasons
The Beatles come to town - RARE 1963 (color)
the Beatles perform in manchester, 1963... some clips before the concert! enjoy.
http://wn.com/The_Beatles_come_to_town__RARE_1963_color
Beach Boys - Surfin' USA (1963 clip with David Marks!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 19 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 19 Jan 2012
- Author: SixtiesPopGoldExtra
As I understand, this was their first appearance on syndicated TV (Red Skelton Show). Don't forget to check out my other channels: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Beach_Boys__Surfin'_USA_1963_clip_with_David_Marks!
Civil Rights Roundtable 1963
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:11
- Published: 06 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 19 Jan 2012
- Author: DocChannel
Marlon Brando, James Baldwin, Harry Belafonte, Charlton Heston, Joseph Minklelwitz, and Sidney Poitier, talk about the Civil Rights Movement of 1963.
http://wn.com/Civil_Rights_Roundtable_1963
Steve Allen show, Frank Zappa Playing music on a Bicycle 1963
Frank is on the Steve Allen show, playing music using a bicycle.
http://wn.com/Steve_Allen_show,_Frank_Zappa_Playing_music_on_a_Bicycle_1963
The Trashmen : Surfin' Bird ( 1963 )
In a little over two minutes, The Trashmen changed the face of rock and roll forever. "Surfin' Bird" reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100. It is a combination of two R&B hits by The Rivingtons, "Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow" and "The Bird's the Word". www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Trashmen__Surfin'_Bird__1963_
![The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night) [with lyrics]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120123214143im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/nDxhugRKZ8g/0.jpg "The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night) [with lyrics]")
The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night) [with lyrics]
Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons' 1975 hit "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" with lyrics below. Enjoy and please leave your comments! LYRICS: Oh, what a night Late December back in sixty-three What a very special time for me As I remember what a night. Oh, what a night You know I didn't even know her name But I was never gonna be the same What a lady, what a night. Oh I, I got a funny feelin' when she walked in the room Yeah my, as I recall it ended much too soon. Oh, what a night Hypnotizin', mesmerizing me She was ev'rything I dreamed she'd be Sweet surrender, what a night. I felt a rush like a rollin' ball of thunder Spinnin' my head around 'n' takin' my body under Oh what a night. Oh I, I got a funny feelin' when she walked in the room Yeah my, as I recall it ended much too soon. Oh what a night, why'd it take so long to see the light Seemed so wrong, but now it seems so right What a lady, what a night. Oh, I felt a rush like a rollin' ball of thunder Spinnin' my head around 'n' takin' my body under Oh what a night (do do do do do, do do do do do) Oh what a night (do do do do do, do do do do do) Oh what a night (do do do do do, do do do do do) Oh what a night (do do do do do, do do do do do PROPERTY OF WARNER MUSIC GROUP. I DO NOT OWN THIS SONG OR INTEND TO INFRINGE THE COPYRIGHT.
http://wn.com/The_Four_Seasons__December,_1963_Oh,_What_a_Night_ with_lyrics
"1963" (1987 version) New Order
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Published: 09 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: 4urlisteningpleasure
Reposted
http://wn.com/1963_1987_version_New_Order
Skeeter Davis - The End Of The World (1963)
UK hit in 1963 for Skeeter Davis
http://wn.com/Skeeter_Davis__The_End_Of_The_World_1963
The Beatles- She Loves You (1963 Live)
The Beatles
http://wn.com/The_Beatles_She_Loves_You_1963_Live
November 22, 1963 Reaction to President Kennedy's death.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Published: 30 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: CircuitBreaker1582
This was the evening of November 22, 1963. On this part there is much reaction to the assassination of President Kennedy(which was a little less than 5 hours before this report). Chet Huntley introduces a segment about the events of the day, starting with reaction of a crowd of people near reporter Gabe Pressman's car in New York City. Later there are scenes of the motorcade and events in Dallas. Dave Wiegman's famous footage is seen with other film of the motorcade. An interview of Charles Brehm is also on this youtube entry. After the interview of Charles Brehm is a political reaction by Chet Huntley on the events of the day. Scenes of Washington are next on this clip. And last on this entry is a comment on the reaction of Senator Edward Kennedy on the shooting of his brother. Senator Jennings Randolph of West Virginia is seen at the end of the clip.
http://wn.com/November_22,_1963_Reaction_to_President_Kennedy's_death
*Barbie* Commercial ~ 1963
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 31 Mar 2007
- Uploaded: 05 Jan 2012
- Author: crakkerjakk
'Barbie', 'Ken', & 'Midge' Mattel dolls. Early 1960's retromercial introducing Barbie's best friend, Midge.
http://wn.com/*Barbie*_Commercial_~_1963
Lesley Gore - It's My Party (1965)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 08 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Jan 2012
- Author: filipeschuler
Hollywood A Go Go - 1965 --------------------------- It's My Party Lesley Gore --- (chorus) It's my party and i'll cry if i want to Cry if i want to Cry if i want to You would cry too if it's happened to you Nobody knows where my johnny has gone But judy left the same time Why was he holding her hand When he's supposed to be mine (chorus) Play all my records keep dancing all night But leave me alone for a while 'till Johnny's dancing with me I've got no reason to smile (chorus) Judy and Johnny just walked through that door Like a queen with her king Oh what a birthday surprise Judy's wearing his ring (chorus)
http://wn.com/Lesley_Gore__It's_My_Party_1965
The Beatles Christmas Record
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 05 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: PUKEsleepTUBE
December 6, 1963 (Lyntone LYN 492) Description: Amongst christmas greetings and other things other things a comical rendition of "Good King Wenceslas" and towards the end the chorus from "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Marks). SOURCE: www.norwegianwood.org
http://wn.com/The_Beatles_Christmas_Record
The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 04 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: LesterTheNightfly2
www.youtube.com to watch with better quality ...what a very special time for me [Original Version] Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons in 1975.
http://wn.com/The_Four_Seasons__December,_1963_Oh,_What_a_Night
Cannonball Adderley - Jive Samba - 1963
Cannonball Adderley - alto sax Nat Adderley - cornet Yusef Lateef - tenor sax, oboe, flute Joe Zawinul - piano Sam Jones - bass Louis Hayes - drums
http://wn.com/Cannonball_Adderley__Jive_Samba__1963
One Got Fat 1963 Bicycle Safety
1963 Bicycle Safety Film entitled "One Got Fat". A group of monkey-masked kids decide to ride their bikes to the park for a picnic. Along the way, one by one, the kids are knocked out of the ride due to careless or unsafe riding. Narration by Edward Everett Horton of "Fractured Fairytales" (Old Rocky and Bullwinkle) fame.
http://wn.com/One_Got_Fat_1963_Bicycle_Safety
Doctor Who: The Doctor Who Themes 1963 - 2010 (Every Doctor Who Theme)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Published: 14 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: BrianRimmer
Doctor Who: The Doctor Who Themes 1963 - 2010. -- Doctor Who Theme composed by Ron Grainer -- The Themes: 1. William Hartnell (1963 - 1966) (Arrangement: Delia Derbyshire) 2. Patrick Troughton (1966 - 1969) (Arrangement: Delia Derbyshire) 3. Jon Pertwee (Version 1: 1970 - 1973) -- Featuring the 'Delaware' theme -- (Arrangement: Paddy Kingsland, Brian Hodgson & Delia Derbyshire) 4. Jon Pertwee (Version 2: 1973 -1974) (Arrangement: Delia Derbyshire) 5. Tom Baker (Version 1: 1974 - 1980) (Arrangement: Delia Derbyshire) 6. Tom Baker (Version 2: 1980 -1981) (Arrangement: Peter Howell) 7. Peter Davison (1981 - 1984) (Arrangement: Peter Howell) 8. Colin Baker (1984 - 1986) -- Featuring the 'Trial Of A Time Lord' theme -- (Arrangement: Dominic Glynn) 9. Sylvester McCoy (1987 - 1989) (Arrangement: Keff McCulloch) 10. Paul McGann (1996) (Arrangement: John Debney) 11. Christopher Eccleston (2005) (Arrangement: Murray Gold) 12. David Tennant (2005 - 2010) -- Featuring the 'Voyage Of The Damned' theme -- (Arrangement: Murray Gold) 13. Matt Smith (2010 - ?) (Arrangement: Murray Gold) The closing montage of the Doctors features a remix of the 1986 theme called: 'Doctor Who (Extended Theme Remix)' by Dominic Glynn. Worth noting is there have been other minor remixes / variations to both the themes & titles over the years. I recommend Mark Ayres' excellent online article 'A History of the Doctor Who Theme' for more information. The pages on TARDIS Index File & Wikipedia regarding the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Doctor_Who_The_Doctor_Who_Themes_1963__2010_Every_Doctor_Who_Theme
About Fallout (1963)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:34
- Published: 30 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 12 Jan 2012
- Author: nuclearvault
Discusses the physics, effects and defense against nuclear fallout. Describes the phenomena of natural radiation and the dangers of fallout. Explains the value of time, distance and mass in weakening the effect of residual radiation. Examines the effects of radiation on the body, food and water. Underscores adequate shelter and prescribed decontamination measures. stock shots: x-ray machine; hospital; animation of nuclear blast; gamma rays; nuclear explosion in desert; animation of weather balloons; fallout shelters; hand washing; sign: Fallout Shelter; suburban development; manuals to build a home fallout shelter; Geiger counter; Shows man brushing off fallout dust. symptoms of radiation sickness; woman with radiation sickness; Voiceovers: How to open food packages that are covered in fallout dust: "If water for washing is in short supply, canned goods that may have been exposed to fallout may be handled safely with a piece of paper towel." "There is another widespread legend, the fear that fallout spells death to all life on earth. The plain fact is that even if a great number of nuclear weapons were exploded, the resulting fallout would cover only a small area of the world's total land mass." "The real concern is this . . . how do we protect ourselves?" "If there is a nuclear attack and you survive the initial explosion, you will have at least a half hour to get to a public or home fallout shelter." "If you're among those compelled to travel throughout a fallout area <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/About_Fallout_1963
1963 Timesharing: A Solution to Computer Bottlenecks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:38
- Published: 07 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Jan 2012
- Author: ComputerHistory
[Recorded: May 9, 1963] This vintage film features MIT Science Reporter John Fitch at the MIT Computation Center in an extended interview with MIT professor of computer science Fernando J. Corbato. The film was co-produced by WGBH (Boston) and MIT. The prime focus of the film is timesharing, one of the most important developments in computing, and one which has come in and out of favor several times over the last several decades as the dichotomy between remote and centrally-managed computing resources played out; the latest incarnation for centrally-managed computing resources is known as cloud computing. Timesharing as shown in this film, was a novel concept in the early 1960s. Driven by a desire to more efficiently use expensive computer resources while increasing the interactivity between user and computer (man and machine), timesharing was eventually taken up by industry in the form of special timesharing hardware for mainframe and minicomputer computer systems as well as in sophisticated operating systems to manage multiple users and resources. Corbato describes how after the mid-1950s, when computers began to become reliable, the next big challenge to improve productivity and efficiency was the development of computer languages, FORTRAN being an example. One of the next bottlenecks in computing, according to Corabto, was the traditional batch processing method of combining many peoples computer jobs into one large single job for the computer to process at one time <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/1963_Timesharing_A_Solution_to_Computer_Bottlenecks
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23 Jan 2012
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12 Jan 2012
Allen and Anita Kohl of the Kohl's department store family have sold their Santa Monica penthouse for $10.5 million. The condo takes up the top floor of the building and has 360-degree views. The...
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Parasmani (1963)
19 Jan 2012
The Hindu
This was a movie that launched Laxmikant Shantaram Kudalkar and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma. They created some fascinating music which transformed an average film into a huge hit. Parasmani was more about these composers than Mahipal and Geetanjali, the key protagonists of this musical drama. Six...
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size: 3.4Kb
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
9:39 p.m. Updated: 9:22 p.m. 8:30 p.m. 8:03 p.m. 6:48 p.m. 6:40 p.m. Updated: 6:12 p.m. 6:10 p.m. Updated: 5:39 p.m. 4:42 p.m. 4:26 p.m. 4:12 p.m....
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Foreign Policy
By LTG John H. Cushman, U.S. Army (Retired) Best Defense guest columnist On 1 July 1963, a lieutenant colonel on my first tour in Vietnam, I became senior advisor to the commander of the 21st Infantry Division of the South Vietnamese Army. His headquarters, and my MAAG Advisory Team 51, were located...
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size: 11.7Kb
The Beat
Ruminating on the year past, cartoonist/educator Steve Bissette considers the story of how creator owned comics can be sunk by just one stuck cog — in this case a rather large cog named Alan Moore. Just to bring everyone up to speed, 1963 was a very early Image project re-imagining the origins...
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VIDEO | Christmas choirs of 1979 and 1963
21 Dec 2011
December 9th, 1963
09 Dec 2011
Irish Times
JOE JOYCE FROM THE ARCHIVES:�The All Blacks beat Ireland by a single point, 6-5, on their fifth visit to this country in 1963, as described by Terence de Vere White in this front page piece. THE ABSENCE of rain all day had been the only incongruous note when we saw our 15 selected victims run onto...
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Bill Minutaglio scores a deal for Dallas 1963
08 Dec 2011
__NOTOC__
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
January–February – Heavy snowfall causes many houses and buildings to collapse in northwestern Japan, with at least 231 reported dead from January through February. An express train delayed 106 hours 30 minutes arrived at Tokyo, because of heavy snow and adverse weather.
January 1
* Osamu Tezuka's ''Tetsuwan Atomu (Astro Boy)'', Japan's first serialized animated series based on the popular manga, debuts on Japanese television station Fuji TV.
* Bogle-Chandler case: CSIRO scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cove River, Sydney.
January 8 – Leonardo da Vinci's ''Mona Lisa'' is exhibited in the United States for the first time, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C..
January 14
George C. Wallace becomes governor of Alabama. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!"
* The locomotive ''Flying Scotsman'' (British Railways No. 60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of Alan Pegler for preservation.
January 22 – France and Germany sign the Elysée Treaty.
January 26 – The Australia Day shootings rock Perth, Western Australia; 2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured by Eric Edgar Cooke.
January 28 – African American student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson University in South Carolina, the last U.S. state to hold out against racial integration.
January 29 – French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdom's entry into the EEC.
February 8 – Travel, financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to Cuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.
February 10 – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Kyūshū are merged and become the city of Kitakyūshū, with a population of more than 1 million.
February 11 – The CIA's Domestic Operations Division is created.
* The Beatles record their debut album Please Please Me in a single session.
February 12 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes in the Florida Everglades killing all 43 persons aboard.
February 19 – The publication of Betty Friedan's ''The Feminine Mystique'' launches the reawakening of the Women's Movement in the United States as women's organizations and consciousness-raising groups spread.
February 21 – An earthquake destroys the village of Barce, Libya, killing 900.
February 27
* Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.
* Female suffrage is enacted in Iran.
February 28 – Dorothy Schiff resigns from the New York Newspaper Publisher's Association, feeling that the city needs at least one paper. Her paper, the New York Post, resumes publication on March 4.
March
* Iron Man debuts in Marvel Comics's Tales of Suspense #39.
* The divorce case of the Duke and Duchess of Argyll causes scandal in the United Kingdom.
March 4 – In Paris, 6 people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons 5 of them but the other conspirator is executed by firing squad a few days later.
March 5 – In Camden, Tennessee, country music superstar Patsy Cline (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas and Cline's manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit performance in Kansas City, Kansas for country radio disc jockey "Cactus" Jack Call.
March 16 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali, killing 11,000.
March 18 – ''Gideon v. Wainwright'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the poor must have lawyers.
March 21 – The Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay closes; the last 27 prisoners are transferred elsewhere at the order of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
March 22 – The Beatles release their first album ''Please Please Me''.
March 23 – ''Dansevise'' by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann (music by Otto Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 for Denmark.
March 27 – In Britain, Dr. Beeching issues a report calling for huge cuts to the UK's rail network.
March 31 – The 1962 New York City newspaper strike ends after 114 days.
April 1 – The longrunning soap opera ''General Hospital'' debuted on ABC.
April 3 – SCLC volunteers kick off the Birmingham campaign (Birmingham, Alabama) against racial segregation in the United States with a sit-in.
April 7 – Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a socialist republic, and Josip Broz Tito is named President for Life.
April 8 – The 35th Academy Awards ceremony is held.
April 9 – Winston Churchill becomes honary citizen of the United States
April 10 – The U.S. nuclear submarine ''Thresher'' sinks east of Cape Cod; all 129 crewmen die.
April 12
* Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for "parading without a permit".
* The Soviet nuclear powered submarine ''K-33'' collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S ''Finnclipper'' in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to port.
April 15 – 70,000 marchers arrive in London from Aldermaston, to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.
April 16 – Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his ''Letter from Birmingham Jail''.
April 20 – In Quebec, Canada, members of the terrorist group Front de libération du Québec, bomb a Canadian Army recruitment center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O'Neill.
April 21–April 23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Bahá'í Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Bahá'í World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.
April 22 – Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.
April 28 – A general election is held in Italy.
April 29 – Buddy Rogers becomes the first WWF Champion.
May 1 – The Coca-Cola Company introduces its first diet drink, TaB cola.
May 2
* Thousands of African Americans, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.
* Berthold Seliger launches near Cuxhaven a 3 stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).
May 4 – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, Senegal kills 64.
May 8
* ''Dr. No'', the first James Bond film, is shown in U.S. theaters.
* Hue Vesak shootings: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam opens fire on Buddhists who defy a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha, killing nine. Earlier, President Ngo Dinh Diem allowed the flying of the Vatican flag in honour of his brother, Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc.
May 13 – A smallpox outbreak hits Stockholm, Sweden, lasting until July.
May 15 – Mercury program: NASA launches Gordon Cooper on ''Mercury 9'', the last mission (on June 12 NASA Administrator James E. Webb tells Congress the program is complete).
May 23 – Fidel Castro visits the Soviet Union.
May 25 – The Organisation of African Unity is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
May 27 – ''The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'' is singer-songwriter Bob Dylan's second studio album, and most influential, released by Columbia Records.
June 3 – Hue chemical attacks: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam pours chemicals on the heads of Buddhist protestors. The United States threatens to cut off aid to Ngo Dinh Diem's regime
June 4 – President John F. Kennedy signs Executive Order 11110.
June 5 – The first annual NHL draft is held in Montreal, Quebec.
June 10 – The University of Central Florida is established by the Florida legislature.
June 11
* In Saigon, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Ðức commits self-immolation to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the Ngo Dinh Diem administration.
* Alabama Governor George C. Wallace stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration, before stepping aside and allowing African Americans James Hood and Vivian Malone to enroll.
* President John F. Kennedy delivered a historic Civil Rights Address, in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for "the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves."
June 12
* Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi (his killer is convicted in 1994).
* Release of the film ''Cleopatra''.
June 13 – The cancellation of Mercury 10 effectively ends the Mercury program of United States manned spaceflight.
June 16 – ''Vostok 6'' carries Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman, into space.
June 17 – ''Abington School District v. Schempp'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that state-mandated Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.
June 19 – Valentina Tereshkova the first woman in space, returns to Earth.
June 21 – Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeeds Pope John XXIII as the 262nd pope.
June 26 – John F. Kennedy gives his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech in West Berlin.
July 1 – ZIP Codes are introduced in the U.S.
July 5
* Diplomatic relations between the Israeli and the Japanese governments are raised to embassy level.
* The Roman Catholic Church accepts cremation as a funeral practice.
July 7 – Double Seven Day scuffle: Secret police loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, attack American journalists including Peter Arnett and David Halberstam at a demonstration during the Buddhist crisis.
July 12 – Pauline Reade, 16, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Manchester, England. Her remains would be found in July 1987.
July 19 – American test pilot Joe Walker, flying the X-15, reaches an altutude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.
July 26
* An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia leaves 1,800 dead.
* NASA launches Syncom, the world's first geostationary (synchronous) satellite.
July 30 – The Soviet newspaper ''Izvestia'' reports that Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.
August 5 – The United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty.
August 8 – The Great Train Robbery of 1963 takes place in Buckinghamshire, England.
August 15 – President Fulbert Youlou is overthrown in the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.
August 18 – American civil rights movement: James Meredith becomes the first black person to graduate from the University of Mississippi.
August 21
* Xa Loi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalise Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
* Cable 243: In the wake of the Xa Loi Pagoda raids, the Kennedy administration orders the US Embassy, Saigon to explore alternative leadership in South Vietnam, opening the way towards a coup against Diem.
August 22 – American test pilot Joe Walker again achieves a sub-orbital spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the X-15 to an altutude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).
August 28 – Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his ''I Have A Dream'' speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
September – Marvel Comics releases the first-ever X-Men comic book
September 5 – British prostitute Christine Keeler is arrested for perjury. On December 6 she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.
September 6 – The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded.
September 7 – The Pro Football Hall of Fame opens in Canton, Ohio with 17 charter members.
September 10 – Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years later, on April 11, 2006).
September 15 – American civil rights movement: The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, in Birmingham, Alabama, kills 4 and injures 22.
September 16
* Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.
* In Fort-Lamy, Chad, demonstrations are quelled with 300 dead.
September 18 – Rioters burn down the British Embassy in Jakarta, to protest the formation of Malaysia.
September 23 – King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals is established by a Saudi Royal Decree as the College of Petroleum and Minerals.
September 24 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the nuclear test ban treaty.
September 25 – The Denning Report on the Profumo affair is published in Great Britain.
September 27– ''The Littlest Hobo'' debuts on TV across North America with the first episode entitled "Blue Water Sailor".
September 29
* The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opens.
* The University of East Anglia is established in Norwich, England.
October 1
* Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established
* In the U.S., the President's Commission on the Status of Women issues its final reports to President Kennedy.
October 2 – Los Angeles Dodgers left-handed pitcher Sandy Koufax sets a World Series record by striking out 15 New York Yankees in a 5-2 victory in Game 1 at Yankee Stadium. The Dodgers sweep the series in four straight, with Koufax defeating the Yankees 2-1 in Game 4 at Dodger Stadium.
October 4 – Hurricane Flora, one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits Hispaniola and Cuba killing nearly 7,000 people.
October 8 – Sam Cooke and his band are arrested after trying to register at a "whites only" motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song "A Change Is Gonna Come".
October 9 – In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it.
October 10
*The nuclear test ban treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect.
*The second James Bond film, ''From Russia with Love'', opens in the UK.
October 14 – A revolution starts in Radfan, South Yemen against British colonial rule.
October 16 – The thousandth day of John F. Kennedy's presidency.
October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as British Prime Minister.
October 28 – Demolition of the 1910 Pennsylvania Station begins in New York City. Demolition continues until 1966.
October 30 – Car manufacturing firm Lamborghini is founded.
October 31 – 74 die in a gas explosion during a Holiday on Ice show at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum in Indianapolis.
November 1 – Arecibo Observatory officially begins operation.
November 2 – 1963 South Vietnamese coup: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated following a military coup.
November 6
* Vietnam War: Coup leader General Duong Van Minh takes over as leader of South Vietnam.
* Laura Welch (later Bush) causes a car accident that results in the death of Michael Dutton Douglas in her hometown of Midland, Texas.
November 7 – Wunder von Lengede: In Germany, 11 miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days.
November 8 – Finnair flight OH-LCA crashes before landing at Mariehamn airport on the Åland islands.
November 9
* Miike Coal Mine explosion: In Japan, a coal mine explosion kills 458 and sends 839 carbon monoxide poisoning victims to the hospital.
* A triple-train disaster in Yokohama, Japan kills 161.
