__NOTOC__ Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

January 6

* The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City) by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Co..

* The first literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U.S. and Canadian merchandising rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works.

January 13 – The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance.

January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares 26 January as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).

January 30 – The first radiosonde is launched in Pavlovsk, USSR.

January 31 – The 3M company markets Scotch Tape.

February

February 18

* While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, a heavenly body considered a planet until 2006, when the term "planet" was officially defined. Pluto is now considered a Dwarf Planet.

* Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in an airplane, and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane.

March

March 2 – Mahatma Gandhi informs the British viceroy of India that civil disobedience will begin 9 days later.

March 3 – John Dillinger escapes prison using a wooden gun.

March 5 – Danish painter Einar Wegener goes through a sexual reassignment surgery and takes the name Lili Elbe.

March 6 – The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, Massachusetts.

March 12 – Mahatma Gandhi sets off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers to protest the British monopoly on salt; more will join them during the Salt March that ends on April 5.

March 28 – Constantinople and Angora change their names to Istanbul and Ankara.

March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed German ''Reichskanzler''.

March 31 – The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in motion pictures for the next 40 years.

April

April 4 – The Communist Party of Panama is founded.

April 5 – In an act of civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi breaks British law after marching to the sea and making salt.

April 6

* International Left Opposition (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.

* Hostess Twinkies are invented.

April 17 – Neoprene is invented.

April 18

* The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India.

* The BBC Radio Service from London, somewhat infamously, reports on this day that "There is no news".

April 19 – Warner Bros. release their first cartoon series called 'Looney Tunes' which runs until 1970.

April 21

* A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus kills 320 people.

* The Turkestan-Siberia Railway is completed.

April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.

April 28 – The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, Kansas.

May

May 4 or May 5 – Mahatma Gandhi is arrested again.

May 6 – The Great Salmas Earthquake in Iran (7.3 on the Richter Scale) kills 4,000 people.

May 10 – The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D.C..

May 14 – Federal Bureau of Prisons

May 15 – Aboard a Boeing tri-motor, Ellen Church becomes the first airline stewardess (the flight was from Oakland, California to Chicago, Illinois).

May 16 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.

May 17 РFrench Prime Minister Andr̩ Tardieu decides to withdraw the remaining French troops from the Rhineland (they depart by June 30).

May 24 – Amy Johnson lands in Darwin, Australia, becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia (she left on May 5 for the 11,000 mile flight).

May 30

* Sergei Eisenstein arrives in Hollywood to work for Paramount Pictures; they part ways by October.

* William "Red" Hill Sr. makes his famous five-hour journey down the Niagara lower rapids.

June

June 9 – ''Chicago Tribune'' journalist Jake Lingle is shot in Chicago, Illinois. Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information. Lingle is later found to have had contacts with organized crime.

June 14 – Bureau of Narcotics (under Department of the Treasury).

June 17 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act into law.

June 21 – One-year conscription comes into force in France.

July

July 4 – The dedication of George Washington's head is held at Mount Rushmore.

July 5 – The Seventh Lambeth Conference of Anglican Christian bishops opens. This conference approved the use of artificial birth control in limited circumstances, marking a controversial turning point in Christian views on contraception.

July 7

* The Lapua Movement marches in Helsinki, Finland.

* Building of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam) is started.

July 13 – The first Soccer World Cup starts: Lucien Laurent scores the first goal, for France against Mexico.

July 21 Department of Veterans Affairs Estalblished

July 25 – Laurence Olivier marries Jill Esmond.

July 26 – Charles Creighton and James Hargis of Missouri begin their return journey to Los Angeles, driving 11,555 km using only a reverse gear; the trip lasts the next 42 days.

July 28 – Richard Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.

July 30

* Uruguay beats Argentina 4–2 in the first association football World Cup Final.

* New York station W2XBS is put in charge of NBC broadcast engineers.

July 31 – The radio drama ''The Shadow'' airs for the first time.

August

August 6 – Judge Joseph Force Crater steps into a taxi in New York and disappears.

August 7

* Richard Bennett becomes Canada's eleventh prime minister.

* Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith are lynched in Marion, Indiana. James Cameron survives. This would be the last lynching of African Americans in a northern U.S. state.

August 9 – Betty Boop premiers in the animated film ''Dizzy Dishes''.

August 12 – Turkish troops move into Persia to fight Kurdish insurgents.

August 21 – Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret,was born. The younger daughter of Prince Albert, Duke of York (second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and later King George VI) and Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), and sister to The Princess Elizabeth NB. Prince Albert becomes King George VI in December 1936 after the abdication of his older brother, Edward VIII.

August 27 – A military junta takes over in Peru.

September

September 6 – José Félix Uriburu carries out a successful military coup, overthrowing Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina.

September 12 – Cricket player Wilfred Rhodes ends his 1,110-game first-class career by taking 5 for 95 for H.D.G. Leveson Gower's XI against the Australians.

September 14 – National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.

September 20 – The Eastern Catholic Rite Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is formed.

September 27 – Ä°smet Ä°nönü forms new government in Turkey. (6th government)

October

October 5 – British ''Airship R101'' crashes in France en-route to India on its maiden voyage.

October 24 РRevolution of 1930: Get̼lio Dornelles Vargas takes power in Brazil.

November

November 2 – Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia.

November 3 РGet̼lio Vargas becomes president of Brazil.

November 25

* An earthquake in the Izu Peninsula of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.

Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary in England, achieves the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using penicillin.

December

December – Turkish women are given the right to vote.

December 2 – Great Depression: U.S. President Herbert Hoover goes before Congress and asks for a US$150 million public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy.

December 7 – W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts broadcasts video from the CBS radio orchestra program, ''The Fox Trappers''. The broadcast also includes the first television commercial in the United States, an advertisement for I.J. Fox Furriers, who sponsored the radio show.

December 19 – Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing thirteen hundred.

December 24 – In London, Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his device to project pictures to the clouds.

December 28 – Mahatma Gandhi leaves for Britain for negotiations.

December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the Two-Nation Theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan.

Date unknown

The British White Paper demands restrictions on Jewish immigration into Palestine.

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics replaces the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.

A Jake paralysis outbreak occurs in United States.

Bernhard Schmidt invents the Schmidt camera.

The chocolate chip cookie is invented by Ruth Wakefield.

A massive hurricane in the Caribbean almost demolishes the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

W9XAP in Chicago, Illinois, broadcasts the U.S. senatorial election returns, which is the first time a senatorial race, with non-stop vote tallies, is ever televised.

1930–1931 – Crazy Horse's lifelong friend, He Dog, is interviewed by journalist Eleanor Hinman and Nebraska writer Mari Sandoz.

Sudbury, Ontario, Canada is incorporated as a city.

Europeans are 38% of world population.

