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1925
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.
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Alan Whicker
Alan Donald Whicker, CBE (born 2 August 1925) is a British journalist and broadcaster. His career has spanned over 50 years.
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Alec McCowen
Alexander Duncan "Alec" McCowen CBE (born 26 May 1925) is an English actor. He is known for his work in numerous film and stage productions. He was awarded the CBE in the 1985 New Year's Honours List.
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Alexander Trocchi
Alexander Whitelaw Robertson Trocchi (30 July 1925 – 15 April 1984) was a Scottish novelist.
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Alexandra Kitchin
'''Alexandra 'Xie' Rhoda Kitchin''' (29 September, 1864 – 6 April, 1925) was a notable 'child-friend' and favourite photographic subject of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll).
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Alexandra of Denmark
Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India from 1901 to 1910 as the consort of Edward VII.
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Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, Kivure, Coast Region, Tanzania) is a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.
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Alice Heine
Alice Heine (February 10, 1858 – December 22, 1925), styled HSH The Princess of Monaco, and also The Duchess of Richelieu, was the American-born second wife of Prince Albert I of Monaco, a great-grandfather of Prince Rainier III of Monaco. Marcel Proust used her as a model for the Princesse de Luxembourg in In Search of Lost Time.
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Alija Izetbegović
Alija Izetbegović (Bosnian, in Cyrillic: Алија Изетбеговић; ) (8 August 1925 – 19 October 2003) was a Bosniak activist, lawyer, author, philosopher and politician, who, in 1990, became the first president of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He served in this role until 1996, when he became a member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving until 2000. He was also the author of several books, most notably Islam Between East and West and the Islamic Declaration.
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Alves Reis
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Amy Lowell
Amy Lawrence Lowell (February 9, 1874—May 12, 1925) was an American poet of the imagist school from Brookline, Massachusetts who posthumously won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1926.
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André Caplet
André Caplet (November 23, 1878 – April 22, 1925) was a French composer and conductor now known primarily through his orchestrations of works by Claude Debussy.
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Antonio Ascari
Antonio Ascari (September 15, 1888 – July 26, 1925) was an Italian Grand Prix motor racing champion.
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Antun Branko Simic
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Aristide Bruant
Aristide Bruant (6 May 1851 – 10 February 1925) was a French cabaret singer, comedian, and nightclub owner. He is best known as the man in the red scarf and black cape featured on certain famous posters by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. He has also been credited as the creator of the chanson réaliste musical genre.
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Arnold Stang
Arnold Stang (September 28, 1918 – December 20, 2009) was an American comic actor who played a small and bespectacled, yet brash and knowing big-city type.
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Art Buchwald
Arthur Buchwald (October 20, 1925 – January 17, 2007) was an American humorist best known for his long-running column that he wrote in The Washington Post, which in turn was carried as a syndicated column in many other newspapers. His column focused on political satire and commentary. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Outstanding Commentary in 1982 and in 1986 was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.
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Art Gillham
Art Gillham, (January 1, 1895 in St. Louis, Missouri – June 6, 1961 in Atlanta, Georgia), was a songwriter, who was among the first crooners as a pioneer radio artist and a recording artist for Columbia Records.
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Austen Chamberlain
Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, KG (16 October 1863 – 17 March 1937) was a British statesman and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
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Austin Peay
Austin Peay (June 1, 1876 – October 2, 1927) was Governor of Tennessee from 1923 until his death in 1927.
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Autar Singh Paintal
Autar Singh Paintal M.D., Ph.D. (September 24, 1925 in Mogok, Burma - December 21, 2004 in Delhi, India) was a medical scientist who has made pioneering discoveries in the area of neurosciences and respiratory sciences.
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B. B. King
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Baruch S. Blumberg
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Battling Siki
Battling Siki (September 16, 1897 – December 15, 1925), aka Louis Mbarick Fall, was a Senegalese light heavyweight boxer who fought from 1912–1925. Siki was one of the more colorful figures in boxing history.
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883, Predappio, Province of Forlì-Cesena - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
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Betty Trezza
Betty Trezza [Moe] (August 4, 1925 - January 16, 2007) was an American female professional baseball player. An infield and outfield utility, she played from through for four different teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
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Bill Gates
William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, philanthropist, author and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen.
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Bill Haley
:This article is specifically about the singer. For detailed information about his rock and roll group, see Bill Haley & His Comets.
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Bob Azzam
Bob Azzam (born Wadih George Azzam 24 October 1925, Cairo – 24 July 2004) is an Egyptian singer of Palestinian origins.. With his international hit song Mustapha, Azzam earned great success in France in the 1960s. Azzam had a degree in electronic engineering, and has been regarded as the man behind the chamber of echoes "Hors-studio" or "off-studio".
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Bobby Hutchins
Bobby Hutchins (Robert E. Hutchins) (March 29, 1925 - May 17, 1945) was an American child actor who was a regular in the Our Gang short subjects series from 1926 to 1933. A native of Tacoma, Washington, he was given the nickname of Wheezer after running around the studios on his first day so much that he began to wheeze.
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Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., (July 4, 1872 January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
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Camille Decoppet
Camille Decoppet (June 4, 1862 – January 14, 1925) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1912-1919).
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Carmel Quinn
Carmel Quinn (born July 31, 1925) is an Irish entertainer who has appeared on Broadway, television and radio since coming to America in 1954.
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Charles Aidman
Charles Aidman (January 21, 1925 – November 7, 1993) was an American film scenarist and television actor.
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Charles Chaplin Jr.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography.] darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
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Charles Gates Dawes
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Charles Haughey
Charles James "Charlie" Haughey (; 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was Taoiseach of Ireland, serving three terms in office; from December 1979 to June 1981, March 1982 to December 1982 and March 1987 to February 1992. Haughey, one of the most controversial of Irish politicians in the 20th century, was the fourth leader of Fianna Fáil, from 1979 until 1992. He died of prostate cancer at the age of eighty.
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Charles Mangin
Charles Marie Emmanuel Mangin (6 July 1866, Sarrebourg, Moselle – 12 May 1925) was a French general during World War I. A graduate of Saint-Cyr, Mangin served in Sudan (under Jean-Baptiste Marchand) and in French North Africa. In 1910 he published La force noire,where he called for the use of French Colonial Forces in the event of a European war. During the war he rose from divisional command to that of the 10th Army for the Second Battle of the Marne commanding both French and American troops. Nicknamed "the Butcher" for his espousal of la guerre à outrance and his faith in the suitability of North African troops for the attack, there was no doubt in the French Army that Mangin was personally fearless.
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Christian Michelsen
Peter Christian Hersleb Kjerschow Michelsen (15 March 1857 – 29 June 1925) was a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of an independent Norway from 1905 to 1907. Michelsen is most known for his central role in the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, and was one of Norway's most influential politicians of his time.
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Christy Mathewson
Christopher "Christy" Mathewson (August 12, 1880 – October 7, 1925), nicknamed "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", or "Matty", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played in what is known as the dead-ball era; and in was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its "first five" inaugural members.Christy Mathewson was discussed on the top ten show on IsraelSportsRadio.com on October 14, 11 am EST
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Clement Ader
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Cromwell Everson
Cromwell Everson was primarily known as a composer during his lifetime. He was brought up as an Afrikaner by his mother, Maria De Wit and father, Robert Everson. He continued this tradition and all his children were brought up as Afrikaners.
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David A. Huffman
David Albert Huffman (August 9, 1925 – October 7, 1999) was a pioneer in the computer science field.
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Demetrio B. Lakas
Demetrio Basilio Lakas Bahas (August 29, 1925 in Colón, Panama November 2, 1999) was president of Panama from December 19, 1969 to October 11, 1978. Lakas graduated from Texas Tech University in 1963 and was honored as a distinguished alumnus in 1970.
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Denis Twitchett
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Dick Van Dyke
Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer with a career spanning six decades. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke. He is arguably best known for his starring roles in the films Bye Bye Birdie, Mary Poppins, and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and the television series The Dick Van Dyke Show, and .
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Dilia Díaz Cisneros
Dilia Elena Díaz Cisneros, (El Hatillo, Miranda, June 1, 1925) is a Venezuelan teacher and poet, founder of the public schools "Bogotá", "Los Jardines" and "Caracciolo Parra León" in Caracas.
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Dom Um Romão
Dom Um Romão (3 August 1925 - 27 July 2005) was a Brazilian jazz drummer. Noted for his expressive stylings with the fusion band Weather Report, Dom Um Romão recorded with varied artists such as Cannonball Adderley, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Sergio Mendes and Brasil '66 and Tony Bennett. He died in Rio de Janeiro shortly after suffering a stroke.
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Dominick Dunne
Dominick John Dunne (October 29, 1925 – August 26, 2009) was an American writer and investigative journalist, whose subjects frequently hinged on the ways in which high society interacts with the judicial system. He was a movie producer in Hollywood and was also known for his frequent appearances on television. He was the brother of author John Gregory Dunne; the writer Joan Didion was his sister-in-law. He was the father of Alexander Dunne, and of the actors Griffin Dunne and Dominique Dunne, as well as two daughters who died in infancy.
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Donald O'Connor
Donald David Dixon Ronald O’Connor (August 28, 1925 – September 27, 2003) was an American dancer, singer, and actor who came to fame in a series of movies in which he co-starred alternately with Gloria Jean, Peggy Ryan, and Francis the Talking Mule. Perhaps his most famous performance was as Gene Kelly's friend and colleague in ''Singin' in the Rain'' (1952).
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Dorothy Kamenshek
Dorothy "Dottie" Kamenshek (December 21, 1925 – May 17, 2010) was an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player. She batted and threw left-handed.
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Dorothy Malone
Dorothy Malone (born January 30, 1925) is an American actress.
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Douglas Engelbart
Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925) is an American inventor and early computer pioneer. He is best known for inventing the computer mouse, as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.
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Duane Hanson
Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925–January 6, 1996) was an American artist based in South Florida, a sculptor known for his lifecast realistic works of people, cast in various materials, including polyester resin, fibreglass, Bondo and bronze. His work is often associated with the Pop Art movement, as well as hyperrealism.
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Duncan Hallas
Duncan Hallas (23 December 1925 - 19 September 2002), was a prominent member of the Trotskyist movement and a leading member of the Socialist Workers Party in Great Britain.
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Elias Hrawi
Elias Hrawi () ,(September 4, 1925 - July 7, 2006) was a President of Lebanon, whose term of office ran from 1989 to 1998.
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Elias M. Ammons
Elias Milton Ammons (July 28, 1860– May 20, 1925), originally a Republican, was the elected Democratic 19th Governor of Colorado from 1913 to 1915. Born in 1860 in Macon County, North Carolina, he is perhaps best remembered for ordering National Guard troops into Ludlow, Colorado during the Ludlow Massacre. He was also instrumental in starting the National Western Stock Show, which is still active. His son Teller Ammons was also governor of Colorado. He died in Denver, Colorado in 1925.
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Elmore Leonard
Elmore John Leonard Jr. (born October 11, 1925), better known as Elmore Leonard, is an American novelist and screenwriter. His earliest published novels in the 1950s were westerns, but Leonard went on to specialize in crime fiction and suspense thrillers, many of which have been adapted into motion pictures.
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Elwood Haynes
Person
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Erik Satie
Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French composer and pianist. Starting with his first composition in 1884, he signed his name as Erik Satie.
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Ernie Stautner
Ernest Alfred Stautner (April 20, 1925 – February 16, 2006) was a German-born American football player and coach who starred as a defensive tackle with the Pittsburgh Steelers.
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Eugene Istomin
Eugene George Istomin (November 26, 1925 – October 10, 2003) was an American pianist.
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Everton Weekes
Sir Everton DeCourcy Weekes, KCMG, GCM, OBE (born 26 February 1925) is a leading former West Indian cricketer. Along with Frank Worrell and Clyde Walcott, he formed what was known as "The Three Ws" of West Indian cricket.
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, Tender Is the Night and his most famous, the celebrated classic, The Great Gatsby. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age.
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Fariza Magomadova
Fariza Vagabovna Magomadova () (born April 4, 1925 in Chechnya) is a former Chechen boarding school director and teacher who pioneered efforts for female education in the North Caucasus. Fariza has been awarded the Order of Lenin for her efforts in spreading secondary education, particularly for young women, in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR.
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Farley Granger
Farley Earle Granger (born July 1, 1925) is an American actor. In a career spanning several decades, he perhaps is known best for his two collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock, Rope in 1948 and Strangers on a Train in 1951.
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Faye Dancer
Faye Katherine Dancer [Tiger] (April 24, 1925 - May 22, 2002) was a female center fielder who played from through for three different teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 6", 145 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
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Felix Klein
Felix Christian Klein (25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician, known for his work in group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, classifying geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.
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Flannery O'Connor
'''Mary Flannery O'Connor''' (March 25, 1925 – August 3, 1964) was an American novelist, short-story writer and essayist. An important voice in American literature, O'Connor wrote two novels and 32 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries. She was a Southern writer who often wrote in a Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional settings and grotesque characters. O'Connor's writing also reflected her own Roman Catholic faith, and frequently examined questions of morality and ethics.
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Francisco Guilledo
Francisco Guilledo (August 1, 1901 - July 14, 1925), more commomly known as Pancho Villa, was a Filipino boxer. Villa, who stood only 5 feet and 1 inch (154 cm) tall and never weighed more than 114 pounds (51 kg), rose from obscurity to win the World Flyweight boxing championship in 1923, earning acclaim in some quarters as "the greatest Asian fighter in boxing history". He was never knocked out in his entire boxing career, which ended with his sudden death at the age of 23 from complications following a tooth extraction.
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Frantz Fanon
Frantz Omar Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a French psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary, and author, born in Martinique. His work remains influential in the fields of post-colonial studies and critical theory. Fanon is known as a Marxist thinker on the issue of decolonization and the psychopathology of colonization. His works have incited and inspired anti-colonial liberation movements for more than four decades.
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Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (4 February 1871 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
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Gail Davis
Gail Davis (October 5, 1925 – March 15, 1997) was an American actress, best known for her starring role as Annie Oakley in the 1950s television Western series Annie Oakley.
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Gene Ammons
Eugene "Jug" Ammons (April 14, 1925 – August 6, 1974) also known as "The Boss," was an American jazz tenor saxophone player, and the son of boogie-woogie pianist Albert Ammons.
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Gene Mauch
Gene William Mauch (November 18, 1925 – August 8, 2005) was an American infielder and manager in Major League Baseball best known for managing four teams from 1960 to 1987. He is by far the winningest manager to have never won a league pennant (breaking the record formerly held by Jimmy Dykes), three times coming within a single victory. He managed the Philadelphia Phillies (1960-68), Montreal Expos (1969–75, Mauch was their inaugural manager), Minnesota Twins (1976–80), and California Angels (1981–82, 1985–87). His 1,902 career victories ranked 8th in major league history when he retired, and his 3,942 total games ranked 4th. His distinctive "small ball" style, which emphasized defense, speed and base-to-base tactics on offense rather than power hitting, drew praise for its focus on fundamentals of game play as well as criticism for its low scoring and failure to produce any championships.