November 10 – Malcolm X makes a historic speech in Detroit, Michigan: Message to the Grass Roots
November 14 – A volcanic eruption under the sea near Iceland creates a new island, Surtsey.
November 16 – A newspaper strike begins in Toledo, Ohio.
November 18
* The Dartford Tunnel opens in the U.K.
* The first push-button telephone is made available to AT&T; customers.
November 22
* The Beatles' second U.K. album, ''With The Beatles'', is released
* John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated, Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded, and Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes the 36th President. All television coverage for the next four days is devoted to the assassination, its aftermath, the procession of the horsedrawn casket to the Capitol Rotunda, and the funeral of President Kennedy. Stores and businesses shut down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute.
November 23
* John Kilbride, 12, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Great Britain.
* The first episode of the BBC television series ''Doctor Who'' is broadcast in the United Kingdom.
* The Golden Age Nursing Home fire kills 63 elderly people near Fitchville, Ohio.
November 24
* Lee Harvey Oswald, alleged assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas on live national television. Later that night, a hastily arranged program, ''A Tribute to John F. Kennedy from the Arts'', featuring actors, opera singers, and noted writers, all performing dramatic readings and/or music, is telecast on ABC-TV.
* Vietnam War: New U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically.
November 25 – U.S. President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation do not have class on that day, millions watch the funeral on live international television.
November 29
* U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy.
* Trans-Canada Airlines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8 carrying 118, crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off from Dorval International Airport near Montreal, killing all on board (the worst air disaster for many years in Canada's history).
* Foundation stone for Mirzapur Cadet College is led in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
December 3 – The Warren Commission begins its investigation.
December 4 – The second period of Second Vatican Council closes.
December 5 – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries near Cuxhaven. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated, the Soviet Union protests this action.
December 7 – Tony Verna, a CBS-TV director, invented Instant Replay and aired it during his direction of a live, televised sporting event, the 1963 Army-Navy Game played in Philadelphia.
December 8
* A lightning strike causes the crashing of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton, Maryland, killing 81 people.
* Frank Sinatra Jr. is kidnapped at Harrah's Lake Tahoe.
December 10 – In the United States, the X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane program is cancelled. Also on this date: Chuck Yeager "while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace trainer, he narrowly escaped death when his aircraft went out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles up) and crashed. He parachuted to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident he became the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights.”
December 12 – Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.
December 19 – Zanzibar gains independence from Great Britain as a constitutional monarchy, under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.
December 21 – Cyprus Emergency: Inter-communal fighting erupts between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots.
December 22 – The cruise ship ''Lakonia'' burns north of Madeira, with the loss of 128 lives.
December 25
* Walt Disney releases his 18th feature-length animated motion picture ''The Sword in the Stone'', about the boyhood of King Arthur. It is the penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.
* İsmet İnönü of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (28th government, coalition partners; independents, İnönü has served 10 ten times as a prime minister, this is his last government)
December 26 – "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "I Saw Her Standing There" are released in the U.S., marking the beginning of full-scale Beatlemania.
The 1955 film ''Oklahoma!'', an adaptation of the famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released nationally for the first time.
David. H. Frisch and J. H. Smith prove that the radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion (see Einstein's special relativity and general relativity).
The Semi Automatic Ground Environment is fully deployed.
TAT-3 cable goes into operation.
Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionary Sketchpad program and runs it on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at MIT.
Construction of Moscow's Ostankino Tower begins.
Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitous smiley face symbol.
The Reformed Druids of North America (RDNA) is founded.
The IEEE Computer Society is founded.
The Urdu typewriter keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board in Pakistan.
For the first time in four consecutive years, the film ''The Wizard of Oz'' is not telecast. Reasons for this remain unknown to this day, but because the film at that time was telecast during the second week of December and the nation was still in mourning over the Kennedy assassination then, it could be that CBS executives decided it would be inappropriate to show it less than three weeks after such a tragic event.
January 2
* David Cone, American baseball player
* Edgar Martínez, American baseball player
* Julie Piekarski, American actress
January 4 – Till Lindemann, German singer (Rammstein)
January 6 – Tony Halme, Finnish boxer and politician (d. 2010)
January 13 – Jiang Wen, Chinese actor
January 14 – Steven Soderbergh, American film director
January 16 – James May, English motoring journalist and television show host
January 18 – Ian Crook, English footballer
January 20 – Firebreaker Chip, American professional wrestler
January 21
* Hakeem Olajuwon, Nigerian basketball player
* Detlef Schrempf, German basketball player
January 23 – Gail O'Grady, American actress
January 24 – Arnold Vanderlyde, Dutch boxer
January 26
* Chin Siu Ho, Hong Kong actor
* José Mourinho, Portuguese football manager
* Riddell Akua, Nauruan politician
January 30 – Thomas Brezina, Austrian author
February 2 – Eva Cassidy, American vocalist (d. 1996)
February 3 – Gretel Killeen, Australian journalist
February 4 – Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss alpine skier
February 11 – Diane Franklin, American actress
February 14 – Dwayne Wiggins, American singer-songwriter and record producer
February 17 – Michael Jordan, American basketball player
February 18 – Rob Andrew, English rugby union player
February 19 – Seal, English singer
February 20 – Charles Barkley, American basketball player
February 21 – William Baldwin, American actor
February 22
* Vijay Singh, Fiji golfer
* Donald Braswell II, American singer
* Don Wakamatsu, American baseball player
February 23 – Bobby Bonilla, American baseball player
March 1 – Russell Wong, American actor
March 2 – Tuff Hedeman, American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider
March 3 – Martín Fiz, Spanish long-distance runner
March 4 – Daniel Roebuck, American actor
March 5 – Joel Osteen, American televangelist and son of John Osteen
March 6 – Gary L. Stevens, American jockey
March 7 – Kim Ung-yong, Korean child prodigy
March 12 – Joaquim Cruz, Brazilian runner
March 13 – Fito Páez, Argentine musician
March 14 – Bruce Reid, Australian cricketer
March 15 – Bret Michaels, American rock singer (Poison)
March 17 – Alex Fong, Hong Kong actor
March 18
* Ratna Pathak, Indian film actress
* Vanessa L. Williams, American beauty queen, actress, and singer
March 20
* Paul Annacone, American tennis player and coach
* Kathy Ireland, American model and actress
March 21 – Ronald Koeman, Dutch football player and manager
March 22 – Susan Ann Sulley, British musician
March 23 – Jose Miguel Gonzalez Martin del Campo, Spanish football player
March 26 – Natsuhiko Kyogoku, Japanese writer
March 27
* Charly Alberti, Argentinian musician
* Quentin Tarantino, American actor, director, writer, and producer
* Xuxa, Brazilian television personality
March 29 – Elle Macpherson, Australian supermodel
April 3 – Criss Oliva, American metal guitarist (Savatage), – Karl Beattie, Director, Husband Of Yvette Fielding
April 4
* Jack Del Rio, American football player and coach
* Graham Norton, Irish comedian and talk show host
* Frank Yallop, Canadian footballer
April 6 – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador
April 8 – Julian Lennon, British musician son of John Lennon
April 9 – Joe Scarborough, American newscaster
April 10 – Doris Leuthard, Swiss Federal Councillor
April 11 – Chris Ferguson, American poker player
April 12 – Michael English, American Christian musician
April 13 – Garry Kasparov, Russian chess player
April 16 – Jimmy Osmond, American singer
April 17 – Joel Murray, American actor
April 18
* Eric McCormack, Canadian actor
* Conan O'Brien, American television entertainer and talk show host
April 19 – Valerie Plame, former United States CIA Operations officer
April 21
* Ken Caminiti, American baseball player (d. 2004)
* Roy Dupuis, Canadian actor
April 24 – Tõnu Trubetsky, Estonian rock musician (Vennaskond)
April 26
* Jet Li, Chinese martial artist and actor
* Colin Scotts, Australian-born American football player
April 27
* Cali Timmins, Canadian actress
* Russell T Davies, Welsh television producer and writer
April 30 – Michael Waltrip, American race car driver
May 1 – Benjamin LaGuer, American prisoner proclaiming innocence for more than two decades
May 2 – Ray Traylor, American professional wrestler ("Big Bossman") (d. 2004)
May 5 – James LaBrie, Canadian vocalist (Dream Theater)
May 9 – Gary Daniels, British martial artist and actor
May 10 – A. Raja, Indian politician
May 11 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (d. 2009)
May 12 – Jerry Trimble, American actor and martial artist
May 16
* Jon Coffelt, American artist
* Mercedes Echerer, Austrian actress and politician
May 19 – Yazz, English singer
May 23 – Wally Dallenbach Jr., American race car driver and announcer
May 24
* Joe Dumars, American basketball player
* Rich Rodriguez, American football coach
May 25
* Mike Myers, Canadian actor and comedian
* Eha Rünne, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower
May 26 – Clive Cowdery, English insurance entrepreneur
May 29 – Lisa Whelchel, American actress, singer and writer.
May 31 –Wesley Willis, American outsider musician (d. 2003)
June 5 – Joe Rudán, Hungarian heavy metal singer
June 6 – Jason Isaacs, British actor
June 9 – Johnny Depp, American actor
June 12
* Warwick Capper, Australian rules footballer
* Jerry Lynn, American professional wrestler
* Tim DeKay, American character actor
June 13 – Bettina Bunge, German tennis player
June 14 – Graham Brown, Canadian Athlete ("The Rug")
June 15 – Helen Hunt, American actress
June 16 – James Fullington, American professional wrestler ("The Sandman'')
June 17 – Greg Kinnear, American actor
June 18 – Bruce Smith, American football player
June 20 – Amir Derakh, American musician
June 22 – Randy Couture, American mixed martial arts fighter
June 23 – Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer
June 24
* Mike Wieringo, American comic-book artist (d. 2007)
* Preki, Serbia-born American footballer
June 25
* Doug Gilmour, Canadian hockey player
* George Michael, English singer
June 26 – Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian businessman, former Komsomol activist and oligarch
June 29 – Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist
June 30 – Yngwie Malmsteen, Swedish guitarist, composer, and bandleader
July 4 – Christopher George Kennedy, American son of Robert F. Kennedy
July 6 – Miguel De Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina, Basque separatist
July 11 – Lisa Rinna, American actress
July 16 – Phoebe Cates, American actress
July 17
* Letsie III, King of Lesotho
* Matti Nykanen, Finnish ski jumper
July 18 – Allen Sarven, American professional wrestler (Al Snow)
July 22 – Emilio Butragueno, Spanish football player
July 24
* Julie Krone, American jockey
* Karl Malone, American basketball player
July 27 – Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor and martial artist
July 28 – Gregory Henriquez, Canadian architect
July 29
* Graham Poll, English football referee
* Jim Beglin, Irish football commentator
July 30
* Lisa Kudrow, American actress
* Chris Mullin, American basketball player and executive
August 1 – Coolio, American rapper
August 2 – Laura Bennett, American fashion designer
August 3 – James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica)
August 6 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer hacker
August 7 – Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (d. 1963)
August 8 – Stephen Walkom, Canadian ice hockey official and executive
August 9 – Whitney Houston, American singer
August 15 – Valery Levaneuski, entrepreneur, politician, former political prisoner
August 17 – James Whitbourn, British composer
August 19 – John Stamos, American actor
August 22 – Tori Amos, American singer
August 23
* Hans-Henning Fastrich, German field hockey player
* Kenny Wallace, American race car driver
* Park Chan-wook, South Korean film director and screenwriter
August 24 – Hideo Kojima, Japanese video-game director
August 26
* Michael Tao, Hong Kong actor
* Liu Huan, Chinese singer
August 30
* Michael Chiklis, American actor
* Phil Mills, British race car driver
August 31
* Todd Carty, British actor
* The Egyptian Lover, American rapper, DJ and producer
* Majeed Hameed Hasan ,Iraqi , was born in Baghdad
September 1 – Carola Smit, Dutch musician
September 6 – Geert Wilders, Dutch politician
September 7 – Eric Wright (Eazy-E), American rapper (d. 1995)
September 8 – Li Ning, Chinese gymnast
September 9 – Markus Wasmeier, German alpine-skier
September 10 – Randy Johnson, American baseball player
September 11 – Joey Dedio, American actor
September 12 – Norberto Barba, American cinematographer and film director
September 16 – Richard Marx, American pop/rock singer
September 17 – Masahiro Chono, Japanese professional wrestler
September 19
* Jarvis Cocker, English rock musician (Pulp)
* David Seaman, English football goalkeeper
September 21
* Cecil Fielder, American baseball player
* Angus MacFadyen, Scottish actor
September 28 – Steve Blackman, American professional wrestler
September 29
* Dave Andreychuk, Canadian hockey player
* Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus)
October 1 – Mark McGwire, American baseball player
October 5
* Laura Davies, English golfer
* Ronni Le Tekrø, Norwegian guitarist (TNT)
October 6 – Elisabeth Shue, American actress
October 10
* Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (d. 2003)
* Daniel Pearl, American journalist (d. 2002)
* Jolanda de Rover, Dutch swimmer
October 12
* Satoshi Kon, Japanese anime director (d. 2010)
October 13
* Alan McDonald, Northern Irish footballer
* Mabi de Almeida, Angolan professional football coach
October 17 – Norm Macdonald, Canadian comedian
October 22 – Brian Boitano, American figure skater
October 23
* Thomas Di Leva, Swedish singer
* Wilson Yip, Hong Kong actor and director
October 25 – John Levén, Swedish bassist (Europe)
October 26 – Natalie Merchant, American singer, songwriter, and musician
October 27 – Feyyaz Uçar, Turkish footballer
October 28
* Mark Kwok, Hong Kong actor
* Lauren Holly, American actress
October 30 – Kristina Wagner, American actress
October 31
* Fred McGriff, American baseball player
* Johnny Marr, English musician
* Dermot Mulroney, American actor
* Rob Schneider, American actor
November 1
* Rick Allen, British rock musician (Def Leppard)
* Mark Hughes, Welsh football player & manager
* Katja Riemann, German actress
November 2
* Craig Saavedra, American filmmaker
* Bobby Dall, American rock bassist (Poison)
November 4 – Lena Zavaroni, Scottish entertainer (d. 1999)
November 7 – John Barnes, Jamaican-born English footballer
November 11 – Kip James, American professional wrestler
November 13 – Vinny Testaverde, American football player
November 15 – Benny Elias, Australian rugby player
November 18 – Dante Bichette, American baseball player
November 19
* Terry Farrell, American actress
* Jon Potter, British field hockey player
* Peter Schmeichel, Danish football player
November 21 – Nicollette Sheridan, English actress
November 22 – Winsor Harmon, American actor
November 23 – Troy Hurtubise, Canadian inventor
November 25
* Holly Cole, Canadian jazz singer
* Bernie Kosar, American football player
December 2 – Ann Patchett, American novelist
December 3 – Terri Schiavo, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 2005)
December 4 – Sergey Bubka, Ukrainian pole vaulter
December 7 – Mark Bowen, Welsh footballer
December 8
* Toshiaki Kawada, Japanese professional wrestler
* Greg Howe, American guitarist
December 13
* Jake White, South African rugby coach
* Uwe-Jens Mey, German speed skater
December 14
* Cynthia Gibb, American actress
* Vytautas Juozapaitis, Lithuanian baritone, pedagogue (professor) and TV host
December 16
* Benjamin Bratt, American actor
* Jeff Carson, American singer
December 18
* Pauline Ester, French singer
* Charles Oakley, American basketball player
* Brad Pitt, American actor
December 19 – Jennifer Beals, American actress
December 21
* Govinda Ahuja, Indian actor and politician
* Jacques Simonet, Belgian politician (d. 2007)
December 22
* Bryan Gunn, Scottish footballer
* Luna H. Mitani, Japanese-American Surrealist painter
December 23
* Jim Harbaugh, American football player
* Donna Tartt, American author
December 26 – Lars Ulrich, Danish-born rock drummer (Metallica)
December 29
* Francisco Bustamante, Filipino billiard player
* Sean Payton, American football coach
December 30 – Kim Hill, American Christian singer
January 1
* Filippo Del Giudice, Italian film producer (b. 1892)
* Robert S. Kerr, American business and politician, heart attack (b. 1896)
January 2
Jack Carson, Canadian actor, stomach cancer (b. 1910)
* Al Mamaux, professional baseball player and manager (b. 1894)
Dick Powell, American actor, lymphoma (b. 1904)
January 5
* Rogers Hornsby, American baseball player, heart attack after cataract surgery (b. 1896)
* Erik Strandmark, Swedish film actor, plane crash (b. 1919)
January 6
* Frank Tuttle, American film director (b. 1892)
* Stark Young, American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, and essayist (b. 1881)
January 7 – Erik Lundqvist, Swedish athlete (b. 1908)
January 8
* Boris Morros, American movie producer and FBI double agent (b. 1891)
* Jack Okey, American art director (b. 1889)
January 10 – Franz Planer, European film cinematographer (b. 1894)
January 13
* Sonny Clark, American jazz pianist, heart attack (b. 1931)
* Sylvanus Olympio, 1st President of Togo, assassination (b. 1902)
January 14 – Gustav Regler, German Socialist novelist (b. 1898)
January 16
* Cesare Fantoni, Italian film actor (b. 1905)
* Gilardo Gilardi, Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor (b. 1889)
January 18 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (b. 1899)
January 21 – Al St. John, American actor, heart attack (b. 1893)
January 23 – Józef Gosławski, Polish sculptor and medallic artist (b. 1908)
January 24
* Otto Harbach, American lyricist and librettist (b. 1873)
* Kenneth Western, part of The Western Brothers (b. 1899)
January 25 – Marion Sunshine, American actoress (b. 1894)
January 26 – Ole Olsen, American actor, kidney ailment (b. 1892)
January 27 – Evelyn Francisco, silent film actress (b. 1904)
January 28
* John Farrow, American film director, heart attack (b. 1904)
* Jean Piccard, Swiss-born chemist and engineer (b. 1884)
January 29
* Anthony Coldeway, American screenwriter (b. 1887)
* Robert Frost, American poet, heart failure (b. 1874)
* Lee Meadows, professional baseball player (b. 1894)
January 30
* Jane Gail, American silent movie and stage actress (b. 1890)
* Cecil McGivern, British broadcasting executive and writer (b. 1907)
* Francis Poulenc, French composer, heart failure (b. 1899)
January 31
* Alasgar Alakbarov, Azerbaijani actor (b. 1910)
* Ossie Vitt, professional baseball player and manager (b. 1890)
February 1
* Louis D. Lighton, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1895)
* Wyndham Standing, English actor (b. 1880)
February 2 – William Gaxton, star of vaudeville, film, and theatre, cancer (b. 1893)
February 6 – Piero Manzoni, Italian artist, heart attack (b. 1933)
February 8 – George Dolenz, American actor, heart attack (b. 1908)
February 9 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Prime minister of Iraq, shot to death (b. 1914)
February 11 – Sylvia Plath, American poet and novelist, suicide (b. 1932)
February 15
* Edgardo Donato, Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra leader (b. 1897)
* Louis J. Gasnier, French film director (b. 1875)
* Bump Hadley, Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1904)
February 16
* Else Jarlbak, Danish film actress (b. 1911)
* László Lajtha, Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. 1892)
February 18
* Monte Blue, American actor, heart attack because of complications from influenza (b. 1887)
* Beppe Fenoglio, Italian writer (b. 1887)
* Tokugawa Iemasa, Japanese politician, 17th head of the former Tokugawa shogunate (b. 1884)
February 19 – Benny Moré, Cuban singer, cirrhosis (b. 1919)
February 20
* Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor, cancer (b. 1914)
* Jacob Gade, Danish violinist and composer (b. 1879)
* Bill Hinchman, professional baseball player (b. 1883)
February 22 – Arthur Guy Empey, soldier, author, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1883)
February 24 – Herbert Asbury, American journalist and writer, from a chronic lung disease (b. 1889)
February 28
* Eppa Rixey, American baseball player (b. 1891)
* Dr Rajendra Prasad, former President of India (b. 1884)
March 1 – Irish Meusel, American professional baseball player (b. 1893)
March 4 – William Carlos Williams, American writer, stroke (b. 1883)
March 5
* Patsy Cline, American singer plane crash (b. 1932)
* Cowboy Copas, American country music singer plane crash (b. 1913)
* Ludde Gentzel, Swedish film actor (b. 1885)
* Hawkshaw Hawkins, American country music singer plane crash (b. 1921)
* Cyril Smith, Scottish actor heart attack (b. 1892)
March 6 – Robert E. Cornish, experimenter (b. 1903)
March 7 – Joachim Holst-Jensen, Norwegian film actor (b. 1880)
March 11
* Ignat Bednarik, Romanian painter (b. 1882)
* Joe Judge, American professional baseball player (b. 1894)
March 16 – Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria (b. 1883)
March 17
* Thomas L. Lennon, screenwriter (b. 1896)
* Lizzie Miles, African American blues singer, heart attack (b. 1895)
March 18 – Wanda Hawley, American actress (b. 1895)
March 21 – Felice Minotti, Italian film actor (b. 1887)
March 22
* Cilly Aussem, German tennis champion (b. 1909)
* Abraham Ellstein, American composer for Yiddish entertainments (b. 1907)
* Mihály Székely, Hungarian bass singer (b. 1901)
March 23 – Thoralf Skolem, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1887)
March 25 – Felix Adler, American screenwriter, abdominal cancer (b. 1884)
March 26 – Jean Bruce, French writer, car accident (b. 1921)
March 27 – Harry Piel, German actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (b. 1892)
March 28
* Antoine Balpêtré, French film actor (b. 1898)
* Frank J. Marion, American motion picture pioneer (b. 1869)
* Alec Templeton, Welsh composer, pianist and satirist (b. 1909) or b. 1910)
March 29
* Pola Gojawiczyńska, Polish writer (b. 1896)
* Wilcy Moore, American professional baseball player (b. 1897)
March 31 – Harry Akst, American songwriter (b. 1894)
April 1 – Agnes Mowinckel, Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. 1875)
April 3 – Alma Richards, American Olympic gold medalist (b. 1890)
April 4
* Jason Robards, Sr., American stage and screen actor, heart attack (b. 1892)
* Oskari Tokoi, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. 1873)
April 6
* Mario Fabrizi, comedian and actor, stress-related illness (b. 1924)
* Otto Struve, Russian–American astronomer (b. 1897)
April 7 – Amedeo Maiuri, Neapolitan archaeologist (b. 1886))
April 9
* Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (b. 1891)
* Benno Moiseiwitsch, Jewish-Ukrainian pianist (b. 1890)
April 11 – Nando Bruno, Italian film actor (b. 1895)
April 12
* Felix Y. Manalo, First Filipino Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo (b. 1886)
* Herbie Nichols, American jazz pianist and composer, leukemia (b. 1919)
April 13 – Luis Somoza Debayle, 50th President of Nicaragua (b. 1922)
April 14
* Arthur Jonath, German Olympic athlete (b. 1909)
* Kodō Nomura, Japanese novelist and music critic, acute pneumonia (b. 1882)
* Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian Historian, writer, and scholar (b. 1893)
April 15 – Edward Hearn, American actor (b. 1888)
April 23
* Ferruccio Cerio, Italian film writer and director (b. 1904)
* Paul Fejos, Hungarian film director (b. 1897)
* Harry Harper, professional baseball player (b. 1895)
* Don C. Harvey, American television and film actor, cardiac arrest (b. 1911)
* Frederick Peters, American film actor (b. 1884)
April 24 – Leonid Lukov, Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. 1909)
April 25 – Christopher Hassall, English actor, dramatist, librettist, lyricist, and poet, heart attack (b. 1912)
April 26 – Roland Pertwee, English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. 1885)
April 27 – Kenneth Macgowan, American film producer (b. 1888)
April 30
* Giovanni Grasso, Italian film actor (b. 1888)
* William C. Mellor, American cinematographer, heart attack (b. 1903)
* Bryant Washburn, American film actor, heart attack (b. 1889)
May 1 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer, Father of Philippine National Language and Grammar (b. 1879)
May 2 – Van Wyck Brooks, American literary critic and writer (b. 1886)
May 6 – Monty Woolley, American actor (b. 1888)
May 7 – Theodore von Kármán, Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. 1881)
* Max Miller, British Music Hall Comedian and Actor (b. 1894)
May 11 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
May 12
* Robert Kerr, Canadian sprinter (b. 1882)