Births

January

January 1 – Gaafar Nimeiry, President of Sudan (d. 2009)

January 2

* Julius LaRosa, American singer

* Robert Loggia, American actor

January 3 – Barbara Stuart, American actress (d. 2011)

January 4 – Sorrell Booke, American actor (d. 1994)

January 5 РJes̼s Rosas Marcano, Venezuelan poet (d. 2001)

January 6

* Charles Kalani, Jr., Asian-American actor (d. 2000)

* Vic Tayback, American actor (d. 1990)

January 10 – Roy E. Disney, American film and television executive (d. 2009)

January 12 – Jennifer Johnston, Irish writer

January 19 – Tippi Hedren, American actress

January 20 – Buzz Aldrin, American pilot and astronaut, Apollo 11 second person to set foot on the Moon

January 23 – Derek Walcott, West Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate

January 24 – Rita Lakin, American author

January 26 – John Straffen, British serial killer (d. 2007)

January 27 – Bobby Bland, American singer

January 30 – Gene Hackman, American actor

February

February 1 – Hussain Muhammad Ershad, former President of Bangladesh

February 6 – Allan King, Canadian director (d. 2009)

February 8

* Alejandro Rey, Argentine-American actor (d. 1987)

* Jim Dooley, American football coach (d. 2008)

February 10 – Robert Wagner, American actor

February 12 – Arlen Specter, American politician

February 15 – Sarah Jane Moore, American prisoner

February 16

* Peter Adamson, British actor (d. 2002)

* Noah Weinberg, American-born Israeli rabbi, founder of Aish HaTorah (d. 2009)

February 19 – John Frankenheimer, American film director (d. 2002)

February 20 – Ken Jones, British actor

February 22

* Marni Nixon, American singer and actress

* James McGarrell, American painter

February 27

* Joanne Woodward, American actress

* Peter Stone, American writer (d. 2003)

February 28 – Leon Neil Cooper, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

March

March 2 – Tom Wolfe, American author and novelist

March 3

* Heiner Geissler, German politician

* K. S. Rajah, Senior Counsel and former Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Singapore (d. 2010)

* Ion Iliescu, former President of Romania

March 6

* Allison Hayes, American actress (d. 1977)

* Lorin Maazel, French-born conductor

March 7 – Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon

March 10 – Claude Bolling, French jazz pianist and composer

March 13 – Liz Anderson, American country music singer-songwriter

March 15 – Zhores Ivanovich Alferov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

March 17 – James Irwin, American astronaut (d. 1991)

March 19 – Ornette Coleman, American musician

March 20 – Willie Thrower, American football player

March 22

* Pat Robertson, American televangelist

* Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist

March 24

* David Dacko, first President of the Central African Republic (d. 2003)

* Steve McQueen, American actor (d. 1980)

March 25 – John Keel, American author

March 26 – Sandra Day O'Connor, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1981–2006)

March 27 – David Janssen, American actor (d. 1980)

March 28 – Jerome Isaac Friedman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

March 30

* John Astin, American actor

* Rolf Harris, Australian-born entertainer

April

April 1 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress

April 3

* Lawton Chiles, U.S. Senator and the Governor of Florida (d. 1998)

* Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany

April 8 – Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma (d. 2010)

April 10 – Spede Pasanen, Finnish television personality (d. 2001)

April 11 – Anton LaVey, American Satanist (d. 1997)

April 12 – MichaÅ‚ Å»yczkowski, Polish Professor of Engineering (d. 2006)

April 15 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland

April 16

* Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (d. 2003)

* Carol Bly, Teacher, award-winning American author of short stories, essays, and nonfiction (d. 2007)

April 19 – Dick Sargent, American actor and gay activist (d. 1994)

April 21 – Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (d. 1989)

April 24 – Richard Donner, American film director and producer

April 25 – Paul Mazursky, American director and writer

April 28 – Carolyn Jones, American actress (d. 1983)

April 29 – Jean Rochefort, French actor

May

May 3 – Bob Havens, American musician

May 4

* Roberta Peters, American soprano

* Katherine Jackson, Mother of the Jackson Family

May 8 – Heather Harper, Irish soprano

May 9 – Joan Sims, English actress (d. 2001)

May 10 – Pat Summerall, American football player and broadcaster

May 11 – Bud Ekins, American stuntman (d. 2007)

May 15 – Jasper Johns, American painter

May 19 – Lorraine Hansberry, American playwright (d. 1965)

May 21 – Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister of Australia

May 22

* John Barth, American writer

* Harvey Milk, American politician and civil rights activist (d. 1978)

May 31 – Clint Eastwood, American actor, director, and producer

June

June 1 – Edward Woodward, British actor (d. 2009)

June 2 – Charles Conrad, American astronaut and moonwalker, commander of Apollo 12 (d. 1999)

June 8 – Robert Aumann, German-born mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics

June 9 – Monique Serf, French musician (d. 1997)

June 11 – Charles B. Rangel, African-American politician

June 12 – Jim Nabors, American actor, musician, and comedian

June 17 – Brian Statham, English cricketer (d. 2000)

June 19 – Gena Rowlands, American actress

June 22 – Yuri Artyukhin, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1998)

June 24

* Claude Chabrol, French film director (d. 2010)

* William B. Ziff, Jr., American publishing executive (d. 2006)

June 27 – Ross Perot, American billionaire and politician

June 28 – Itamar Franco, President of Brazil

July

July 2

* Carlos Menem, President of Argentina

* Magdalen Redman, American professional baseball player

July 3 – Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (d. 2004)

July 4

* Frunzik Mkrtchyan, Armenian actor (d. 1993)

* George Steinbrenner, American big businessman and then baseball team owner (d. 2010)

July 9 – Buddy Bregman, American musical arranger

July 11 – Harold Bloom, American literary critic

July 15

* Jacques Derrida, Algerian-born French literary critic (d. 2004)

* Betty Wagoner, American professional baseball player (d. 2006)

July 22 – Jeremy Lloyd, British actor and screenwriter

July 25

* Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)

* Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1985)

July 28 – Jean Roba, Belgian comics author (d. 2006)

August

August 1 – Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist

August 5 – Neil Armstrong, American astronaut, first human to set foot on the Moon, Commander of Apollo 11

August 6 – Abbey Lincoln, American singer (d. 2010)

August 12 – George Soros, Hungarian-born investor

August 13 – Don Ho, Hawaiian singer & musician (d. 2007)

August 16 – Robert Culp, American actor (d. 2010)

August 17 – Ted Hughes, English poet (d. 1998)

August 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American writer (d. 2009)

August 21 – Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)

August 23 – Mickey McMahan, American big band musician (d. 2008)

August 25 – Sean Connery, Scottish actor

August 27 – Gholamreza Takhti, Iranian wrestler (d. 1968)

August 30 – Warren Buffett, American entrepreneur and billionaire

September

September 3 – Cherry Wilder, New Zealand author (d. 2002)

September 9 – Frank Lucas, African-American drug lord

September 7

* King Baudouin I of Belgium (d. 1993)

* Sonny Rollins, American jazz saxophonist

September 11

* Cathryn Damon, American actress (d. 1987)

* Renzo Montagnani, Italian actor (d. 1997)

September 13

* Mary Baumgartner, American female professional baseball player

* Bola Ige, Nigerian politician (d. 2001)

September 16 – Anne Francis, American actress (d. 2011)

September 20 – Kenneth Mopeli, Chief Minister of QwaQwa bantustan

September 21 – Dawn Addams, British actress (d. 1985)

September 23

* Ray Charles, American singer and musician (d. 2004)

* Colin Blakely, English actor (d. 1987)

September 24 – Angelo Muscat, Maltese actor (d. 1977)

September 25 – Shel Silverstein, American author, poet, and humorist (d. 1999)

September 26

* Philip Bosco, American actor

* Fritz Wunderlich, German tenor (d. 1966)

October

October 1

* Richard Harris, Irish actor (d. 2002)

* Philippe Noiret, French actor (d. 2006)

October 5

* Anne Haddy, Australian actress (d. 1999)

* Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009)

* Reinhard Selten, German economist, Nobel Prize laureate

October 6 – Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (d. 2000)

October 8 – TÅ?ru Takemitsu, Japanese composer (d. 1996)