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Gene Wood
Eugene Edward "Gene" Wood (October 20, 1925 – May 21, 2004) was an American television personality, known primarily for his work as an announcer on various game shows. From the 1960s to the 1990s, he announced many game shows, primarily Mark Goodson–Bill Todman productions such as Family Feud, Card Sharks, Password, and Beat the Clock. Wood also served a brief stint as a host on the latter show, and on another show entitled Anything You Can Do. After retiring from game shows in the early 1990s, Wood worked as an announcer for the television channel Game Show Network, retiring from that later in the 1990s.
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George Bellows
George Wesley Bellows (August 12 or August 19, 1882 - January 8, 1925) was an American realist painter, known for his bold depictions of urban life in New York City, becoming, according to the Columbus Museum of Art, "the most acclaimed American artist of his generation".
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George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings deal sternly with prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy to make their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
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George Cole (actor)
George Edward Cole, OBE (born ) is a veteran English film and television actor whose successful career has spanned over 70 years in show business.
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Georgi Kaloyanchev
Georgi Todorov Kaloyanchev () is a Bulgarian actor. He was born in the city of Burgas on January 13 1925. He studied in the former theatrical school in Sofia. Immediately after graduating he started playing in the Ivan Vazov National Theatre. His first role was in the movie Utro nad rodinata (1951) where he stars as the jipsy Sali.
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Gerard Hoffnung
Gerard Hoffnung (22 March 192525 September 1959) was an artist and musician, best known for his humorous works.
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Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Deleuze (), (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular books were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), both co-written with Félix Guattari.
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Giorgio Napolitano
Giorgio Napolitano (born 29 June 1925) is an Italian politician and former lifetime senator, the 11th and current President of the Italian Republic. His election took place on 10 May 2006, and his term started with the swearing-in ceremony held on 15 May 2006.
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Godrej Sidhwa
Ervad Godrej Sidhwa was born in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1925, and studied Avesta, Pahalvi, Persian & Pazend languages, plus Ancient Iranian literature at M.F. Cama Athornan Institute, Andheri, Mumbai, for 6 years. He got initiated into the Zoroastrian priesthood by going through the Navar and Maratab initiation ceremony from Iranshah Atash Behram, Udvada, India. His initiation as a priest accounts for the "Ervad" ('Reverend') title.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German mathematician who became a logician and philosopher. He was one of the founders of modern logic, and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. As a philosopher, he is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. Although he was mainly ignored by the intellectual world when he published his writings, it was Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and later Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) who helped introduce his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers.
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Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Gustav Ludwig Hertz (22 July 1887 – 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
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H. Rider Haggard
Sir Henry Rider Haggard, KBE (22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure novels set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a founder of the Lost World literary genre. He was also involved in agricultural reform around the British Empire. His stories, situated at the lighter end of Victorian literature, continue to be popular and influential.
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Hal Holbrook
Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook, Jr. (born February 17, 1925) is an American actor. His television roles include Abraham Lincoln in the 1976 TV series Lincoln, Hays Stowe on and Capt. Lloyd Bucher on Pueblo. He is also known for his role in the 2007 film Into the Wild, for which he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award. He has also done a one man show as Mark Twain.
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Helle Virkner
Helle Genie Virkner (15 September 1925 - 10 June 2009) was a Danish actress. She was married three times, including to then Danish Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag.
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Hitler
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Hjalmar Branting
(23 November 1860 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (1907–1925), and Prime Minister during three separate periods (1920, 1921–1923, and 1924–1925). When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden. When he took office for a second term after the general election of 1921, he became the first socialist politician in Europe to do so following elections with universal suffrage.
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Honor Blackman
Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress, known for the roles of Cathy Gale in The Avengers (1962–64) and Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger (1964).
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Hugh O'Brian
'''Hugh O'Brian' (born April 19, 1925) is an American actor, known for his starring role in the ABC television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp'' (1955–1961).
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Inga Gill
Inga Gill (2 May 1925 – 18 October 2000) was a Swedish film actress. She was born in Stockholm, Sweden and died there of thrombosis.
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Ioan Slavici
Ioan Slavici (; January 18, 1848 – August 17, 1925) was a Transylvanian-born Romanian writer and journalist. He made his debut in Convorbiri literare ("Literary Conversations") (1871), with the comedy Fata de birău ("The Girl from the Office"). Alongside Eminescu he founded the Young Romania Social and Literary Academic Society and organized, in 1871, the Putna Celebration of the Romanian Students from Romania and from abroad.
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İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish Army General, Prime Minister and the second President of Turkey. In 1938, Republican People's Party gave him the title of "Milli Şef" (National Chief).
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J. Gordon Edwards
J. Gordon Edwards (June 24, 1867–December 31, 1925) was a Canadian-born film director, producer, and a writer who began his career as a stage actor and as a stage director. He made his directorial debut on film in 1914's St. Elmo. Soon went on helming all of the Fox studio's mega-budget spectacles, including all of actress Theda Bara's productions between 1916 to 1919. Later, he became the production supervisor at Fox; he still continued to direct until he died in 1925. One of his biggest projects was The Queen of Sheba, a lost silent film which contained a huge chariot race, four years before Ben-Hur. He is the grandfather of director Blake Edwards.
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Jaap Eden
Jacobus Johannes "Jaap" Eden (October 19, 1873, Groningen – February 2, 1925) was a Dutch athlete. He is the only male athlete to have won world championships in both speed skating and cycling (women who have done so are Sheila Young and Christa Rothenburger).
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Jack Hirshleifer
Jack Hirshleifer (August 26, 1925 – July 26, 2005) was an American economist and long-time professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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Jack Lemmon
John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001) was an American actor. He starred in more than 60 films including Some Like It Hot, The Apartment, Mister Roberts (for which he won the 1955 Best Supporting Actor Academy Award), Days of Wine and Roses, The Great Race, Irma la Douce, The Odd Couple, Save the Tiger (for which he won the 1973 Best Actor Academy Award), The Out-of-Towners, The China Syndrome, Missing, Glengarry Glen Ross, Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men.
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James Franck
James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German Jewish physicist and Nobel laureate.
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James King (tenor)
James King (May 22, 1925 – November 20, 2005) was widely regarded as the finest American heldentenor of the post-war period.
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James Lane Allen
James Lane Allen (December 21, 1849 – February 18, 1925) was an American novelist and short story writer whose work, including the novel A Kentucky Cardinal, often depicted the culture and dialects of his native Kentucky. His work is characteristic of the late-19th century local color era, when writers sought to capture the vernacular in their fiction. Allen has been described as "Kentucky's first important novelist."
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Jean Séguy
Jean Séguy (born on 3 May 1925, died on 11 September 2007, Liancourt, Oise) was a French sociologist of religions.
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Jean Tinguely
Jean Tinguely (22 May 1925 in Fribourg, Switzerland – 30 August 1991 in Bern) was a Swiss painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculptural machines or kinetic art, in the Dada tradition; known officially as metamechanics. Tinguely's art satirized the mindless overproduction of material goods in advanced industrial society.
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Joan Leslie
Joan Leslie (born January 26, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former American actress.
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John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system which was also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems (such as those of Philo Farnsworth), his early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention.
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John Maddox
Sir John Royden Maddox, FRS (Hon) (27 November 1925 – 12 April 2009) was a British science writer. He was an editor of Nature for 22 years, from 1966–1973 and 1980-1995.
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John Montgomery Ward
John Montgomery Ward (March 3, 1860 – March 4, 1925), known as Monte Ward, was an American Major League Baseball star pitcher, shortstop and manager. Ward was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Renovo, Pennsylvania. He led the formation of the first professional sports players union and a new baseball league, the Players' League.
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John Palm
John Palm (13 June 1885 – 24 February 1925) was a Curaçao-born composer.
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John Pople
Sir John Anthony Pople, KBE, FRS, (October 31, 1925 – March 15, 2004) was a theoretical chemist. Born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England, he attended Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1943. He received his B. A. in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to Cambridge University and was awarded his doctorate degree in mathematics in 1951. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number.
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John Singer Sargent
John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American painter, and a leading portrait painter of his era. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings. His oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida.
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John Walter Smith
John Walter Smith (February 5, 1845 April 19, 1925), a member of the United States Democratic Party, served the State of Maryland in the United States in several different positions. From 1899-1900, he was a Congressman representing the 1st district of Maryland; from 1900-1904, he was the 44th Governor of Maryland; and from 1908-1921, he was the junior United States Senator of Maryland.
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Johnny Carson
John William “Johnny” Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for 30 years (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy Awards including the Governor Award and a 1985 Peabody Award; he was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992, and received Kennedy Center Honors in 1993.
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Jonathan Winters
Jonathan Harshman Winters III (born November 11, 1925) is an American comedian and actor.
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Jose Ignacio Quinton
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Joshua Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in genetics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration. He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes. He shared the prize with Edward L. Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work with genetics.
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Jules Méline
Félix Jules Méline (; 20 May 1838 21 December 1925) was a French statesman, prime minister from 1896 to 1898.
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Julie Harris
Julia Ann "Julie" Harris (born December 2, 1925) is an American stage, screen, and television actress. She has won five Tony Awards, three Emmy Awards and a Grammy Award, and was nominated for an Academy Award. In 1994, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She is a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame. She also received the 2002 Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award.
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Jørgen Ingmann
Jørgen Ingmann (born April 26, 1925) is a musician from Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Karl Abraham
Karl Abraham (3 May 1877 – 25 December 1925) was an early important and influential German psychoanalyst, and a collaborator of Sigmund Freud, who called him his 'best pupil'.
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Kay E. Kuter
Kay Edwin Emmert Kuter (April 25, 1925 - November 12, 2003) was an American actor who starred on television and in film. Kay was born in Los Angeles, California.
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Kaye Ballard
Kaye Ballard (born November 20, 1925) is an American musical theatre and television actress, comedienne, and singer. She was born as Catherine Gloria Balotta in Cleveland, Ohio to an Italian American family.
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Khai Dinh
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Kim Dae-jung
Korean name
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Kim Stanley
Kim Stanley (February 11, 1925 – August 20, 2001) was an American actress, primarily in theatre but with occasional film performances.
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Kirke Mechem
Kirke Mechem (born 1925) is an American composer. His first opera, Tartuffe, with more than 350 performances in six countries, has become one of the most popular operas written by an American. He has composed more than 250 works in almost every form. In 2002, ASCAP registered performances of his music in 42 countries. He is often called the "dean of American choral composers" (G. Schirmer bio).
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Konrad Mägi
Konrad Vilhelm Mägi (1 November 1878 – 15 August 1925) was an Estonian landscape painter. He was one of the most colour-sensitive Estonian painters of the first decades of the 20th century, and Mägi's works on motives of the island of Saaremaa are the first modern Estonian nature paintings.
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Larry Harmon
Lawrence Weiss (January 2, 1925 – July 3, 2008), better known by the stage name Larry Harmon and as his alter-ego Bozo the Clown, was a Jewish American entertainer.
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Laura Ashley
Laura Ashley , (7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a Welsh designer. She became a household name on the strength of her work as a designer and manufacturer of a range of colourful fabrics for clothes and home furnishings.
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Laurent de Brunhoff
Laurent de Brunhoff (born August 30, 1925, Paris, France) is an author and illustrator.
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Lee Van Cleef
Lee Van Cleef (January 9, 1925 – December 16, 1989) was an American film actor who appeared mostly in Western and action pictures. His sharp features and piercing eyes led to his casting as a villain in scores of films, though in later years he was often a film's protagonist, such as with his co-lead role as a former colonel in For a Few Dollars More.
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Lenny Bruce
Leonard Alfred Schneider (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), better known by the stage name Lenny Bruce, was an extremely influential and controversial American stand-up comedian, writer, social critic and satirist of the 1950s and 1960s, whose comedy revolved heavily around the social stigmas and taboos of the era in which he lived. His 1964 conviction in an obscenity trial was followed by a posthumous pardon, the first in New York state history.
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Leo Esaki
Reona Esaki also known as Leo Esaki (江崎 玲於奈 Esaki Reona, born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling. He is known for his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now known as Sony). He has also contributed as a pioneer of the semiconductor superlattice while he was with IBM.
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Leon Schlumpf
Leon Schlumpf (born February 3, 1925) is a Swiss politician and a former member of the Swiss Federal Council (1979-1987).
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Lester Cuneo
Lester H. Cuneo (October 25, 1888 – November 1, 1925) was an American stage and silent film actor. Born in Chicago, Illinois, he began acting in live theatre while still in his teens.
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Lewis Carroll
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (, ; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll (, ), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass'', as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand.
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Lino Lacedelli
Lino Lacedelli (4 December 1925 – 20 November 2009) was an Italian mountaineer.
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Lottie Lyell
Lottie Lyell (born Charlotte Edith Cox) was an Australian actress, screenwriter, editor and filmmaker born in Balmain, Sydney in 1890. She is regarded as Australia’s first film star, and also contributed to the local industry during the with her collaborations with Raymond Longford.
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Louis Feuillade
Louis Feuillade (19 February 1873 – 25 February 1925) was a prolific and prominent French film director from the silent era. Between 1906 and 1924 he directed over 630 films.
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Lovis Corinth
Lovis Corinth (21 July 1858 – 17 July 1925) was a German painter and printmaker whose mature work realized a synthesis of impressionism and expressionism.
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Luciano Berio
Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. He is noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition Sinfonia for voices and orchestra and his series of numbered solo pieces titled Sequenza) and also for his pioneering work in electronic music.
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Lucien Guitry
Lucien Germain Guitry (13 December 1860 – 1 June 1925) was a French actor. He was born in Paris.
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Luis E. Miramontes
Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas (March 16, 1925 – September 13, 2004) , was a Mexican chemist known as the co-inventor of the progestin used in one of the first two oral contraceptives.
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Léon Bourgeois
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois (; 21 May 1851 29 September 1925) was a French statesman.
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M. S. Swaminathan
Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (; ) is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu. He was the second of four sons of a doctor. His ancestral home is the island village of Monkompu, Alleppey District, Kerala.
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Ma Ferguson
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Maddy English
Madeline Catherine English [Maddy] (February 22, 1925 - August 21, 2004) was a third basewoman who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 4", 130 lb., English batted and threw right-handed. At age eighteen, she became one of the youngest founding member of the league.
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Mahathir bin Mohamad
Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (pronounced ; born 10 July 1925) (Jawi:محتير بن محمد) was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister, and one of the longest-serving leaders in Asia. Mahathir's political career spanned almost 40 years, from his election as a Malaysian federal Member of Parliament in 1964, until his resignation as Prime Minister in 2003.
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Malcolm X
Malcolm X (; May 19, 1925 February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (), was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest, and most influential, African Americans in history. In 1998, Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. Thatcher is the only woman to have held either post.
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Marguerite Marsh
Marguerite Marsh (18 April, 1888 – 8 December, 1925), was an American actress of the silent era. She appeared in 73 films between 1911 and 1923.
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Maria di Gerlando
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Martin Rodbell
Martin Rodbell (December 1, 1925 – December 7, 1998) was an American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist who is best known for his discovery of G-proteins. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alfred G. Gilman for "their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
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Mary Nesbitt Wisham
Mary Nesbitt [Choo-Choo] is a former pitcher and first basewoman who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 8", 155 lb., Nesbitt batted and threw left handed. She was born Marie Crews Nesbitt in Greenville, South Carolina. After being married in 1946, she played under the name of Mary Nesbitt Wisham.