* Aiden Wilson Tozer, American Protestant pastor (b. 1897)
May 18 – Ernie Davis, American football player, first African-American to win the Heisman Trophy (b. 1939)
May 24 – Elmore James, American blues guitarist (b. 1918)
May 31 – Edith Hamilton, German-born author (b. 1867)
June 1 – Alfred V. Kidder, American archaeologist (b. 1885)
June 3
* Pope John XXIII (b. 1881)
* Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (b. 1901)
June 7 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894)
June 9 – Jacques Villon, French painter (b. 1875)
June 10 – Anita King, American actress and race car driver (b. 1884)
June 11 – Thich Quang Duc, Vietnamese Buddhist monk (suicide) (b. 1897)
June 12 – Medgar Evers, African-American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
June 18 – Pedro Armendariz, Mexican actor (suicide) (b. 1912)
June 27 – John Maurice Clark, American economist (b. 1884)
July 6 – Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1899)
July 10 – Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster and rugby union player (b. 1893)
July 12 – Slatan Dudow, Bulgarian film director (b. 1903)
July 18 – Jack Solomon, American restaurateur (b. 1896)
August 1 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (b. 1908)
August 2 – Oliver La Farge, American writer (b. 1901)
August 4 – Tom Keene, American actor (b. 1896)
August 9 – Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, American infant son of President and Mrs. Kennedy
August 10
* Estes Kefauver, American politician (b. 1903)
* Ernst Wetter, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1877)
August 11 – Clem Bevans, American actor (b. 1879)
August 17 – Richard Barthelmess, American actor (b. 1895)
August 18 – Clifford Odets, American playwright (b. 1906)
August 20 – Joan Voûte, Dutch astronomer (b. 1879)
August 22 – William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman and a philanthropist (b. 1877)
August 23 – Larry Keating, American actor (b. 1896)
August 24 – James Kirkwood, Sr., American film director (b. 1875)
August 27
* Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, Indian founder of the Khaksar Movement (b. 1888)
* W. E. B. Du Bois, American civil rights activist (b. 1868)
August 30 – Guy Burgess, British spy, one of the Cambridge Five (b. 1911)
August 31 – Georges Braque, French painter (b. 1882)
September 3 – Louis MacNeice, Irish poet (b. 1907)
September 11 – Suzanne Duchamp, French painter (b. 1889)
September 12 – Modest Altschuler, Belarus-born American composer (b. 1873)
September 17 – Eduard Spranger, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1882)
September 19 – David Low, New Zealand cartoonist (b. 1891)
September 25
* Alexander Sakharoff, Russian dancer and choreographer (b. 1886)
* Kurt Zeitzler, German Army officer (b. 1895)
October 7 – Gustaf Gründgens, German actor (b. 1899)
October 11 – Édith Piaf, French singer (b. 1915)
October 11 – Jean Cocteau, French writer (b. 1889)
October 24 – Beverly Wills, American actress (b. 1933)
*Karl Bühler, German psychologist and linguist (b. 1879)
October 25 – Roger Désormière, French conductor (b. 1898)
October 29 – Adolphe Menjou, American actor (b. 1890)
October 31 – Henry Daniell, English actor (b. 1894)
November 1
* Elsa Maxwell, American gossip columnist (b. 1883)
* Le Quang Tung, Vietnamese military leader (b. 1923) (assassinated)
November 2
* Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (b. 1901) (assassinated)
* Ngo Dinh Nhu, Vietnamese military leader (b. 1910) (assassinated)
November 15 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (b. 1888)
November 21 – Robert Stroud, American prisoner and Alcatraz "Birdman" (b. 1890)
November 22
* C. S. Lewis, Irish-born British critic, novelist (''The Chronicles of Narnia'') and Christian apologist (b. 1898) – (Lewis died in Oxford at approximately 17:30 GMT)
* John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917) (assassinated) – (Kennedy died in Dallas at 12:30 ((18:30 GMT)
* J. D. Tippit, American police officer with the Dallas Police Department (b. 1924) – (Tippit died in Dallas at approximately 13:15 ((19:15 GMT)
* Aldous Huxley, British writer (''Brave New World'') (b. 1894) – (Huxley died in Los Angeles at 17:21 (01:21 on the 23rd, GMT))
* Wilhelm Beiglböck, German Nazi physician at Dachau concentration camp (b. 1905)
November 24 – Lee Harvey Oswald, American alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy (b. 1939) (assassinated)
November 26 – Amelita Galli-Curci, Italian opera singer (b. 1882)
November 28 – Ernesto Lecuona, Cuban composer (b. 1896)
November 30 – Phil Baker, American comedian and radio personality (b. 1896)
December – Andy Kennedy, Northern Ireland footballer (b. 1897)
December 2
* Sabu Dastagir, Indian-American actor (b. 1924)
* Thomas Hicks, American runner (b. 1875)
December 5 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (b. 1905)
December 12
* Theodor Heuss, 5th President of Germany (b. 1884)
* Yasujiro Ozu, Japanese filmmaker (b. 1903)
December 14 – Dinah Washington, African-American jazz/blues singer (b. 1924)
December 15 – Rikidōzan, Korea-born Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1924)
December 21 – Jack Hobbs, English cricketer (b. 1882)
December 25 – Tristan Tzara, French poet (b. 1896)
December 28 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (b. 1895)
December 28 – A. J. Liebling, American journalist (b. 1904)
Physics – Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
Chemistry – Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
Physiology or Medicine – Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
Literature – Giorgos Seferis
Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
References
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| Coordinates | 23°29′11″N46°20′55″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Steve Allen |
| Birth name | Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen |
| Birth date | December 26, 1921 |
| Birth place | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Death date | October 30, 2000 |
| Death place | Los Angeles, California, U.S |
| Spouse | (divorced) (his death) |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, television personality, musician, writer |
| Years active | 1940s–2000 }} |
Allen was a "creditable" pianist, and a prolific composer, having penned over 14,000 songs, one of which was recorded by Perry Como and Margaret Whiting, others by Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme, Les Brown, and Gloria Lynne. Allen won a Grammy award in 1963 for best jazz composition, with his song ''The Gravy Waltz''. His vast number of songs have never been equaled, however; singer/songwriter Julian Barry is said to have written over 5000 compositions. Allen wrote more than 50 books and has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Early life
Allen was born in New York City, the son of Billy and Isabelle Allen (née Donohue), a vaudeville comedienne. Allen was raised on the south side of Chicago by his mother's Irish Catholic family. Milton Berle once called Allen's mother "the funniest woman in vaudeville."Allen's first radio job was on station KOY in Phoenix, Arizona, after he left Arizona State Teachers College (now Arizona State University) in Tempe, while still a sophomore. He enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II and was trained as an infantryman. He spent his service time at Camp Roberts, near Monterey, California and did not serve overseas. Allen returned to Phoenix before deciding to move back to California.
Career
Allen became an announcer for KFAC in Los Angeles and then moved to the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1946, talking the station into airing a five-nights-a-week comedy show, ''Smile Time'', co-starring Wendell Noble. After Allen moved to CBS Radio's KNX in Los Angeles, his music-and-talk half-hour format gradually changed to include more talk on a full-hour, late-night show, boosting his popularity and creating standing-room-only studio audiences. During one episode of the show reserved primarily for an interview with Doris Day, his guest star failed to appear, so Allen picked up a microphone and went into the audience to ad lib for the first time. His radio show attracted a huge local following, and in 1950 it replaced ''Our Miss Brooks'', exposing Allen to a national audience for the first time.Allen's first television experience had come in 1949 when he answered an ad for a TV announcer for professional wrestling. He knew nothing about wrestling, so he watched some shows and discovered that the announcers did not have well-defined names for the holds. When he got the job, he created names for many of the holds, some of which are still used today. The gig lasted several months before ABC decided to replace the matches with old movies.
After CBS radio gave Allen a weekly prime time show, CBS television believed it could groom him for national small-screen stardom and gave Allen his first network television show. ''The Steve Allen Show'' premiered at 11 am on Christmas Day, 1950, and was later moved into a thirty-minute, early evening slot. This new show required him to uproot his family and move from LA to New York, since at that time a coast to coast program could not originate from LA. The show was only a modest ratings success, and was canceled in 1952, after which CBS tried several shows to showcase Allen's talent.
Allen achieved national attention when he was pressed into service at the last minute to host ''Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts'' because Godfrey was unable to appear. Allen turned one of Godfrey's live Lipton commercials upside down, preparing tea and instant soup on camera and then pouring both into Godfrey's ukulele. With the audience (including Godfrey, watching from Miami) uproariously and thoroughly entertained, Allen gained major recognition as a comedian and host.
He was a regular on the popular panel game show ''What's My Line?'' (where he coined the popular phrase, "Is it bigger than a breadbox?") from 1953 to 1954 and returned frequently as a panelist after Fred Allen died in March 1956, until the series ended in 1967.
''The Tonight Show''
Leaving CBS, he created a late-night New York talk-variety TV program in 1953 for what is now WNBC-TV. The following year, on September 27, 1954, the show went on the full NBC network as ''The Tonight Show'', with fellow radio personality Gene Rayburn (who later went on to host hit game shows such as ''Match Game'', 1962–1982) as the original announcer. The show ran from 11:15 pm to 1:00 am on the East Coast.While ''Today'' developer Sylvester "Pat" Weaver is often credited as the ''Tonight'' creator, Allen often pointed out that he had previously created it as a local New York show. Allen told his nationwide audience that first evening: "This is ''Tonight'', and I can't think of too much to tell you about it except I want to give you the bad news first: this program is going to go on ''forever...'' you think you're tired now. Wait until you see one o'clock roll around!"
It was as host of ''The Tonight Show'' that Allen pioneered the "man on the street" interviews and audience-participation comedy breaks that have become commonplace on late-night TV.
The Steve Allen Show
In 1956, NBC offered Allen a new, prime-time, Sunday night variety hour, ''The Steve Allen Show'', aimed at dethroning CBS's top-rated ''Ed Sullivan Show''. The show included a typical run of star performers, including early TV appearances by Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis. Many popular film and television stars were guest stars: Bob Hope, Kim Novak, Errol Flynn, Abbott and Costello, Esther Williams, Jerry Lewis, Martha Raye, The Three Stooges, and a host of others.The show's regulars were Tom Poston, Louis Nye, Bill Dana, Don Knotts, Pat Harrington, Jr., Dayton Allen, and Gabriel Dell. All except film veteran Dell were relatively obscure performers prior to their stints with Allen, and all went on to stardom. The comedians in Allen's gang were often seen in "The Man in the Street," featuring interviews about some topical subject. Poston would appear as a dullard who couldn't remember his own name; Nye was "Gordon Hathaway," fey Madison Avenue executive; Dana played amiable Latino "Jose Jimenez"; Knotts was an exceedingly jittery man who, when asked if he was nervous, invariably replied with an alarmed "No!"; Harrington was Italian immigrant "Guido Panzini"; Dayton Allen played wild-eyed zanies answering any given question with "Why not?". Gabe Dell usually played straight men in sketches (policemen, newsmen, dramatic actors, etc.).
Other recurring routines included "Crazy Shots" (also known as "Wild Pictures"), a series of sight gags accompanied by Allen on piano; Allen inviting audience members to select three musical notes at random, and then composing a song based on the three notes; a satire on radio's long-running ''The Answer Man'' and a precursor to Johnny Carson's Carnac the Magnificent (Sample answer: "Et tu, Brute."/Allen's reply: "How many pizzas did you eat, Caesar?")
The live Sunday night show aired opposite ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' on CBS and ''Maverick'' on ABC. One of Allen's guests was comedian Johnny Carson, a future successor to Allen as host of ''The Tonight Show''. Among Carson's material during that appearance was a portrayal of how a poker game between Allen, Sullivan, and ''Maverick'' star James Garner (all impersonated by Carson) would transpire. Allen's programs also featured a good deal of music; he helped the careers of singers Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme, who were regulars on his early ''Tonight Show'', and Sammy Davis, Jr.
Allen's show also had one of the longest unscripted "crack-ups" on live TV when Allen began laughing hysterically during "Big Bill Allen's Sports Roundup." He laughed uncontrollably for over a minute, with the audience laughing along, because, as he later explained, he caught sight of his unkempt hair on an off-camera monitor. He kept brushing his hair and changing hats to hide the messy hair, and the more he tried to correct his appearance the funnier it got.
Allen helped the recently invented Polaroid camera become popular by demonstrating its use in live commercials and amassed a huge windfall for his work because he had opted to be paid in Polaroid Corporation stock.
Allen remained host of "Tonight" for three nights a week (Monday and Tuesday nights were taken up by Ernie Kovacs) until early 1957, when he left the "Tonight" show to devote his attention to the Sunday night program. It was his (and NBC's) hope that the Steve Allen show could defeat Ed Sullivan in the ratings. Nevertheless the TV Western ''Maverick'' often bested both ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' and ''The Steve Allen Show'' in audience size. In September 1959, Allen relocated to Los Angeles and left Sunday night television (the 1959-'60 season originated from NBC Color City in Burbank as ''The Steve Allen Plymouth Show'', on Monday nights). Back in Los Angeles, he continued to write songs, hosted other variety shows, and wrote books and articles about comedy.
Later TV projects
From 1962 to 1964, Allen re-created ''The Tonight Show'' on a new late-night ''The Steve Allen Show'', which was syndicated by Westinghouse TV. The five-nights-a-week taped show was broadcast from an old vaudeville theater renamed ''The Steve Allen Playhouse'' on 1228 N. Vine St. in Hollywood. (Several sources have erroneously identified Allen's show using the name of his theater.)The show was marked by the same wild and unpredictable stunts and comedy skits that often extended down the street to a supermarket known as the Hollywood Ranch Market. He also presented Southern California eccentrics, including health food advocate Gypsy Boots, quirky physics professor Dr. Julius Sumner Miller, wacko comic Prof. Irwin Corey, and an early musical performance by Frank Zappa.
During one episode, Allen placed a telephone call to the home of Johnny Carson, posing as a ratings company interviewer, asking Carson if the Television was on, and what program he was watching. Carson didn't immediately realize the caller was Allen, and the exchange is classic humor from both, beginning to end. A rarity is the exchange between Allen and Carson about Carson's guests, permitting him to plug his own show on a competing network.
One notable program, which Westinghouse refused to distribute, featured Lenny Bruce during the time the comic was repeatedly being arrested on obscenity charges; footage from this program was first telecast in 1998 in a Bruce documentary aired on HBO. Regis Philbin took over hosting the Westinghouse show in 1964, but only briefly.
The show also featured plenty of jazz played by Allen and members of the show's band, the Donn Trenner Orchestra, which included such virtuoso musicians as guitarist Herb Ellis and flamboyantly comedic hipster trombonist Frank Rosolino (whom Allen credited with originating the "Hiyo!" chant later popularized by Ed McMahon). While the show was not an overwhelming success in its day, David Letterman, Steve Martin, Harry Shearer, Robin Williams, and a number of other prominent comedians have cited Allen's "Westinghouse show," which they watched as teenagers, as being highly influential on their own comedic visions.
Allen later produced a second half-hour show for Westinghouse, titled ''Jazz Scene'', which featured West Coast jazz musicians such as Rosolino, Stan Kenton, and Teddy Edwards. The short-lived show was hosted by Oscar Brown, Jr.
Allen hosted a number of television programs up until the 1980s, including ''The New Steve Allen Show'' in 1961 and the game show ''I've Got a Secret'' (replacing original host Garry Moore) in 1964. In the summer of 1967, he brought most of the regulars from over the years back with ''The Steve Allen Comedy Hour'', featuring the debuts of Rob Reiner, Richard Dreyfuss, and John Byner and featuring Ruth Buzzi, who would become famous soon after on "Laugh-In." In 1968–71, he returned to syndicated nightly variety-talk with the same wacky stunts that would influence David Letterman in later years, including becoming a human hood ornament; jumping into vats of oatmeal and cottage cheese; and being slathered with dog food, allowing dogs backstage to feast on the free food. During the run of this series, Allen also introduced Albert Brooks and Steve Martin to a national audience for the first time.
A syndicated version of ''I've Got A Secret'' hosted by Allen and featuring panelists Pat Carroll and Richard Dawson was taped in Hollywood and aired during the 1972-73 season. In 1977, he produced ''Steve Allen's Laugh-Back'', a syndicated series combining vintage Allen film clips with new talk-show material reuniting his 1950s TV gang. From 1986 through 1988, Allen hosted a daily three-hour comedy show heard nationally on the NBC Radio Network that featured sketches and America's best-known comedians as regular guests. His cohost was radio personality Mark Simone, and they were joined frequently by comedy writers Larry Gelbart, Herb Sargent, and Bob Einstein.
Composer, actor, and author
Allen was an accomplished composer who wrote over 10,000 songs. He began his recording career in 1953 by signing with Decca Records's Brunswick Records sublabel. In one famous stunt, he made a bet with singer-songwriter Frankie Laine that he could write 50 songs a day for a week. Composing on public display in the window of a Hollywood music store, Allen met the quota, winning $1,000 from Laine. One of the songs, ''Let's Go to Church Next Sunday'', was recorded by both Perry Como and Margaret Whiting. Allen's best-known songs are "This Could Be the Start of Something Big" and "The Gravy Waltz," the latter having won a Grammy award in 1963 for Best Jazz Composition. He also wrote lyrics for the standards "Picnic" and "South Rampart Street Parade." Allen composed the score to the Paul Mantee imitation James Bond film ''A Man Called Dagger'' (1967), with the score orchestrated by Ronald Stein.Allen was also an actor. He wrote and starred in his first film, the Mack Sennett comedy compilation ''Down Memory Lane'', in 1949. His most famous film appearance is in 1955's ''The Benny Goodman Story'', in the title role. The film, while an average biopic of its day, was heralded for its music, featuring many alumni of the Goodman band. Allen later recalled his one contribution to the film's music, used in the film's early scenes: the accomplished Benny Goodman could no longer produce the sound of a clarinet beginner, and that was the only sound Allen ''could'' make on a clarinet! In 1960, he appeared as the character "Dr. Ellison" in the episode "Play Acting" of CBS's anthology series ''The DuPont Show with June Allyson'' though his ''The Steve Allen Show'' had been in competition with the June Allyson program the preceding season.
Allen could play a trumpet—sort of. He wrote and recorded a tune called "Impossible," in which he tries to play it straight, but continues to burst out laughing. (The recording has been played on the Dr. Demento radio show.)
From 1977 to 1981, Allen was the producer of the award-winning PBS series, ''Meeting of Minds'', a "talk show" with actors playing the parts of notable historical figures and Steve Allen as the host. This series pitted the likes of Socrates, Marie Antoinette, Thomas Paine, Sir Thomas More, Attila the Hun, Karl Marx, Emily Dickinson, Charles Darwin, and Galileo Galilei in dialogue and argument. This was the show Allen wanted to be remembered for, because he believed that the issues and characters were timeless and would survive long after his passing. This may be more an indictment of popular tastes—which Allen himself wrote about in his last book, "Vulgarians at the Gates"—than of any obtuseness on the show's part.
Allen was a comedy writer and author of more than 50 books, including ''Dumbth'', a commentary on the American educational system, and ''Steve Allen on the Bible, Religion, and Morality''. Twenty of his books were concerned with his viewsa about religion. He also wrote book-length commentaries on show business personalities ("Funny People"; "More Funny People"). Perhaps influenced by his son's involvement with a religious cult, he became an outspoken critic of organized religion and an active member of such humanist and skeptical organizations as the Council for Media Integrity, a group that debunked pseudoscientific claims.
Allen and rock music
Allen was notoriously contemptuous of rock 'n' roll music, although he was showman enough to scoop Ed Sullivan by being one of the first to present Elvis Presley on network television (after Presley had appeared on the Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey ''Stage Show'' and Milton Berle shows). "Allen found a way... to satisfy the Puritans. He assured viewers that he would not allow Presley 'to do anything that will offend anyone.' NBC announced that a 'revamped, purified and somewhat abridged Presley' had agreed to sing while standing reasonably still, dressed in black tie." In fact, on this occasion, Allen had Elvis wear a top hat and the white tie and tails of a "high class" musician while singing "Hound Dog" to an actual hound, who was similarly attired. According to Jake Austen, "the way Steve Allen treated Elvis Presley was his federal crime. Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd, and so he decided to goof on him. Allen set things up so that Presley would show his contrition by appearing in a tuxedo and singing his new song 'Hound Dog' to an elderly basset hound..." Elaine Dundy says that Allen smirkingly presented Elvis "with a roll that looks exactly like a large roll of toilet paper with, says Allen, the 'signatures of eighteen thousand fans.' " Presley looked "at Steve as if to say, 'It's all right. I've been made a worse fool in my life,' and after he patted the basset hound he is about to sing ''Hound Dog'' to, he wiped his hands on his trousers as if to wipe away Steve Allen, the dog, and the whole show." Guitarist Scotty Moore later said that Elvis and the members of his band were "all angry about their treatment the previous night." "The next day, as Elvis entered the RCA studios to record 'Hound Dog,' fans greeted him with signs that declared, 'We Want the Real Elvis' and 'We Want the Gyrating Elvis.' In the press, critics were no kinder with the singer than they had ever been, this time pronouncing him a 'cowed kid' who had demonstrated, once again, that he 'couldn't sing or act a lick.' " In a column in ''Newsweek'', John Lardner wrote, "Like Huckleberry Finn, when the widow put him in a store suit and told him not to gap or scratch, [Elvis] had been 'fouled' by NBC's attempt to 'civilize him... for the good of mankind.'" Presley often referred to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career.The singer "was later featured in a mediocre cowboy sketch with Allen, Andy Griffith, and Imogene Coca. As 'Tumbleweed Presley,' his big joke was, 'I'm warning you galoots, don't step on my blue suede boots.' " That apparent mockery was consistent with other situations in which Allen had singers in such comic scenarios on his show, in contrast to the simple "singing in front of a curtain" style of the Sullivan show. The house singers on the early ''Tonight'' show were subjected to many such stunts. In addition, Allen's skit with Presley actually was less a put-down of Presley and mainly a satire of country music stage shows like the Grand Ole Opry and the Louisiana Hayride, the Shreveport-based country music radio show (over KWKH) Presley performed on in 1954 and 1955. It's highly debatable, given Presley's spirited performance, whether unlike the top hat and tails performance, there was any put-down motivation on Allen's part with this particular skit, since he could have easily done it in any of his other programs.
In a 1996 interview Allen was asked about the show. Asked if NBC executives expressed any concerns about Elvis's planned appearance, Allen replied that he'd "read more nonsense about " it, and "a lot of wrong reports have gotten into the public -". "If there ever was, I never heard about it. And since it was my show, I think it would have brought to my attention. " Regarding Elvis's movements he stated "No! I took no objection to the movements I'd seen him make on the Dorsey Brothers show. I didn't see a problem. Of course, I had read about some of the controversy, much of it generated by Ed Sullivan, who was opposite of our show on CBS. It didn't matter to me. I was using good production sense in booking him."