October 10

* Yves Chauvin, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

* Harold Pinter, English playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)

October 11 – Sam Johnson, American politician

October 14 – Schafik Handal, Salvadoran politician (d. 2006)

October 17

* Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (d. 2003)

* Jimmy Breslin, American newspaper columnist and author

October 24 – The Big Bopper, American singer. (d. 1959)

October 28 – Bernie Ecclestone, English auto racing tycoon

October 29

* Bertha Brouwer, Dutch athlete (d. 2006)

* Natalie Sleeth, American composer (d. 1992)

October 30

* Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1956)

* Timothy Findley, Canadian author (d. 2002)

October 31 – Michael Collins, astronaut, second person to fly around the Moon solo, Command Module pilot on Apollo 11, the first human lunar landing

November

November 3 – D. James Kennedy, American evangelist (d. 2007)

November 4 – Doris Roberts, American actress

November 6 – Wilma Briggs, American female baseball player

November 14

* Shirley Crabtree ("Big Daddy"), British professional wrestler (d. 1997)

* Edward White, American astronaut (d. 1967)

November 15 – J.G. Ballard, English writer (d. 2009)

November 16

* Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer

* Salvatore Riina, Italian multiple murderer

November 20 – Bernard Horsfall, British Actor

November 24 – Bob Friend, American baseball player

November 25 – Clarke Scholes, American freestyle swimmer

November 27 – Rex Shelley, Singaporean author (d. 2009)

December

December 1 – Joachim Hoffmann, German historian (d. 2002)

December 2 – Gary Becker, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

December 3 – Jean-Luc Godard, French film director

December 4 – Jim Hall, American jazz guitarist

December 6 – Daniel Lisulo, Prime Minister of Zambia (d. 2000)

December 7 – Christopher Nicole, British writer

December 8 – Stan Richards, English actor (d. 2005)

December 11

* Jean-Louis Trintignant, French actor

* Jim Williams, American antique dealer and preservationist

December 15 – Edna O'Brien, Irish writer

December 21

* Adebayo Adedeji, Nigerian UN official

* Kalevi Sorsa, prime minister of Finland (d. 2004)

December 27 – Wilfrid Sheed, English-born American writer

December 29 – Frank Dezelan, American baseball umpire (d. 2011)

December 31

* Odetta, American singer (d. 2008)

* Jaime Escalante, American teacher (d. 2010)

Date unknown

Barney Glaser, American sociologist

Deaths

January–June

January 9 – Edward Bok, American author (b. 1863)

February 14 – Sir Thomas MacKenzie, New Zealand Prime Minister and High Commissioner (b. 1854)

February 15 – Giulio Douhet, Italian air power theorist (b. 1869)

February 21 – Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (b. 1898)

February 23

* Mabel Normand, American actress (b. 1895)

* Horst Wessel, Nazi ideologue and composer (b. 1907)

February 28 – Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence, English classical scholar, South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (b. 1854)

March 2 – D. H. Lawrence, English writer (''Lady Chatterley's Lover'') (b. 1885)

March 6 – Alfred von Tirpitz, German politician and admiral (b. 1848)

March 8 – William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States, 10th Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1857)

March 12 – William George Barker, Canadian pilot

March 19 – Arthur James Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1848)

March 24 – Eugeen Van Mieghem, Belgian painter (b. 1875)

April 2 – Empress Zawditu of Ethiopia (b. 1876)

April 21 – Robert Bridges, English poet (b. 1844)

April 14 – Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian poet (b. 1893)

April 22 – Jeppe Aakjær, Danish poet and novelist (b. 1866)

May 13 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1861)

May 17 – Herbert Croly, American political author (b. 1869)

May 25 – Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1848)

June 5 – Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)

June 13 – Henry Segrave, British racer and speed record holder (b. 1896)

July–December

July 7 – Arthur Conan Doyle, British author (''Sherlock Holmes'') (b. 1859)

July 8 – Sir Joseph Ward, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1856)

July 15

* Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist (b. 1845)

* Rudolph Schildkraut, Istanbul born American actor (b. 1862)

July 23 – Glenn Curtiss, American aviation pioneer (b. 1878)

July 26 – Pavlos Karolidis, Greek historian (b. 1849)

July 28 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1862)

July 30 – Joan Gamper, Swiss-born businessman and founder of FC Barcelona (b. 1877)

August 15 – Florian Cajori, Swiss-born historian of mathematics (b. 1859)

August 24 – Tom Norman, English freak showman (b. 1860)

August 26 – Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (b. 1883)

August 29 – William Archibald Spooner, British scholar and Anglican priest (b. 1844)

September 1 РPeeter P̵ld, Estonian pedagogical scientist and politician (b. 1878)

September 10 – Aubrey Faulkner, South African cricketer (b. 1881)

September 15 – Milton Sills, American actor (b. 1882)

September 20 – Gombojab Tsybikov, Russian explorer (b. 1873)

September 21 – John T. Dorrance, American chemist (b. 1873)

September 24 – William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (b. 1857)

October 2 – Gordon Stewart Northcott, serial killer, was hung.

October 15 – Herbert Dow, Canadian-born chemical industrialist

October 26 – Harry Payne Whitney, American businessman and horse breeder (b. 1872)

November 5 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1858)

November 30 – Mary Harris Jones, American labor leader (b. 1837)

November – Alfred Wegener, German geophysicist and meteorologist (b. 1880)

December 9

* Andrew "Rube" Foster, American Negro League baseball player

* Laura Muntz Lyall, Canadian painter (b. 1860)

December 12 – Nikolai Pokrovsky, Russian politician and the last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (b. 1865)

December 13 – Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)

December 14 – F. Richard Jones, American director (b. 1893)

December 17 – Peter Warlock, Anglo-Welsh composer (b. 1894)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Chemistry – Hans Fischer

Physiology or Medicine – Karl Landsteiner

Literature – Sinclair Lewis

Peace РNathan Șderblom

References

The 1930s Timeline: 1930 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia

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name	Helen Keller
Birthname	Helen Adams Keller
birth date	June 27, 1880
birth place	Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA
death date	June 01, 1968
death place	Arcan Ridge, Easton, Connecticut, USA
signature	helen_keller_signature.svg }}

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film ''The Miracle Worker''.

A prolific author, Keller was well-traveled, and was outspoken in her opposition to war. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Wobblies, she campaigned for women's suffrage, workers' rights, and socialism, as well as many other leftist causes.

Early childhood and illness

Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green, that Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier. Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller, spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia ''North Alabamian'' and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army. Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee. Helen's mother, Kate Adams, was the daughter of Charles Adams. Though originally from Massachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, earning the rank of brigadier-general.

Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland. Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich. Helen reflects upon this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating "that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his."

Helen Keller was not born blind and deaf; it was not until she was 19 months old that she contracted an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs; by the age of seven, she had over 60 home signs to communicate with her family.

In 1886, her mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' ''American Notes'' of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by her father, to seek out Dr. J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice. He subsequently put them in touch with Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anaganos, the school's director, asked former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired and only 20 years old, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship, Sullivan evolving into governess and then eventual companion.

Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll. Keller's big breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.

Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile. Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".

Formal education

Starting in May, 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College, where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Anne married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thompson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who didn't have experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.

Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Anne and John, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of American Foundation for the Blind.

After Anne died in 1936, Keller and Thompson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funding for the blind. Thompson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered, and died in 1960.

Winnie Corbally, a nurse who was originally brought in to care for Thompson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.