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Mary Thurman
Mary Thurman (April 27, 1895 – December 22, 1925) was an American actress of the silent film era.
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Maureen Stapleton
Maureen Stapleton (June 21, 1925 – March 13, 2006) was an American actress in film, theater and television. She was also elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
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Maurice R. Greenberg
Maurice Raymond "Hank" Greenberg (born May 4, 1925 in New York City) is a businessman and former chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG), which under his tenure, was the world's 18th largest public company and its largest insurance and financial services corporation.
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Max Linder
Max Linder (December 16, 1883 – October 31, 1925) was an influential French pioneer of silent film.
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Meher Baba
Meher Baba (Devanagari: मेहेर बाबा), (February 25, 1894 – January 31, 1969), born Merwan Sheriar Irani, was an Indian mystic and spiritual master who declared publicly in 1954 that he was the Avatar of the age.
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Mike Douglas
Mike Douglas, born Michael Delaney Dowd, Jr. (August 11, 1925 – August 11, 2006) was an American entertainer.
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Mikhail Frunze
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (; ; also known by the pseudonyms Арсе́ний Три́фоныч–Arseniy Trifonych, Серге́й Петро́в–Sergei Petrov, А. Шу́йский–A. Shuiskiy, М. Ми́рский–M. Mirskiy; –October 31, 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Mikis Theodorakis
Mikis (Michael) Theodorakis () (b. July 29, 1925, Greek island of Chios) is one of the most popular Greek song-writers & composers. He is particularly well known for his songs and for his scores in the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973).
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Myer Prinstein
MedalCountry|the
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Nat Lofthouse
Nathaniel Lofthouse, OBE (born 27 August 1925), better known as Nat Lofthouse, is a retired English footballer who played for Bolton Wanderers for his whole career. He was capped 33 times for the England national football team between 1950 and 1958, scoring 30 goals and giving himself one of the greatest goals-per-game ratios of any player to represent England at the highest level.
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Nellie Cashman
Ellen Cashman (1845 – January 4, 1925), better known as Nellie Cashman, was a native of County Cork, Ireland, who became famous across the American and Canadian west as a nurse and gold prospector.
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Nellie Tayloe Ross
Nellie Tayloe Ross (November 29, 1876 – December 19, 1977) was an American politician, the 14th Governor of Wyoming from 1925 to 1927, and director of the United States Mint from 1933-1953. She was the first woman to serve as governor of a U.S. state. To date, she remains the only woman to have served as governor of Wyoming. She was a staunch supporter of prohibition during the 1920s.
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Norris McWhirter
Norris Dewar McWhirter, CBE (12 August 1925, Winchmore Hill, London – 19 April 2004, Wiltshire) was a writer, political activist, co-founder of the Freedom Association, and a television presenter. He and his identical twin brother, Ross, were known internationally for the Guinness Book of Records, a book they wrote and annually updated together between 1955 and 1975. After Ross McWhirter's assassination by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), Norris McWhirter carried on alone as editor.
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Oliver Heaviside
Oliver Heaviside (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was a self-taught English electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques to the solution of differential equations (later found to be equivalent to Laplace transforms), reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux, and independently co-formulated vector analysis. Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life, Heaviside changed the face of mathematics and science for years to come.
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Oscar Peterson
Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, CC, CQ, OOnt, (August 15, 1925 – December 23, 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist and composer. He was called the "Maharaja of the keyboard" by Duke Ellington, "O.P." by his friends, and was a member of jazz royalty. He released over 200 recordings, won seven Grammy Awards, and received other numerous awards and honours over the course of his career. He is considered to have been one of the greatest jazz pianists of all time, who played thousands of live concerts to audiences worldwide in a career lasting more than 65 years.
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Pablo Iglesias
Paulino Iglesias Posse, better known as Pablo Iglesias (October 18, 1850 — December 9, 1925), was a Spanish socialist and labour leader, and is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism; having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.
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Patrice Munsel
Patrice Munsel (born May 14, 1925 in Spokane, Washington, USA) is an American coloratura soprano, the youngest singer who ever starred at the Metropolitan Opera, nicknamed "Princess Pat".
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Paul Bomani
Paul Bomani (January 1, 1925 – April 1, 2005) was a Tanzanian politician and ambassador to the United States and Mexico.
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Paul Greengard
Paul Greengard (born December 11, 1925) is an American neuroscientist best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 2000, Greengard, Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. He is currently Vincent Astor Professor at Rockefeller University.
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Paul Mauriat
Paul Mauriat (Marseille, 4 March 1925 – 3 November 2006 in Perpignan) was a French orchestra leader, specializing in light music. He is best known in the United States for his million selling remake of André Popp's "Love is Blue", which was #1 for 5 weeks in 1968. Other recordings for which he is known include El Bimbo, "Toccata" and "Penelope."
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Paul Newman
Paul Leonard Newman (January 26, 1925 – September 26, 2008) was an American actor, film director, entrepreneur, humanitarian, and auto racing enthusiast. He won numerous awards, including an Academy Award for best actor for his performance in the 1986 Martin Scorsese film The Color of Money and eight other nominations, three Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Cannes Film Festival Award, an Emmy award, and many honorary awards. He also won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing, and his race teams won several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing.
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Pavel Štěpán
Prof. Pavel Štěpán (28 May 1925 - 30 September 1998), has linked up in his career with his family's musical tradition: He is the grandson of Professor Vilém Kurz, a prominent Czech piano educator, and the son of piano virtuoso and teacher Ilona Štěpánová-Kurzová and musicologist/pianist Václav Štěpán. His family maintained close personal contacts with the composer Josef Suk, and actually received instructions for the interpretation of his piano output from the composer himself. Pavel Štěpán made his first public appearance at the age of sixteen, two years later to make his debut performance with the Czech Philharmonic (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Piano Concerto No.24 in C minor K 491 ), playing under the baton of Rafael Kubelík. In 1971 and 1982 he received the Wiener Flötenuhr award for the year's best Mozartian recording, and in 1978 his reading of the complete piano works of Josef Suk was presented Supraphon Golden Disc as recording of the year.
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Percy Fawcett
Colonel Percival Harrison Fawcett (18 August 1867in or after 1925) was a British artillery officer, archaeologist and South American explorer.
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Pete Dye
Paul B. "Pete" Dye (born December 29, 1925) is a world-renowned golf course designer and a member of a famous family of course designers. He is married to fellow designer and former amateur champion Alice Dye.
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Peter Sellers
Peter Sellers, OBE (born Richard Henry Sellers, 8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980), was a British comedian and actor best known for his roles in Dr. Strangelove, as Chief Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther film series, as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of Lolita, and as the man-child, Chance the gardener, in his penultimate film, Being There.
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Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez () (born March 26, 1925) is a French composer of contemporary classical music and a conductor.
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Pierre Salinger
Pierre Emil George Salinger (June 14, 1925 – October 16, 2004) was a White House Press Secretary to U.S. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He later became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent, and in particular for his stories on the American hostage crisis in Iran, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland, and his claims as to the cause of the explosion of TWA flight 800.
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Pol Pot
Saloth Sar (May 19, 1928 – April 15, 1998), better known as Pol Pot, (), was the leader of the Cambodian communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge and was Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976–1979. His time as the leader of Cambodia, in which he attempted to "cleanse" the country, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.7 to 2.5 million people.
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Prajadhipok
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Prajadhipok Phra Pok Klao Chao Yu Hua (), or Rama VII (8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941) was the seventh monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was the last absolute monarch and the first constitutional monarch of the country. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to huge political and social changes during the Revolution of 1932. Also he was the only Siamese monarch to abdicate.
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Rabah Bitat
Rabah Bitat () (December 19, 1925 - April 9/10, 2000). He served as President of the People's National Assembly from April 1977 to October 1990 and was the fifth President of Algeria from 27 December 1978 to 9 February 1979. He became president after the death of Houari Boumédiènne and was replaced by Chadli Bendjedid. He was from the Front de Libération National.
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René Viviani
Jean Raphaël Adrien René Viviani (; 8 November 1863 7 September 1925) was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as Prime Minister for the first year of World War I. He was born in Sidi Bel Abbès, in French Algeria. In France he sought to protect the rights of socialists and trade union workers.
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Reza Shah
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Richard Burton
Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. He was nominated seven times for an Academy Award (without ever winning) and was at one time the highest-paid actor in Hollywood. He remains closely associated in the public consciousness with his second wife, actress Elizabeth Taylor; the couple's turbulent relationship was rarely out of the news.
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Richard X. Slattery
Richard Xavier Slattery (June 26, 1925 – January 27, 1997) was a long-time character actor in film and television.
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Robert Altman
Robert Bernard Altman (February 20, 1925 – November 20, 2006) was an American film director known for making films that are highly naturalistic, but with a stylized perspective. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award.
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Robert B. Sherman
Robert Bernard Sherman (born December 19, 1925; see also: "Sherman Brothers") is an American songwriter who specializes in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. Some of Sherman's best known writing includes the songs from Mary Poppins, The Jungle Book, Winnie the Pooh, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Slipper and the Rose and the theme park song, "It's a Small World (after all)".
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Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855–4 February 1925) was a German architect and archaeologist, famous for his discovery of the ancient city of Babylon in modern day Iraq. He was born in Blankenburg am Harz in Germany, the duchy of Brunswick, and died in Berlin at the age of 70. His digs at Babylon revealed the foundations of the ziggurat Marduk, and the Ishtar Gate; he also developed several modern archaeological techniques including a method to identify and excavate mud brick architecture. This technique was particularly useful in his excavation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (1899-1917) which was built (ca. 580 BC) using mainly unfired mudbricks.
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Rod Steiger
Rodney Stephen "Rod" Steiger (April 14, 1925July 9, 2002) was an American actor known for his performances in such films as In the Heat of the Night, Waterloo, The Pawnbroker, On the Waterfront, The Harder They Fall and Doctor Zhivago.
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Roger Bonham Smith
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Rosie Harris
Marion Rose Harris (known professionally as Rosie Harris and born Marion Rose Young on July 12, 1925) is an author of romantic fiction. Her work is mainly set in Liverpool and Cardiff in the 1920s and 1930s.
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Ross McWhirter
Alan Ross McWhirter (12 August 1925 – 27 November 1975), known as Ross McWhirter, was, with his identical twin brother, Norris McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records and a contributor to Record Breakers. He was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
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Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (25 or 27 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social thinker, architect and esotericist. He gained initial recognition as a literary critic and cultural philosopher. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he founded a new spiritual movement, Anthroposophy, as an esoteric philosophy growing out of European transcendentalism and with links to Theosophy.
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Ruth Lessing
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Sam Peckinpah
David Samuel "Sam" Peckinpah (February 21, 1925 – December 28, 1984) was an American filmmaker and screenwriter who achieved prominence following the release of the Western epic The Wild Bunch (1969). He was known for the innovative and explicit depiction of action and violence, as well as his revisionist approach to the Western genre.
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Sammy Davis Jr.
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Samuel Dash
Samuel Dash (February 27, 1925 – May 29, 2004), a native of Camden, New Jersey, a co-chief counsel along with Fred Thompson for the Senate Watergate Committee during the Watergate scandal. Dash became famous for his televised interrogations during the Congressional hearings on Watergate.
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Scott Carpenter
Malcolm Scott Carpenter (born May 1, 1925, in Boulder, Colorado) is an engineer, former test pilot, astronaut, and aquanaut. He is best known as one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959.
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Shoista Mullojonova
Shoista Mullojonova (Tajik: Шоиста Муллоҷонова; Russian: Шушана Рубиновна Муллоджанова; September 3, 1925 – June 26, 2010; born as Shushana Rubinovna Mullodzhanova) was a renowned Tajik-born Bukharian Jewish Shashmakom singer.
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Sidney Reilly
Lieutenant Sidney George Reilly, MC (c. March 24, 1873/1874 – November 5, 1925), famously known as the Ace of Spies, was a Jewish Russian- or Ukrainian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard, the British Secret Service Bureau and later the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four nations. His notoriety during the 1920s was created in part by his friend, British diplomat and journalist Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, who sensationalised their thwarted operation to overthrow the Bolshevik government in 1918.
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Simon van der Meer
Simon van der Meer (born 24 November 1925, The Hague, The Netherlands) is a Dutch accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
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Sophie Kurys
Sophie Kurys (born May 14, 1925) is a former second basewoman who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 5", 115 lb., Kurys batted and threw right-handed.
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Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the Founding Father of Republican China, a view agreed upon by both Mainland China and Taiwan. Sun played an instrumental role in inspiring the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, which began in October 1911. He was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the ''Chinese National People's Party or Kuomintang'' (KMT) where he served as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
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Thea Astley
Thea Astley (25 August 1925 – 17 August 2004) was an Australian novelist and short story writer. She was a prolific writer who was published for over 40 years from 1958. At the time of her death, she had won more Miles Franklin Awards, Australia's major literary award, than any other writer. As well as being a writer, she taught at all levels of education - primary, secondary and tertiary.
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Thomas R. Marshall
Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana. In office, he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution and pressed for other progressive era reforms. The Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution.
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Tikhon of Moscow
Saint Tikhon of Moscow (, – 7 April 1925), born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin (), was the 11th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia of the Russian Orthodox Church during the early years of the Soviet Union, 1917 through 1925.
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Tony Curtis
Tony Curtis (June 3, 1925 – September 29, 2010) was an American film actor whose career spanned six decades, but had his greatest popularity during the 1950s and early 1960s. He acted in over 60 films in roles covering a wide range of genres, from light comedy to serious drama. In his later years, Curtis made numerous television appearances.
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Vajiravudh
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramentharamaha Vajiravudh Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua (), or Phra Bat Somdet Phra Ramathibodi Si Sintharamaha Vajiravudh Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua (), or Rama VI (1 January 1881 – 25 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1910 until his death. Vajiravudh is known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese nationalism. His reign was characterized by Siam's movement further towards democracy and minimal participation in World War I.
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Valentina Cortese
Valentina Cortese (born 1 January 1923 or 1925, Milan, Italy) is an Italian film actress.
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Veikko Hakulinen
MedalCountry|
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Vladimir Shainsky
Vladimir Yakovlevich Shainsky () (born on December 12, 1925) is a Soviet and Russian composer.
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Walter Gropius
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.
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Warren Christopher
Warren Minor Christopher (born October 27, 1925) is an American diplomat, lawyer, and public servant. During Bill Clinton's first term as President, Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon Johnson administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Jimmy Carter administration. He is currently a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California at Los Angeles.
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William Massey
William Ferguson Massey, often known as Bill Massey or "Farmer Bill" (26 March 1856 – 10 May 1925) served as the 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1912 to 1925, and was the founder of the Reform Party. He is widely considered to have been one of the more skilled politicians of his time, and was known for the particular support he showed towards rural interests. After Richard Seddon, he is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.
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William Styron
William Clark Styron, Jr. (June 11, 1925 – November 1, 2006) was an American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work.
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Wladyslaw Reymont
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Yogi Berra
Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (born May 12, 1925) is a former American Major League Baseball player and manager. He played almost his entire career for the New York Yankees and was elected to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Berra was one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series.