In his book "Hi-Ho Steverino!" Allen wrote the following: "When I booked Elvis, I naturally had no interest in just presenting him vaudeville-style and letting him do his spot as he might in concert. Instead we worked him into the comedy fabric of our program." "We certainly didn't inhibit Elvis' then-notorious pelvic gyrations, but I think the fact that he had on formal evening attire made him, purely on his own, slightly alter his presentation."
Allen also appeared on the shows of entertainers, even the rock and roll program ''The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom on ABC.
Later career
In the late 1970s early 80s, Steve Allen recorded a solo piano Pianocorder album for the Pianocorder Contemporary Artists Series, joining other illustrious artists-pianists of the day such as Liberace, Floyd Cramer, Teddy Wilson, Roger Williams, and Johnny Guarnieri to name a few. His solo album was very popular. Pianocorder was founded by Joseph Tushinsky. The Pianocorder was the first modern mechanical player piano made for the public that used solenoids to power the keys. Later, it was bought out by Yamaha-Disklavier and discontinued and is known today as the Yamaha Disklavier. During the late 80s, Allen and his second wife Jayne Meadows made numerous appearances on the drama ''St. Elsewhere'', playing Victor Erlich's estranged parents.The 1985 documentary film ''Kerouac, the Movie'' starts and ends with footage of Jack Kerouac reading from ''On the Road'' as Allen accompanies on soft jazz piano from ''The Steve Allen Plymouth Show'' in 1959. "Are you nervous?" Allen asks him; Kerouac answers nervously, "Noo," a take-off on the character usually played by Don Knotts.
Allen appeared in a PSA advocating for New Eyes for the Needy in the 1990s.
Personal life
Steve Allen was married to Dorothy Goodman in 1943 and they had three children, Steve Jr., Brian, and David. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. Allen's second wife was actress Jayne Meadows, sister to actress Audrey Meadows. The marriage of Allen and Meadows produced one son, Bill Allen. They were married from 1954 until his death in 2000.Allen received a traditional Irish Catholic upbringing. He later became a secular humanist and Humanist Laureate for the Academy of Humanism, a member of CSICOP and the Council for Secular Humanism. He received the Rose Elizabeth Bird Commitment to Justice Award from Death Penalty Focus in 1998. He was a student and supporter of general semantics, recommending it in ''Dumbth'' and giving the Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture in 1992. In spite of his liberal position on free speech, his later concerns about the lewdness he saw on radio and television, particularly the programs of Howard Stern, caused him to make proposals restricting the content of programs, allying himself with the Parents Television Council. His full-page ad on the subject appeared in newspapers a day or two before his unexpected death. Allen's views evolved in the last dozen years of his life, as he called himself an "involved Presbyterian". He had been married for decades to Jayne Meadows, who was the daughter of a Christian missonary.
Allen made a last appearance on ''The Tonight Show'' on September 27, 1994, for the show's 40th anniversary broadcast. Jay Leno was effusive in praise and actually knelt down and kissed his ring.
Death
On October 30, 2000, Allen was driving to his son's home in Encino, California, when his car was struck by another vehicle backing out of a driveway. Neither Allen nor the other driver believed he was injured and damage to both vehicles was minimal, so the two exchanged insurance information and Allen continued on.Shortly after arriving at his son's home (after carving pumpkins with his grandchildren and taping a radio tribute to an old friend, satirist Paul Krassner), Allen did not feel right and decided to take a nap. While napping, he suffered a massive heart attack and was pronounced dead shortly after 8 p.m. Autopsy results concluded that the traffic accident earlier in the day had caused a blood vessel in his chest to rupture, causing blood to leak into the sac surrounding the heart (known as haemopericardium.) In addition, he suffered four broken ribs as a result of the accident.
Allen was two months shy of his 79th birthday at the time of his death. He is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park-Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles.
Allen has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame — a television star at 1720 Vine St. and a radio star at 1537 Vine St.
Shows
Songs
Comedic Discography
Musical Discography
Books
{|class="wikitable" |- !Year!!Title!!Notes!!Identifiers |- | 1955 || ''Steve Allen's Bop Fables'' || illustrated by George Price || |- | 1955 || ''Fourteen for Tonight'' || short stories || |- | 1956 || ''The Funny Men'' || || |- | 1956 || ''Wry on the Rocks'' || poems || |- | 1958 || ''The Girls on the 10th Floor and Other Stories'' || short stories || ; ISBN 0-8369-3608-6 (1970 printing) |- | 1959 || ''The Question Man...'' || photographs by Gene Lester || |- | 1960 || ''Mark It and Strike It: An Autobiography'' || || |- | 1962 || ''Not All of Your Laughter, Not All of Your Tears'' || Steve's first novel || |- | 1964 || ''Dialogues in Americanism'' || transcript of three debates: Allen vs. William F. Buckley, Jr.; Robert M. Hutchins vs. L. Brent Bozell, and James MacGregor Burns vs. Willmoore Kendall || |- | 1965 || ''Letter to a Conservative'' || || |- | 1966 || ''The Ground is Our Table'' || photographs by Arthur Dubinsky || |- | 1967 || ''Bigger than a Breadbox'' || with commentary by Leonard Feather; illustrations by Rowland B. Wilson || |- | 1969 || ''A Flash of Swallows: New Poems'' || poems || ISBN 0837567343; |- | 1972 || ''The Wake'' || || ISBN 0-385-07608-8 |- | 1973 || ''Princess Snip-Snip and the Puppy-Kittens'' || illustrated by David Gantz || |- | 1973 || ''Curses! or... How Never to Be Foiled Again'' || illustrated by Marvin Rubin || ISBN 0-87477-008-4 |- | 1974 || ''What To Say When It Rains'' || || ISBN 0-8431-0357-4 |- | 1975 || ''Schmock-Schmock!'' || || ISBN 0-385-09664-X |- | 1978 || ''Meeting of Minds'' || || ISBN 0-517-53383-9; 1989 printing: ISBN 0-87975-550-4 |- | 1978 || ''Chopped-Up Chinese'' || || |- | 1979 || ''Ripoff: A Look at Corruption in America'' || with Roslyn Bernstein and Donald H. Dunn || ISBN 0-8184-0249-0 |- | 1979 || ''Meeting of Minds, Second Series'' || || ISBN 0-517-53894-6; 1989 printing: ISBN 0-87975-565-2 |- | 1980 || ''Explaining China'' || || ISBN 0-517-54062-2 |- | 1981 || ''Funny People'' || || ISBN 0-8128-2764-3 |- | 1982 || ''Beloved Son: A Story of the Jesus Cults'' || || ISBN 0-672-52678-6 |- | 1982 || ''More Funny People'' || || ISBN 0-8128-2884-4 |- | 1986 || ''How to Make a Speech'' || || ISBN 0-07-001164-8 |- | 1987 || ''How to Be Funny: Discovering the Comic You'' || with Jane Wollman || ISBN 0-07-001199-0; 1992 printing: ISBN 0-87975-792-2; 1998 revised edition: ISBN 1-57392-206-4 |- | 1989 || ''The Passionate Nonsmoker's Bill of Rights: The First Guide to Enacting Nonsmoking Legislation'' || with Bill Adler, Jr. || ISBN 0-688-06295-4 |- | 1989 || ''"Dumbth": And 81 Ways to Make Americans Smarter'' || || ISBN 0-87975-539-3; 1998 revised edition: ISBN 1-57392-237-4 |- | 1989 || ''Meeting of Minds, Vol. III'' || || ISBN 0-87975-566-0 |- | 1989 || ''Meeting of Minds, Vol. IV'' || || ISBN 0-87975-567-9 |- | 1990 || ''The Public Hating: A Collection of Short Stories'' || || ISBN 0-942637-22-4 |- | 1990 || ''Steve Allen on the Bible, Religion & Morality'' || || ISBN 0-87975-638-1 |- | 1992 || ''Hi-Ho, Steverino: The Story of My Adventures in the Wonderful Wacky World of Television'' || || ISBN 0-942637-55-0; large-print edition: ISBN 1-56054-521-6 |- | 1993 || ''More Steve Allen on the Bible, Religion & Morality'' || || ISBN 0-87975-736-1 |- | 1993 || ''Make 'em Laugh'' || || ISBN 0-87975-837-6 |- | 1994 || ''Reflections'' || || ISBN 0-87975-904-6 |- | 1995 || ''The Man Who Turned Back the Clock, and Other Short Stories'' || || ISBN 1-57392-002-9 |- | 1995 || ''The Bug and the Slug in the Rug'' || || ISBN 1-880851-17-2 |- | 1996 || ''But Seriously...: Steve Allen Speaks His Mind'' || || ISBN 1-57392-090-8 |- | 1999 || ''Steve Allen's Songs: 100 Lyrics with Commentary'' || || ISBN 0-7864-0736-0 |- | 2000 || ''Steve Allen's Private Joke File'' || || ISBN 0-609-80672-6 |- | 2001 || ''Vulgarians at the Gate: Trash TV and Raunch Radio—Raising the Standards of Popular Culture'' || || ISBN 1-57392-874-7 |}Allen's series of mystery novels "starring" himself and wife Jayne Meadows were in part ghostwritten by Walter J. Sheldon, and later Robert Westbrook.
References
External links
Category:1921 births Category:2000 deaths Category:American comedians Category:American comedy musicians Category:American game show hosts Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American skeptics Category:American television talk show hosts Category:Arizona State University alumni Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California Category:Dot Records artists Category:Drake University alumni Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Peabody Award winners Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:People from New York City Category:Westinghouse Broadcasting Category:People from Tempe, Arizona Category:American writers
ca:Steve Allen da:Steve Allen de:Steve Allen es:Steve Allen fr:Steve Allen it:Steve Allen no:Steve Allen pl:Steve Allen (komik) pt:Steve Allen simple:Steve Allen sh:Steve Allen (komičar) fi:Steve AllenThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 23°29′11″N46°20′55″N |
|---|---|
| name | Frank Zappa |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Frank Vincent Zappa |
| born | December 21, 1940Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| died | December 04, 1993Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| instrument | Guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards, drums, synclavier, bicycle |
| genre | Progressive rock, jazz fusion, |
| occupation | Composer, musician, conductor, producer |
| years active | 1950s–1993 |
| label | Verve, Bizarre, Straight, DiscReet, Barking Pumpkin |
| associated acts | The Mothers of InventionCaptain BeefheartSteve Vai |
| website | |
| notable instruments | }} |
Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist.
While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar. He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, ''Freak Out!'', combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. He wrote the lyrics to all his songs, which—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.
Zappa was a highly productive and prolific artist and gained widespread critical acclaim. Many of his albums are considered essential in rock and jazz history. He is regarded as one of the most original guitarists and composers of his time. He also remains a major influence on musicians and composers. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and for most of his career was able to work as an independent artist. Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.
Zappa was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1964. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman, with whom he remained until his death from prostate cancer in 1993. They had four children: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet Emuukha Rodan and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen. Gail Zappa manages the businesses of her late husband under the name the ''Zappa Family Trust''.
Early life
Frank Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 21, 1940. His mother, Rose Marie Colimore, was of Italian and French descent; his father, Francesco Vincente Zappa, was a native of Partinico, Sicily. Zappa was the eldest of four children. The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's nearness to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home. This had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work.Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches and sinus problems. A doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappa's nostrils; little was known about the potential dangers of even small amounts of therapeutic radiation. Nasal imagery and references appear in his music and lyrics, as well as in the collage album covers created by his long-time collaborator Cal Schenkel.
Many of Zappa's childhood diseases may have been due to exposure to mustard gas. His health worsened when he lived in Baltimore. In 1952, his family relocated for reasons of health. They moved next to Monterey, California, where his father taught metallurgy at the Naval Postgraduate School. They soon moved to Claremont, then to El Cajon, before finally settling San Diego.
Musical influences
Zappa joined his first band, the Ramblers, at Mission Bay High School in San Diego. He was the band's drummer. About the same time his parents bought a phonograph, which allowed him to develop his interest in music, and to begin building his record collection. R&B; singles were early purchases, starting a large collection he kept for the rest of his life. He was interested in sounds for their own sake, particularly the sounds of drums and other percussion instruments. By age 12, he had obtained a snare drum and began learning the basics of orchestral percussion. Zappa's deep interest in modern classical music began when he read a ''LOOK'' magazine article about the Sam Goody record store chain that lauded its ability to sell an LP as obscure as ''The Complete Works of Edgard Varèse, Volume One''. The article described Varèse's percussion composition ''Ionisation'', produced by EMS Recordings, as "a weird jumble of drums and other unpleasant sounds". Zappa decided to seek out Varèse's music. After searching for over a year, Zappa found a copy (he noticed the LP because of the "mad scientist" looking photo of Varèse on the cover). Not having enough money with him, he persuaded the salesman to sell him the record at a discount. Thus began his lifelong passion for Varèse's music and that of other modern classical composers.
Zappa grew up influenced by avant-garde composers such as Varèse, Igor Stravinsky and Anton Webern, R&B; and doo-wop groups (including the Medallions and local pachuco groups), and modern jazz. His own heterogeneous ethnic background, and the diverse social and cultural mix in and around greater Los Angeles, were crucial in the formation of Zappa as a practitioner of underground music and of his later distrustful and openly critical attitude towards "mainstream" social, political and musical movements. He frequently lampooned musical fads like psychedelia, rock opera and disco. Television also exerted a strong influence, as demonstrated by quotations from show themes and advertising jingles found in his later works.
Youth and beginning of career (1955–1960)
By 1956, the Zappa family had moved to Lancaster, a small aerospace and farming town in the Antelope Valley of the Mojave Desert close to Edwards Air Force Base, in northern Los Angeles County. Zappa's mother encouraged him in his musical interests. Although she disliked Varèse's music, she was indulgent enough to give her son a long distance call to the composer as a 15th birthday present. Unfortunately, Varèse was in Europe at the time, so Zappa spoke to the composer's wife. He later received a letter from Varèse thanking him for his interest, and telling him about a composition he was working on called "Déserts". Living in the desert town of Lancaster, Zappa found this very exciting. Varèse invited him to visit if he ever came to New York. The meeting never took place (Varèse died in 1965), but Zappa framed the letter and kept it on display for the rest of his life.At Antelope Valley High School, Zappa met Don Vliet (who later expanded his name to Don Van Vliet and adopted the stage name Captain Beefheart). Zappa and Vliet became close friends, sharing an interest in R&B; records and influencing each other musically throughout their careers. Around the same time, Zappa started playing drums in a local band, The Blackouts. The band was racially diverse, and included Euclid James "Motorhead" Sherwood who later became a member of The Mothers of Invention. Zappa's interest in the guitar grew, and in 1957 he was given his first guitar. Among his early influences were Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Howlin' Wolf and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. (In the 1970s and '80s, he invited Watson to perform on several albums.) Zappa considered soloing as the equivalent of forming "air sculptures", and developed an eclectic, innovative and highly personal style.
Zappa's interest in composing and arranging proliferated in his last high-school years. By his final year, he was writing, arranging and conducting avant-garde performance pieces for the school orchestra. He graduated from Antelope Valley High School in 1958, and later acknowledged two of his music teachers on the sleeve of the 1966 album ''Freak Out!'' Due to his family's frequent moves, Zappa attended at least six different high schools, and as a student he was often bored and given to distracting the rest of the class with juvenile antics. He left community college after one semester, and maintained thereafter a disdain for formal education, taking his children out of school at age 15 and refusing to pay for their college.
Zappa left home in 1959, and moved into a small apartment in Echo Park, Los Angeles. After meeting Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman during his short stay at Pomona College, they moved in together in Ontario, and were married December 28, 1960. Zappa worked for a short period in advertising. His sojourn in the commercial world was brief, but gave him valuable insights into how it works. Throughout his career, he took a keen interest in the visual presentation of his work, designing some of his album covers and directing his own films and videos.
Early 1960s: Studio Z
Zappa attempted to earn a living as a musician and composer, and played different nightclub gigs, some with a new version of The Blackouts. Financially more rewarding were Zappa's earliest professional recordings, two soundtracks for the low-budget films ''The World's Greatest Sinner'' (1962) and ''Run Home Slow'' (1965). The former score was commissioned by actor-producer Timothy Carey and recorded in 1961. It contains many themes that appeared on later Zappa records. The latter soundtrack was recorded in 1963 after the film was completed, but it was commissioned by one of Zappa's former high school teachers in 1959 and Zappa may have worked on it before the film was shot. Excerpts from the soundtrack can be heard on the posthumous album ''The Lost Episodes'' (1996).During the early 1960s, Zappa wrote and produced songs for other local artists, often working with singer-songwriter Ray Collins and producer Paul Buff. Their "Memories of El Monte" was recorded by The Penguins, although only Cleve Duncan of the original group was featured. Buff owned the small Pal Recording Studio in Cucamonga, which included a unique five-track tape recorder he had built. At that time, only a handful of the most sophisticated commercial studios had multi-track facilities; the industry standard for smaller studios was still mono or two-track. Although none of the recordings from the period achieved major commercial success, Zappa earned enough money to allow him to stage a concert of his orchestral music in 1963 and to broadcast and record it. He appeared on Steve Allen's syndicated late night show the same year, in which he played a bicycle as a musical instrument. With Captain Beefheart, Zappa recorded some songs under the name of The Soots. They were rejected by Dot Records for having "no commercial potential", a verdict Zappa subsequently quoted on the sleeve of ''Freak Out!''
In 1964, after his marriage started to break up, he moved into the Pal studio and began routinely working 12 hours or more per day recording and experimenting with overdubbing and audio tape manipulation. This set a work pattern that endured for most of his life. Aided by his income from film composing, Zappa took over the studio from Paul Buff, who was now working with Art Laboe at Original Sound. It was renamed Studio Z. Studio Z was rarely booked for recordings by other musicians. Instead, friends moved in, notably James "Motorhead" Sherwood. Zappa started performing as guitarist with a power trio, The Muthers, in local bars in order to support himself.
An article in the local press describing Zappa as "the Movie King of Cucamonga" prompted the local police to suspect that he was making pornographic films. In March 1965, Zappa was approached by a vice squad undercover officer, and accepted an offer of $100 to produce a suggestive audio tape for an alleged stag party. Zappa and a female friend recorded a faked erotic episode. When Zappa was about to hand over the tape, he was arrested, and the police stripped the studio of all recorded material. The press was tipped off beforehand, and next day's ''The Daily Report'' wrote that "Vice Squad investigators stilled the tape recorders of a free-swinging, a-go-go film and recording studio here Friday and arrested a self-styled movie producer". Zappa was charged with "conspiracy to commit pornography". This felony charge was reduced and he was sentenced to six months in jail on a misdemeanor, with all but ten days suspended. His brief imprisonment left a permanent mark, and was key in the formation of his anti-authoritarian stance. Zappa lost several recordings made at Studio Z in the process, as the police only returned 30 out of 80 hours of tape seized. Eventually, he could no longer afford to pay the rent on the studio and was evicted. Zappa managed to recover some of his possessions before the studio was torn down in 1966.
Late 1960s: The Mothers of Invention
In 1965, Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist in local R&B; band The Soul Giants, following a fight between Collins and the group's original guitarist. Zappa accepted, and soon he assumed leadership and the role as co-lead singer (even though he never considered himself a singer). He convinced the other members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract. The band was renamed The Mothers, coincidentally on Mother's Day. The group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene. In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing "Trouble Every Day", a song about the Watts Riots. Wilson had earned acclaim as the producer for singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the folk-rock act Simon & Garfunkel, and was notable as one of the few African Americans working as a major label pop music producer at this time.Wilson signed The Mothers to the Verve Records division of MGM Records, which had built up a strong reputation in the music industry for its releases of modern jazz recordings in the 1940s and 1950s, but was attempting to diversify into pop and rock audiences. Verve insisted that the band officially re-title themselves "The Mothers of Invention" because "Mother", in slang terminology, was short for "motherfucker" — a term that apart from its profane meanings can denote a skilled musician.
Debut album: ''Freak Out!'' (1966)
With Wilson credited as producer, The Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, recorded the groundbreaking ''Freak Out!'' (1966) which, preceded by Bob Dylan's ''Blonde on Blonde'', was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B;, doo-wop, musique concrète, and experimental sound collages that captured the "freak" subculture of Los Angeles at that time. Although he was dissatisfied with the final product—in a late '60s radio interview (included in the posthumous ''MOFO Project/Object'' compilation) Zappa recounted that the side-long closing track "Return of the Son of Monster Magnet" was intended to be the basic track for a much more complex work which Verve did not allow him to complete – ''Freak Out'' immediately established Zappa as a radical new voice in rock music, providing an antidote to the "relentless consumer culture of America". The sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. While recording in the studio, some of the additional session musicians were shocked that they were expected to read the notes on sheet music from charts with Zappa conducting them, since it was not standard when recording rock music. The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements. Yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs. Most compositions are Zappa's, which set a precedent for the rest of his recording career. He had full control over the arrangements and musical decisions and did most overdubs. Wilson provided the industry clout and connections to get the group the financial resources needed.
During the recording of ''Freak Out!'', Zappa moved into a house in Laurel Canyon with friend Pamela Zarubica, who appeared on the album. The house became a meeting (and living) place for many LA musicians and groupies of the time, despite Zappa's disapproval of their illicit drug use. He labeled people on drugs "assholes in action", and he tried cannabis only a few times, but without any pleasure. He was a regular tobacco smoker for most of his life, and strongly critical of anti-tobacco campaigns. After a short promotional tour following the release of ''Freak Out!'', Zappa met Adelaide Gail Sloatman. He fell in love within "a couple of minutes", and she moved into the house over the summer. They married in 1967, had four children and remained together until Zappa's death.
Wilson nominally produced The Mothers' second album ''Absolutely Free'' (1967), which was recorded in November 1966, and later mixed in New York, although by this time Zappa was in ''de facto'' control of most facets of the production. It featured extended playing by The Mothers of Invention and focused on songs that defined Zappa's compositional style of introducing abrupt, rhythmical changes into songs that were built from diverse elements. Examples are "Plastic People" and "Brown Shoes Don't Make It", which contained lyrics critical of the hypocrisy and conformity of American society, but also of the counterculture of the 1960s. As Zappa put it, "[W]e're satirists, and we are out to satirize everything." At the same time, Zappa had recorded material for a self-produced album based on orchestral works to be released under his own name. Due to contractual problems, the recordings were shelved and only made ready for release late in 1967. Zappa took the opportunity to radically restructure the contents, adding newly recorded, improvised dialogue to finalize what became his first solo album (under the name ''Francis Vincent Zappa''), ''Lumpy Gravy'' (1968). It is an "incredible ambitious musical project", a "monument to John Cage", which intertwines orchestral themes, spoken words and electronic noises through radical audio editing techniques.
New York period (1966–1968)
The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year. As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with The Mothers of Invention, moved to New York. Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals. Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a "gook baby".Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, The Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, ''We're Only in It for the Money'' (released 1968). It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. ''We're Only in It for the Money'' featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena. The cover photo parodied that of The Beatles' ''Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. The cover art was provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa met in New York. This initiated a life-long collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums.
Reflecting Zappa's eclectic approach to music, the next album, ''Cruising with Ruben & the Jets'' (1968), was very different. It represented a collection of doo-wop songs; listeners and critics were not sure whether the album was a satire or a tribute. Zappa has noted that the album was conceived in the way Stravinsky's compositions were in his neo-classical period: "If he could take the forms and clichés of the classical era and pervert them, why not do the same ... to doo-wop in the fifties?" A theme from Stravinsky's ''The Rite of Spring'' is heard during one song.