Political activities

Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, an opponent of Woodrow Wilson, a radical socialist and a birth control supporter. In 1915 she and George Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920 she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller traveled to over 39 countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Mark Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as a consequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in popular perception.

Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the ''Brooklyn Eagle'' wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development." Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views: }}

Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW or the Wobblies) in 1912, saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In ''Why I Became an IWW'', Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:

The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter a leading cause of blindness.

Writings

Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles.

One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was ''The Frost King'' (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from ''The Frost Fairies'' by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.

At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, ''The Story of My Life'' (1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy. It includes words that Keller wrote and the story of her life up to age 21, and was written during her time in college.

Keller wrote ''The World I Live In'' in 1908 giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world. ''Out of the Dark'', a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913.

When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!

Her spiritual autobiography, ''My Religion'', was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised and re-issued under the title ''Light in My Darkness''. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place. Adherents use several names to describe themselves, including Second Advent Christian, Swedenborgian and New Church.

Akita dog

When Keller visited Akita Prefecture in Japan in July 1937, she inquired about HachikÅ?, the famed Akita dog that had died in 1935. She told a Japanese person that she would like to have an Akita dog; one was given to her within a month, with the name of Kamikaze-go. When he died of canine distemper, his older brother, Kenzan-go, was presented to her as an official gift from the Japanese government in July 1938. Keller is credited with having introduced the Akita to the United States through these two dogs.

By 1939 a breed standard had been established and dog shows had been held, but such activities stopped after World War II began. Keller wrote in the ''Akita Journal'': }}

Later life

Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.

On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' highest two civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.

Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.

Portrayals

Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She appeared in a silent film, ''Deliverance'' (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.

She was also the subject of the documentaries ''Helen Keller in Her Story'', narrated by Katharine Cornell, and ''The Story of Helen Keller'', part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment.

''The Miracle Worker'' is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, ''The Story of My Life''. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker." Its first realization was the 1957 ''Playhouse 90'' teleplay of that title by William Gibson. He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000.

In 1984, Helen Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called ''The Miracle Continues''. This film that entailed the semi-sequel to ''The Miracle Worker'' recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality.

The Bollywood movie ''Black'' (2005) was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to her graduation. A documentary called ''Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy'' was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness and a severe speech impediment.

On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention. Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne.

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.

In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.

The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama is dedicated to her.

There are streets named after Helen Keller in Getafe, Spain, in Lod, Israel and in Lisbon, Portugal.

A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder K. K. Srinivasan.

On October 7, 2009, a bronze statue of Helen Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for the State of Alabama's former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. It is displayed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center and depicts Keller as a seven-year-old child standing at a water pump. The statue represents the seminal moment in Keller's life when she understood her first word: W-A-T-E-R, as signed into her hand by teacher Anne Sullivan. The pedestal base bears a quotation in raised letters and Braille characters: "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart." The statue is the first one of a handicapped person and of a child to be permanently displayed at the U.S. Capitol.

See also

Helen Keller Services for the Blind

References

Further reading

Keller, Helen with Anne Sullivan and John A. Macy (1903) ''The Story of My Life''. New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.

Lash, Joseph P. (1980) ''Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy ''. New York, NY: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-03654-8

Herrmann, Dorothy (1998) ''Helen Keller: A Life''. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44354-4

External links

''The Story of My Life'' with introduction to the text

Rare film footage of Helen Keller speaking and with her teacher, Anne Sullivan

Category:1880 births Category:1968 deaths Category:American activists Category:American anti-war activists Category:American essayists Category:American memoirists Category:American pacifists Category:American people of Swiss descent Category:American people with disabilities Category:American political writers Category:American short story writers Category:American socialists Category:American suffragists Category:American Swedenborgians Category:Deafblind people Category:Disability rights activists Category:Industrial Workers of the World members Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America Category:Nonviolence advocates Category:People from Connecticut Category:People from Forest Hills, Queens Category:People from the Florence – Muscle Shoals metropolitan area Category:People from Tuscumbia, Alabama Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Radcliffe College alumni Category:Workers' rights activists Category:Writers from Alabama

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name	Anne Sullivan Macy
birth name	Johanna Mansfield Sullivan
birth date	April 14, 1866
birth place	Feeding Hills, Massachusetts
death date	October 20, 1936
death place	Forest Hills, New York, New York
spouse	}}

Johanna "Anne" Mansfield Sullivan Macy (1866 – 1936), also known as Annie Sullivan, was an American teacher best known as the instructor and companion of Helen Keller.

Early life

Sullivan was born on April 14, 1866 in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts. In 1874 her mother, Alice, died, probably of tuberculosis; after which Anne was sent to an almshouse, that today is Tewksbury Hospital in Tewksbury, Massachusetts. In 1880, Anne, who was nearly blind from untreated trachoma, was sent to the Perkins School for the Blind. Anne had a brother, Jimmie (James), born in 1869, a sister Ellen born in 1867 and a sister, Mary.

Career

Michael Anaganos, director of the Institute, then located in South Boston, was approached to suggest a teacher for the Keller's deafblind daughter. He asked Anne Sullivan, a former student, herself visually impaired and only 20 years old, to become Helen's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year relationship, Sullivan evolving into governess and then eventual companion.

Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll. Keller's big breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.

As lifelong companions Sullivan and Keller continually lived, worked, and traveled together.

Personal life

On May 3, 1905, Sullivan married a Harvard University instructor and literary critic, John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Keller with her publications. The three lived together. However, within a few years, their marriage began to disintegrate. By 1914 they had separated, though they never officially divorced. In the early years after their separation, John wrote and asked for money.

In the 1920 census, Helen Keller was 38 years old and listed as head of her household in the Queens, New York Census. Anne is listed as living with her, age 52, listed as a private teacher of Helen. John Macy is also listed as living with them (entered as a Lodger, writer/author, age 44). As the years progressed Macy appears to have faded from Sullivan's life. Sullivan never remarried.

Awards

In 1932 they were each awarded honorary fellowships from the Educational Institute of Scotland. They also were awarded honorary degrees from Temple University.

Death

By 1935, Sullivan became completely blind just one year before her death on October 20, 1936 in Forest Hills, New York. She died after a coma at age 70, with Keller holding her hand. When Keller herself died in 1968, her ashes were placed in the Washington National Cathedral next to Anne's.

Media representation

Anne Sullivan is an integral character in ''The Miracle Worker'', by William Gibson, originally produced for television, where she was portrayed by Teresa Wright. The play then moved to Broadway, and was later produced as a 1962 feature film. Both the Broadway play and 1962 film featured Anne Bancroft in the Sullivan role. Patty Duke—who played Helen Keller in the 1962 film version—later played Sullivan in a 1979 television remake. Alison Elliott recently portrayed her in a 2000 television movie. Alison Pill played Sullivan on Broadway in the 2010 revival of ''The Miracle Worker'', with Abigail Breslin as Keller.

Both Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke won Academy Awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for their roles as Sullivan and Keller in the 1962 film version.

References

Further reading

External links

Anne Sullivan Macy: Miracle Worker, a multimedia museum from the American Foundation for the Blind

Category:1866 births Category:1936 deaths Category:American educationists Category:American educators Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Language teachers Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Burials at Washington National Cathedral Category:Blind people

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name	Marlene Dietrich
birth date	December 27, 1901
birth place	Schöneberg, German Empire
death date	May 06, 1992
death place	Paris, France
birth name	Marie Magdalene Dietrich
occupation	Actress/Singer
years active	1919–84
spouse	Rudolf Sieber (1923–76)
children	Maria Riva, born December 13, 1924
relations	John Michael Riva (grandson), born June 28, 1948
website	http://www.marlene.com/ }}

Marlene Dietrich (; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German born American actress and singer.