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Yukio Mishima
was the pen name of , a Japanese author, poet and playwright, also remembered for his ritual suicide by seppuku. Nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Mishima is considered one of the most important Japanese authors of the 20th century, whose avant-garde work displayed a blending of modern and traditional aesthetics that broke cultural boundaries, with a focus on sexuality, death, and political change.
http://wn.com/Yukio_Mishima
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Alaska Territory
The Territory of Alaska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 24, 1912, until January 3, 1959, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Alaska. The territory was previously the District of Alaska, created on May 17, 1884.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Caldwell, Ohio
Caldwell is a village located along the West Fork of Duck Creek in Noble County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,956 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Noble County.
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Conway, Arkansas
Conway is the county seat of Faulkner County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 43,167 at the 2000 census, and the population was 57,544 according to the 2008 Census estimate; as of 2009, the estimated population is 59,511 according to the Census Bureau's 2009 Population Estimates, making Conway the eighth most populous city in Arkansas. It is a principal city of the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area which had 675,069 people in 2008. Conway is the second fastest growing city in Arkansas and home to three postsecondary educational institutions, earning it the nickname "The City of Colleges".
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Curaçao
Curaçao (; , Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
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Dayton, Tennessee
Dayton is a city in Rhea County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 6,180 at the 2000 census. The Dayton, TN, Urban Cluster, which includes developed areas adjacent to the city and extends south to Graysville, Tennessee, had 9,050 people in 2000. Dayton is the county seat of Rhea County.
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Dublin
Dublin (; locally or ) is the primate and capital city of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath . The English name is derived from the Irish Dubh Linn (meaning "black pool"). The city has an urban population of over 1 million people and is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. It is currently ranked 29th in the Global Financial Centres Index, has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city, and is listed by the GaWC as a global city (with a ranking of Alpha), placing Dublin among the top 30 cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the country, as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
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Ellington, Missouri
Ellington is a city in Reynolds County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,045 at the 2000 census. In 1925, the infamous Tri-State Tornado began just northwest of Ellington.
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Ft. Wayne, Indiana
http://wn.com/Ft_Wayne_Indiana -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Grand Ole Opry
The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee that has presented the biggest stars of the genre since 1925. It is also among the longest-running broadcasts in history since its beginnings as a one-hour radio "barn dance" on WSM-AM. Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of legends and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, folk, comedy, and gospel. Considered an American icon, it attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and Internet listeners. The Opry, today part of the American landscape, is "the show that made country music famous" and has been called the "home of American music" and "country’s most famous stage."
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Great Sphinx of Giza
The Great Sphinx of Giza (or, commonly, the Sphinx) is a statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head) that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, near modern-day Cairo, Egypt. It is the largest monolith statue in the world, standing long, wide, and high. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom in the reign of the pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558–2532 BC).
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Griffin, Indiana
Griffin is a town in Bethel Township, Posey County, Indiana, United States, which was incorporated in 1881 and named after Samuel Griffin. The population was 160 at the 2000 census. The town was nearly destroyed by the Tri-State Tornado on March 18, 1925, killing 75 people. In 1972, a nearby outdoor rock concert Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival caused quite a stir in the town over the course of three days. Locally, the fest was called the Bull Island rock fest, based on the location of the festival.
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Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Larry Harmon
Lawrence Weiss (January 2, 1925 – July 3, 2008), better known by the stage name Larry Harmon and as his alter-ego Bozo the Clown, was a Jewish American entertainer.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Persia
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following Western Australia, and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and Victoria.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Santiago de Chile
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Scopes Trial
The Scopes Trial—formally known as The State of Tennessee v. Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial—was an American legal case in 1925 in which high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution.
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Sofia
Sofia (, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 47th largest city by population in the European Union, with 1.4 million people living in the Capital Municipality. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha, and is the administrative, cultural, economic, and educational centre of the country.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Tennessee
Tennessee () is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,214,888, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area, at 1,521,437 people.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
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Tri-State Tornado
The Tri-State Tornado of Wednesday, March 18, 1925, was the deadliest tornado in U.S. history. With 695 confirmed fatalities, the tornado killed more than twice as many as the second deadliest, the 1840 Great Natchez Tornado. The continuous ≥219 mile (≥352 km) track left by the tornado was the longest ever recorded in the world: the tornado crossed from southeastern Missouri, through Southern Illinois, then into southwestern Indiana. While not officially rated by NOAA, it is recognized by many as an F5 tornado, the maximal damage rating issued on the Fujita scale.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Washington, DC
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
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Hatsune Miku - "1925" English Subbed
from Nicovideo: www.nicovideo.jp Music & Lyrics by T-POCKET さまIllustration & Title by buchiko さまEnglish Translation & Subtitle by KataGatar
http://wn.com/Hatsune_Miku__1925_English_Subbed
![[FULL] 『1925 ver. Acoustic』 【Ashe】 - English](http://web.archive.org./web/20120303113202im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/TJWX7vH9nqw/0.jpg "[FULL] 『1925 ver. Acoustic』 【Ashe】 - English")
[FULL] 『1925 ver. Acoustic』 【Ashe】 - English
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 22 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: Ashestoashesjc
Mp3 Download - www.mediafire.com Follow me on Twitter @ www.twitter.com nicovideo - www.nicovideo.jp Hey, guys! Before I even talk about the song itself, I have to talk about the amazing RurutiaDariya, who drew this great picture for me in only a few hours. As well as being a great artist, she is a superb singer. Please check her channel out here [ www.youtube.com ] And that leads me to some other news that I'll be elaborating on later on. This is my first full, English dub since Matryoshka, but there's something very special about it! This is my debut writing English Vocaloid lyrics. To be honest, I'm proud of the lyrics! I don't think my singing was the best it has been, but this is more about showcasing these lyrics. That leads me to mentioning this FANTASTIC instrumental introduced to me by kran (Kran117). When she tweeted about it, I was quick to listen, and I found all of the inspiration in the world to make English lyrics for it. The instrumental itself was done by a nico user by the name of YuzukiRiyu, I believe? If anyone requests, I'll post the SM number of the video. Anyway, the news I mentioned was that for my next video, and for some videos in the future, I'll be showing off some of the vocalists in our community that don't get as much attention as they deserve or if they just happen to be great and willing to work with me. That means that I won't be singing as much, but instead writing English lyrics and posting those covers done by the guest vocalists on my <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/ FULL _『1925_ver_Acoustic』_【Ashe】__English
【初音ミク】1925【オリジナル曲】+mp3♫
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 07 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: BlazingAngel22
★H.264Playback(click here)↓↓or add &fmt=18 www.youtube.com ╔═══════════════╗ ║320Kbps, 48kHz, 24-Bits║MPEG Layer3/CBR ↓↓Download Hatsune Miku - 1925.mp3♪ www.mediafire.com 2009年10月05日ニコニコ動画より転載Reprint from niconico douga↓↓ www.nicovideo.jp 【素晴らしい絵とタイトルはpiaproよりbuchiko様からお借りしました。本当にありがとうございます。】今日はみんなに素敵なお友達を紹介するよ☆まいけるだ！顔はカッコいいし、喋りは上手い。気だても良くて、眉目秀麗、錦上添花、おまけにこの筋肉だ！ぼくの自慢の友達さっ！えぇ？！君も彼のようになりたいだって？どうだい、まいける？「そんなの簡単さぁっ☆なんたってこの教本セットがあるからね！これは簡単なトレーニングを１日たったの3分 /150セットやるだけでぼくのようになれるんだ☆そして、なんとこの教本には1028通りのメニューが載っているから飽きっぽい人も安心だね！さらに今回は、先日発売して大好評だったあの『全自動湯沸かし器』もお付けして、たったの3980円！！！（月々3980円の100回払い） mylist/11482269
http://wn.com/【初音ミク】1925【オリジナル曲】+mp3♫
【Karaoke】1925 - Jazz arrange【on vocal】 Oreginal-P
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 10 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: rediakaikai
1925 - Jazz arrange Music & Lyrics: T-POCKET Arrangement: Oreginal-P Illustration: Setta Movie: Bete Vocal: Megurine Luka Original www.nicovideo.jp Jazz arrange www.nicovideo.jp MP3(on vocal) nicosound.anyap.info MP3(off vocal with chorus) nicosound.anyap.info MP3(off vocal without chorus) nicosound.anyap.info ------Romaji Lyrics------ itaike na mooshon(Motion) furikireru tenshon(Tension) igai, igai ikeru mono ne kurikaesu mondou kotae nara muyou kirai, kirai shibaranaide hitori-botchi no "botchi" wo osu no yamete, yoshite no mousou de kaenai mono nado nai no desu tenjite ieba nanimono (ni) mo nedan wo tsukete uru no desu sontoku no kanjou wa nai no honnori to shoushou chiramise no honshou zurui, zurui kawaikunai sore naraba koushiyou zurumuke no honshou kusai, kusai hashitanai wa machigai sagashi no pearukku(Pair Look) are to kore to sore to dore akitara gamu(Gum) wo suteru you ni aratana koi wo sagasu douri pazuru(Puzzle) no dekoboko igai ni mo dare to demo hamaru you da furishikiru ame no naka tomaru beki ikari wo sute jinsei wa "koukai" to iu na no funatabi da saegiru mono wo ageru naraba kokoro to doutoku, houritsu ka otakai kabe mo toomawari wo shita naraba hora "konnichiwa" "ai" to wa nanzo to towarereba sore wa "watashi" to kotaeyou zo hibiware shinikui dake nanode, daiya(Diamond) nado iranai no desu
http://wn.com/【Karaoke】1925__Jazz_arrange【on_vocal】_Oreginal-P
【Romaji sub】1925 PV【Hatsune Miku】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 29 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: rediakaikai
1925 PV Music & Lyric: T-POCKET Movie: √Effect Motif: Chiho-P Song by Hatsune Miku Original www.nicovideo.jp PV www.nicovideo.jp ------Romaji lyrics------ itaike na MOOSHON(motion) furikireru TENSHON(tension) igai, igai ikeru mono ne kurikaesu mondou kotae nara muyou kirai, kirai shibaranai de hitoribotchi no "botchi" wo osu no yamete, yoshite no mousou de kaenai mono nado nai no desu tenjite ie ba nanimono mo nedan wo tsukete uru no desu sontoku no kanjou wa nai no hon'nori to shoushou chiramise no honshou zurui, zurui kawaikunai sorenara ba koushiyou zurumuke no honshou kusai, kusai hashitanai wa machigai sagashi no PEARUKKU(pair look) are to kore to sore to dore akitara GAMU(gum) wo suteru you ni aratana koi wo sagasu douri PAZURU(puzzle) no dekoboko igai ni mo dare to demo hamaru you da furishikiru ame no naka tomaru beki ikari wo sute jinsei wa "koukai" to iu na no funatabi da saegiru mono wo ageru naraba kokoro to doutoku, houritsu ka otakai kabe mo toumawari wo shita naraba hora "kon'nichiwa" "ai" towa nan zo to towarere ba sore wa "watashi" to kotaeyou zo hibiware shinikui dake nanode, DAIYA(diamond) nado iranai no desu
http://wn.com/【Romaji_sub】1925_PV【Hatsune_Miku】
【男女合唱】1925 - Nico Nico Chorus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 14 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: AnotherNicoUploader
www.nicovideo.jp Download: www.mediafire.com **I did not create this video. All rights go to the original creator on nicovideo.jp. kthx.
http://wn.com/【男女合唱】1925__Nico_Nico_Chorus
【GREEN】 『1925』 を歌ってみた THANKS FOR 250 SUBS!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Published: 07 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: XMidorableX
MP3:www.box.com Oh god I made it to 250 subs and this is my first upload in 2 months! I took an unsaid hiatus accidentally OTL Anyway thank you to each and everyone of my subbers you guys mean so much to me and honesty I didn't even think I would get past 100 subs. Again thank you so much! I own nothing but my voice. The lovely mixing was done by Hina. The english lyrics are by Ashe.
http://wn.com/【GREEN】_『1925』_を歌ってみた_THANKS_FOR_250_SUBS!
THE GOLD RUSH (1925)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 95:04
- Published: 01 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Feb 2012
- Author: JohnWayneTV
SILENT FILM: Released- 1925 (Germany) Starring- Charles Chaplin, Mack Swain and Tom Murray
http://wn.com/THE_GOLD_RUSH_1925
【合唱】1925【男性７人】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 17 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: chaosdark0
1925を合せてみました！□素敵な原曲様： sm8430328 □お借りした素敵な歌い手さんたち【ゴムさん→ sm8521343 /あにまさん→ sm8923632 /蛇足さん→ sm9228926 /えあろげるさん→ sm9217598 /害さん→ sm8731160 /むっちさん→ sm8691126 /ベェェェェジュさん→ sm8734094 □素敵なイラストはピアプロから平原健時さん、コナコさん、愛太さん、鬼瓦さん、サアヤさん、-まこと-さん、ささのはぱんださん、碧星銀師さん、抹茶犬さん、ゆあさりうさんよりお借りしました！□使用したニコニ・コモンズ：nc10597□その他の制作物 mylist/9638879 Fon NICO NICO DOUGA: www.nicovideo.jp
http://wn.com/【合唱】1925【男性７人】
「1925」Acoustic Ver. 英語で歌ってみた 【Mes】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 11 May 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: NebulasResolution
Mes's YouTube: www.youtube.com Original Composition by T-POCKET Vocals by Mes Acoustic Arrangement by Yuzuki Riyu English Lyrics by Mitsumushi Illustration by Hellipa PV by ミチコラMixing by Mr.KaKa *Special Thanks to DC Original Vocals by Hatsune Miku Nico Douga: www.nicovideo.jp ~I do not own the video nor song. All credit goes to the original creator(s)~
http://wn.com/「1925」Acoustic_Ver_英語で歌ってみた_【Mes】
The Phantom of the Opera (1925) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 106:29
- Published: 03 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: LuckyStrike502
At the Opera of Paris, a mysterious phantom threatens a famous lyric singer, Carlotta and thus forces her to give up her role (Marguerite in Faust) for unknown Christine Daae. Christine meets this phantom (a masked man) in the catacombs, where he lives. The Phantom of the Opera is in the public domain, and it can be downloaded here for free: www.archive.org
http://wn.com/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_1925__Full_Movie
President Coolidge's Inauguration (1925)
With the Presidential Inauguration now over in America, I thought I would go back into my collection and see if I had any old film from an earlier inauguration. I found one! On March 4, 1925, Calvin Coolidge was inaugurated the 30th President of the United States. He was sworn in by Chief Justice William H. Taft on the East Portico of the US Capitol. Coolidge was already President after the death of President Harding in 1923 and this was to become his only elected term. From this old silent newsreel, you'll see Coolidge along with his wife and Senator Curtis leaving by automobile. You'll see the swearing in and the many bands that played in the parade in Washington, DC. Also there is official duties and speeches at various events including Arlington National Cemetery. Calvin Coolidge died in January of 1933 and had some important firsts: his inauguration was the first broadcast on radio, he was the first President to make a sound film, and was the first to be on a coin during his lifetime. Even 84 years ago, the Inauguration of a President was a grand event. Filmed: March 4, 1925
http://wn.com/President_Coolidge's_Inauguration_1925
Port of London Aquatic Sports (1925)
This Topical Budget newsreel was shot in the Surrey Commercial Docks. Dockworkers, their families and friends can be seen relaxing and participating in various events, including swimming, water polo and high diving. The main trade of these docks is much in evidence in the open-ended timber storage sheds, the floating baulks used as pontoons and the wooden diving tower. Established in 1909, the Port of London Authority continued with the swimming galas organised by its predecessor dock companies in the late 19th century. All dock policemen had to be able swimmers and established staff were expected to gain their swimming certificate. (Chris Ellmers)
http://wn.com/Port_of_London_Aquatic_Sports_1925
Anna Pavlova - 'The Dying Swan' (1925)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 22 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: nickwallacesmith
This is 1925 footage of Anna Pavlova dancing her signature ballet 'The Dying Swan'. I just couldn't resist posting it though most of you must have seen it before!