In New York, Zappa increasingly used tape editing as a compositional tool. A prime example is found on the double album ''Uncle Meat'' (1969), where the track "King Kong" is edited from various studio and live performances. Zappa had begun regularly recording concerts, and because of his insistence on precise tuning and timing, he was able to augment his studio productions with excerpts from live shows, and vice versa. Later, he combined recordings of different compositions into new pieces, irrespective of the tempo or meter of the sources. He dubbed this process "xenochrony" (strange synchronizations) — reflecting the Greek "xeno" (alien or strange) and "chrono" (time). Zappa also evolved a compositional approach which he called "conceptual continuity," meaning that any project or album was part of a larger project. Everything was connected, and musical themes and lyrics reappeared in different form on later albums. Conceptual continuity clues are found throughout Zappa's entire œuvre.
During the late 1960s, Zappa continued to develop the business sides of his career. He and Herb Cohen formed the Bizarre Records and Straight Records labels, distributed by Warner Bros. Records, as ventures to aid the funding of projects and to increase creative control. Zappa produced the double album ''Trout Mask Replica'' for Captain Beefheart, and releases by Alice Cooper, Wild Man Fischer, and The GTOs, as well as Lenny Bruce's last live performance.
Disbanding the original Mothers of Invention (1969)
|title=Peaches en Regalia [Song Review] |last=Couture |first=François |publisher=Allmusic |accessdate=April 11, 2010}} and has been covered by many artists. |title="Peaches En Regalia"|pos=right|}}Zappa and The Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in the summer of 1968, and the Zappas moved into a house on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, only to move again to one on Woodrow Wilson Drive in the autumn. This was to be Zappa's home for the rest of his life. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, The Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially. Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his "electrical chamber music". In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing royalties whether they played or not. 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with MGM's interference, left MGM Records for Warner Bros. Records' Reprise Records subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint. In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band. He often cited the financial strain as the main reason, but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort. Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling. Others were irritated by 'his autocratic ways', exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members. Several members would, however, play for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on ''Weasels Ripped My Flesh'' and ''Burnt Weeny Sandwich'' (both released in 1970).
After he disbanded The Mothers of Invention, Zappa released the acclaimed solo album ''Hot Rats'' (1969). It features, for the first time on record, Zappa playing extended guitar solos and contains one of his most enduring compositions, "Peaches en Regalia", which reappeared several times on future recordings. It was backed by jazz, blues and R&B; session players including violinist Don "Sugarcane" Harris, drummers John Guerin and Paul Humphrey, multi-instrumentalist and previous member of Mothers of Invention Ian Underwood, and multi-instrumentalist Shuggie Otis on bass, along with a guest appearance by Captain Beefheart (providing vocals to the only non-instrumental track, "Willie the Pimp"). It became a popular album in England, and had a major influence on the development of the jazz-rock fusion genre.
1970s: From The Mothers to Zappa
In 1970 Zappa met conductor Zubin Mehta. They arranged a May 1970 concert where Mehta conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic augmented by a rock band. According to Zappa, the music was mostly written in motel rooms while on tour with The Mothers of Invention. Some of it was later featured in the movie ''200 Motels''. Although the concert was a success, Zappa's experience working with a symphony orchestra was not a happy one. His dissatisfaction became a recurring theme throughout his career; he often felt that the quality of performance of his material delivered by orchestras was not commensurate with the money he spent on orchestral concerts and recordings.
Rebirth of The Mothers and filmmaking (1970)
Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of The Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the "of Invention"). It included British drummer Aynsley Dunbar, jazz keyboardist George Duke, Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of The Turtles: bass player Jim Pons, and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name "The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie", or "Flo & Eddie".
This version of The Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album ''Chunga's Revenge'' (1970), which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie ''200 Motels'' (1971), featuring The Mothers, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Co-directed by Zappa and Tony Palmer, it was filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London. Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting. The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician. It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film, a process which allowed for novel visual effects. It was released to mixed reviews. The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract.
After ''200 Motels'', the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, ''Fillmore East - June 1971'' and ''Just Another Band From L.A.''; the latter included the 20-minute track "Billy the Mountain", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on ''200 Motels'' scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.
Accident, attack and their aftermath (1971–1972)
In December 1971, there were two serious setbacks. While performing at Casino de Montreux in Switzerland, The Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino. Immortalized in Deep Purple's song "Smoke on the Water", the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album ''Swiss Cheese/Fire'', released legally as part of Zappa's ''Beat the Boots II'' compilation. After a week's break, The Mothers played at the Rainbow Theatre, London, with rented gear. During the encore, an audience member pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed larynx, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a third after healing. This left him wheelchair bound, forcing him off the road for over half a year. Upon his return to the stage in September 1972, he was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed "shorter than the other" (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs "Zomby Woof" and "Dancin' Fool"), resulting in chronic back pain. Meanwhile, The Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.During 1971–1972 Zappa released two strongly jazz-oriented solo LPs, ''Waka/Jawaka'' and ''The Grand Wazoo'', which were recorded during the forced layoff from concert touring, using floating line-ups of session players and Mothers alumni. Musically, the albums were akin to ''Hot Rats''. Zappa began touring again in late 1972. His first effort was a series of concerts in September 1972 with a 20-piece big band referred to as the Grand Wazoo. This was followed by a scaled-down version known as the Petit Wazoo that toured the U.S. for five weeks from October to December 1972.
Top 10 album (1973–1975)
Zappa then formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included Ian Underwood (reeds, keyboards), Ruth Underwood (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute and vocals), Bruce Fowler (trombone), Tom Fowler (bass), Chester Thompson (drums), Ralph Humphrey (drums), George Duke (keyboards, vocals), and Jean-Luc Ponty (violin). By 1973 the Bizarre and Straight labels were discontinued. In their place, Zappa and Cohen created DiscReet Records, also distributed by Warner Bros. Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album ''Apostrophe (')'' (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the Billboard pop album charts helped by the chart single "Don't Eat The Yellow Snow". Other albums from the period are ''Over-Nite Sensation'' (1973), which contained several future concert favorites, such as "Dinah-Moe Humm" and "Montana", and the albums ''Roxy & Elsewhere'' (1974) and ''One Size Fits All'' (1975) which feature ever-changing versions of a band still called The Mothers, and are notable for the tight renditions of highly difficult jazz fusion songs in such pieces as "Inca Roads", "Echidna's Arf (Of You)" and "Be-Bop Tango (Of the Old Jazzmen's Church)". A live recording from 1974, ''You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2'' (1988), captures "the full spirit and excellence of the 1973–75 band". Zappa released ''Bongo Fury'' (1975), which featured live recordings from a tour the same year that reunited him with Captain Beefheart for a brief period. They later became estranged for a period of years, but were in contact at the end of Zappa's life.
Business breakups and touring (1976–1979)
Zappa's relationship with long-time manager Herb Cohen ended in 1976. Zappa sued Cohen for skimming more than he was allocated from DiscReet Records, as well as for signing acts of which Zappa did not approve. Cohen filed a lawsuit against Zappa in return, which froze the money Zappa and Cohen had gained from an out-of-court settlement with MGM over the rights of the early Mothers of Invention recordings. It also prevented Zappa having access to any of his previously recorded material during the trials. Zappa therefore took his personal master copies of the rock-oriented ''Zoot Allures'' (1976) directly to Warner Bros., thereby bypassing DiscReet.In the mid-1970s Zappa prepared material for ''Läther'' (pronounced "leather"), a four-LP project. ''Läther'' encapsulated all the aspects of Zappa's musical styles — rock tunes, orchestral works, complex instrumentals, and Zappa's own trademark distortion-drenched guitar solos. Wary of a quadruple-LP, Warner Bros. Records refused to release it. Zappa managed to get an agreement with Mercury-Phonogram, and test pressings were made targeted at a Halloween 1977 release, but Warner Bros. prevented the release by claiming rights over the material. Zappa responded by appearing on the Pasadena, California radio station KROQ, allowing them to broadcast ''Läther'' and encouraging listeners to make their own tape recordings. A lawsuit between Zappa and Warner Bros. followed, during which no Zappa material was released for more than a year. Eventually, Warner Bros. issued major parts of ''Läther'' against Zappa's will as four individual albums with limited promotion. ''Läther'' was released posthumously in 1996.
Although Zappa eventually gained the rights to all his material created under the MGM and Warner Bros. contracts, the various lawsuits meant that for a period Zappa's only income came from touring, which he therefore did extensively in 1975–1977 with relatively small, mainly rock-oriented, bands. Drummer Terry Bozzio became a regular band member, Napoleon Murphy Brock stayed on for a while, and original Mothers of Invention bassist Roy Estrada joined. Among other musicians were bassist Patrick O'Hearn, singer-guitarist Ray White and keyboardist Eddie Jobson. In December 1976, Zappa appeared as a featured musical guest on the NBC television show ''Saturday Night Live''. The performances included an impromptu musical collaboration with cast member John Belushi during the instrumental piece "The Purple Lagoon". Belushi appeared as his Samurai Futaba character playing the tenor sax with Zappa conducting. Zappa's song, "I'm the Slime", was performed with a voice-over by ''SNL'' booth announcer Don Pardo, who also introduced "Peaches En Regalia" on the same airing.
Zappa's band at the time, with the additions of Ruth Underwood and a horn section (featuring Michael and Randy Brecker), performed during Christmas in New York, recordings of which appear on one of the albums released by Warner Bros., ''Zappa in New York'' (1978). It mixes intense instrumentals such as "The Black Page" and humorous songs like "Titties and Beer". The former composition, written originally for drum kit but later developed for larger bands, is notorious for its complexity in rhythmic structure, radical changes of tempo and meter, and short, densely arranged passages.
''Zappa in New York'' featured a song about sex criminal Michael H. Kenyon, "The Illinois Enema Bandit", which featured Don Pardo providing the opening narrative in the song. Like many songs on the album, it contained numerous sexual references, leading to many critics objecting and being offended by the content. Zappa dismissed the criticism by noting that he was a journalist reporting on life as he saw it. Predating his later fight against censorship, he remarked: "What do you make of a society that is so primitive that it clings to the belief that certain words in its language are so powerful that they could corrupt you the moment you hear them?" The remaining albums released by Warner Bros. Records without Zappa's consent were ''Studio Tan'' in 1978 and ''Sleep Dirt'' in 1979, which contained complex suites of instrumentally-based tunes recorded between 1973 and 1976, and whose release was overlooked in the midst of the legal problems. Also released by the label without the artist's consent was ''Orchestral Favorites'' in 1979, which featured recordings of a concert with orchestral music from 1975.
Zappa as an independent artist (1979)
Resolving the lawsuits successfully, Zappa ended the 1970s "stronger than ever", by releasing two of his most successful albums in 1979: the best selling album of his career, ''Sheik Yerbouti'', and the "bona fide masterpiece", ''Joe's Garage''. The double album ''Sheik Yerbouti'' was the first release on Zappa Records, and contained the Grammy-nominated single "Dancin' Fool", which reached No. 45 on the ''Billboard'' charts, and "Jewish Princess", which received attention when a Jewish lobby group, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), attempted to prevent the song from receiving radio airplay due to its alleged anti-Semitic lyrics. Zappa vehemently denied any anti-Semitic sentiments and dismissed the ADL as a "noisemaking organization that tries to apply pressure on people in order to manufacture a stereotype image of Jews that suits their idea of a good time". The album's commercial success was attributable in part to "Bobby Brown". Due to its explicit lyrics about a young man's encounter with a "dyke by the name of Freddie", the song did not get airplay in the U.S., but it topped the charts in several European countries where English is not the primary language. The triple LP ''Joe's Garage'' featured lead singer Ike Willis as the voice of the character "Joe" in a rock opera about the danger of political systems, the suppression of freedom of speech and music — inspired in part by the Islamic revolution that had made music illegal within its jurisdiction at the time — and about the "strange relationship Americans have with sex and sexual frankness". The album contains rock songs like "Catholic Girls" (a riposte to the controversies of "Jewish Princess"), "Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up", and the title track, as well as extended live-recorded guitar improvisations combined with a studio backup band dominated by drummer Vinnie Colaiuta (with whom Zappa had a particularly good musical rapport) adopting the xenochrony process. The album contains one of Zappa's most famous guitar "signature pieces", "Watermelon in Easter Hay".On December 21, 1979, Zappa's movie ''Baby Snakes'' premiered in New York. The movie's tagline was "A movie about people who do stuff that is not normal". The 2 hour and 40 minutes movie was based on footage from concerts in New York around Halloween 1977, with a band featuring keyboardist Tommy Mars and percussionist Ed Mann (who would both return on later tours) as well as guitarist Adrian Belew. It also contained several extraordinary sequences of clay animation by Bruce Bickford who had earlier provided animation sequences to Zappa for a 1974 TV special (which later become available on the video ''The Dub Room Special'' (1982)). The movie did not do well in theatrical distribution, but won the Premier Grand Prix at the First International Music Festival in Paris in 1981. The Zappa Family Trust released it on DVD, and it has been available since 2003.
Zappa later expanded on his television appearances in a non-musical role. He was an actor or voice artist in episodes of ''Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre'', ''Miami Vice'' and ''The Ren and Stimpy Show''. A voice part in ''The Simpsons'' never materialized, to creator Matt Groening's disappointment.
1980s: Productive as ever
After spending most of 1980 on the road, Zappa released ''Tinsel Town Rebellion'' in 1981. It was the first release on his own Barking Pumpkin Records, and it contains songs taken from a 1979 tour, one studio track and material from the 1980 tours. The album is a mixture of complicated instrumentals and Zappa's use of ''sprechstimme'' (speaking song or voice)—a compositional technique utilized by such composers as Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg — showcasing some of the most accomplished bands Zappa ever had (mostly featuring drummer Vinnie Colaiuta). While some lyrics still raised controversy among critics, in the sense that some found them sexist, the political and sociological satire in songs like the title track and "The Blue Light" have been described as a "hilarious critique of the willingness of the American people to believe anything". The album is also notable for the presence of guitar virtuoso Steve Vai, who joined Zappa's touring band in the fall of 1980.
The same year the double album ''You Are What You Is'' was released. Most of it was recorded in Zappa's brand new Utility Muffin Research Kitchen (UMRK) studios, which were located at his house, thereby giving him complete freedom to work. The album included one complex instrumental, "Theme from the 3rd Movement of Sinister Footwear", but focused mainly on rock songs with Zappa's sardonic social commentary—satirical lyrics targeted at teenagers, the media, and religious and political hypocrisy. "Dumb All Over" is a tirade on religion, as is "Heavenly Bank Account", wherein Zappa rails against TV evangelists such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson for their purported influence on the U.S. administration as well as their use of religion as a means of raising money. Songs like "Society Pages" and "I'm a Beautiful Guy" show Zappa's dismay with the Reagan era and its "obscene pursuit of wealth and happiness". In 1981, Zappa also released three instrumental albums, ''Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar'', ''Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More'', and ''The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar'', which were initially sold via mail order, but later released through the CBS label due to popular demand. The albums focus exclusively on Frank Zappa as a guitar soloist, and the tracks are predominantly live recordings from 1979–1980; they highlight Zappa's improvisational skills with "beautiful performances from the backing group as well". Another guitar-only album, ''Guitar'', was released in 1988, and a third, ''Trance-Fusion'', which Zappa completed shortly before his death, was released in 2006.
From hit single to classical performances
In May 1982, Zappa released ''Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch'', which featured his biggest selling single ever, the Grammy Award-nominated song "Valley Girl" (topping out at No. 32 on the ''Billboard'' charts). In her improvised lyrics to the song, Zappa's daughter Moon Unit satirized the vapid speech of teenage girls from the San Fernando Valley, which popularized many "Valspeak" expressions such as "gag me with a spoon," "fer sure, fer sure," "grody" (gross), and "barf out". Most Americans who only knew Zappa from his few singles successes now thought of him as a person writing "novelty songs", even though the rest of the album contained highly challenging music. Zappa was irritated by this and never played the song live.In 1983, two different projects were released, beginning with ''The Man from Utopia,'' a rock-oriented work. The album is eclectic, featuring the vocal-led "Dangerous Kitchen" and "The Jazz Discharge Party Hats", both continuations of the sprechstimme excursions on ''Tinseltown Rebellion.'' The second album, ''London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1'', contained orchestral Zappa compositions conducted by Kent Nagano and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). A second record of these sessions, ''London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 2'' was released in 1987. The material was recorded under a tight schedule with Zappa providing all funding, helped by the commercial success of "Valley Girl". Zappa was not satisfied with the LSO recordings. One reason is "Strictly Genteel", which was recorded after the trumpet section had been out for drinks on a break: the track took 40 edits to hide out-of-tune notes. Conductor Nagano, who was pleased with the experience, noted that in "fairness to the orchestra, the music is humanly very, very difficult". Some reviews noted that the recordings were the best representation of Zappa's orchestral work so far. In 1984 Zappa teamed again with Nagano and the Berkeley Symphony Orchestra for a live performance of ''A Zappa Affair'' with augmented orchestra, life-size puppets, and moving stage sets. Although critically acclaimed the work was a financial failure, and only performed twice. Zappa was invited by conference organizer Thomas Wells to be the keynote speaker at the American Society of University Composers at the Ohio State University. It was there Zappa delivered his famous "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" address, and had two of his orchestra pieces, "Dupree's Paradise" and "Naval Aviation in Art?" performed by the Columbus Symphony and ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.
Synclavier
For the remainder of his career, much of Zappa's work was influenced by his use of the Synclavier as a compositional and performance tool. Even considering the complexity of the music he wrote, the Synclavier could realize anything he could dream up. The Synclavier could be programmed to play almost anything conceivable, to perfection: "With the Synclavier, any group of imaginary instruments can be invited to play the most difficult passages ... with ''one-millisecond'' accuracy—every time". Even though it essentially did away with the need for musicians, Zappa viewed the Synclavier and real-life musicians as separate. In 1984, he released four albums. ''Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger,'' contains orchestral works commissioned and conducted by world-renowned conductor Pierre Boulez (who was listed as an influence on ''Freak Out!'') and performed by his Ensemble InterContemporain, juxtaposed with premiere Synclavier pieces. Again, Zappa was not satisfied with the performances of his orchestral works as he found them under-rehearsed, but in the album liner notes he respectfully thanks Boulez's demands for precision. The Synclavier pieces stood in contrast to the orchestral works, as the sounds were electronically generated and not, as became possible shortly thereafter, sampled.
The album ''Thing-Fish'' was an ambitious three-record set in the style of a Broadway play dealing with a dystopian "what-if" scenario involving feminism, homosexuality, manufacturing and distribution of the AIDS virus, and a eugenics program conducted by the United States government. New vocals were combined with previously released tracks and new Synclavier music; "the work is an extraordinary example of bricolage". Finally, in 1984, Zappa released ''Francesco Zappa'', a Synclavier rendition of works by 18th century composer Francesco Zappa (no known relation), and ''Them or Us,'' a two-record set of heavily edited live and session pieces.
Senate testimony
On September 19, 1985, Zappa testified before the United States Senate Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator Al Gore. The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content. Zappa saw their activities as on a path towards censorship, and called their proposal for voluntary labelling of records with explicit content "extortion" of the music industry. In his prepared statement, he said:
The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design. It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating dandruff by decapitation ... The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a large yellow "J" on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine?
Zappa set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition "Porn Wars" on the 1985 album ''Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention'', and the full recording was released in 2010 as ''Congress Shall Make No Law...''. Zappa is heard interacting with Senators Fritz Hollings, Slade Gorton, Al Gore (who claimed, at the hearing, to be a Zappa fan), and in an exchange with Florida Senator Paula Hawkins over what toys Zappa's children played with. Zappa expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on CNN's ''Crossfire TV series'' and debated issues with ''Washington Times'' commentator John Lofton in 1986. Zappa's passion for American politics was becoming a bigger part of his life. He had always encouraged his fans to register to vote on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts. He even considered running for President of the United States.
Digital medium and last tour
Around 1986, Zappa undertook a comprehensive re-release program of his earlier vinyl recordings. He personally oversaw the remastering of all his 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s albums for the new digital compact disc medium. Certain aspects of these re-issues were, however, criticized by some fans as being unfaithful to the original recordings. Nearly twenty years before the advent of online music stores, Zappa had proposed to replace "phonographic record merchandising" of music by "direct digital-to-digital transfer" through phone or cable TV (with royalty payments and consumer billing automatically built into the accompanying software). In 1989, Zappa considered his idea a "miserable flop".The album ''Jazz From Hell,'' released in 1986, earned Zappa his first Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Except for one live guitar solo (St. Etienne), the album exclusively featured compositions brought to life by the Synclavier. Although an instrumental album, containing no lyrics whatsoever, Meyer Music Markets sold ''Jazz from Hell'' featuring an "explicit lyrics" sticker — a warning label introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America in an agreement with the PMRC.
Zappa's last tour in a rock and jazz band format took place in 1988 with a 12-piece group which had a repertoire of over 100 (mostly Zappa) compositions, but which split under acrimonious circumstances before the tour was completed. The tour was documented on the albums ''Broadway the Hard Way'' (new material featuring songs with strong political emphasis), ''The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life'' (Zappa "standards" and an eclectic collection of cover tunes, ranging from Maurice Ravel's ''Boléro'' to Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven"), and ''Make a Jazz Noise Here'' (mostly instrumental and avant-garde music). Parts are also found on ''You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore'', volumes 4 and 6.
1990s: Classical music and death
In early 1990, Zappa visited Czechoslovakia at the request of President Václav Havel, and was asked to serve as consultant for the government on trade, cultural matters and tourism. Havel was a lifelong fan of Zappa who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a Czech rock group that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from Zappa's 1968 song "Plastic People"). Zappa enthusiastically agreed and began meeting with corporate officials interested in investing in Czechoslovakia. Within a few weeks, however, the U.S. administration put pressure on the Czech government to withdraw the appointment. Havel made Zappa an unofficial cultural attaché instead. Zappa also planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses. Most of Zappa's projects came to a halt in 1990, when he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. The disease had been developing unnoticed for ten years and was considered inoperable. After his diagnosis, Zappa devoted most of his energy to modern orchestral and Synclavier works. In 1993 he completed ''Civilization, Phaze III'' shortly before his death. It was a major Synclavier work which he had begun in the 1980s.In 1991, Zappa was chosen to be one of four featured composers at the world-acclaimed Frankfurt Festival in 1992 (the others were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Alexander Knaifel). Zappa was approached by the German chamber ensemble, Ensemble Modern, which was interested in playing his music for the event. Although ill, Zappa invited them to Los Angeles for rehearsals of new compositions and new arrangements of older material. In addition to being satisfied with the ensemble's performances of his music, Zappa also got along with the musicians, and the concerts in Germany and Austria were set up for the fall. In September 1992, the concerts went ahead as scheduled, but Zappa could only appear at two in Frankfurt due to illness. At the first concert, he conducted the opening "Overture", and the final "G-Spot Tornado" as well as the theatrical "Food Gathering in Post-Industrial America, 1992" and "Welcome to the United States" (the remainder of the program was conducted by the ensemble's regular conductor Peter Rundel). Zappa received a 20-minute ovation. It would become his last professional public appearance, as the cancer was spreading to such an extent that he was in too much pain to enjoy an event that he otherwise found "exhilarating". Recordings from the concerts appeared on ''The Yellow Shark'' (1993), Zappa's last release during his lifetime, and some material from studio rehearsals appeared on the posthumous ''Everything Is Healing Nicely'' (1999).