Dietrich remained popular throughout her long career by continually re-inventing herself, professionally and characteristically. In the Berlin of the 1920s, she acted on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as Lola-Lola in ''The Blue Angel'', directed by Josef von Sternberg, brought her international fame and provided her a contract with Paramount Pictures in the US. Hollywood films such as ''Shanghai Express'' and ''Desire'' capitalised on her glamour and exotic looks, cementing her stardom and making her one of the highest paid actresses of the era. Dietrich became a US citizen in 1937, and throughout World War II she was a high-profile frontline entertainer. Although she still made occasional films in the post-war years, Dietrich spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a successful show performer.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth greatest female star of all time.

Childhood

Dietrich was born Marie Magdalene Dietrich on 27 December 1901 in Schöneberg, a district of Berlin, Germany. She was the younger of two daughters (her sister Elisabeth being a year older) of Louis Erich Otto Dietrich and Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josephine Felsing, who married in December 1898. Dietrich's mother was from a well-to-do Berlin family who owned a clockmaking firm and her father was a police lieutenant. Her father died in 1911. His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocrat first lieutenant in the Grenadiers courted Wilhelmina and eventually married her in 1916, but he died soon after as a result of injuries sustained during World War I. Eduard von Losch never officially adopted the Dietrich children, hence Dietrich's surname was never von Losch, as is sometimes claimed. She was nicknamed "Lena" and "Lene" (pronounced Lay-neh) within the family. Around the age of 11, she contracted her two first names to form the then-novel name of "Marlene".

Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria girls school from 1907 - 1917 and graduated from the Viktoria-Suisen-Schule the following year. She studied the violin and became interested in theatre and poetry as a teenager. Her dreams of becoming a concert violinist were cut short when she injured her wrist, but by 1922 she was employed as a violinist in a pit band accompanying silent films at a cinema in Berlin — her first job, from which she was fired after only four weeks.

Early career

Her earliest professional stage appearances were as a chorus girl on tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett, vaudeville-style entertainments, and in Rudolf Nelson revues in Berlin. In 1922, Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director and impresario Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon found herself working in his theaters as a chorus girl and playing small roles in dramas, without attracting any special attention at first. She made her film debut playing a bit part in the 1922 film, ''So sind die Männer''.

She met her future husband, Rudolf Sieber, on the set of another film made that year, ''Tragödie der Liebe''. Dietrich and Sieber were married in a civil ceremony in Berlin on 17 May 1923 Her only child, daughter Maria Elisabeth Sieber, was born on 13 December 1924.

Dietrich continued to work on stage and in film both in Berlin and Vienna throughout the 1920s. On stage, she had roles of varying importance in Frank Wedekind's ''Pandora's Box'', William Shakespeare's ''The Taming of the Shrew'' and ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' as well as George Bernard Shaw's ''Back to Methuselah'' and ''Misalliance''. It was in musicals and revues, such as ''Broadway'', ''Es Liegt in der Luft'' and ''Zwei Krawatten'', however, that she attracted the most attention. By the late 1920s, Dietrich was also playing sizable parts on screen, including ''Café Elektric'' (1927), ''Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame'' (1928) and ''Das Schiff der verlorenen Menschen'' (1929).

In 1929, Dietrich landed the breakthrough role of Lola-Lola, a cabaret singer who causes the downfall of a hitherto respected schoolmaster, in UFA's production, ''The Blue Angel'' (1930). The film was directed by Josef von Sternberg, who thereafter took credit for having "discovered" Dietrich. The film is also noteworthy for having introduced Dietrich's signature song "Falling in Love Again", which Dietrich recorded for Electrola. She made further recordings in the 1930s for Polydor and Decca.

Film star

On the strength of ''The Blue Angel's'' international success, and with encouragement and promotion from von Sternberg, who was already established in Hollywood, Dietrich then moved to the U.S. on contract to Paramount Pictures. The studio sought to market Dietrich as a German answer to MGM's Swedish sensation, Greta Garbo. Her first American film, ''Morocco'', directed by von Sternberg, earned Dietrich her only Oscar nomination. However, at the time she knew very little English and so spoke her lines phonetically.

Dietrich starred in six films directed by von Sternberg at Paramount between 1930 and 1935: ''Morocco'', ''Dishonored'', ''Shanghai Express'', ''Blonde Venus'', ''The Scarlet Empress'', and ''The Devil is a Woman''. In Hollywood, von Sternberg worked very effectively with Dietrich to create the image of a glamorous femme fatale. He encouraged her to lose weight and coached her intensively as an actress – she, in turn, was willing to trust him and follow his sometimes imperious direction in a way that a number of other performers resisted.

A crucial part of the overall effect was created by von Sternberg's exceptional skill in lighting and photographing Dietrich to optimum effect—the use of light and shadow, including the impact of light passed through a veil or slatted blinds (as for example in ''Shanghai Express'')—which, when combined with scrupulous attention to all aspects of set design and costumes, make this series of films among the most visually stylish in cinema history. Critics still vigorously debate how much of the credit belonged to von Sternberg and how much to Dietrich, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Paramount fired von Sternberg and the two ceased working together. Without von Sternberg, Dietrich — along with Fred Astaire, Joan Crawford, Mae West, Dolores del Río, Katharine Hepburn and others — was labeled "box office poison" after her 1937 film, ''Knight Without Armour,'' proved an expensive flop. In 1939, however, her stardom revived when she played the cowboy saloon girl Frenchie in the light-hearted western ''Destry Rides Again'' opposite James Stewart. The movie also introduced another favorite song, "The Boys in the Back Room". She played a similar role in 1942 with John Wayne in ''The Spoilers''.

While Dietrich arguably never fully regained her former screen glory, she continued performing in the movies, including appearances for such distinguished directors as Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Alfred Hitchcock and Orson Welles, in films that included ''A Foreign Affair'', ''Witness for the Prosecution'', ''Rancho Notorious'', ''Stage Fright'' and ''Touch of Evil''.

World War II

Dietrich was known to have strong political convictions and the mind to speak them. In interviews, Dietrich stated that she had been approached by representatives of the Nazi Party to return to Germany, but had turned them down flat. Dietrich, a staunch anti-Nazi, became an American citizen in 1939.

In December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II, and Dietrich became one of the first celebrities to raise war bonds. She toured the US from January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing before 250 000 troops on the Pacific Coast leg of her tour alone) and it is said that she sold more war bonds than any other star.

During two extended tours for the USO in 1944 and 1945, she performed for Allied troops on the front lines in Algeria, Italy, England and France and went into Germany with Generals James M. Gavin and George S. Patton. When asked why she had done this, in spite of the obvious danger of being within a few kilometres of German lines, she replied, "aus Anstand" â€” "out of decency".

Her revue, with future TV pioneer Danny Thomas as her opening act, included songs from her films, performances on her musical saw (a skill she had originally acquired for stage appearances in Berlin in the 1920s), and a pretend "mindreading" act. Dietrich would inform the audience that she could read minds, and ask them to concentrate hard on thinking about whatever came into their minds. Then she would walk over to a soldier and earnestly tell him, "Oh, think of something else. I can't possibly talk about ''that''!" American church papers reportedly published stories complaining about this part of Dietrich's act.