http://wn.com/Anna_Pavlova__'The_Dying_Swan'_1925
Battleship Potemkin
Inspired by true events, this film tells the story of the riot that occurred on the battleship Potemkin when the crew was given rotten meat for dinner. Their protest soon turns into a riot when the sailors raises the red flag in an attempt to set off a revolution in the port of Odessa.
http://wn.com/Battleship_Potemkin
Kagamine Len appends - 1925
VSQ by kanon746 (THIS VSQ IS PERFECT AHH) Picture also not by me this time if enough of you want this, ill put a download somewhere §edit§ HERE www.mediafire.com
http://wn.com/Kagamine_Len_appends__1925
Mizca「1925」PV
今や、着実なシーンを築いたボーカロイド楽曲の中から初音ミクの人気曲「1925」をキュートかつ大胆にカバー！ 2011.03.09RELEASE!! 「1925」 （lyrics : T-POCKET / music : T-POCKET / arrange : 宅見将典） いたいけなモーション 振り切れるテンション 意外、意外 いけるものね繰り返す問答 答えなら無用 嫌い、嫌い 縛らないでひとりぼっちの「ぼっち」を押すの やめて、よしての妄想で買えないものなどないのです 転じて言えば何物にも 値段をつけて売るのです 尊徳の感情はないのホンノリと少々 チラミセの本性 ズルい、ズルい可愛くないそれならばこうしよう ズルムケの本性 臭い、臭いはしたないわ間違い探しのペアルック あれとこれとそれとどれ飽きたらガムを捨てるように 新たな恋を探す道理 パズルの凸凹意外にも 誰とでもハマるようだ降りしきる雨の中 止まるべき錨を捨て 人生は「コウカイ」という名の船旅だ遮るものをあげるならば 心と道徳、法律か お高い壁も遠回りを したならば ほら「こんにちは」 「アイ」とはなんぞと問われれば それは「ワタシ」と答えようぞ ひび割れしにくいだけなので、ダイヤなどいらないのです
http://wn.com/Mizca「1925」PV
【初音ミクProject DIVA 2nd】1925【エディットPV】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 16 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: artificialVOCAL
artist: 初音ミク miku hatsune song ; 1925 reprint of nicovideo.jp : nicovideo.jp pv: all rights reserved PROJECT DIVA
http://wn.com/【初音ミクProject_DIVA_2nd】1925【エディットPV】
The Lost World trailer (1925)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 08 Sep 2007
- Uploaded: 11 Feb 2012
- Author: SabotaiBagatur
Original trailer for the 1925 movie The Lost World
http://wn.com/The_Lost_World_trailer_1925
【KAITO】1925【English ann.】
www.nicovideo.jp original composer:T-POCKET vocal producer:Hatsuitsuru illust:Kyoumei Sider Original song of Hatsune Miku www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/【KAITO】1925【English_ann】
【初音ミク】1925【オリジナル曲】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 14 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: KazearashiP
Oooh, really nice Miku song =D Love the beat ^^ syokorapocket.blog53.fc2.com Mp3: www.mediafire.com From NicoNicoDouga: 【初音ミク】1925【オリジナル曲】 www.nicovideo.jp
http://wn.com/【初音ミク】1925【オリジナル曲】
Bessie Smith - St. Louis Blues (1925)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 11 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: edmundusrex
Bessie Smith (July 9,1892 or April 15,1894 - Sept.26,1937) was Americas most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and '30s. Smith is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era, and along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists. n 1920, sales figures for "Crazy Blues," an Okeh Records recording by singer Mamie Smith (no relation) pointed to a new market. The recording industry had not directed its product to blacks, but the success of the record led to a search for female blues singers. Bessie Smith was signed by Columbia Records in 1923 and her first session for Columbia was February 15, 1923. For most of 1923, her records were issued on Columbia's regular A- series; when the label decided to establish a "race records" series, Smith's "Cemetery Blues" was the first issued. She scored a big hit with her first release, a coupling of "Gulf Coast Blues" and "Downhearted Blues," which its composer Alberta Hunter had already turned into a hit on the Paramount label. Smith became a headliner on the black TOBA circuit and rose to become its top attraction in the 1920s. Working a heavy theater schedule during the winter months and doing tent tours the rest of the year (eventually traveling in her own railroad car), Smith became the highest-paid black entertainer of her day. Columbia nicknamed her "Queen of the Blues", but a PR-minded press soon upgraded her title to "Empress". She made some 160 recordings for Columbia, often <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Bessie_Smith__St_Louis_Blues_1925
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photo: WN / Arturo Ubaub
17 Feb 2012
If seeing “The Artist” has whetted your appetite for cinema from the silent era, you should know that some of the greatest horror movies were done before anyone could hear one...
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Ranchers and cowboys were working in Arizona before it became a state in 1912. They held little local rodeos or calf roping events to earn bragging rights. The Tucson rodeo, Fiesta de los Vaqueros, was first performed in 1925, and now, during Arizona’s centennial, the rodeo has come and gone...(size: 8.6Kb)
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The Fiesta de los Vaqueros has come and gone for its 87th year. Surprisingly, the famous cowboy contest was not started by cowboys, or even the City of Tucson, but by a polo club. Leighton Kramer, president of the Arizona Polo Association, was first to suggest aa rodeo. The web has easy to...(size: 8.1Kb)
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1925 Mackinac winner, Bernida, to race again
23 Feb 2012
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Bernida, the first boat to win a Port Huron to Mackinac race in 1925, will race again in this summer's Bell's Beer Bayview Mackinac Race. And it's going to be a grand race July 14: Race headquarters have been switched to the Grand Hotel, which will be open to crews and their families with the $10...(size: 2.7Kb)
1925 Vancouver mansion listed below lot value
15 Feb 2012
CBC
A Vancouver mansion that stands as a unique piece of the city’s history is on the market at a list...(size: 0.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Alioto's Restaurant launches its revamped website and celebrates new changes that will better serve its clients. San Francisco, CA (PRWEB) February 14, 2012 As San Francisco’s, Alioto's Restaurant, featuring delicious seafood selections, and , launched its new website in January, it also...(size: 7.9Kb)
Frank Aschenbrenner, 1925-2012
05 Feb 2012
Chicago Tribune
Frank Aschenbrenner was a key player in Northwestern University's 1949 Rose Bowl...(size: 0.6Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
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Walter W. Martin, 1925-2012
01 Feb 2012
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In a single year as an Army private, Walter W. Martin went from basic training to combat in World War II's Battle of the Bulge, then spent six harrowing months as a prisoner in Germany. Mr. Martin quietly devoted much of the rest of his life to veterans causes. "He was a proud American who fought...(size: 3.6Kb)
__NOTOC__
Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
January 3 – Benito Mussolini (''Il Duce'') announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
January 5 – Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Fifteen days later, Ma Ferguson becomes first female governor of Texas.
January 27–February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome (the "Great Race of Mercy") relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska, to combat an epidemic.
February 2 – The 1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.
February 21 – ''The New Yorker'' magazine publishes its first issue.
February 25 – Art Gillham records for Columbia Records the first Western Electric masters to be commercially released.
March 4
* İsmet İnönü is appointed as the prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and İnönü's 3rd government).
* Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcast on radio.
March 6 – ''Pionerskaya Pravda'', one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded in the Soviet Union.
March 10 – Olympiacos F.C., Greece's most successful football club is founded.
March 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity (original name "The Aztecs") is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher's College in Conway, Arkansas (now the University of Central Arkansas).
March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado rampages through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027. It hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois; Gorham, Illinois; Ellington, Missouri; and Griffin, Indiana.
March 21 – Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signs the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the state's public schools.
March 31 – Radio station ''WOWO'' in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting.
April–October – ''Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes'' in Paris, giving a name to the Art Deco style.
April 1
* Frank Heath and his horse ''Gypsy Queen'' leave Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.
* Patent and Trademark Office transferred to the Department of Commerce.
April 3 – United Kingdom, South Africa and Australia return to the (bullion) gold standard.
April 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes ''The Great Gatsby''.
April 15 – Fritz Haarmann, a serial killer convicted of the murder of 24 boys and young men, is beheaded in Germany.
April 16 – The Communist St. Nedelya Church assault claims the lives of 150 and injures 500 in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia.
May 5
* Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
* The General Election Law is passed in Japan.
May 8 – Tom Lee rescues 32 people from the ''M.E. Norman'', a sinking steamboat.
May 25
* Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.
* The National Forensic League is founded.
May 29 – The British explorer Percy Fawcett sends a last telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon.
June 1 – Percy and Florence Arrowsmith are married. This couple, who celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary June 1, 2005 (Percy aged 105, and wife Florence 100), are acknowledged by the Guinness Book of Records as record-holders for the longest marriage for a living couple and the greatest aggregate age of a married couple.
June 6 – The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images are viewed by representatives of the National Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Commerce Department, and others. Jenkins calls this "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
June 14
* The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece is founded.
* The Turkish football club Göztepe is founded.
June 29 – Santa Barbara Earthquake of 1925: A 6.3 earthquake destroys downtown Santa Barbara, California.
July 9 – In Dublin, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a stock exchange in the world.
July 10
* Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
* Meher Baba begins his 44 year silence.
July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto ''Mein Kampf''.
July 21 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
July 25 – The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
August 8 – The Ku Klux Klan demonstrate their popularity by holding a parade in Washington DC; as many as 40,000 male and female members of the Klan march down Pennsylvania Avenue.
August 14 – The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.
August 25 – The French evacuate the Ruhr region of Germany.
September 3 – The U.S. dirigible ''Shenandoah'' breaks up near Caldwell, Ohio; 14 crewmen are killed.
September 27 – Feast of the Cross according to the Old Calendar; A celestial cross appears over Athens, Greece, while the Greek Police pursues a group of Greek Old Calendarists. The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.
October – The major money forgery and fraud of Alves Reis is exposed in Portugal.
October 1 – Mount Rushmore is dedicated.
October 2 – London's first enclosed double-decker buses are introduced.
October 8 – Cubana de Aviación founded.
October 30 – John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.
November 6 – Secret agent Sidney Reilly is executed by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union.
November 24 – The silent film ''Hussar of the Dead'' is released in Santiago de Chile.
November 26 – Prajadhipok (Rama VII) is crowned as King of Siam.
November 28 – The country-variety show "WSM Barn Dance," later re-named the ''Grand Ole Opry,'' makes its radio debut. It will go on to become the longest-running live music show.
December 1 – Locarno Treaties are signed.
December 16
* Reza Shah becomes shah of Persia.
* Alpha Phi Omega, a National service fraternity, is founded at Lafayette College.
* Colombo Radio launches in Ceylon; the station is subsequently known as ''Radio Ceylon''.
December 26 – The Great Sphinx of Giza is unearthed at the start of a complete excavation.
The Australian state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week.
New York City becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from London.
The Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the 1925 Sears, Roebuck and Company mail order catalog.
The National Football League adds 5 teams: the New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, and the Pottsville Maroons.
First Surrealist exhibition in Paris.
In Germany, the Bauhaus moves to a building in Dessau designed by Walter Gropius.
Lion Feuchtwanger's novel ''Jud Süß'' published.
The Shueisha Publishing Company is founded in Tokyo.
The Brisbane City Council, (Brisbane, Australia), is created from the amlgamation of 20 smaller cities, towns and shires.