Frank Zappa died on Saturday, December 4, 1993 in his home surrounded by his wife and children. At a private ceremony the following day, Zappa was interred in an unmarked grave at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles, next to the grave of actor Lew Ayres. On Monday, December 6 his family publicly announced that "Composer Frank Zappa left for his final tour just before 6:00 pm on Saturday".
Legacy
Acclaim and honors
Zappa earned widespread critical acclaim in his lifetime and after his death. ''The Rolling Stone Album Guide'' (2004) writes: "Frank Zappa dabbled in virtually all kinds of music — and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable". Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, Zappa was seen establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that "The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite". On commenting on Zappa's music, politics and philosophy, Barry Miles noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: "It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity. ''Guitar Player'' devoted a special issue to Zappa in 1992, and asked on the cover "Is FZ America's Best Kept Musical Secret?" Editor Don Menn remarked that the issue was about "The most important composer to come out of modern popular music". Among those contributing to the issue was composer and musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky, who conducted premiere performances of works of Ives and Varèse in the 1930s. He became friends with Zappa in the 1980s, and said "I admire everything Frank does, because he practically created the new musical millennium. He does beautiful, beautiful work ... It has been my luck to have lived to see the emergence of this totally new type of music." Conductor Kent Nagano remarked in the same issue that "Frank is a genius. That's a word I don't use often ... In Frank's case it is not too strong ... He is extremely literate musically. I'm not sure if the general public knows that". Pierre Boulez stated in ''Musician'' magazine's posthumous Zappa tribute article that Zappa "was an exceptional figure because he was part of the worlds of rock and classical music and that both types of his work would survive." Many music scholars acknowledge Zappa as one of the most influential composers of his generation. As an electric guitarist, he has become highly regarded.
In 1994, jazz magazine ''Down Beat''
Artists influenced by Zappa
A number of notable musicians, bands and orchestras from diverse genres have been influenced by Frank Zappa's music. Rock artists like Alice Cooper, Primus, Fee Waybill of The Tubes all cite Zappa's influence, as do progressive rock artists like Henry Cow, Trey Anastasio of Phish, and John Frusciante. Paul McCartney regarded ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' as The Beatles' ''Freak Out!'' Heavy rock and metal acts like Black Sabbath, Mike Portnoy, Warren DeMartini, Steve Vai, Strapping Young Lad, System of a Down, Clawfinger, and Devin Townsend acknowledge Zappa's inspiration. On the classical music scene, Tomas Ulrich, Meridian Arts Ensemble, Ensemble Ambrosius and the Fireworks Ensemble regularly perform Zappa's compositions and quote his influence. Contemporary jazz musicians and composers Bill Frisell and John Zorn are inspired by Zappa, as is funk legend George Clinton. Other artists whose work is affected by Zappa include new age pianist George Winston, electronic composer Bob Gluck, parody singer "Weird Al" Yankovic, industrial music pioneer Genesis P-Orridge, and noise music artist Masami Akita of Merzbow.
References in arts and sciences
Scientists from various fields have honored Zappa by naming new discoveries after him. In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Plas, Jr. identified an extinct mollusc in Nevada and named it ''Amaurotoma zappa'' with the motivation that, "The specific name, ''zappa'', honors Frank Zappa". In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a genus of gobiid fishes of New Guinea ''Zappa'', with a species named ''Zappa confluentus''. Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian jellyfish ''Phialella zappai'' (1987), noting that he had "pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer". Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named ''Pachygnatha zappa'' because "the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache". A gene of the bacterium ''Proteus mirabilis'' that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named ''zapA'' by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they "especially thank the late Frank Zappa for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature". In the late 1990s, American paleontologists Marc Salak and Halard L. Lescinsky discovered a metazoan fossil, and named it ''Spygori zappania'' to honor "the late Frank Zappa ... whose mission paralleled that of the earliest paleontologists: to challenge conventional and traditional beliefs when such beliefs lacked roots in logic and reason".In 1994, lobbying efforts initiated by psychiatrist John Scialli led the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to name an asteroid in Zappa's honor: ''3834 Zappafrank''. The asteroid was discovered in 1980 by Czechoslovakian astronomer Ladislav Brozek, and the citation for its naming says that "Zappa was an eclectic, self-trained artist and composer ... Before 1989 he was regarded as a symbol of democracy and freedom by many people in Czechoslovakia".
In 1995, a bust of Zappa by sculptor Konstantinas Bogdanas was installed in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. A replica was offered to the city of Baltimore in 2008, and on September 19, 2010 — the twenty-fifth anniversary of Zappa's testimony to the U.S. Senate — a ceremony dedicating the replica was held, with the bust installed at the Southeast Anchor Branch Library in Baltimore's Highlandtown. Speakers at the event included Gail Zappa and Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake In 2002, a bronze bust was installed in German city Bad Doberan, since 1990 location of the ''Zappanale'', an annual music festival celebrating Zappa. At the initiative of musicians community ORWOhaus, the city of Berlin named a street in the Marzahn district "Frank-Zappa-Straße" in 2007. The same year, Baltimore's mayor Sheila Dixon proclaimed August 9 as the city's official "Frank Zappa Day" citing Zappa's musical accomplishments as well as his defense of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Discography
References
Notes
External links
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| Coordinates | 23°29′11″N46°20′55″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Skeeter Davis |
| Background | solo_singer |
| Birth name | Mary Frances Penick |
| Alias | Skeeter Davis |
| Born | December 30, 1931Dry Ridge, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | September 19, 2004Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Origin | Dry Ridge, Kentucky |
| Genre | country, pop, Nashville sound |
| Occupation | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | 1952–2004 |
| Associated acts | Chet Atkins, Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, Connie Smith, Bobby Bare, Dottie West, George Hamilton IV |
| Label | RCA Records Mercury Records Rounder Records Fortune Records }} |
Mary Frances Penick (December 30, 1931 – September 19, 2004), better known as Skeeter Davis, was an American country music singer best known for crossover pop music songs of the early 1960s. She started out as part of The Davis Sisters as a teenager in the late 1940s, eventually landing on RCA Records. In the late '50s, she became a solo star. Her best-known hit was the pop classic "The End of the World" in 1963.
One of the first women to achieve major stardom in the country music field as a solo vocalist, she was an acknowledged influence on Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton and was hailed as an "extraordinary country/pop singer" by ''The New York Times'' music critic Robert Palmer.
Biography
Early life
Davis was the first of seven children born to William and Punzie Penick, in Dry Ridge, Kentucky. Because her grandfather thought that she had a lot of energy for a young child, he nicknamed Mary Frances "Skeeter" (slang for mosquito). In 1947, the Penick family moved to Erlanger, Kentucky, where Skeeter met Betty Jack Davis and Wanda Rose Rader at Dixie Heights High School, becoming instant friends. They sang together through much of high school, and at Decoursey Baptist Church, where Wanda's father was the pastor. They formed a group known as the Davis Sisters (although they were unrelated), and started singing on Detroit radio station WJR's program ''Barnyard Frolics''. Wanda was unable to travel, so Skeeter & B.J. began to make a name as a duet. Eventually, the duo were signed by RCA Records in 1951 (earlier demo recordings were eventually released on Fortune Records after the act's RCA success which has led to some confusion that the Davis Sisters were on the Fortune label before RCA).
Rise to fame
RCA Records producer Steve Sholes liked the Davis Sisters' harmonies and offered the duo a recording contract in 1953. Their most successful release was "I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know", which spent eight weeks at No. 1 on the country charts in 1953, as well as making the Top 20 on the pop charts. The record ranks No. 65 on the Top 100 Country Singles of All Time, according to ''Billboard'' historian Joel Whitburn.While "I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know" was climbing the charts, the Davis Sisters were involved in a major car accident on August 1, 1953. The crash killed Betty Jack Davis and left Skeeter with severe injuries. After the accident, Skeeter and Betty Jack's sister Georgia continued as the Davis Sisters although none of their records were major hits. Skeeter decided to retire from the music industry in 1956 and get married, ending the duet.
1960s
Davis decided to go back into country music as a solo act in 1958. She began touring with Ernest Tubb and she hooked up again with RCA Records, this time working with guitarist and record producer Chet Atkins. That year, Davis recorded "Lost to a Geisha Girl", an answer song to Hank Locklin's hit "Geisha Girl", which reached the country Top 15 and became her first solo hit. Atkins worked with Davis as a guitarist on all of these sessions. At Davis' suggestion, Atkins frequently multi-tracked Davis' voice for harmony vocals to resemble the sound of the Davis Sisters. This echo can be found on several of her early solo hits, such as "Am I That Easy to Forget".Davis had a Top 5 country hit, "Set Him Free", in 1959, as well as another Top 20 hit called "Homebreaker". She also joined the Grand Ole Opry that year, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Set Him Free", becoming the first female country singer to be nominated for a Grammy.
From 1960 to 1962, Davis had top ten hits with the songs "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too", "My Last Date (With You)", "Where I Ought to Be" and "Optimistic". "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too" in 1960 was her first entrance as a solo onto the pop charts. The song went all the way to the Top 40, unheard of for a female country singer at the time. In 1961, she scored a second pop hit with a lyric version (written by Skeeter) of Floyd Cramer's instrumental country pop smash "Last Date" called "My Last Date (With You)" which did even better making the Top 30 on the pop charts. Both of these songs did exceptionally well on the country charts, peaking at No. 2 and No. 5, respectively.
In 1963, Davis achieved her biggest success with country pop crossover hit "The End of the World". The song just missed topping the country and pop charts that year; however, it did top the adult contemporary charts. The record was also a surprise top five hit on the rhythm and blues charts, making Davis one of the very few Caucasian female singers to have a top ten hit in that market. The single sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. "The End of the World" soon became Davis' signature song. Davis achieved one other country-pop hit with the Carole King-penned "I Can't Stay Mad At You", which peaked at No. 7 on the pop charts and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart in 1963. She made several appearances on the pop music show ''American Bandstand'' in the early 1960s and a decade later was one of the first country artists to appear on ''The Midnight Special''.
Davis received five Grammy Award nominations, including four for Best Female Country Vocal Performance: 1964 ("He Says the Same Things to Me"), 1964; ("Sunglasses"), 1965; ("What Does It Take"), 1967, and "One Tin Soldier"), 1972. Davis was also an accomplished songwriter, penning almost 70 songs and earning two BMI awards for "Set Him Free" and "My Last Date With You", the latter also recorded by Ann-Margret, Pat Boone, Kay Starr, Joni James, and several others in addition to Davis' original hit version. Deborah Harry recorded a remake of Davis' version in 1993 featuring Michael Stipe, a long-time Davis fan. (Conway Twitty wrote new lyrics for the instrumental in 1972 as "Lost Her Love (On Our Last Date), which reached No. 1 on the country chart as did Emmylou Harris's remake of Twitty's version in 1983 retitled "Lost His Love (On Our Last Date)".)
Davis' success continued with "I'm Saving My Love" and 1964's ''Gonna Get Along Without Ya Now'', an updated cover a 1956 hit by Patience and Prudence). Both made the Top 10 on the country charts and cracked the ''Billboard'' Top 50 pop charts, though the success of "Gonna Get" was likely hampered by another remake of the song by vocalist Tracey Dey simultaneously climbing the charts to peak slightly lower than Davis' version. Later pop efforts, like "Let Me Get Close to You" in July 1964, missed making the Hot 100, reflecting the changing nature of pop styles due to the ongoing British Invasion but Davis continued a successful run on the country charts.
In 1965, she recorded a duet with Bobby Bare called "A Dear John Letter", which just missed the country Top 10 and received light pop action. (The best-known version of the song had been recorded originally by Jean Shepard and Ferlin Husky in 1953.) Davis also recorded quite a few albums during this time, including two tribute albums ''I Love Flatt and Scruggs'' and ''Skeeter Davis Sings Buddy Holly''. In 1967, Davis was back in the top ten with "What Does It Take? (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)". Davis only achieved two other major country hits the rest of the decade, "Fuel to the Flame" (written by Dolly Parton, whom Davis paid tribute to with an album called ''Skeeter Sings Dolly'' in 1972), and "There's a Fool Born Every Minute". Other singles were minor hits, but she released many albums.
Decline and controversy
In 1970, Davis had another Top 10 hit with "I'm a Lover (Not a Fighter)" and another duet with Bobby Bare with "Your Husband, My Wife". The following year, she had a hit with the autobiographical "Bus Fare To Kentucky". Subsequently, however, her chart success began to fade. Singles such as "It's Hard to Be a Woman" and "Love Takes a Lot of My Time" failed to crack the country Top 40. "One Tin Soldier" did not get much attention from country radio but was nominated for a Grammy as Best Female Country Vocal. The record was a major success in Canada, however, peaking at No. 2 on their easy listening chart and No. 4 country. In the 1970s, she began regularly touring foreign countries such as Barbados, Singapore, and Sweden, where she was among the most popular entertainers of any field. In 1973, she had a brief comeback with her Top 20 hit, "I Can't Believe That It's All Over".In 1973 during a performance at the Grand Ole Opry, Davis dedicated a gospel song to street evangelists arrested by Nashville police. The country was highly divided during these last days of the Nixon administration, and The Grand Ole Opry, being owned by National Life and Accident Insurance Company, had conservative management. For her "political" commentary, Davis was suspended from the Opry. In 1974, the show moved from 2,300-seat Ryman Auditorium to the new Grand Ole Opry House, a 4,400-seat auditorium. After a 15-month exile, Davis was reinstated as an Opry member perhaps due to the frequent requests from fans and some of her fellow Opry stars such as Jean Shepard and Teddy Wilburn. Despite losing several bookings during that period, Davis remained active by singing with a number of religious ministries and spent an extensive period evangelizing in Africa were she was royally treated.
Davis returned to the recording studio in 1976 with a brief stint on Mercury Records which produced two single releases, including her last song to make the national charts, 1976's "I Love Us". In 1978, she recorded the first of several albums for minor record labels which she would do on occasion into the 1990s.
Personal life
Davis was married three times, first to Kenneth Depew. She later married WSM disc jockey Ralph Emery in 1960, divorcing in 1964. In 1985, Davis made a solid comeback with the album ''She Sings, They Play'', with the band NRBQ. In 1987, she married NRBQ's bassist Joey Spampinato. They were divorced in 1996.
Later years and death
Davis lived in Brentwood, Tennessee, from the early 1960s until the time of her death in 2004. Her autobiography, ''Bus Fare to Kentucky'' (named after a 1971 Davis hit), was published in 1993. In 1998 she wrote a children's book, ''The Christmas Note'', with Cathie Pelletier; 2000 her childhood, it received praise from a number of authors, including Lee Smith, Rebecca Wells, and Terry Kay.Davis continued to perform frequently throughout much of the 1990s and into 2000. Quite a bit of her touring during the 1980s and 1990s was in international markets such as Barbados and Singapore where she remained a pop superstar. In 2001 she became incapacitated by the breast cancer that would claim her life. While Davis remained a member of the Grand Ole Opry until her death, she last appeared there in 2002. She died of breast cancer in a Nashville, Tennessee, hospice at the age of 72, on September 19, 2004.
Discography
Footnotes
External links
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de:Skeeter Davis fr:Skeeter Davis ko:스키터 데이비스 hr:Skeeter Davis ja:スキータ・デイヴィス no:Skeeter Davis simple:Skeeter Davis sv:Skeeter DavisThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 23°29′11″N46°20′55″N |
|---|---|
| Office | 35th President of the United States |
| Vicepresident | Lyndon Johnson |
| Term start | January 20, 1961 |
| Term end | November 22, 1963 |
| Predecessor | Dwight Eisenhower |
| Successor | Lyndon Johnson |
| Jr/sr2 | United States Senator |
| State2 | Massachusetts |
| Term start2 | January 3, 1953 |
| Term end2 | December 22, 1960 |
| Predecessor2 | Henry Lodge |
| Successor2 | Benjamin Smith |
| State3 | Massachusetts |
| District3 | 11th |
| Term start3 | January 3, 1947 |
| Term end3 | January 3, 1953 |
| Predecessor3 | James Curler |
| Successor3 | Tip O'Neill |
| Birth date | May 29, 1917 |
| Birth place | Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Death date | November 22, 1963 |
| Death place | Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse | Jacqueline Bouvier |
| Children | ArabellaCarolineJohnPatrick |
| Alma mater | Harvard College |
| Profession | Author |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Signature | John F Kennedy Signature 2.svg |
| Signature alt | Cursive signature in ink |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Serviceyears | 1941–1945 |
| Rank | |
| Unit | Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 |
| Battles | World War IISolomon Islands campaign |
| Awards | 30px Navy and Marine Corps Medal30px Purple Heart30px American Defense Service Medal30px American Campaign Medal 30px Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (3 bronze stars)30px World War II Victory Medal }} |
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat ''PT-109'' and Motor Torpedo Boat ''PT-59'' during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first president to have been born in the 20th century. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before any trial. The FBI, the Warren Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that Oswald was the assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the probability of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.
Early life and education
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in Brookline, Massachusetts on Tuesday, May 29, 1917, at 3:00 pm, the second son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and Rose Fitzgerald; Rose, in turn, was the eldest child of John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, a prominent Boston political figure who was the city's mayor and a three-term member of Congress. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended Edward Devotion School, Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School, through 4th grade. In 1927, the family moved to 5040 Independence Avenue in Riverdale, Bronx, New York City; two years later, they moved to 294 Pondfield Road in Bronxville, New York, where Kennedy was a member of Scout Troop 2 (and was the first Boy Scout to become President). Kennedy spent summers with his family at their home in Hyannisport, Massachusetts, and Christmas and Easter holidays with his family at their winter home in Palm Beach, Florida. For the 5th through 7th grade, Kennedy attended Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys. For 8th grade in September 1930, the 13-year old Kennedy attended Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he had appendicitis requiring an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home.In September 1931, Kennedy was sent to The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut, for his 9th through 12th grade years. His older brother Joe Jr., was already at Choate, two years ahead of him, a football star and leading student in the school. Jack spent his first years at Choate in his brother's shadow, and compensated for this with rebellious behavior that attracted a coterie. Their most notorious stunt was to explode a toilet seat with a powerful firecracker. In the ensuing chapel assembly, the strict headmaster, George St. John, brandished the toilet seat and spoke of certain "muckers" who would "spit in our sea". The defiant Jack Kennedy took the cue and named his group "The Muckers Club", which included roommate and friend Kirk LeMoyne "Lem" Billings. While at Choate, Kennedy was beset by health problems, culminating in 1934 with his emergency hospitalization at Yale - New Haven Hospital. In June 1934, he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and diagnosed with colitis. Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935. For the school yearbook, of which he had been business manager, Kennedy was voted the "Most likely to Succeed".
In September 1935, he made his first trip abroad, with his parents and sister Kathleen, to London, with the intent of studying at the London School of Economics (LSE) as his older brother Joe had done. There is uncertainty about what he did at LSE before returning to America in October 1935, when he enrolled late and spent six weeks at Princeton University. He was then hospitalized for two months of observation for possible leukemia at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He convalesced further at the Kennedy winter home in Palm Beach, then spent the spring of 1936 working as a ranch hand on a 40,000-acre (160 km2) cattle ranch outside Benson, Arizona. That summer he raced sailboats at the Kennedy home in Hyannisport.
In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at Harvard College, where he produced that year's annual "Freshman Smoker", called by a reviewer "an elaborate entertainment, which included in its cast outstanding personalities of the radio, screen and sports world". He tried out for the football, golf, and swim teams and earned a spot on the varsity swim team. In July 1937, Kennedy sailed to France, with his convertible on board, and spent ten weeks driving through Europe with Billings. In June 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his father and brother Joe to work with his father, Roosevelt's U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, at the American embassy in London. In August the family went to a villa near Cannes. In 1939, Kennedy toured Europe, the Soviet Union, the Balkans, and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis. He then went to Czechoslovakia and Germany before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. On September 3, 1939, the family was in the House of Commons for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the SS ''Athenia'', before flying back to the U.S. from Foynes, Ireland to Port Washington, New York on his first transatlantic flight.
As an upperclassman at Harvard, Kennedy became a more serious student and developed an interest in political philosophy. In his junior year he made the Dean’s List. In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British participation in the Munich Agreement. He initially intended his thesis to be private, but his father encouraged him to publish it. He graduated from Harvard College with a S.B. ''cum laude'' in international affairs in 1940. His thesis, published that year as a book entitled ''Why England Slept'', became a bestseller. Kennedy enrolled and audited classes at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. In early 1941, he helped his father complete the writing of a memoir of his three years as an American ambassador and then traveled throughout South America.
Military service
In September 1941, after medical disqualification by the Army for his chronic lower back problems, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy, with the influence of the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), former naval attaché to Joseph Kennedy. Kennedy was an ensign serving in the office of the Secretary of the Navy when the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred. He then attended the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps and Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Training Center, was assigned duty in Panama and later in the Pacific theater where he earned the rank of lieutenant, commanding a patrol torpedo (PT) boat.On August 2, 1943, Kennedy's boat, ''PT-109'', along with ''PT-162'' and ''PT-169'', were ordered to continue nighttime patrol near New Georgia in the Solomon Islands, when it was rammed by the Japanese destroyer ''Amagiri''. Kennedy gathered his surviving crew members together in the water around the wreckage, to vote on whether to "fight or surrender". Kennedy stated, "There's nothing in the book about a situation like this. A lot of you men have families and some of you have children. What do you want to do? I have nothing to lose." Shunning surrender, the men swam towards a small island. Kennedy, despite re-injury to his back in the collision, towed a badly burned crewman through the water with a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth. He towed the wounded man to the island and later to a second island from where his crew was subsequently rescued. For these actions, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal with the following citation:
'' For extremely heroic conduct as Commanding Officer of Motor Torpedo Boat 109 following the collision and sinking of that vessel in the Pacific War Theater on August 1–2, 1943. Unmindful of personal danger, Lieutenant (then Lieutenant, Junior Grade) Kennedy unhesitatingly braved the difficulties and hazards of darkness to direct rescue operations, swimming many hours to secure aid and food after he had succeeded in getting his crew ashore. His outstanding courage, endurance and leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.''
In October 1943, Kennedy took command of a PT boat converted into a gun boat, ''PT-59'', which in November took part in a Marine rescue on Choiseul Island. Kennedy was honorably discharged in early 1945, just prior to Japan's surrender. Kennedy's other decorations in World War II included the Purple Heart, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three bronze service stars, and the World War II Victory Medal. When later asked by a reporter how he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It was involuntary. They sank my boat."
Congressional career
House of Representatives
While Kennedy was still serving, his older brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. was killed in action on August 12, 1944 while part of Operation Aphrodite. Since Joe Jr. had been the family's political standard-bearer, the task now fell on John.In 1946, U.S. Representative James Michael Curley vacated his seat in the strong Democratic 10th Congressional district in Massachusetts to become mayor of Boston. Kennedy ran for the seat, beating his Republican opponent by a large margin; this, despite not having previously included politics in his career planning. He was a congressman for six years but had a mixed voting record, often diverging from President Harry S. Truman and the rest of the Democratic Party.
Senate
In 1952, he defeated incumbent Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for the U.S. Senate. The following year he was married to wife Jacqueline.Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the following two years, was at times critically ill and received Catholic last rites, and was often absent from the Senate. During his convalescence in 1956, he published ''Profiles in Courage'', a book about U.S. Senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, and which received the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957. Rumors that this work was co-authored by his close adviser and speechwriter, Ted Sorensen, were confirmed in Sorensen's 2008 autobiography.
At the 1956 Democratic National Convention, Kennedy was nominated for Vice President, for the presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson, but finished second in that balloting to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Kennedy received national exposure from that episode; his father thought it just as well that his son lost, due to the political debility of his Catholicism, and the strength of the Eisenhower ticket.