In 1944, the Morale Operations Branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) initiated the Musac project, musical propaganda broadcasts designed to demoralize enemy soldiers. Dietrich, the only performer who was made aware that her recordings would be for OSS use, recorded a number of songs in German for the project, including ''Lili Marleen'', a favourite of soldiers on both sides of the conflict. William Joseph Donovan, head of the OSS, wrote to Dietrich, "I am personally deeply grateful for your generosity in making these recordings for us.

Dietrich was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by the US in 1947. She said that this was her proudest accomplishment. She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French government as recognition for her wartime work.

Stage and cabaret

thumb|right|Dietrich often performed parts of her show in [[White Tie|top hat and tails. Caricature by Hans Georg Pfannmüller showing Dietrich during a cabaret performance in 1954.]]From the early 1950s until the mid-1970s, Dietrich worked almost exclusively as a highly-paid cabaret artist, performing live in large theaters in major cities worldwide.

Dietrich progressed a contralto vocal range. In 1953, Dietrich was offered a then-substantial $30,000 per week to appear live at the Sahara Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. The show was short, consisting only of a few songs associated with her. Her daringly sheer "nude dress" — a heavily beaded evening gown of silk soufflé, which gave the illusion of transparency — designed by Jean Louis, attracted a lot of publicity. This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at the Café de Paris in London the following year, and her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Burt Bacharach as her musical arranger starting in the mid-1950s; together they refined her nightclub act into a more ambitious theatrical one-woman show with an expanded repertoire. Her repertoire included songs from her films as well as popular songs of the day. Bacharach's arrangements helped to disguise Dietrich's limited vocal range – she was a contralto – and allowed her to perform her songs to maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and several singles between 1957 and 1964.

She would often perform the first part of her show in one of her body-hugging dresses and a swansdown coat, and change to top hat and tails for the second half of the performance. This allowed her to sing songs usually associated with male singers, like "One For My Baby" and "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face".

"She ... transcends her material," according to Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's a flighty old tune like 'I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby' ... a schmaltzy German love song, 'Das Lied Ist Aus' or a French one 'La Vie en Rose', she lends each an air of the aristocrat, yet she never patronises ... A folk song, 'Go 'Way From My Window' has never been sung with such passion, and in her hands 'Where Have All the Flowers Gone?' is not just another anti-war lament but a tragic accusation against us all."

Francis Wyndham offered a more critical appraisal of the phenomenon of Dietrich in concert. He wrote in 1964: "What she does is neither difficult nor diverting, but the fact that she does it at all fills the onlookers with wonder ... It takes two to make a conjuring trick: the illusionist's sleight of hand and the stooge's desire to be deceived. To these necessary elements (her own technical competence and her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Dietrich adds a third — the mysterious force of her belief in her own magic. Those who find themselves unable to share this belief tend to blame themselves rather than her."

Her use of body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts, expert makeup and wigs, combined with careful stage lighting helped to preserve Dietrich's glamorous image as she grew older.

thumb|left|alt=Marlene Dietrich, 1960|In Jerusalem during a concert tour of Israel, 1960.thumb|right|Marlene Dietrich discusses her film and cabaret career in an interview recorded in Paris, 1959.Dietrich's return to Germany in 1960 for a concert tour elicited a mixed response. Many Germans felt she had betrayed her homeland by her actions during World War II. During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!". On the other hand, Dietrich was warmly welcomed by other Germans, including Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, who was, like Dietrich, an opponent of the Nazis who had lived in exile during their rule. The tour was an artistic triumph, but a financial failure. She also undertook a tour of Israel around the same time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in German during her concerts, including, from 1962, a German version of Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial taboo against the use of German in Israel. ''Dietrich in London'', a concert album, was recorded during the run of her 1964 engagement at the Queen's Theatre.

She performed on Broadway twice (in 1967 and 1968) and won a special Tony Award in 1968. In November 1972 ''I Wish You Love'', a version of Dietrich's Broadway show, was filmed in London. She was paid $250,000 for her cooperation, but was unhappy with the result. The show was broadcast in the UK on the BBC and in the US on CBS in January 1973.

In her sixties and seventies, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical cancer in 1965 and suffered from poor circulation in her legs. Dietrich became increasingly dependent on painkillers and alcohol. A stage fall at the Shady Grove Music Fair in Washington DC in 1973 injured her left thigh, necessitating skin grafts to allow the wound to heal. She fractured her right leg in August 1974. "Do you think this is glamorous? That it's a great life and that I do it for my health? Well it isn't. Maybe once, but not now," Dietrich told Clive Hirschorn in 1973, explaining that she continued performing only for the money.

Final years

Dietrich's show business career largely ended on 29 September 1975, when she broke her leg during a stage performance in Sydney, Australia. Her husband, Rudolf Sieber, died of cancer on 24 June 1976.

thumb|upright|Dietrich's gravestone in Berlin. The inscription reads "Hier steh ich an den Marken meiner Tage" (Here I stand at the mile-stone of my days), a paraphrased line from the sonnet ''Abschied vom Leben'' (Farewell from Life) by [[Theodor Körner (author)|Theodor Körner.]]Dietrich's final on-camera film appearance was a cameo role in ''Just a Gigolo'' (1979), starring David Bowie and directed by David Hemmings. Dietrich also performed the title track in the film, and recorded the song for the soundtrack LP.

An alcoholic and dependent on painkillers, Dietrich withdrew to her apartment at 12 avenue Montaigne in Paris. She spent the final 11 years of her life mostly bedridden, allowing only a select few—including family and employees—to enter the apartment. During this time, she was a prolific letter-writer and phone-caller. Her autobiography, ''Nehmt nur mein Leben'', was published in 1979.

In 1982, Dietrich agreed to participate in a documentary film about her life, ''Marlene'' (1984), but refused to be filmed. The film's director, Maximilian Schell, was only allowed to record her voice. He used his interviews with her as the basis for the film, set to a collage of film clips from her career. The final film won several European film prizes and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary in 1984. ''Newsweek'' named it "a unique film, perhaps the most fascinating and affecting documentary ever made about a great movie star".

In 1988, Dietrich recorded spoken introductions to songs for a nostalgia album by Udo Lindenberg.

She began a close friendship with the biographer David Bret, one of the few people allowed inside her Paris apartment. Bret is thought to have been the last person outside her family that Dietrich spoke to, two days before her death: "I have called to say that I love you, and now I may die." She was in constant contact with her daughter, who came to Paris regularly to check on her.

In an interview with the German magazine ''Der Spiegel'' in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson claim that Dietrich was politically active during these years. She kept in contact with world leaders by telephone, including Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, running up a monthly bill of over US$3,000. In 1989, her appeal to save the Babelsberg studios from closure was broadcast on BBC Radio, and she spoke on television via telephone on the occasion of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.

Dietrich died of renal failure on 6 May 1992 at the age of 90 in Paris. A service was conducted at La Madeleine in Paris before 3,500 mourners and a crowd of well-wishers outside. Her body, covered with an American flag, was then returned to Berlin, where she was interred at the Städtischer Friedhof III, Berlin-Schöneberg, Stubenrauchstraße 43–45, in Friedenau Cemetery, near her mother's grave and not far away from the house where she was born.

Private life

Unlike her professional celebrity, which was carefully crafted and maintained, Dietrich's personal life was kept out of public view. Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the thriving gay scene of the time and drag balls of 1920s Berlin.

She married only once, assistant director Rudolf Sieber, who later became an assistant director at Paramount Pictures in France, responsible for foreign language dubbing. Dietrich's only child, Maria Elisabeth Sieber, was born in Berlin on 13 December 1924. She would later become an actress, primarily working in television, known as Maria Riva. When Maria gave birth to a son in 1948, Dietrich was dubbed "the world's most glamorous grandmother". After Dietrich's death, Riva published a frank biography of her mother, titled ''Marlene Dietrich'' (1992).