January 1
* Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (d. 2005)
* Valentina Cortese, Italian actress
January 2 – Larry Harmon, American entertainer and TV producer (''Bozo the Clown'') (d. 2008)
January 4 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (d. 2003)
January 6 – John De Lorean, American car maker (d. 2005)
January 7 – Gerald Durrell, British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. 1995)
January 8 – Helmuth Hubener, German youth political activist against the Hitler regime (d. 1942)
January 9 – Lee Van Cleef, American actor (d. 1989)
January 11 – Grant Tinker, American television executive (''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'')
January 13 – Georgi Kaloyanchev, Bulgarian actor
January 14 – Yukio Mishima, Japanese writer (d. 1970)
January 17 – Duane Hanson, American Sculptor (d. 1996)
January 21 – Charles Aidman, American actor (d. 1993)
January 25 – Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (d. 1995)
January 26
* Paul Newman, American actor (''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'') (d. 2008)
* Joan Leslie, American actress
January 30
* Dorothy Malone, American actress
* Douglas Engelbart, American pioneer of the information age
February 1 – Mary Nesbitt, American female professional baseball player
February 3 – Leon Schlumpf, Swiss Federal Councillor
February 8 – Jack Lemmon, American actor and film director (''The Odd Couple'') (d. 2001)
February 11 – Kim Stanley, American actress (d. 2001)
February 17
* Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (d. 2003)
* Hal Holbrook, American actor (''Mark Twain Tonight'')
February 18 – George Kennedy, American actor (''Cool Hand Luke'')
February 20 – Robert Altman, American film director (d. 2006)
February 21 – Sam Peckinpah, American director (d. 1984)
February 25
* Maddy English, American female baseball player (d. 2004)
* Shehu Shagari, President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983
February 26 – Sir Everton Weekes, West Indian cricketer
February 27 – Samuel Dash, American Watergate Congressional counsel (d. 2004)
March 4 – Paul Mauriat, French musician (''Love is Blue'') (d. 2006)
March 12 – Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
March 16 – Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (d. 2004)
March 22 – Gerard Hoffnung, German-born English humorist (d. 1959)
March 23 – David Watkin, British cinematographer (d. 2008)
March 25 – Flannery O'Connor, American writer (d. 1964)
March 26 – Pierre Boulez, French composer
March 29 – Bobby Hutchins, Our Gang child star (d. 1945)
April – Qassem Al-Nasser, Jordanian General (d. 2007)
April 4 – Fariza Magomadova, Chechen teacher
April 14
* Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974)
* Rod Steiger, American actor (''In The Heat Of The Night'') (d. 2002)
April 19 – Hugh O'Brian, American actor
April 20 – Ernie Stautner, German-born American football player (d. 2006)
April 22 – George Cole, British actor
April 24
* Faye Dancer, American baseball player (d. 2002)
* Eugen Weber, Romanian-born historian (d. 2007)
April 25 – Kay E. Kuter, American actor (d. 2003)
April 26 – Jørgen Ingmann, Danish musician
May 1
* Scott Carpenter, American astronaut
* Anna Mae Hutchison, American professional baseball player (d. 1998)
May 2
* John Neville, English actor
* Roscoe Lee Browne, American actor (d. 2007)
* Inga Gill, Swedish actress (d. 2000)
May 3 – Jean Séguy, French sociologist of religions (d. 2007)
May 4
* Maurice R. Greenberg, American businessman
* Olive Osmond, Osmond family matriarch (d. 2004)
May 5 – Charles Chaplin Jr., American actor (d. 1968)
May 8 – Ali Hassan Mwinyi, Tanzanian president
May 12 – Yogi Berra, American baseball player
May 14
* Sophie Kurys, American professional baseball player
* Patrice Munsel, American opera singer
May 19
* Pol Pot, Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. 1998)
* Malcolm X, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
May 22
* James King, American tenor (d. 2005)
* Jean Tinguely Swiss painter and sculptor (d. 1991)
May 23 – Joshua Lederberg, American molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008)
May 25 – Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
May 26 – Alec McCowen, English actor
May 28 – Pavel Štěpán, Czech pianist (d. 1998)
June 1 – Dilia Díaz Cisneros, Venezuelan teacher
June 3 – Tony Curtis, American actor (d. 2010)
June 7 – John Biddle, American yachting cinematographer and lecturer (d. 2008)
June 8 – Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States
June 11 – William Styron, American writer (d. 2006)
June 14 – Pierre Salinger, White House Press Secretary (d. 2004)
June 21 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
June 26 – Richard X. Slattery, American actor (d. 1997)
June 29 – Giorgio Napolitano, Italian politician
July 1 – Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
July 2 – Medgar Evers, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1963)
July 6
* Merv Griffin, American game show developer and host (d. 2007)
* Bill Haley, American musician (''Bill Haley & His Comets'') (d. 1981)
July 10 – Mahathir bin Mohamad, fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia
July 12
* Roger Bonham Smith, former chairman and CEO of General Motors (d. 2007)
* Rosie Harris, English author
July 20 – Frantz Fanon, philosopher (d. 1961)
July 28 – Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011)
July 29 – Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer (''Zorba the Greek'')
July 30 – Alexander Trocchi, Scottish writer (d. 1984)
July 31 – Carmel Quinn, Irish-American singer and performer
August 2 – Alan Whicker, British television presenter
August 3 – Dom Um Romão, Brazilian jazz drummer (d. 2005)
August 4 – Betty Trezza, Italian-American female professional baseball player (d. 2007)
August 7 – M. S. Swaminathan, Indian scientist
August 8 – Alija Izetbegović, President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. 2003)
August 9 – David A. Huffman, American computer scientist (d. 1999)
August 11 – Mike Douglas, American entertainer (d. 2006)
August 12
* Norris McWhirter (d. 2004) and his twin brother,
* Ross McWhirter (d. 1975), Scottish co-founders of the ''Guinness Book of Records''
August 15
* Ruth Lessing, American female professional baseball player (d. 2000)
* Oscar Peterson, Canadian jazz pianist (d. 2007)
* Bill Pinkney, American performer and singer (d. 2007)
August 16 – Kirke Mechem, American composer
August 21 – Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
August 22
* Honor Blackman, English actress
* Terry Donahue, Canadian female professional baseball player
August 25 – Thea Astley, Australian writer (d. 2004)
August 26 – Jack Hirshleifer, American economist (d. 2005)
August 27 – Nat Lofthouse, English footballer (d. 2011)
August 28 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
August 29 – Demetrio Basilio Lakas Bahas, former President of Panama (d. 1999)
August 30 – Laurent de Brunhoff, French writer and illustrator
September 3 – Shoista Mullojonova, Shashmakom singer
September 4 – Elias Hrawi, former President of Lebanon (d. 2006)
September 7 – Laura Ashley, Welsh designer (d. 1985)
September 8 – Peter Sellers, English comedian and actor (''The Pink Panther'') (d. 1980)
September 10 – Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1996)
September 15 – Helle Virkner, Danish actress (d. 2009)
September 16
* Charles Haughey, sixth Taoiseach (head of government of the Republic of Ireland) (d. 2006)
* B. B. King, American guitarist
September 23 – Denis Twitchett, Cambridge scholar and Chinese historian (d. 2006)
September 24 – Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004)
September 25 – Paul B. MacCready, Jr., American aeronautical engineer (d. 2007)
September 28
* Cromwell Everson, South African composer (d. 1991)
* Carolyn Morris, American female professional baseball player (d. 1996)
* Arnold Stang, American actor (d. 2009)
October 1
* Christine Pullein-Thompson, British author (d. 2005)
* Diana Pullein-Thompson, British author
October 5 – Gail Davis, American actress (d. 1997)
October 7 – Mildred Earp, American female professional baseball player
October 11 – Elmore Leonard, American novelist
October 13
* Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979–1990
* Lenny Bruce, American comedian. (d. 1966)
October 16 – Angela Lansbury, English actress
October 20
* Art Buchwald, American humorist and columnist (d. 2007)
* Gene Wood, American game show announcer (d. 2004)
October 23 – Johnny Carson, American comedian and television host (''The Tonight Show'') (d. 2005)
October 24
* Luciano Berio, Italian composer (d. 2003)
* Bob Azzam, Egyptian singer
* Al Feldstein, American artist and comic book creator
October 27 – Warren Christopher, American diplomat (d. 2011)
October 29
* Robert Hardy, English Actor
* Dominick Dunne, American writer (d. 2009)
October 31 – John Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
November 10 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (''Cleopatra'') (d. 1984)
November 11 – Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian
November 18 – Gene Mauch, baseball manager (d. 2005)
November 20
* Kaye Ballard, American comedienne (''The Mothers-in-Law'')
* Robert Kennedy, American politician and Attorney General of the United States (d. 1968)
* Mark Miller, American actor
November 23 – Maria di Gerlando, American operatic soprano (d. 2010)
November 24
* William F. Buckley, Jr., American journalist, author, and commentator (''The Firing Line'') (d. 2008)
* Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
November 26 – Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003)
November 27 – John Maddox, Welsh science writer (d. 2009)
November 30 – William H. Gates, Sr., American attorney, father of Bill Gates
December 1 – Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
December 2 – Julie Harris, American actress
December 3 – Kim Dae-jung, South Korean politician (d. 2009)
December 4 – Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer (d. 2009)
December 8 – Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. 1990)
December 11 – Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
December 12 – Vladimir Shainsky, Soviet and Russian composer
December 13 – Dick Van Dyke, American actor, singer, dancer and comedian (''The Dick Van Dyke Show'')
December 19
* Robert B. Sherman, American songwriter
* Rabah Bitat, former President of Algeria (d. 2000)
December 21 – Dorothy Kamenshek, American professional baseball player (d. 2010)
December 23 – Duncan Hallas, prominent member of the Trotskyist movement in Great Britain (d. 2002)
December 25 – Dorothy Mueller, American professional baseball player (d. 1985)
December 29 – Pete Dye, American golf course architect
January 4 – Nellie Cashman, Irish-born prospector (b. 1845)
January 8 – George Bellows, American artist (b. 1882)
January 14 – Camille Decoppet, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1852)
January 31 – George Washington Cable, American writer (b. 1844)
February 2 – Jaap Eden, Dutch speed skater (b. 1873)
February 3 – Oliver Heaviside, English mathematician (b. 1850)
February 4 – Robert Koldewey, German architect and archaeologist (b. 1855)
February 10 – Aristide Bruant, French singer and nightclub owner (b. 1851)
February 11 – H.E. Beunke, Dutch writer (b. 1851)
February 18 – James Lane Allen, American writer (b. 1849)
February 24 – Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
February 25 – Louis Feuillade, French silent film director (b. 1873)
February 28 – Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (Weimar Republic) (b. 1871)
March 2 – Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian freedom fighter (assassinated) (b. 1879)
March 4
* Moritz Moszkowski, Polish composer (b. 1854)
* John Montgomery Ward, American baseball player (b. 1860)
March 5 – Clement Ader, French Army Captain and Aviation pioneer (b. 1841)
March 7 – Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1861)
March 10 – Myer Prinstein, American track athlete (b. 1878)
March 12 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1866)
March 14 – Walter Camp, American football coach (b. 1859)
March 20 – George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (b. 1859)
March 28 – Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (b. 1864)
March 30 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher (b. 1861)
April 6 – Alexandra Kitchin, British model for Lewis Carroll (b. 1864)
April 7 – Tikhon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1865)
April 12 – Elwood Haynes, American inventor (b. 1857)
April 14 – John Singer Sargent, American artist (b. 1856)
April 15 – Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (executed) (b. 1879)
April 19 – John Walter Smith, American politician (b. 1845)
April 22 – André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878)
May 2
* Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (b. 1848)
* Antun Branko Simic, Croatian poet (b. 1898)
May 10 – William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1856)
May 12
* Amy Lowell, American poet (b. 1874)
* Charles Mangin, French general (b. 1866)
May 14 – H. Rider Haggard, English writer (b. 1856)
May 20 – Elias M. Ammons, Governor of Colorado (b. 1860)
May 22 – John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British World War I field marshal (b. 1852)
May 31 – John Palm, Curaçao born composer (b. 1885)
June 1
* Lucien Guitry, French actor (b. 1860)
* Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (b. 1854)
June 2 – James Ellsworth, American mine owner and banker (b. 1849)
June 16 – Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornetist (b. 1903)
June 17 – Adolf Pilar von Pilchau, Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy and baron (b. 1851)
June 18 – Robert M. La Follette, Sr., American politician (b. 1855)
June 22 – Felix Klein, German mathematician (b. 1849)
June 29 – Christian Michelsen, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1857)
July 1 – Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
July 7 – Clarence Hudson White American photographer (b. 1871)
July 14 – Pancho Villa, Filipino world boxing champion (b. 1901)
July 17 – Lovis Corinth, German painter (b. 1858)
July 26
* Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
* William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician (b. 1860) (diabetes and fatigue)
* Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
August 15 – Konrad Mägi, Estonian landscape painter (b. 1878)
August 17 – Ioan Slavici, Romanian writer (b. 1848)
August 25 – Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austrian field marshal (b. 1852)
September 7 – René Viviani, Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)
September 16 – Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian mathematician (b. 1888)
September 29 – Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)
October 7 – Christy Mathewson, American baseball player (b. 1880)
October 31
* Mikhail Frunze, Russian Bolshevik leader (b. 1885)
* Max Linder, French silent film actor (b. 1883) (suicide)
November 1 – Lester Cuneo, American actor (b. 1888)
November 3 – Lucile McVey, American actress, part of comedy team with her late husband ''Sidney Drew'' (b. 1890)
November 6 – Khai Dinh, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1885)
November 20 – Alexandra of Denmark, queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)
November 25 – King Vajiravudh of Siam (b. 1880)
December 5 – Wladyslaw Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
December 8 – Marguerite Marsh, American actress (b. 1888)
December 9 – Pablo Iglesias, co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (b. 1850)
December 15 – Battling Siki, Senegalese boxer (b. 1897)
December 19 – Jose Ignacio Quinton, Puerto Rican composer and pianist (b. 1881)
December 21
* Jules Méline, Prime Minister of France (b. 1838)
* Lottie Lyell, Australian female pioneer film director and producer (b. 1890)
December 22
* Alice Heine, American wife of Albert I of Monaco (b. 1858)
* Mary Thurman, American actress (b. 1895)
December 25 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
December 28 – Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin, Russian lyrical poet (b. 1895)
December 31 – J. Gordon Edwards, Canadian film director (b. 1867)
Physics – James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Chemistry – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
Physiology or Medicine – not awarded
Literature – George Bernard Shaw
Peace – Austen Chamberlain and Charles Gates Dawes
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Godrej Sidhwa, Pakistani theologist
Deaths
January–February
March–April
May–June
July–August
September–October
November–December
Nobel Prizes
References
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| Name | Calvin Coolidge |
|---|---|
| Office | 30th President of the United States |
| Vicepresident | Charles Dawes |
| Term start | August 2, 1923 |
| Term end | March 4, 1929 |
| Predecessor | Warren Harding |
| Successor | Herbert Hoover |
| Office2 | 29th Vice President of the United States |
| President2 | Warren Harding |
| Term start2 | March 4, 1921 |
| Term end2 | August 2, 1923 |
| Predecessor2 | Thomas Marshall |
| Successor2 | Charles Dawes |
| Order3 | 48th Governor of Massachusetts |
| Lieutenant3 | Channing Cox |
| Term start3 | January 2, 1919 |
| Term end3 | January 6, 1921 |
| Predecessor3 | Samuel McCall |
| Successor3 | Channing Cox |
| Office4 | 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
| Governor4 | Samuel McCall |
| Term start4 | January 6, 1916 |
| Term end4 | January 2, 1919 |
| Predecessor4 | Grafton Cushing |
| Successor4 | Channing Cox |
| Birth date | July 04, 1872 |
| Birth place | Plymouth, Vermont, U.S. |
| Death date | January 05, 1933 |
| Death place | Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Party | Republican Party |
| Spouse | Grace Goodhue |
| Children | JohnCalvin |
| Alma mater | Amherst College |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Congregationalism |
| Signature | C Coolidge signature.svg |
| Signature alt | Cursive signature in ink }} |
Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer put it, "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength." Some later criticized Coolidge as part of a general criticism of laissez-faire government. His reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan Administration, but the ultimate assessment of his presidency is still divided between those who approve of his reduction of the size of government programs and those who believe the federal government should be more involved in regulating and controlling the economy.
Birth and family history
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, the only U.S. President to be born on Independence Day. He was the elder of the two children of John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–1885). Coolidge's chronically ill mother died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when he was twelve years old. His sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the age of fifteen, when Coolidge was eighteen. Coolidge's father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidge senior engaged in many occupations, and ultimately enjoyed a statewide reputation as a prosperous farmer, storekeeper and public servant; he farmed, taught school, ran a local store, served in the Vermont House of Representatives and the Vermont Senate, and held various local offices including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidge's mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer.Coolidge's family had deep roots in New England. His earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638. Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. Most of Coolidge's ancestors were farmers. Other well-known Coolidges, architect Charles Allerton Coolidge, General Charles Austin Coolidge, and diplomat Archibald Cary Coolidge among them, were descended from branches of the family that had remained in Massachusetts. Coolidge's grandmother Sarah Almeda Brewer had two famous first cousins: Arthur Brown, a United States Senator, and Olympia Brown, a women's suffragist. It is through Sarah Brewer that Coolidge believed that he inherited American Indian blood, but this descent has never been established by modern genealogists.
Early career and marriage
Western Massachusetts lawyer
Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. At his father's urging, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts, after graduating to take up the practice of law. Avoiding the costly alternative of attending a law school, Coolidge followed the more common practice of the time, apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law with them. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to the law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County. In 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer. With his savings and a small inheritance from his grandfather, Coolidge was able to open his own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced transactional law, believing that he served his clients best by staying out of court. As his reputation as a hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.
Marriage and family
In 1905, Coolidge met and married a fellow Vermonter, Grace Anna Goodhue, who was working as a teacher at the Clarke School for the Deaf. While Grace was watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat. After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other. They were married on October 4, 1905, in the parlor of her parents' home in Burlington, Vermont.They were opposites in personality: she was talkative and fun-loving, while he was quiet and serious. Not long after their marriage, Coolidge handed her a bag with fifty-two pairs of socks in it, all of them full of holes. Grace's reply was "Did you marry me to darn your socks?" Without cracking a smile and with his usual seriousness, Calvin answered, "No, but I find it mighty handy." They had two sons: John, born in 1906, and Calvin, Jr., born in 1908. The marriage was, by most accounts, a happy one. As Coolidge wrote in his ''Autobiography'', "We thought we were made for each other. For almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities, and I have rejoiced in her graces."