One of the matters demanding Kennedy's attention in the Senate was President Eisenhower's bill for the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kennedy cast a procedural vote on this which was considered by some as an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill. Kennedy also voted for Title IV, termed the "Jury Trial Amendment". Many civil rights advocates at the time criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act. A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957. In 1958, Kennedy was re-elected to a second term in the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, by a wide margin.
Senator Joseph McCarthy was a friend of the Kennedy family; Joseph Kennedy, Sr. was a leading McCarthy supporter, Robert F. Kennedy worked for McCarthy's subcommittee, and McCarthy dated Patricia Kennedy. In 1954, when the Senate voted to censure McCarthy, Kennedy had drafted, but not delivered, a speech supporting the censure, but was in the hospital. Though absent, he could have participated procedurally by "pairing" his vote against that of another senator, but did not do so. He never indicated how he would have voted, but the episode damaged Kennedy's support in the liberal community, including Eleanor Roosevelt, in the 1956 and 1960 elections.
1960 presidential election
On January 2, 1960, Kennedy initiated his campaign for President in the Democratic primary election, where he faced challenges from Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota and Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon. Kennedy defeated Humphrey in Wisconsin and West Virginia, Morse in Maryland and Oregon, as well as token opposition (often write-in candidates) in New Hampshire, Indiana, and Nebraska. Kennedy made a point of visiting a coal mine in West Virginia; most miners and others in that predominantly conservative, Protestant state were quite wary of Kennedy's Roman Catholicism. His victory in West Virginia confirmed his broad popular appeal. At the Democratic Convention, he gave his well-known "New Frontier" speech, saying: "For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them."With Humphrey and Morse eliminated, Kennedy's main opponent at the Los Angeles convention was Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas. Kennedy overcame this formal challenge as well as informal ones from Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic nominee in 1952 and 1956, Stuart Symington, as well as several favorite sons, and on July 13 the Democratic convention nominated Kennedy as its candidate. Kennedy asked Johnson to be his Vice Presidential candidate, despite opposition from many liberal delegates and Kennedy's own staff, including brother Robert. He needed Johnson's strength in the South to win what was considered likely to be the closest election since 1916. Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Roman Catholicism, Cuba, and whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the U.S. To address fears that his being Catholic would impact his decision-making, he famously told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party candidate for President who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters – and the Church does not speak for me." Kennedy questioned rhetorically whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Catholic, and once stated that, "No one asked me my religion [serving the Navy] in the South Pacific."
In September and October, Kennedy appeared with Republican candidate Richard Nixon, then Vice President, in the first televised U.S. presidential debates in U.S. history. During these programs, Nixon, with a sore injured leg and his "five o'clock shadow", looked tense, uncomfortable, and perspiring, while Kennedy, choosing to avail himself of makeup services, appeared relaxed, leading the huge television audience to favor Kennedy as the winner. Radio listeners either thought Nixon had won or that the debates were a draw. The debates are now considered a milestone in American political history—the point at which the medium of television began to play a dominant role in politics. After the first debate Kennedy's campaign gained momentum and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Tuesday, November 8, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the twentieth century. In the national popular vote Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the Electoral College he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win). Another 14 electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the civil rights movement; they voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia. He was the youngest man elected president, succeeding Eisenhower who was then the oldest (Ronald Reagan surpassed Eisenhower as the oldest president in 1981).
Presidency
John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon on January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself." He added: "All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin." In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism: "Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you."
In its scope, the address also reflected Kennedy’s confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. The contrast between this optimistic vision and the pressures of managing daily political realities at home and abroad would be one of the main tensions running through the early years of his administration.
Kennedy brought to the White House a stark contrast in organization compared to the decision making structure of the former general, Eisenhower; and he wasted no time in dismantling it. Kennedy preferred the organizational structure of a wheel, with all the spokes leading to the president. He was ready and willing to make the increased number of quick decisions required in such an environment, and did a monumental job of selecting his cabinet and other appointments, some experienced and some not. In those cases of inexperience, he stated, "we can learn our jobs together". There were a couple instances where the president got ahead of himself, as when he announced in a cabinet meeting, without prior notice, that Edward Lansdale would be Ambassador to South Vietnam, a decision which Secretary of State Rusk later had Kennedy alter. There was also the rapid appointment of Harris Wofford who was summoned and arrived at the White House for swearing in, without knowing the position he was to assume.
Kennedy further demonstrated his decision making agility with Congress and his staff. Much to the chagrin of his economic advisors who wanted him to reduce taxes, he quickly agreed to a balanced budget pledge when this was needed in exchange for votes to expand the membership of the House Rules Committee in order to give the Democrats a majority in setting the legislative agenda. The president insisted on a focus upon immediate and specific issues facing the administration, and quickly voiced his impatience with ponderings of deeper meanings. Deputy national security advisor, Walt Whitman Rostow, once began a diatribe about the growth of communism and Kennedy abruptly cut him off, asking, "What do you want me to do about that today?"
Foreign policy
President Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American-Soviet confrontations, manifested by proxy contests in the early stage of the Cold War. In 1961 Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Nikita Khrushchev. Unfortunately, he [Kennedy] started off on the wrong foot by reacting aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was intended for domestic audiences in the Soviet Union, but Kennedy interpreted it as a personal challenge. His mistake helped raise tensions going into the Vienna Summit. On the way to the summit was a stop in Paris in June to meet Charles de Gaulle, whose advice to Kennedy was to expect and ignore the abrasive style of Khrushchev. The French president was nationalistic, and disdainful of the United States' presumed influence in Europe, in his talks with Kennedy. Nevertheless de Gaulle was quite impressed with the young president and family. Kennedy picked up on this in his speech in Paris, saying he would be remembered as "the man who accompanied Jackie Kennedy to Paris."
On June 4, 1961 the president met with Khrushchev in Vienna and left the meetings angry and disappointed that he had allowed the Premier to bully him, despite warnings received. Khrushchev for his part was impressed with the president's intelligence but thought him weak. Kennedy did succeed in conveying the bottom line to Khrushchev on the most sensitive issue before them, a proposed treaty between Moscow and East Berlin. He made it clear that any such treaty which interfered with U.S access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war. Shortly after the president returned home, the U.S.S.R. announced an intent to treat with East Berlin, regardless of any third party occupation rights in either sector of the city. A depressed and angry president then assumed his obligation was to prepare the country for nuclear war as the only option, and which he then personally thought had a one in five chance of occurring.
In the weeks immediately after the Vienna summit, more than 20 thousand people fled from East Berlin to the western sector in reaction to statements from the U.S.S.R. Kennedy began intensive meetings on the Berlin issue, where Dean Acheson took the lead in recommending a military buildup with NATO allies as the appropriate response. In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his decision to add $3.25 billion to the defense budget, along with over 200 thousand additional troops for the military, saying an attack on West Berlin would be taken as an attack on the U.S. The speech received an 85% approval rating. The following month, the U.S.S.R. and East Berlin officials began blocking any further passage of East Berliners into West Berlin, erecting barbed wire fences across the city, which were quickly upgraded to the Berlin Wall. Kennedy's initial reaction was to ignore this, as long as free access from West to East Berlin continued. This course was altered when it was learned that the West Berliners had lost confidence in the defense of their position by the United States. Kennedy sent V.P. Johnson, along with a host of other military personnel, in convoy through West Germany, including Soviet armed checkpoints, to demonstrate the continued commitment of the U.S. to West Berlin.
John F. Kennedy gave a speech at Saint Anselm College on May 5, 1960, regarding America's conduct in the emerging Cold War. Kennedy's speech detailed how American foreign policy should be conducted towards African nations, noting a hint of support for modern African nationalism by saying that "For we, too, founded a new nation on revolt from colonial rule".
Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion
Prior to Kennedy's election to the presidency, the Eisenhower Administration created a plan to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba. Central to the plan, led by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with help from the US Military, but with no covert help from the United States, was the arming of a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of anti-Castro Cuban exiles U.S.-trained Cuban insurgents, led by CIA paramilitary officers were to invade Cuba and instigate an uprising among the Cuban people in hopes of removing Castro from power. On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered the previously planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. In what is known as the "Bay of Pigs Invasion", 1,500 U.S.-trained Cubans, called "Brigade 2506," returned to the island in the hope of deposing Castro. In keeping with prior plans, no U.S. air support was provided. As CIA director Allen Dulles latter stated, they thought that once the troops were on the ground any action required for success would be authorized by the president to prevent failure. By April 19, 1961, the Cuban government had captured or killed the invading exiles, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. Furthermore, the incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would occur. According to biographer Richard Reeves, Kennedy primarily focused on the political repercussions of the plan rather than the military considerations; when it failed, he was convinced the plan was a set up to make him look bad. Nevertheless, in the end, Kennedy took the blame himself. Afterwards, he opined, "...We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it."
Late in 1961 the White House formed the "Special Group (Augmented)", headed by Robert Kennedy and including Edward Lansdale, Sec. McNamara and others. The group's objective, to overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage and other covert tactics, was never pursued.
Cuban Missile Crisis
On October 14, 1962, CIA U-2 spy planes took photographs in Cuba of intermediate-range ballistic missile sites under construction by the Soviets in previous months. The deployment of these missiles had come to the attention of the intelligence community when Soviet shipments to Cuba began and a debate had ensued in the National Security Council (NSC) as to whether the intended use of the weapons was offensive or defensive. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16, 1962, and a consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive in nature and thus posed an immediate nuclear threat. Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the U.S.S.R., but if the U.S. did nothing, it would be faced with the increased threat from close range nuclear weapons. The U.S. would as well appear to the world as less committed to the defense of the hemisphere. On a personal level, Kennedy needed to show resolve in reaction to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna summit.
More than a third of the members of the NSC favored an unannounced air assault on the missile sites, but for some of them this conjured up an image of "Pearl Harbor in reverse". There was as well some reaction from the international community (asked in confidence) that the assault plan was an overreaction in light of U.S. missiles placed in Turkey by Eisenhower. There also could be no assurance from the Council that the assault would be 100% effective. In concurrence with a majority vote of the NSC, Kennedy decided on a naval quarantine, and on October 22 dispatched a message of this to Khrushchev and announced the decision on TV.
The U.S. Navy would stop and inspect all Soviet ships arriving off Cuba, beginning October 24. The Organization of American States surprisingly gave unanimous support to the removal of the missiles. The president exchanged two sets of letters with Khrushchev to no avail. UN Secretary General U Thant requested both parties reverse their decisions and allow a cooling off period. Khrushchev said yes but Kennedy replied no. After one Soviet-flagged ship was stopped and boarded, on October 28 Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile sites subject to UN inspections. The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its Jupiter missiles in Turkey, which were at that time obsolete and had been supplanted by missile-equipped US Navy Polaris subs. This crisis had brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point known before or since. In the end, "the humanity" of the two men prevailed. The crisis improved the image of American willpower and the president's credibility. His approval rating increased from 66% to 77% immediately thereafter.
Latin America and communism
Arguing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, will make violent revolution inevitable," Kennedy sought to contain communism in Latin America by establishing the Alliance for Progress, which sent aid to troubled countries and sought greater human rights standards in the region. He worked closely with Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín for the development of the Alliance of Progress, as well as developments in the autonomy of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
When the president took office the Eisenhower administration, through the CIA, has begun putting into place assassination plots in Cuba against Castro and in the Dominican Republic against Rafael Trujillo. Kennedy instructed the CIA privately that any such planning must include plausible deniability by the U.S. His public position was in opposition. In June 1961 the Dominican Republic's leader was assassinated; in the days following the event, Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles led a cautious reaction by the nation, and Robert Kennedy, substituting for his brother who was in France, and who saw an opportunity for the U.S., called him "a gutless bastard" to his face.
Peace Corps
As one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy asked Congress to create the Peace Corps. His brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver was the first director. Through this program, Americans volunteer to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as education, farming, health care, and construction. The authorization grew to 5,000 members by March 1963 and 10,000 the following year. Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, serving in 139 countries.
Southeast Asia
When briefing Kennedy, Eisenhower emphasized the communist threat in Southeast Asia as requiring priority; Eisenhower considered Laos to be "the cork in the bottle" in regards to the regional threat. In March 1961, Kennedy voiced a change in policy from supporting a "free" Laos to a "neutral" Laos, indicating privately that Vietnam, and not Laos, should be deemed America's tripwire for communism's spread in the area. In May 1961, he dispatched Lyndon Johnson to meet with South Vietnam's President Ngo Dinh Diem. Johnson assured Diem of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the Communists. Kennedy announced a change of policy from support to partnership with Diem in defeat of communism in South Vietnam.
Kennedy initially followed Eisenhower's lead, by using limited military action to fight the Communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. Kennedy continued policies providing political, economic, and military support for the South Vietnamese government. Late in 1961, the Viet Cong began assuming a predominant presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of helicopters, military advisors and undeclared U.S. Special Forces in the area, but he was still reluctant to order a full scale deployment of troops. Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the "National Security Action Memorandum – Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)" in early 1962. Secretary of State, Dean Rusk voiced strong support for U.S. involvement, as illustrated in his emphatic statement in fall 1962 that, "...neutralism [in South Vietnam] is not neutralism at all; it's tantamount to surrender". "Operation Ranch Hand", a broad scale aerial defoliation effort began on the roadsides in South Vietnam.
In April 1963, Kennedy expressed his assessment of the situation in Vietnam: "We don't have a prayer of staying in Vietnam. Those people hate us. They are going to throw our asses out of there at any point. But I can't give up that territory to the Communists and get the American people to re-elect me". By July 1963, Kennedy faced a crisis in Vietnam; despite increased U.S. support, the South Vietnamese military was only marginally effective against pro-Communist Viet Cong forces.
On August 21, just as the new U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge arrived, Ngo Dinh Diem, and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu ordered South Vietnam forces, funded and trained by the CIA, to quell Buddhist demonstrations. The crackdowns heightened expectations of a coup d'état to remove Diem with (or perhaps by) his brother, Nhu. Lodge was instructed to try to get Diem and Nhu to step down and leave the country. Diem would not listen to Lodge. Cable 243 (DEPTEL 243), dated August 24, followed, declaring Washington would no longer tolerate Nhu's actions, and Lodge was ordered to pressure Diem to remove his brother, Nhu. If Diem refused, the Americans would explore alternative leadership. Lodge replied, stating the only workable option was to get the South Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem and Nhu, as originally planned. At week's end, Kennedy learned from Lodge that the Diem government might, due to France's assistance to Nhu, be dealing secretly with the Communists – and might ask the Americans to leave; orders were sent to Saigon and throughout Washington to "destroy all coup cables". At the same time, the first formal anti-Vietnam war sentiment was expressed by U.S. clergy from the Ministers' Vietnam Committee.
A White House meeting in September was indicative of the very different ongoing appraisals; the President was given updated assessments after personal inspections on the ground by the Department of Defense (Gen. Victor Krulak) and the State Department (Joseph Mendenhall). Krulak said the military fight against the communists was progressing and being won, while Mendenhall stated that the country was civilly being lost to any U.S. influence. Kennedy reacted, saying, "Did you two gentlemen visit the same country?" The president was unaware the two men were at such odds they did not speak on the return flight.
In October 1963, the president appointed Defense Secretary McNamara and Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor to a Vietnam mission in another effort to synchronize the information and formulation of policy. The objective of the McNamara Taylor mission "emphasized the importance of getting to the bottom of the differences in reporting from U.S. representatives in Vietnam". In meetings with McNamara, Taylor and Lodge, Diem again refused to agree to governing measures insisted upon by the U.S., helping to dispel McNamara's previous optimism about Diem. Taylor and McNamara were also enlightened by Vietnam's Vice President, Nguyen Ngoc Tho (choice of many to succeed Diem should a coup occur), who in detailed terms obliterated Taylor's information that the military was succeeding in the countryside. The mission report, after it had been through the NSC, nevertheless retained, at Kennedy's insistence, a recommended schedule for troop withdrawals: 1000 by year's end and complete withdrawal in 1965, something the NSC considered strategic fantasy. The final report also portrayed military progress, an increasingly unpopular Diem-led government, not vulnerable to a coup, albeit possible internal assassination.
In late October, intelligence wires again reported a coup of the Diem government was afoot. The source, Duong Van Minh a/k/a "Big Minh" wanted to know the U.S. position. Kennedy's instructions to Lodge were to offer covert assistance to the coup, excluding assassination, but to ensure deniability by the U.S. Later that month, as the coup became imminent, Kennedy ordered all cables routed through him, and a policy of "control and cut out" was initiated – to insure presidential control of U.S. responses, while cutting him out of the paper trail. On November 1, 1963, South Vietnamese generals, led by "Big Minh", overthrew the Diem government, arresting and then killing Diem and his brother Nhu. Kennedy was shocked by the deaths and by finding out afterwards that Minh had asked the CIA field office to secure safe passage out of the country for Diem and Nhu, but was told 24 hours was needed to get a plane. Minh responded that he could not hold them that long and thus handed them a death sentence. Initially after news of the coup, there was renewed confidence in America and South Vietnam, that now the war might be won. McGeorge Bundy drafted a National Security Action Memo to present to Kennedy upon his return from Dallas. It reiterated U.S. resolve to fight communism in Vietnam, with both military and economic aid at a higher level, including operations in Laos and Cambodia. Before leaving for Dallas, Kennedy told Mike Forrestal that "after the first of the year ... [he wanted] an in depth study of every possible option, including how to get out of there ... to review this whole thing from the bottom to the top". When asked what he thought the president meant, Forrestal said, "it was devil's advocate stuff."
Historians disagree on whether Vietnam would have escalated to the point it did, had Kennedy survived and been re-elected in 1964. Fueling the debate are statements made by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in the film, "The Fog of War", that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling out of Vietnam after the 1964 election. The film also contains a tape recording of Lyndon Johnson stating that Kennedy was planning to withdraw, a position Johnson states he strongly disapproved. Further, Kennedy had signed National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 263, dated October 11, 1963, which ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963. Nevertheless, given the reasons stated for the overthrow of the Diem government, such action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his acclaimed speech about World Peace at American University on June 10, 1963. According to historian Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's statements about withdrawing from Vietnam, were "less of a definite decision than a working assumption, based on a hope for stability rather than an expectation of chaos". Some of the details of Kennedy's involvement in Vietnam were classified until the release of the ''Pentagon Papers'' in 1971.
U.S. involvement in the region escalated until Lyndon Johnson, his successor, directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, the new President Lyndon B. Johnson immediately reversed his predecessor's order to withdraw 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963 with his own NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963.
American University speech
On June 10, 1963, Kennedy delivered the commencement address at American University in Washington, D.C., "to discuss a topic on which too often ignorance abounds and the truth is too rarely perceived - yet it is the most important topic on earth: world peace...I speak of peace because of the new face of war...in an age when a singular nuclear weapon contains ten times the explosive force delivered by all the allied forces in the Second World War...an age when the deadly poisons produced by a nuclear exchange would be carried by wind and air and soil and seed to the far corners of the globe and to generations yet unborn...I speak of peace, therefore, as the necessary rational end of rational men...world peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor - it requires only that they live together in mutual tolerance...our problems are man-made - therefore they can be solved by man. And man can be as big as he wants." The president also made two announcements - that the Soviets had expressed a desire to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty and that the U.S had postponed planned atmospheric tests.
West Berlin speech
upright|thumb|left|Kennedy meeting with West Berlin governing mayor Willy Brandt, March 1961
In 1963, Germany was enduring a time of particular vulnerability, due to Soviet aggression to the east, de Gaulle's French nationalism to the west, and the impending retirement of German Chancellor Adenauer. On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech reiterating American commitment to Germany and criticizing communism; he was met with an ecstatic response from a massive audience. Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in." The speech is known for its famous phrase ''"Ich bin ein Berliner"'' ("I am a citizen of Berlin"). Nearly five-sixths of the population was on the street for the speech. He remarked to Ted Sorensen afterwards: "We'll never have another day like this one, as long as we live."
Israel
Kennedy encountered problems with the Israeli government regarding the production of nuclear weapons in Dimona. After the existence of a nuclear plant was initially denied by the Israeli government, David Ben-Gurion, in a speech to the Israeli Knesset on December 21, 1960, stated that the purpose of the nuclear plant at Beersheba was for "research in problems of arid zones and desert flora and fauna". When Ben-Gurion met with Kennedy in New York, he claimed that Dimona was being developed to provide nuclear power for desalinization and "for the time being the only purposes [of the nuclear plant] are for peace". The State Department argued that if Israel wanted arms, it should in return accept international supervision of its nuclear program. Dimona was never placed under IAEA safeguards. On May 1, 1968, Undersecretary of State Katzenbach told President Johnson that Dimona was producing enough plutonium to produce two bombs a year. Attempts to write Israeli adherence to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) into contracts for the supply of U.S. weapons continued throughout 1968.
Iraq
In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed a coup against the government of Iraq headed by General Abdel Karim Kassem, who five years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The CIA helped the new Ba'ath Party government led by Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country of suspected leftists and Communists. In a Ba'athist coup, the government used lists of suspected Communists and other leftists provided by the CIA, to systematically murder untold numbers of Iraq's educated elite—killings in which Saddam Hussein himself is said to have participated. The victims included hundreds of doctors, teachers, technicians, lawyers, other professionals, military and political figures. According to an op-ed in ''The New York Times'', the U.S. sent arms to the new regime, weapons later used against the same Kurdish insurgents the U.S. supported against Kassem and then abandoned him. American and UK oil and other interests, including Mobil, Bechtel, and British Petroleum, were conducting business in Iraq.
Ireland
On the occasion of his visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1963, President Kennedy joined with Irish President Éamon de Valera to form The American Irish Foundation. The mission of this organization was to foster connections between Americans of Irish descent and the country of their ancestry. Kennedy furthered these connections of cultural solidarity by accepting a grant of armorial bearings from the Chief Herald of Ireland. Kennedy had near-legendary status in Ireland, due to his ancestral ties to the country. Irish citizens who were alive in 1963 often have very strong memories of Kennedy's momentous visit. He also visited the original cottage at Dunganstown, near New Ross, where previous Kennedys had lived before emigrating to America, and said: "This is where it all began ..." On December 22, 2006, the Irish Department of Justice released declassified police documents that indicated that Kennedy was the subject of three death threats during this visit. Though these threats were determined to be hoaxes, security was heightened.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Troubled by the long-term dangers of radioactive contamination and nuclear weapons proliferation, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed on the desirability of negotiating a nuclear test ban treaty, originally conceived in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign. In their Vienna summit meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, but Khrushchev began testing nuclear weapons that September and Kennedy responded by conducting tests 5 days later. Shortly thereafter, new U.S satellites began delivering images which made it clear that the Soviets were substantially behind the U.S. in the "missile gap". Nevertheless, the greater nuclear strength of the U.S. was of little value as long as the U.S.S.R. perceived themselves to be at parity.In July 1963 the stage was set for negotiations, and Kennedy sent Averell Harriman to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets. The introductory sessions began with Khrushchev, who then delegated Soviet representation to Andrei Gromyko. It quickly became clear that the stated objective of a comprehensive test ban would not reach fruition, due largely to the reluctance of the Soviets for inspections to verify compliance. Ultimately, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to a limited treaty, which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but not underground; the U.S. Senate ratified this and Kennedy signed it into law in October 1963. France was quick to declare that it was free to further develop and test its nuclear defenses.