Throughout her career Dietrich had an unending string of affairs, some short-lived, some lasting decades; they often overlapped and were almost all known to her husband, to whom she was in the habit of passing the love letters of her men, sometimes with biting comments. During the filming of ''Destry Rides Again'', Dietrich, started a love affair with co-star Jimmy Stewart, which ended after filming. In 1938, Dietrich met and began a relationship with the writer Erich Maria Remarque, and in 1941, the French actor and military hero Jean Gabin. Their relationship ended in the mid-1940s. She also had an affair with the Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who was Greta Garbo's lover. Her last great passion, when she was in her 50s, appears to have been for the actor Yul Brynner, but her love life continued well into her 70s. She counted John Wayne, George Bernard Shaw and John F. Kennedy among her conquests. Dietrich maintained her husband and his mistress first in Europe and later on a ranch in the San Fernando Valley, California.

She was raised a Protestant but lost her faith due to battlefront experiences during her time with the US Army as an entertainer after hearing preachers from both sides invoking God as their support. "I lost my faith during the war and can't believe they are all up there, flying around or sitting at tables, all those I've lost." She once said: “If God exists, he needs to review his plan.�

Image and legacy

Dietrich was a fashion icon to the top designers as well as a screen icon that later stars would follow. She once said, "I dress for myself. Not for the image, not for the public, not for the fashion, not for men." Her public image and some of her movies included strong sexual undertones, including bisexuality.

A significant volume of academic literature, especially since 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, as created by the movie industry, within various theoretical frameworks, including that of psycho-analysis. Emphasis is placed, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation of the female image.

In 1992, a plaque was unveiled at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the site of Dietrich's birth. A postage stamp bearing Dietrich's portrait was issued in Germany on 14 August 1997.

Luxury pen manufacturer MontBlanc produced a limited edition 'Marlene Dietrich' pen to commemorate Dietrich's life. It is platinum-plated and has an encrusted deep blue sapphire.

For some Germans, she remained a controversial figure for having sided with Nazi Germany's foes during the Second World War. In 1996, after some debate, it was decided not to name a street after Dietrich in Berlin-Schöneberg, her birthplace. However, on 8 November 1997, the central Marlene-Dietrich-Platz was unveiled in Berlin to honor Dietrich. The commemoration reads ''Berliner Weltstar des Films und des Chansons. Einsatz für Freiheit und Demokratie, für Berlin und Deutschland'' ("Berlin world star of film and song. Dedication to freedom and democracy, to Berlin and Germany").

Dietrich was made an honorary citizen of Berlin on 16 May 2002.

The U.S. Government awarded Marlene Dietrich the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her war work. Dietrich has been quoted as saying this was the honor of which she was most proud in her life. She was also made a ''chevalier'' (later ''commandeur'') of the Légion d'honneur by the French government.

In 2000 a German biopic film ''Marlene'' was made directed by Joseph Vilsmaier and starring Katja Flint as Dietrich.

Estate

On 24 October 1993, the largest portion of Dietrich's estate was sold to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek—after U.S. institutions showed no interest—where it became the core of the exhibition at the Filmmuseum Berlin. The collection includes: over 3,000 textile items from the 1920s through the 1990s, including film and stage costumes as well as over a thousand items from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15,000 photographs, by Cecil Beaton, Horst P. Horst, George Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; 300,000 pages of documents, including correspondence with Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Coward, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nancy and Ronald Reagan, Erich Maria Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles, and Billy Wilder; as well as other items like film posters and sound recordings.

The contents of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, along with other personal effects such as jewelry and items of clothing, were sold by public auction by Sotheby's (Los Angeles) on 1 November 1997. The apartment itself (located at 993 Park Avenue) was sold for $615,000 in 1998.

Works

Filmography

Discography

Radio

Notable appearances include:

''Lux Radio Theater: The Legionnaire and the Lady'' opposite Clark Gable (1 August 1936)

''Lux Radio Theater: Desire'' opposite Herbert Marshall (22 July 1937)

''Lux Radio Theater: song of Songs'' opposite Douglas Fairbanks, Jr (20 December 1937)

''The Chase and Sanborn Program'' with Edgar Bergen and Don Ameche (2 June 1938)

''Lux Radio Theater: Manpower'' opposite Edward G Robinson and George Raft (15 March 1942)

''The Gulf Screen Guild Theater: Pittsburgh'' opposite John Wayne (12 April 1943)

''Theatre Guild on the Air: Grand Hotel'' opposite Ray Milland (24 March 1948)

''Studio One: Arabesque'' (29 June 1948)

''Theatre Guild on the Air: The Letter'' opposite Walter Pidgeon (3 October 1948)

''Ford Radio Theater: Madame Bovary'' opposite Claude Rains (8 October 1948)

''Screen Director's Playhouse: A Foreign Affair'' opposite Rosalind Russell and John Lund (5 March 1949)

''MGM Theatre of the Air: Anna Karenina'' (9 December 1949)

''MGM Theatre of the Air: Camille'' (6 June 1950)

''Lux Radio Theater: No Highway in the Sky'' opposite James stewart (21 April 1952)

''Screen Director's Playhouse: A Foreign Affair'' opposite Lucille Ball and John Lund (1 March 1951)

''The Big Show'' starring Tallullah Bankhead (2 October 1951)

''The Child'', with Godfrey Kenton, radio play produced by Richard Imison for the BBC on 18 August 1965

Dietrich's appeal to save the Babelsburg studios was broadcast on BBC radio

Dietrich made several appearances on Armed Forces Radio Services shows like ''The Army Hour'' and ''Command Performance'' during the war years. In 1952, she had her own series on American ABC entitled, ''Cafe Istanbul''. During 1953–54, she starred in 38 episodes of ''Time for Love'' on CBS. She recorded 94 short inserts, "Dietrich Talks on Love and Life", for NBC's ''Monitor'' in 1958.

Dietrich gave many radio interviews worldwide on her concert tours. In 1960, her show at the Tuschinski in Amsterdam was broadcast live on Dutch radio. Her 1962 appearance at the Olympia in Paris was also broadcast.

Writing

Notes

References

External links

Marlene Dietrich Collection, Berlin (MDCB)

Marlene Dietrich – Daily Telegraph obituary

WWII: Marlene Dietrich and the Boys - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Category:1901 births Category:1992 deaths Category:People from Berlin Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American radio actors Category:American television actors Category:Bisexual actors Category:Cabaret singers Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:Disease-related deaths in France Category:English-language singers Category:American people of German descent Category:German expatriates in the United States Category:German female singers Category:German film actors Category:Former Calvinists Category:German emigrants to the United States Category:German silent film actors Category:German stage actors Category:German-language singers Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:LGBT parents Category:Liberty Records artists Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Tony Award winners Category:Torch singers Category:Women in World War II Category:LGBT musicians from Germany Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:German autobiographers Category:Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur

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name	Brian Fallon
background	solo_singer
birth name	Brian Fallon
born	January 28, 1980Red Bank, New Jersey, USA
origin	New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
instrument	Vocals, Guitar, Harmonica
genre	Alternative rock, folk punk, punk rock, Soul
occupation	Musician, Songwriter
years active	1997–present
label	SideOneDummyXOXOSabot ProductionsResist records
associated acts	The Gaslight AnthemThe Horrible CrowsThis Charming ManSurrogate McKenzieAmping CopperCincinnati Rail TieNo ReleaseChuck RaganShady View Terrace
website	Cassettes In The Mailbox
notable instruments	Fender TelecasterGibson Les Paul }}

Brian Fallon (born January 28, 1980) is an American musician. Fallon is one of the founding members of the band The Gaslight Anthem. He plays guitar and provides lead vocals for the band. He is currently working on a side project called The Horrible Crowes

Biography

Brian Fallon was born in Red Bank, New Jersey in 1980. His mother Debbie was in a folk band in the late 1960s called 'The Group Folk Singers'. Fallon spent his teen years in Hackettstown, New Jersey, where he became close friends with Tom "Tommy Gunn" DuHamel of the band Communication Redlight. When Fallon was 17 he released a cassette under the stage name 'No Release'. He also once wanted to start a small record label to be called 'Old 45 Records'.