Local political office
City offices
The Republican Party was dominant in New England in Coolidge's time, and he followed Hammond's and Field's example by becoming active in local politics. Coolidge campaigned locally for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley in 1896, and the next year he was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee. In 1898, he won election to the City Council of Northampton, placing second in a ward where the top three candidates were elected. The position offered no salary, but gave Coolidge experience in the political world. In 1899, he declined renomination, running instead for City Solicitor, a position elected by the City Council. He was elected for a one-year term in 1900, and reelected in 1901. This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer, and paid a salary of $600. In 1902, the city council selected a Democrat for city solicitor, and Coolidge returned to an exclusively private practice. Soon thereafter, however, the clerk of courts for the county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. The position paid well, but barred him from practicing law, so he only remained at the job for one year. The next year, 1904, Coolidge met with his only defeat before the voters, losing an election to the Northampton school board. When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern, Coolidge replied "Might give me time!"
State legislator and mayor
In 1906 the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the state House of Representatives. He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat, and reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Court. In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although he usually voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Republican, voting in favor of such measures as women's suffrage and the direct election of Senators. Throughout his time in Boston, Coolidge found himself allied primarily with the western Winthrop Murray Crane faction of the state Republican Party, as against the Henry Cabot Lodge-dominated eastern faction. In 1907, he was elected to a second term. In the 1908 session, Coolidge was more outspoken, but was still not one of the leaders in the legislature.
Instead of vying for another term in the State House, Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired. He was well liked in the town, and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409. During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease. He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin.
In 1911, the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session. He defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin. At the start of that term, Coolidge was selected to be chairman of a committee to arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by the workers of the American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts. After two tense months, the company agreed to the workers' demands in a settlement the committee proposed. The other major issue for Republicans that year was the party split between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party. When the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate in his state senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin.
The 1913 session was less eventful, and Coolidge's time was mostly spent on the railroad committee, of which he was the chairman. Coolidge intended to retire after the 1913 session, as two terms were the norm, but when the President of the State Senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running for Lieutenant Governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer. Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated and Coolidge was elected, with Crane's help, as the President of a closely divided Senate. After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a speech entitled ''Have Faith in Massachusetts'', which summarized his philosophy of government. It was later published in a book, and frequently quoted.
Coolidge's speech was well-received and he attracted some admirers on its account. Towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate. As the 1915 session ended, Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor. This time, he accepted their advice.
Lieutenant Governor
Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support. McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.Coolidge's duties as lieutenant governor were few; in Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate, although Coolidge did become an ''ex officio'' member of the governor's cabinet. As a full-time elected official, Coolidge no longer practiced law after 1916, though his family continued to live in Northampton. McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917 (At the time, both offices were held for one-year terms). When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term, Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor.
Governor of Massachusetts
1918 election
Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918. He and his running mate, Channing Cox, a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, ran on the previous administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a vague opposition to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for American involvement in World War I. The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among Irish- and German-Americans. Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his state-wide campaigns.
Boston police strike
In 1919, in response to rumors that policemen of the Boston Police Department planned to form a union, Police Commissioner Edwin U. Curtis issued a statement saying that such a move would not be tolerated. In August of that year, the American Federation of Labor issued a charter to the Boston Police Union. Curtis said the union's leaders were insubordinate and planned to relieve them of duty, but said that he would suspend the sentence if the union was dissolved by September 4. The mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but Curtis ultimately suspended the union leaders on September 8. The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike. Coolidge had observed the situation throughout the conflict, but had not yet intervened. That night and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting in the lawless city. Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes, had called up some units of the Massachusetts National Guard stationed in the Boston area and relieved Curtis of duty. Coolidge, furious that the mayor had called out ''state'' guard units, finally acted. He called up more units of the National Guard, restored Curtis to office, and took personal control of the police force. Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited.That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied …" Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram with the response that would launch him into the national consciousness (quoted, above left). Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. In the midst of the First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread of communist revolution, like those that had taken place in Russia, Hungary, and Germany. While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor, conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star. Although he usually acted with deliberation, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a man who would take decisive action.
1919 election
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form. He faced the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier. His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge run for President in 1920.
Legislation and vetoes as governor
By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World War had ended, and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus to Massachusetts veterans. He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and children from fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or the system will break down." He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same, while trimming four million dollars from expenditures, thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt.Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor. His most publicized veto was of a bill that would have increased legislators' pay by 50%. Although Coolidge was personally opposed to Prohibition, he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Massachusetts in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto message, "Against it, they are void."
Vice Presidency
1920 election
At the 1920 Republican National Convention most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites. Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses never considered him a serious candidate. After ten ballots, the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for President. When the time came to select a Vice Presidential nominee, the party bosses had also made a decision on who they would nominate: Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read ''Have Faith in Massachusetts'', proposed Coolidge for Vice President instead. The suggestion caught on quickly, and Coolidge found himself unexpectedly nominated.The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Cox, for President and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for Vice President. The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism. Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his home in Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the Upper South, New York, and New England. On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, winning every state outside the South. They also won in Tennessee, the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since Reconstruction.
"Silent Cal"
The Vice-Presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first Vice President to do so. He gave speeches around the country, but none were especially noteworthy.As Vice-President, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was therefore commonly referred to as "Silent Cal." A possibly apocryphal story has it that Dorothy Parker, seated next to him at a dinner, said to him, "Mr. Coolidge, I've made a bet against a fellow who said it was impossible to get more than two words out of you." His famous reply: "You lose." It was also Parker who, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?" Alice Roosevelt Longworth supposedly once commented that, "He looks as if he'd been weaned on a pickle." Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."
As President, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet man continued. "The words of a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately." Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. "I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President," he once told Ethel Barrymore, "and I think I will go along with them." However, he did hold a then-record number of presidential press conferences, 520 during his presidency. Some historians would later suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic, while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924.
Presidency 1923–1929
Succession to the Presidency
On August 2, 1923, President Harding died while on a speaking tour in California. Vice-President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. Coolidge dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. His father, a notary public, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 am on August 3, 1923; Coolidge then went back to bed. Coolidge returned to Washington the next day, and was re-sworn by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, as there was some confusion over whether a state notary public had the authority to administer the presidential oath.
Finishing Harding's term
The nation did not know what to make of its new President; Coolidge had not stood out in the Harding administration and many had expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924. He appointed C. Bascom Slemp, a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice presidential staff, as Secretaries to the President (a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff). Although many of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal-tarred, Coolidge announced that he would not demand any of their resignations, believing that since the people had elected Harding, he should carry on Harding's presidency, at least until the next election.He addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6, 1923, giving a speech that echoed many of Harding's themes, including immigration restriction and the need for the government to arbitrate the coal strikes then ongoing in Pennsylvania. Coolidge's speech was the first Presidential speech to be broadcast to the nation over the radio The Washington Naval Treaty was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge's term, and was generally well received in the country. In May 1924, the World War I veterans' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto. Coolidge signed the Immigration Act later that year, though he appended a signing statement expressing his unhappiness with the bill's specific exclusion of Japanese immigrants. Just before the Republican Convention began, Coolidge signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924, which decreased personal income tax rates while increasing the estate tax, and creating a gift tax to reinforce the transfer tax system.
1924 election
The Republican Convention was held from June 10–12, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio; President Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot. The convention nominated Frank Lowden of Illinois for Vice President on the second ballot, but he declined by telegram. Former Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes, who would win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925, was nominated on the third ballot; he accepted.The Democrats held their convention from June 24 to July 9 in New York City. The convention soon deadlocked, and after 103 ballots, the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, with Charles W. Bryan nominated for Vice President. The Democrats' hopes were buoyed when Robert M. La Follette, Sr., a Republican Senator from Wisconsin, split from his party to form a new Progressive Party. Many believed that the split in the Republican party, like the one in 1912, would allow a Democrat to win the Presidency.
Shortly after the conventions Coolidge experienced a personal tragedy. Coolidge's younger son, Calvin, Jr., developed a blister from playing tennis on the White House courts. The blister became infected, and within days Calvin, Jr. developed sepsis and died. After that Coolidge became withdrawn. He later said that "when he died, the power and glory of the Presidency went with him." In spite of his sadness, Coolidge ran his conventional campaign; he never maligned his opponents (or even mentioned them by name) and delivered speeches on his theory of government, including several that were broadcast over radio. It was easily the most subdued campaign since 1896, partly because the President was grieving for his son, but partly because Coolidge's style was naturally non-confrontational. The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were very similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except for Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge had a popular vote majority of 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total.
Industry and trade
During Coolidge's presidency the United States experienced the period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties". He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio. With the exception of favoring increased tariffs, Coolidge disdained regulation, and carried about this belief by appointing commissioners to the Federal Trade Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction. The regulatory state under Coolidge was, as one biographer described it, "thin to the point of invisibility."Coolidge's economic policy has often been misquoted as "generally speaking, the business of the American people is business" (full quotation at right). Some have criticized Coolidge as an adherent of the laissez-faire ideology, which they claim led to the Great Depression. On the other hand, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."
Taxation
Coolidge's taxation policy was that of his Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon: taxes should be lower and fewer people should have to pay them. Congress agreed, and the taxes were reduced in Coolidge's term. In addition to these tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring some of the federal debt. Coolidge's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress, and in 1924 Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people. They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928, all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt. By 1927, only the richest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax. Although federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired, state and local governments saw considerable growth, surpassing the federal budget in 1927.
Farm subsidies
Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge's presidency was that of relief for farmers. Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lowered prices. Agriculture Secretary Henry C. Wallace and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924, but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary, and it was defeated just before the elections that year. In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen—both Republicans—proposed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill. The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high-yield years and hold it (when feasible) for later sale, or sell it abroad. Coolidge opposed McNary-Haugen, declaring that agriculture must stand "on an independent business basis," and said that "government control cannot be divorced from political control." He favored instead Herbert Hoover's proposal to modernize agriculture to create profits, instead of manipulating prices. Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary-Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation, and it was defeated.After McNary-Haugen's defeat, Coolidge supported a less radical measure, the Curtis-Crisp Act, which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus; the bill did not pass. In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it. Coolidge vetoed it. In his veto message, he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers, benefitting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy. Congress did not override the veto, but passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it. "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son, "I do not believe we can do much about it."
Flood control
Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, Coolidge's lack of interest in federal flood control has been criticized. Coolidge did not believe that personally visiting the region after the floods would accomplish anything, but would be seen only as political grandstanding. He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost. On the other hand, Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation. When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15.
Civil rights
Coolidge spoke out in favor of the civil rights of African Americans and Catholics. He appointed no known members of the Ku Klux Klan to office; indeed the Klan lost most of its influence during his term.In 1924, Coolidge responded to a letter that claimed the United States was a "white man's country":
On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted full U.S. citizenship to all American Indians, while permitting them to retain tribal land and cultural rights. However, the act was unclear on whether the federal government or the tribal leaders retained tribal sovereignty. Coolidge repeatedly called for anti-lynching laws to be enacted, but most Congressional attempts to pass this legislation were filibustered by Southern Democrats.
Coolidge appointed some African Americans to federal office. He retained Harding's choice of Walter L. Cohen of New Orleans, Louisiana, as the comptroller of customs and offered Cohen the post of minister to Liberia, which the businessman declined.
Foreign policy
left|thumb|Official White House portrait of Calvin CoolidgeAlthough not an isolationist, Coolidge was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances. Coolidge saw the landslide Republican victory of 1920 as a rejection of the Wilsonian idea that the United States should join the League of Nations. While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate membership in it. He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice, provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. The Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations) in 1926. The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but suggested some modifications of their own. The Senate failed to act; the United States never joined the World Court.Coolidge's best-known initiative was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories including the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another." The treaty did not achieve its intended result the outlawry of war but did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II.
Coolidge continued the previous administration's policy not to recognize the Soviet Union. He also continued the United States' support for the elected government of Mexico against the rebels there, lifting the arms embargo on that country. He sent his close friend Dwight Morrow to Mexico as the American ambassador. Coolidge represented the U.S. at the Pan American Conference in Havana, Cuba, making him the only sitting U.S. President to visit the country. The United States' occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti continued under his administration, but Coolidge withdrew American troops from the Dominican Republic in 1924.
1928 Election
In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos. He made Custer State Park his "summer White House". News coverage of Coolidge's time in the Black Hills soon increased tourism in the general region and promoted the popularity of Wind Cave National Park. While on vacation, Coolidge surprisingly issued his terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as President in 1928: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928." After allowing the reporters to take that in, Coolidge elaborated. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 … Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it—too long!" In his memoirs, Coolidge explained his decision not to run: "The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them. While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country, it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish." After leaving office, he and Grace returned to Northampton, where he wrote his memoirs. The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 in the person of Coolidge's Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover.Coolidge had been reluctant to choose Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad." Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's nomination. The delegates did consider nominating Vice President Charles Dawes to be Hoover's running mate, but the convention selected Senator Charles Curtis instead.
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Coolidge appointed one Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican. Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be Attorney General in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty. Coolidge named Stone to the Supreme Court in 1925. Stone was later appointed Chief Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Other courts
Along with his Supreme Court appointment, Coolidge successfully nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 61 judges to the United States district courts. He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first woman named to the Federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928. Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload.
Retirement and death
After his presidency, Coolidge retired to his beloved Northampton home, "The Beeches," where he became a local fixture. He kept a Hacker runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts. During this period he also served as chairman of the non-partisan Railroad Commission, as honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind, as a director of New York Life Insurance Company, as president of the American Antiquarian Society, and as a trustee of Amherst College. Coolidge received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says," from 1930 to 1931. Faced with looming defeat in 1932, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former President made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about. Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him.
He died suddenly of a heart attack at "The Beeches," at 12:45 pm, January 5, 1933. Shortly before his death, Coolidge confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times."
Coolidge is buried beneath a simple headstone in Notch Cemetery, Plymouth Notch, Vermont, where the family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the site, all of which comprise the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District. The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972. Calvin Coolidge's "Brave Little State of Vermont speech" is memorialized in the Hall of Inscriptions at the Vermont State House in Montpelier, Vermont.
Radio, film, and commemorations
Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while President. He made himself available to reporters, giving 529 press conferences, meeting with reporters more regularly than any President before or since.Coolidge's inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio. On December 6, 1923, he was the first President whose address to Congress was broadcast on radio. On February 22, 1924, he became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio. Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission.
On August 11, 1924, Lee De Forest filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn with DeForest's Phonofilm sound-on-film process, becoming the first President to appear in a sound film. The title of the DeForest film was ''President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Grounds''.
Coolidge was the only president to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime, the Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926. After his death he also appeared on a postage stamp, pictured below.
See also
Notes
References
Primary sources
Scholarly sources
Other
An academic conference on Coolidge was held July 30–31, 1998, at the John F. Kennedy Library to mark the 75th anniversary of his lantern-light homestead inaugural.