Domestic policy
Kennedy called his domestic program the "New Frontier". It ambitiously promised federal funding for education, medical care for the elderly, economic aid to rural regions, and government intervention to halt the recession. Kennedy also promised an end to racial discrimination. In his 1963 State of the Union, he proposed substantial tax reform and reduction, in income tax rates, from the current range of 20-90% to a range of 14-65%; he proposed a reduction in the corporate tax rates from 52 to 47%. Congress did not act until 1964, after his death. To the Economics Club of N.Y., he spoke in 1963 of "...the paradoxical truth that tax rates are too high and revenues too low; and the soundest way to raise revenue in the long term is to lower rates now." Few of Kennedy's major programs passed Congress during his lifetime, although, under his successor Johnson, Congress did vote them through in 1964–65.
Economy
Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep interest rates down and encourage growth of the economy. Kennedy presided over the first government budget to top the $100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 led to the country's first non-war, non-recession deficit. The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably during his brief presidency. Despite low inflation and interest rates, GDP had grown by an average of only 2.2% during the Eisenhower presidency (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office. Stagnation had taken a toll on the nation's labor market, as well: unemployment had risen steadily from under 3% in 1953 to 7%, by early 1961.The economy turned around and prospered during the Kennedy administration. GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963, while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased; industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales leapt by 40%. This rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around 1966, and has yet to be repeated for such a sustained period of time. There were nevertheless some painful moments, as in the stock market, which had steadily declined since Kennedy's election, and which dropped a full 10% shortly after the administration's action on the steel industry in 1962.
The major steel companies announced in April 1962 a 3.5% price increase (the first in 3 years) within a day of each other. This came just days after the companies had reached a settlement with the steelworkers' union, providing in chief a wage increase of 2.5%. The administration was furious, with Kennedy saying, "Why did they do this? Do they think they can get away with this? God, I hate the bastards." The president took personal charge of a campaign against the industry, assigning to each cabinet member a statement regarding the effects of the price increase on their area. Robert Kennedy, echoing his brother's own sentiments, "We're going for broke...their expense accounts, where they've been and what they've been doing...the FBI is to interview them all...we can't lose this." Robert took the position that the steel executives had illegally colluded in doing this. There was genuine concern about the inflationary effects of the price increase. The administration's actions influenced US Steel not to institute the price increase. ''The Wall Street Journal'' wrote that the administration had acted "by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police." Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in ''The New Republic'' his opinion that the administration had violated civil liberties by calling a grand jury to indict US Steel for collusion so quickly. Nevertheless, the administration's Bureau of Budget reported the price increase would have resulted in a net gain for GDP as well as a net budget surplus.
Kennedy had little knowledge of the agricultural sector of the economy, and farmers were definitely not on his list of priorities, at least in his 1960 campaign. After giving a speech to a farming community, he rhetorically asked an aide, "Did you understand any of what I just said in there? I sure didn't."
Federal and military death penalty
As President, Kennedy oversaw the last pre-''Furman'' federal execution, and, as of 2008, the last military execution. Governor of Iowa Harold Hughes, a death penalty opponent, personally contacted Kennedy to request clemency for Victor Feguer, who was sentenced to death by a federal court in Iowa, but Kennedy turned down the request and Feguer was executed on March 15, 1963. Kennedy commuted a death sentence imposed by military court on seaman Jimmie Henderson on February 12, 1962, changing the penalty to life in prison.On March 22, 1962, Kennedy signed into law HR5143 (PL87-423), abolishing the mandatory death penalty for first degree murder in the District of Columbia, the only remaining jurisdiction in the United States with a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder, replacing it with life imprisonment with parole if the jury could not decide between life imprisonment and the death penalty, or if the jury chose life imprisonment by a unanimous vote. The death penalty in the District of Columbia has not been applied since 1957, and has now been abolished.
Civil rights
The turbulent end of state-sanctioned racial discrimination was one of the most pressing domestic issues of the 1960s. The Supreme Court of the United States had ruled in 1954 in ''Brown v. Board of Education'' that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Many schools, especially in southern states, did not obey the Supreme Court's decision. Segregation had also been prohibited by the Court at other public facilities (e.g. buses, restaurants, theaters, courtrooms, bathrooms, and beaches) but continued nonetheless. Kennedy verbally supported racial integration and civil rights; during the 1960 campaign he telephoned Coretta Scott King, wife of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., who had been jailed while demonstrating for equal access of African Americans; Kennedy secured the early release of King, which drew additional black support to his candidacy.Nevertheless President Kennedy believed the grass roots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, which was dominated by conservative Southern Democrats, and he distanced himself from it. He also was more concerned with other issues early in his presidency, e.g. the "Bay of Pigs" fiasco and Southeast Asia. As articulated by brother Robert, the administration's early priority was to "keep the president out of this civil rights mess". As a result, many civil rights leaders viewed Kennedy as lukewarm, especially concerning the Freedom Riders who organized an integrated public transportation effort in the south, and who were repeatedly met with violence by whites, including law enforcement both federal and state. Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders as an alternative to using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents. Robert Kennedy, speaking for the president, urged the Freedom Riders to "get off the buses and leave the matter to peaceful settlement in the courts."
In September 1962, James Meredith enrolled at the University of Mississippi, but was prevented from entering. Attorney General Robert Kennedy responded by sending some 400 U.S. Marshals, while President Kennedy reluctantly federalized and sent 3,000 troops after the situation on campus turned violent. Campus Riots left two dead and dozens injured, but Meredith did finally enroll in his first class. On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed Executive Order 11063, prohibiting racial discrimination in federally supported housing or "related facilities".
In early 1963, Kennedy related to Martin Luther King, Jr., about the prospects for civil rights legislation: "If we get into a long fight over this in Congress, it will bottleneck everything else, and we will still get no bill." However, civil rights clashes were very much on the rise that year. Brother Robert and Ted Sorenson pressed Kennedy to take more initiative on the legislative front. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked the doorway to the University of Alabama to stop two African American students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach and the Alabama National Guard, which had just been federalized by order of the President, and which had hours earlier been under Wallace's command. That evening Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio, launching his initiative for civil rights legislation - to provide equal access to public schools and other facilities, and greater protection of voting rights. His proposals became part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The day ended with the murder of a N.A.A.C.P. leader, Medgar Evers, at his home in Mississippi. As the president had predicted, the day after his TV speech, and in reaction to it, House Majority leader Carl Albert called to advise him that his two year signature effort in Congress to combat poverty in Appalachia (Area Redevelopment Administration) had been defeated, primarily by the votes of Southern Democrats and Republicans.
Kennedy signed the executive order creating the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women on December 14, 1961. Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt led the commission. The Commission statistics revealed that women were also experiencing discrimination; their final report documenting legal and cultural barriers was issued in October 1963. Earlier, on June 10, 1963, Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, a federal law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex.
Over a hundred thousand, predominantly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the civil rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Kennedy feared the March would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills in Congress, and declined an invitation to speak. He turned over some of the details of the government's involvement to the Dept. of Justice, which channelled hundreds of thousands of dollars to the six sponsors of the March, including the N.A.A.C.P. and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). To ensure a peaceful demonstration, the organizers and the president personally edited speeches which were inflammatory and agreed the March would be held on a Wednesday and would be over at 4:00 pm Thousands of troops were placed on standby. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest", and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Afterwards, the March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with Kennedy and photos were taken. Kennedy felt the March was a victory for him as well and bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.
Nevertheless, the struggle was far from over. Three weeks later, a bomb exploded on a Sunday at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham; at the end of the day six children had died in the explosion and aftermath. As a result of this resurgent violence, the civil rights legislation underwent some drastic amendments that critically endangered any prospects for passage of the bill, to the outrage of the president. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee.
Civil liberties
In 1963, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who hated civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and viewed him as an upstart troublemaker, presented the Kennedy Administration with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Concerned that the allegations, if made public, would derail the Administration's civil rights initiatives, Robert Kennedy and the president both warned King to discontinue the suspect associations. After the associations continued, Robert Kennedy felt compelled to issue a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The wire tapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968.
Immigration
John F. Kennedy initially proposed an overhaul of American immigration policy that later was to become the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, sponsored by Kennedy's brother Senator Edward Kennedy. It dramatically shifted the source of immigration from Northern and Western European countries towards immigration from Latin America and Asia and shifted the emphasis of selection of immigrants towards facilitating family reunification. Kennedy wanted to dismantle the selection of immigrants based on country of origin and saw this as an extension of his civil rights policies.
Space program
As a senator, Kennedy had been opposed to the manned space program. The Apollo program was conceived early in 1960, during the Eisenhower administration, as a follow-up to America's Mercury program. While NASA went ahead with planning for Apollo, funding for the program was far from certain given Eisenhower's ambivalent attitude to manned spaceflight. Early in his presidency, Kennedy was considering plans to dismantle the Apollo program due to its cost, but postponed any decision out of deference to his vice president whom he had appointed chairman of the U.S. Space Council and who strongly supported NASA due to its new Manned Spacecraft Center in Texas. In his January 1961 State of the Union address, Kennedy had suggested international cooperation in space. Sergei Khrushchev said Kennedy approached his father, Nikita, twice about a "joint venture" in space exploration—in June 1961 and autumn 1963. On the first occasion, the Soviet Union was ahead of America in many aspects of space technology.
On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. Kennedy was eager for the U.S. to take the lead in the Space Race for strategic reasons. Kennedy first announced the goal for landing a man on the Moon in the speech to a Joint Session of Congress on May 25, 1961, stating:
"First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish."Kennedy later made a speech at Rice University on September 12, 1962, in which he said:
"No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space."and
"We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard."On November 21, 1962, in a Cabinet Room meeting with NASA Administrator James E. Webb and other officials, Kennedy said:
"This is important for political reasons, international political reasons... Because otherwise we shouldn't be spending this kind of money, because I'm not that interested in space. I think it's good, I think we ought to know about it, we're ready to spend reasonable amounts of money. But...we’ve spent fantastic expenditures, we’ve wrecked our budget on all these other domestic programs, and the only justification for it, in my opinion, to do it in the pell-mell fashion is because we hope to beat them [the Soviets] and demonstrate that starting behind, as we did by a couple of years, by God, we passed them. I think it would be a helluva thing for us."On the second approach to Khrushchev, the Ukrainian was persuaded that cost-sharing was beneficial and that American space technology was forging ahead. The U.S. had launched a geosynchronous satellite in July 1962 and Kennedy had asked Congress to approve more than $25 billion for the Apollo program.
In September 1963, during a speech before the United Nations, Kennedy again proposed a joint lunar program to the Soviet Union. The proposal was not enthusiastically received by Khrushchev. Kennedy's death only a little more than a month later essentially made the proposal irrelevant. On July 20, 1969, almost six years after his death, Apollo's goal was realized when Americans landed on the Moon.
Native American relations
Construction of the Kinzua Dam flooded of Seneca nation land that they occupied under the Treaty of 1794, and forced approximately 600 Seneca to relocate to the northern shores upstream of the dam at Salamanca, New York. Kennedy was asked by the American Civil Liberties Union to intervene and halt the project but he declined citing a critical need for flood control. He did express concern for the plight of the Seneca, and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to help mitigate their displacement.
Assassination
President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time on November 22, 1963, while on a political trip to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough (no relation) and conservative John Connally. He was shot once in the upper back and was killed with a final shot to the head. He was pronounced dead at 1:00 pm. Only 46, President Kennedy died younger than any U.S. president to date. Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the Texas School Book Depository from which the shots were suspected to have been fired, was arrested on charges for the murder of a local police officer and was subsequently charged with the assassination of Kennedy. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a patsy, but was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24, before he could be indicted or tried. Ruby was then arrested and convicted for the murder of Oswald. Ruby successfully appealed his conviction and death sentence but became ill and died of cancer on January 3, 1967, while the date for his new trial was being set.President Johnson created the Warren Commission—chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination, which concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin. The results of this investigation are disputed by many. The assassination proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions.
Funeral
A Requiem Mass was held for Kennedy at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle on November 25, 1963. Afterwards, John F. Kennedy's body was buried in a small plot, (20 by 30 ft.), in Arlington National Cemetery. Over a period of 3 years, (1964–1966), an estimated 16 million people had visited his grave. On March 14, 1967, Kennedy's body was moved to a permanent burial plot and memorial at the Cemetery. The funeral was officiated by Father John J. Cavanaugh. It was from this memorial that the graves of both Robert and Ted were modeled.The honor guard at JFK's graveside was the 37th Cadet Class of the Irish Army. JFK was greatly impressed by the Irish Cadets on his last official visit to the Republic of Ireland, so much so that Jackie Kennedy requested the Irish Army to be the honor guard at the funeral.
Kennedy's wife, Jacqueline and their two deceased minor children were buried with him later. His brother, Senator Robert Kennedy, was buried nearby in June 1968. In August 2009, his brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried near his two brothers. JFK's grave is lit with an "Eternal Flame." Kennedy and William Howard Taft are the only two U.S. Presidents buried at Arlington.
Administration, Cabinet and judicial appointments 1961–1963
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid Black; float:left" |- ! style="background:#dcdcdc;" colspan="3"|The Kennedy Cabinet |- |align="left"|OFFICE||align="left"|NAME||align="left"|TERM |- ! style="background:black;" colspan="3"| |- |align="left"|President||align="left"|John F. Kennedy||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Vice President||align="left"|Lyndon B. Johnson||align="left"|1961–1963 |- ! style="background:black;" colspan="3"| |- |align="left"|State||align="left"|Dean Rusk||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Treasury||align="left"|C. Douglas Dillon||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Defense||align="left"|Robert McNamara||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Justice||align="left"|Robert F. Kennedy||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Postmaster General||align="left"|J. Edward Day||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"| ||align="left"|John A. Gronouski||align="left"|1963 |- |align="left"|Interior||align="left"|Stewart Udall||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Agriculture||align="left"|Orville Freeman||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Commerce||align="left"|Luther H. Hodges||align="left"|1961–1963 |- |align="left"|Labor||align="left"|Arthur Goldberg||align="left"|1961–1962 |- |align="left"| ||align="left"|W. Willard Wirtz||align="left"|1962–1963 |- |align="left"|HEW||align="left"|Abraham A. Ribicoff||align="left"|1961–1962 |- |align="left"| ||align="left"|Anthony J. Celebrezze||align="left"|1962–1963 |}
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Kennedy appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Byron White 1962 Arthur Goldberg 1962
Other courts
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Kennedy appointed 21 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts.
Image, social life and family
John Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Bouvier, when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies that preceded them, and both were popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium. Jacqueline brought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed its restoration. They invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to rounds of White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a President, three senators, and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. John Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom, from 1938 to 1940.Outside on the White House lawn, the Kennedys established a swimming pool and tree house, while Caroline attended a preschool along with 10 other children inside the home.
The president was closely tied to popular culture, emphasized by songs such as "Twisting at the White House." Vaughn Meader's ''First Family'' comedy album—an album parodying the President, First Lady, their family and administration—sold about four million copies. On May 19, 1962, Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" at a large party in Madison Square Garden, celebrating Kennedy's upcoming forty-fifth birthday. The charisma of Kennedy and his family led to the figurative designation of "Camelot" for his administration, credited by his wife to his affection for the then contemporary Broadway musical of the same name.
Behind the glamorous facade, the Kennedys also experienced many personal tragedies. Jacqueline had a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956. Their newborn son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, died in August 1963. Kennedy had two children who survived infancy. One of the fundamental aspects of the Kennedy family is a tragic strain which has run through the family, as a result of the violent and untimely deaths of many of its members. John's eldest brother, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., died in World War II, at the age of 29. It was Joe Jr. who was originally to carry the family's hopes for the Presidency. Then both John himself, and his brother Robert died as a result of assassinations. Edward had brushes with death, the first in a plane crash and the second as a result of a car accident, known as the Chappaquiddick incident. Edward died at age 77, on August 25, 2009, from the effects of a malignant brain tumor.
Years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, at age 30, and while in his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at The London Clinic with Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder. In 1966, his White House doctor, Janet Travell, revealed that Kennedy also had hypothyroidism. The presence of two endocrine diseases raises the possibility that Kennedy had autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS 2). He also suffered from chronic and severe back pain, for which he had surgery and was written up in the AMA's ''Archives of Surgery''. Kennedy’s condition may even have had diplomatic repercussions, as he appears to have been taking a combination of drugs to treat severe pain during the 1961 Vienna Summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The combination included hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and potential side effects included hyperactivity, hypertension, impaired judgment, nervousness, and significant mood swings. Kennedy at one time was regularly seen by no less than three doctors, one of whom, Max Jacobson was unknown to the other two, as his mode of treatment was controversial and used for the most severe bouts of pain. There was often disagreement among his doctors, as in late 1961, over the proper balance of medication and exercise, with the president preferring the former as he was short on time and desired immediate relief.
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born in 1957 and is the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family. John F. Kennedy, Jr. was born in 1960, just a few weeks after his father was elected. John died in 1999, when the small plane he was piloting crashed en route to Martha's Vineyard, killing him, his wife, Carolyn Bessette, and his sister-in-law.
In October 1951, during his third term as Massachusetts's 11th district congressman, the then 34-year-old Kennedy embarked on a seven-week Asian trip to India, Japan, Vietnam, and Israel with his then 25-year-old brother Robert (who had just graduated from law school four months earlier) and his then 27-year-old sister Patricia. Because of their eight-year separation in age, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other. This trip was the first extended time they had spent together and resulted in their becoming best friends, in addition to being brothers. Robert was campaign manager for Kennedy's successful 1952 Senate campaign and later, his successful 1960 presidential campaign. The two brothers worked closely together from 1957 to 1959 on the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor and Management Field, when Robert was its chief counsel. During Kennedy's presidency, Robert served in his cabinet as Attorney General and was his closest advisor.
Some corroborated reports allege, but others deny, that Kennedy had affairs with a number of women, including: Marilyn Monroe, Gunilla von Post, Judith Campbell, Mary Pinchot Meyer and Mimi Beardsley Alford. There was some medical opinion that the drugs the president required for Addison's had the side effect of increasing virility. Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters. According to author Reeves, this included "the logistics of Kennedy's liaisons...[which] required secrecy and devotion rare in the annals of the energetic service demanded by successful politicians."
Kennedy was a Life Member of the National Rifle Association. Kennedy came in third (behind Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Teresa) in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the twentieth century.
Ancestors
The Kennedy family originally came from Dunganstown, County Wexford. In 1848, Patrick Kennedy left his farm and boarded a ship in New Ross bound for Liverpool on his way to Boston. It was here he met the woman he was to marry, Bridget Murphy. Patrick Kennedy came to Boston, took a job as a migrant worker, and died within eight or nine years, of cholera. He left behind a widow and children to carry on.
Legacy
Television became the primary source by which people were kept informed of events surrounding John F. Kennedy's assassination. Newspapers were kept as souvenirs rather than sources of updated information. In this sense it was the first major "TV news event" of its kind, the TV coverage uniting the nation, interpreting what went on and creating memories of this space in time. All three major U.S. television networks suspended their regular schedules and switched to all-news coverage from November 22 through November 25, 1963, being on the air for 70 hours, making it the longest uninterrupted news event on American TV until 9/11. Kennedy's state funeral procession and the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald were all broadcast live in America and in other places around the world. The state funeral was the first of three in a span of 12 months. The other two were for General Douglas MacArthur and Herbert Hoover. All three have two things in common: the commanding general of the Military District of Washington during those funerals was Army Major General Philip C. Wehle and the riderless horse was Black Jack, who also served in that role during Lyndon B. Johnson's funeral.The assassination had an effect on many people, not only in the U.S. but around the world. Many vividly remember where they were when first learning of the news that Kennedy was assassinated, as with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 before it and the September 11 attacks after it. UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson said of the assassination: "all of us... will bear the grief of his death until the day of ours." Many people have also spoken of the shocking news, compounded by the pall of uncertainty about the identity of the assassin(s), the possible instigators and the causes of the killing as an end to innocence, and in retrospect it has been coalesced with other changes of the tumultuous decade of the 1960s, especially the Vietnam War.
Special Forces have a special bond with Kennedy. "It was President Kennedy who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Special Forces and giving us back our Green Beret," said Forrest Lindley, a writer for the newspaper ''Stars and Stripes'' who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. This bond was shown at JFK's funeral. At the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of JFK's death, Gen. Michael D. Healy, the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, spoke at Arlington Cemetery. Later, a wreath in the form of the Green Beret would be placed on the grave, continuing a tradition that began the day of his funeral when a sergeant in charge of a detail of Special Forces men guarding the grave placed his beret on the coffin.
Kennedy was the first of six Presidents to have served in the U.S. Navy, and one of the enduring legacies of his administration was the creation in 1961 of another special forces command, the Navy SEALs, which Kennedy enthusiastically supported.
Ultimately, the death of President Kennedy and the ensuing confusion surrounding the facts of his assassination are of political and historical importance insofar as they marked a turning point and decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment—a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and implied by Oliver Stone in several of his films, such as his landmark 1991 ''JFK''.
Kennedy's continuation of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower's policies of giving economic and military aid to the Vietnam War preceded President Johnson's escalation of the conflict. This contributed to a decade of national difficulties and disappointment on the political landscape.
Many of Kennedy's speeches (especially his inaugural address) are considered iconic; and despite his relatively short term in office and lack of major legislative changes coming to fruition during his term, Americans regularly vote him as one of the best presidents, in the same league as Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Some excerpts of Kennedy's inaugural address are engraved on a plaque at his grave at Arlington.
He was posthumously awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of goodwill to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth.'
President Kennedy is the only president to have predeceased both his mother and father. He is also the only president to have predeceased a grandparent. His grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon Fitzgerald, died in 1964, just over eight months after his assassination.
Throughout the English-speaking world, the given name ''Kennedy'' has sometimes been used in honour of President Kennedy, as well his brother Robert.
Eponyms
Memorials
Coat of arms
In 1961, Kennedy was presented with a grant of arms for all the descendants of Patrick Kennedy from the Chief Herald of Ireland. The design of the arms strongly alludes to symbols in the coats of arms of the O'Kennedys of Ormonde and the Fitzgeralds of Desmond, from whom the family is believed to be descended. The crest is an armored hand holding four arrows between two olive branches, elements taken from the coat of arms of the United States of America and also symbolic of Kennedy and his brothers.Kennedy received a signet ring engraved with his arms for his 44th birthday as a gift from his wife, and the arms were incorporated into the seal of the USS ''John F. Kennedy''. Following his assassination, Kennedy was honored by the Canadian government by having a mountain, Mount Kennedy, named for him, which his brother, Robert Kennedy, climbed in 1965 to plant a banner of the arms at the summit.
Media
In other media and popular culture
Kennedy's assassination was the subject of the Oliver Stone film ''JFK'', and footage of him appears in the Robert Zemeckis film ''Forrest Gump''.He features in the video games ''JFK: Reloaded'' and ''Call of Duty: Black Ops''.
During his lifetime Kennedy was the focal point of a Superman comicbook, ''Superman's Mission for President Kennedy''.
Kennedy appears in the 2011 superhero film, ''X-Men: First Class'' in archive footage of his address to the nation regarding the 1962 Cuban missile crisis.
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Category:1917 births Category:1963 deaths Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of the Vietnam War Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American socialites Category:American writers of Irish descent Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Assassinated United States Presidents Category:Barnstable, Massachusetts Category:Bouvier family Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni Category:Cold War leaders Category:Deaths by firearm in Texas Category:Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Category:Democratic Party United States Senators Category:Harvard University alumni John F. Kennedy Category:Kennedy family Category:Massachusetts Democrats Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Category:National Rifle Association members Category:People associated with the Boy Scouts of America Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts Category:People murdered in Texas Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners Category:Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal Category:Space advocates Category:United States Navy officers Category:United States presidential candidates, 1960 Category:United States Senators from Massachusetts Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1956 Category:Writers from Massachusetts
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