Early Music career

No Release (1997)

At the age of 17 Fallon released a cassette titled 'The Coffeehouse Sessions' under the name 'No Release'. It was released under 'Mean Little Man Productions'. There are only about 200 copies of the limited release demo. There are 16 tracks on the demo which featured Chris Eissing as lead guitar on a few tracks.

Surrogate McKenzie (1997-1999)

While Fallon was in the band Surrogate McKenzie they recorded 3 unreleased demo albums, Surrogate McKenzie (1998), Songs To Grow Up To (1998) and The Six Degrees of Separation (2000)

Amping Copper (2001)

With the band Amping Copper, which has been called "basically...Surrogate McKenzie version 2", Fallon was involved with the recording of the 6-track self-titled CD, 'Amping Copper' in 2001.

Brian Fallon - Cincinnati Rail Tie (2004)

After Amping Copper, Fallon wanted to record a solo EP, while maintaining the band feel. He asked a friend, Casey Lee Morgan, from the band Lanemeyer to play drums. Another friend, Mike Hemberger, played bass and produced the EP. One of Fallon's old guitar teachers, Tim Fogerty, played guitar on two tracks. Together they recorded, 'The American Music EP' in 2004, the EP also featured Fallon's mother on backing vocals.

This Charming Man (2005)

In 2005, Fallon along with Michael Volpe, Chris Clementi and Mike Leboeuf founded This Charming Man. Fallon remained the only original member when Benny Horowitz and Alex Levine and eventually Alex Rosamilia joined; thus bringing together the present lineup of The Gaslight Anthem. After some time with the new lineup, they changed their name, forming The Gaslight Anthem.

This Charming Man's only full release was 'Every Little Secret' in 2005, with the original lineup. Another song by the original band called "She Coulda Raised the Titanic" later became The Gaslight Anthem's "1930" song on the Sink or Swim album.

The Gaslight Anthem (2005-Present)

Fallon has been the prominent song writer and vocalist for The Gaslight Anthem since their formation from This Charming Man. With the band he has recorded 3 studio albums, Sink or Swim, The '59 Sound and American Slang. In 2009, he joined Bruce Springsteen on stage for the headlining set at the Hard Rock Calling Festival, performing the song "No Surrender."

Following the release of their third full-length album, American Slang, Fallon himself said, "There's so much else that we look at for our sound and influences that you don't want to be notched in with one guy," Fallon explains. "There's a lot of things [Springsteen] does that I admire. We come from a lot of the same places but a lot of different places, too. But at the same time, that's a good thing to be compared to. I think it's one of those things we're gonna have to wear until it wears out."

The Horrible Crowes (2011-Present)

On January 20, 2011, Fallon announced on his blog that he had formed the group The Horrible Crowes with his guitar Tech, Ian Perkins. In the same entry, Brian also says, "The name comes from a poem called the Twa Corbies, which means, "two crows." Check it out,it's a dark commentary on life. ... It's the darker side of soul music, it's slow, it slithers, and it's raw. At the same time, the melodies and pianos are a juxtaposition to the topic material because it's eerily soothing. I'm really proud of what's been coming out and we'll see how it goes, but it's in the works and it's heading for an actual record."

Fallon suggests the possibility that the group may do some touring, but nothing major like Gaslight does. He also assures his fans that this is his "for me" project, as he puts it and that Gaslight is still 'his baby'. It has been announced on the Horrible Crowes page that a full length album is to be released in the future.

Only a preview of the duo's first song has been released, entitled "Black Betty and the Moon." The song can be found on YouTube.

The first single "Behold the Hurricane" was made available for streaming through RollingStone.com on July 13, 2011.

Australian website bombshellzine.com posted a review of the album on August 24th revealing a September 9, 2011 release date in Australia. link.

Their debut album, "Elsie" will be released in the United States on September 6, 2011. The album is reported to be a bit of a departure from the sound and attitude of The Gaslight Anthem . Fallon, in describing the upcoming album said: "As much as I have this fantasy in the Gaslight Anthem of being Bruce Springsteen , I also have this fantasy of being Tom Waitsor Greg Dulli . These songs are very dark; they’re like hymns for lonely people, it’s really a trip through a breakdown and that dissent into madness and hopefully redemption." Fallon and Perkins will begin playing a limited number of shows in support of the album starting September 8th.

Non-musical endeavors

Fallon along with the other Gaslight Anthem members, Alex Rosamilia, Alex Levine and Ben Horowitz have advertised for Levi Jeans. Fallon has also appeared on a Jones Soda bottle, standing next to the Phil Lynott statue in Dublin.

Discography

;With The Gaslight Anthem

''Sink or Swim Demos'' (7" vinyl) (2006)

''Sink or Swim'' (2007)

''Señor and the Queen'' EP (CD & double 7" vinyl) (2008)

''The '59 Sound'' (2008)

''Live at Park Ave.'' EP (10" vinyl) (2009)

''American Slang'' (2010)

''Tumbling Dice / She Loves You'' EP (7" vinyl) (2010)

;With This Charming Man

''Every Little Secret'' (2005)

;With Brian Fallon - Cincinnati Rail Tie

''The American Music EP'' (2004)

;With Amping Cooper

''Amping Cooper'' (2001)

;With Surrogate McKenzie

''Surrogate McKenzie'' (1998)

''Songs To Grow Up To'' (1998)

''The Six Degrees of Separation'' (2000)

;As No Release

''The Coffeehouse Sessions'' (1997)

;With Chuck Ragan

''Gospel Hymns'' (7" split) (2009)

;Unreleased Studio Recordings ~ Singles

''The Blues Mary''

''Italian Lightning''

''Cold Cold Ground (Tom Waits cover)''

''Backstreets (Bruce Springsteen cover)'' All (2008–2009)

Vocal appearances

!Year	!Song	!Album	!Band	!Record label	!Credits
2000	"Alarm"	—	Lanemeyer	Springman Records	Vocal
2000	"Somebody to Shove" (Soul Asylum cover)	—	Lanemeyer	Springman Records	Vocal
2009	"No Surrender"	''London Calling: Live in Hyde Park''	Bruce Springsteen & The E-Street Band	Columbia Records	Vocal
2010	"The South Has Spoiled Me"	''Raise It High''		—	Vocal

References

External links

Official Band website

Official Facebook

Official MySpace

SideOneDummy (record label)

Fan Forum: Dimestore Saints

Fan Site: The Gaslight Anthem Record

Category:1980 births Category:American guitarists Category:American male singers Category:American rock singers Category:Musicians from New Jersey Category:Living people Category:People from Red Bank, New Jersey

sv:Brian Fallon