External links
Audio and video
Category:1872 births Category:1933 deaths Category:Amherst College alumni Category:American Congregationalists Category:American people of English descent Category:Articles containing video clips Calvin Coolidge Category:College Republicans Category:Coolidge family Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Governors of Massachusetts Category:Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts Category:Massachusetts city council members Category:Massachusetts lawyers Category:Massachusetts State Senators Category:Mayors of places in Massachusetts Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Category:People from Northampton, Massachusetts Category:Plymouth, Vermont Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States Category:St. Johnsbury Academy alumni Category:United States presidential candidates, 1920 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1924 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1932 Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1920 Category:Vice Presidents of the United States
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| bgcolour | #6495ED |
|---|---|
| name | Anna Pavlova |
| birth name | Анна Павловна (Матвеевна) Павлова |
| birth date | February 12, 1881 |
| birth place | Ligovo, Saint Petersburg |
| death date | January 23, 1931 |
| death place | The Hague, Netherlands |
| field | Ballet |
| website | }} |
Anna Pavlova (January 23, 1931) was a Russian ballerina of the late 19th and the early 20th century. She is widely regarded as one of the finest classical ballet dancers in history and was most noted as a principal artist of the Imperial Russian Ballet and the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev. Pavlova is most recognised for the creation of the role ''The Dying Swan'' and, with her own company, would become the first ballerina to tour ballet around the world.
Early life
Pavlova was born prematurely on February 12 (NS; January 31 OS) 1881, in Ligovo, a suburb (now neighborhood) of Saint Petersburg, then the capital of the Russian Empire. Her mother was a laundress named Lyubov Feodorovna. The identity of her father has been open to debate. She later claimed her father (who was of possible Jewish origin) had died when she was two years old. Some sources, including ''The Saint Petersburg Gazette'', have claimed that her illegitimate father was the banker Lazar Polyakov. Her mother's second husband, Matvey Pavlov, is believed to have adopted her at the age of three, by which she acquired his last name.Pavlova's passion for the art of ballet was ignited when her mother took her to a performance of Marius Petipa's original production of ''The Sleeping Beauty'' at the Imperial Maryinsky Theater. The lavish spectacle made an impression on the young Pavlova, and at the age of eight her mother took her to audition for the renowned Imperial Ballet School. She was not chosen due to her age and for what was considered to be a "sickly" appearance, but she was finally accepted at the age of 10 in 1891. She appeared for the first time on stage in Marius Petipa's ''Un conte de fées'' (''A Fairy Tale''), which the ballet master staged for the students of the school.
The young Pavlova's years of training were difficult, as classical ballet did not come easily to her. Her severely arched feet, thin ankles, and long limbs clashed with the small and compact body in favor for the ballerina at the time. Her fellow students taunted her with such nicknames as ''The broom'' and ''La petite sauvage'' (The little savage). Undeterred, Pavlova trained to improve her technique. She took extra lessons from the noted teachers of the day — Christian Johansson, Pavel Gerdt, Nikolai Legat and more especially from Enrico Cecchetti, considered the greatest ballet virtuoso of the time and founder of the Cecchetti method, a very influential ballet technique used up to this day. In 1898 she entered the ''classe de perfection'' of Ekaterina Vazem, former ''Prima ballerina'' of the Saint Petersburg Imperial Theatres.
During her final year at the Imperial Ballet School, she performed many roles with the principal company. She graduated in 1899 at age 18, being allowed to enter the Imperial Ballet a rank ahead of ''corps de ballet'' as a ''coryphée''. She made her official début at the Mariinsky Theatre in Pavel Gerdt's ''Les Dryades prétendues'' (''The False Dryads''). Her performance drew praise from the critics, particularly the great critic and historian Nikolai Bezobrazov.
Style
At the height of Petipa's strict academicism, the public was taken aback in reaction to Pavlova's style, which was a combination of an amazing dance gift that paid little heed to academic rules; she frequently performed with bent knees, bad turnout, misplaced ''port de bras'' and incorrectly placed ''tours''. Such a style in many ways harkened back to the time of the romantic ballet and the great ballerinas of old.Pavlova performed in various classical variations, ''pas de deux'' and ''pas de trois'' in such ballets as ''La Camargo'', ''Le Roi Candaule'', ''Marcobomba'' and ''The Sleeping Beauty''. Her enthusiasm often led her astray: once during a performance as the River Thames in Petipa's ''The Pharaoh's Daughter'' her energetic double ''pique turns'' led her to lose her balance, and she ended up falling in the prompter's box. Her weak ankles led to difficulty while performing as the fairy Candide in Petipa's ''The Sleeping Beauty'', leading the ballerina to revise the fairy's jumps ''en pointe'', much to the surprise of the Ballet Master. She tried desperately to imitate the renowned ''Prima ballerina'' of the day Pierina Legnani, ''Prima ballerina assoluta'' of the Imperial Theaters. Once during class she attempted Legnani's famous fouettés, causing her teacher Pavel Gerdt to fly into a rage. He told her to
... leave acrobatics to others. It is positively more than I can bear to see the pressure such steps put on your delicate muscles and the severe arch of your foot. I beg you to never again try to imitate those who are physically stronger than you. You must realize that your daintiness and fragility are your greatest assets. You should always do the kind of dancing which brings out your own rare qualities instead of trying to win praise by mere acrobatic tricks.
Career
Pavlova rose through the ranks quickly, as she became a favorite of the old maestro Petipa. It was from Petipa himself that Pavlova learned the title role in ''Paquita'', Princess Aspicia in ''The Pharaoh's Daughter'', Queen Nisia in ''Le Roi Candaule'', and ''Giselle''. She was named ''coryphée'' in 1902, ''première danseuse'' in 1905, and finally ''prima ballerina'' in 1906 after a resounding performance in ''Giselle''. Petipa would revise many ''grand pas'' for the ballerina, as well as many supplemental variations. She was much celebrated by the fanatical balletomanes of Tsarist Saint Petersburg. Her legions of fans called themselves the ''Pavlovatzi''.When the ''prima ballerina assoluta of the Imperial Theaters'' Mathilde Kschessinska was with child in 1901, she coached Pavlova in the role of Nikya in ''La Bayadère''. Kschessinska, not wanting to be upstaged, was certain Pavlova would fail in the role, as she was considered technically inferior due to her small ankles and lithe legs. Instead audiences became enchanted with Pavlova and her frail, ethereal look, which fit the role perfectly, particularly in the scene ''The Kingdom of the Shades''.
Her feet were extremely rigid, so she strengthened her pointe shoe by adding a piece of hard wood on the soles for support and curving the box of the shoe. At the time, many considered this "cheating", for a ballerina of the era was taught that she, not her shoes, must hold her weight ''en pointe''. In Pavlova's case this was extremely difficult, as the shape of her feet required her to balance her weight on her little toes. Her solution became, over time, the precursor of the modern pointe shoe, as pointe work became less painful and easier for curved feet. According to Margot Fonteyn's biography, Pavlova did not like the way her invention looked in photographs, so she would remove it or have the photographs altered so that it appeared she was using a normal pointe shoe.
In the first years of the Ballets Russes Pavlova worked briefly for Sergei Diaghilev. Originally she was to dance the lead in Mikhail Fokine's ''The Firebird'', but refused the part, as she could not come to terms with Igor Stravinsky's avant-garde score, and the role was given to Tamara Karsavina. All her life Pavlova preferred the melodious ''"musique dansante"'' of the old maestros such as Cesare Pugni and Ludwig Minkus, and cared little for anything else which strayed from the salon-style ballet music of the 19th century.
By the mid 1900s she founded her own company and performed throughout the world, with a repertory consisting primarily of abridgements of Petipa's works, and specially choreographed pieces for herself. The ballet writer Cyril Johnson described that ''"her bourrées were like a string of pearls"''.
England
After leaving Russia, Pavlova moved to London, England, settling in ''Ivy House'' on North End Road, Golders Green, near Hampstead Heath where she lived for the rest of her life. The house had an ornamental lake where she would feed her pet swans, and there is a statue of the ballerina by the Scots sculptor George Henry Paulin. It is now the London Jewish Cultural Centre but a blue plaque marks it as Pavlova's previous home and a site of significant historical interest. While in London Pavlova was influential in the development of British ballet, most notably inspiring the career of Alicia Markova. The Gate pub, located on the border of Arkley and Totteridge, has a story, framed on its walls, describing visit by Anna Pavlova and her company.
United States
Pavlova was introduced to audiences in the United States by Max Rabinoff during his time as managing director of the Boston Grand Opera Company from 1914 to 1917 and was featured there with her Russian Ballet Company during that period.
Masterpiece
Pavlova is perhaps most renowned for creating the role of ''The Dying Swan'', a solo choreographed for her by Michel Fokine. The ballet, created in 1905, is danced to ''Le cygne'' from ''The Carnival of the Animals'' by Camille Saint-Saëns.
Personal life
Victor Dandré, her manager and companion, may have been her husband (she deliberately clouded this issue). There is also a 'cake', which has become a popular icon of the country New Zealand, which has been named 'Pavlova', after her surname. This 'cake' is supposedly difficult to make, and has a sort of hard crispy shell on the outer, and is soft and mushy on the inside. It is basically a large merangue.
Death
thumb|left|Anna Pavlova arriving in The Hague in 1927 While touring in The Hague, Netherlands, Pavlova was told that she had pneumonia and needed an operation. She was also told that she would never be able to dance again if she had this operation. She refused to have the operation saying "If I can't dance then I'd rather be dead." She died of pleurisy, three weeks short of her 50th birthday. She was holding her costume from ''The Dying Swan'' when she spoke her last words, "Play the last measure very softly." Her death came in the Hotel Des Indes in The Hague, which displays a wall plaque and has a cigar lounge named the Anna Pavlova Library in her memory.In accordance with old ballet tradition, on the day she was to have next performed, the show went on as scheduled, with a single spotlight circling an empty stage where she would have been. Memorial services were held in the Russian Orthodox Church in London. Anna Pavlova was cremated, and her ashes placed in a columbarium at Golders Green Crematorium, where her urn was subsequently adorned with her ballet shoes (which since then have been stolen).
Pavlova's ashes have been a source of much controversy, following attempts by Valentina Zhilenkova and Moscow mayor Yury Luzhkov, to have them flown to Moscow for interment in the Novodevichy Cemetery. These attempts were based on claims that it was Pavlova's dying wish that her ashes be returned to Russia following the fall of Communism. These claims were later found to be false, as there is no evidence to suggest that this was her wish at all. The only documentary evidence that suggests that such a move would be possible is in the will of Pavlova's husband, who stipulated that if Russian authorities agreed to such a move and treated her remains with proper reverence, then the crematorium caretakers should agree to it. Despite this clause, the will does not contain a formal request or plans for a posthumous journey to Russia.
The most recent attempt to move Pavlova's remains to Russia came in 2001. Golders Green Crematorium had made arrangements for them to be flown to Russia for interment on 14 March 2001, in a ceremony to be attended by various Russian dignitaries. This plan was later abandoned after Russian authorities withdrew permission for the move. It was later revealed that neither Pavlova's family nor the Russian Government had sanctioned the move and that they had agreed the remains should stay in London.
Legacy
Pavlova inspired the choreographer Frederick Ashton when as a boy of 13 he saw her dance in in the Municipal Theater in Lima, Peru.The Pavlova dessert is believed to have been created in honour of the dancer either during or after one of her tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The nationality of its creator has been a source of argument between the two nations for many years.
The Jarabe Tapatío, known in English as the 'Mexican Hat Dance', gained popularity outside of Mexico when Pavlova created a staged version in pointe shoes, for which she was showered with hats by her adoring Mexican audiences. Afterward, in 1924, the Jarabe Tapatío was proclaimed Mexico’s national dance.
She once said that the country that would produce the best ballerina in history would be the United States because of all the different cultures that came together there.
Anna Pavlova was able to complete 37 twirls while on top of a moving elephant while on a tour in China.
Pavlova's life was depicted in the 1983 film ''Anna Pavlova''.
When the Victoria Palace Theatre in London, England, opened in 1911, a gilded statue of Pavlova had been installed above the cupola of the theatre. This was taken down for its safety during World War II and was lost. In 2006, a replica of the original statue was restored in its place.
Notes
External links
Category:1881 births Category:1931 deaths Category:19th-century Russian people Category:20th-century Russian people Category:Ballets Russes dancers Category:Deaths from lung disease Category:Mistresses of Russian royalty Category:People from Saint Petersburg Category:Prima ballerinas Category:Russian ballet dancers
be:Ганна Паўлаўна Паўлава be-x-old:Ганна Паўлава bg:Анна Павлова ca:Anna Pàvlova cv:Павлова Анна Павловна da:Anna Pavlova de:Anna Pawlowna Pawlowa et:Anna Pavlova es:Anna Pávlova eo:Anna Pavlova fr:Anna Pavlova (danseuse) ko:안나 파블로바 hr:Ana Pavlova it:Anna Pavlovna Pavlova he:אנה פבלובה ka:ანა პავლოვა la:Anna Pavlova lv:Anna Pavlova lb:Anna Pawlowna Pawlowa mk:Ана Павлова nl:Anna Pavlova ja:アンナ・パヴロワ no:Anna Pavlova pl:Anna Pawłowa pt:Anna Pavlova ksh:Anna Povlova qu:Anna Pawlowa ru:Павлова, Анна Павловна sl:Ana Pavlova sr:Ана Павлова fi:Anna Pavlova (balettitanssija) sv:Anna Pavlova uk:Павлова Анна Павлівна vi:Anna Pavlovna Pavlova zh:安娜·巴甫洛娃This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Bessie Smith |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| born | April 15, 1894 Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States |
| died | September 26, 1937 Clarksdale, Mississippi, United States |
| instrument | Vocals |
| genre | Blues, Jazz |
| occupation | Singer |
| years active | 1912–1937 |
| label | Columbia |
| notable instruments | }} |
Sometimes referred to as The Empress of the Blues, Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and, along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.
Life
The 1900 census indicates that Bessie Smith was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee in July 1892. However, the 1910 census recorded her birthday as April 15, 1894, a date that appears on all subsequent documents and was observed by the entire Smith family. Census data also contributes to controversy about the size of her family. The 1870 and 1880 censuses report three older half-siblings, while later interviews with Smith's family and contemporaries did not include these individuals among her siblings.Bessie Smith was the daughter of Laura (née Owens) and William Smith. William Smith was a laborer and part-time Baptist preacher (he was listed in the 1870 census as a "minister of the gospel", in Moulton, Lawrence, Alabama.) He died before his daughter could remember him. By the time she was nine, she had lost her mother and a brother as well. Her older sister Viola took charge of caring for her siblings.
To earn money for their impoverished household, Bessie Smith and her brother Andrew began busking on the streets of Chattanooga as a duo: she singing and dancing, he accompanying her on guitar. Their favorite location was in front of the White Elephant Saloon at Thirteenth and Elm streets in the heart of the city's African-American community.
In 1904, her oldest brother, Clarence, covertly left home by joining a small traveling troupe owned by Moses Stokes. "If Bessie had been old enough, she would have gone with him," said Clarence's widow, Maud. "That's why he left without telling her, but Clarence told me she was ready, even then. Of course, she was only a child."
In 1912, Clarence returned to Chattanooga with the Stokes troupe. He arranged for its managers, Lonnie and Cora Fisher, to give Smith an audition. She was hired as a dancer rather than a singer, because the company also included the then unknown singer, Ma Rainey. Smith eventually moved on to performing in various chorus lines, making the "81" Theater in Atlanta her home base. There were times when she worked in shows on the black-owned T.O.B.A Theater Owners Booking Association circuit. She would rise to become its biggest star after signing with Columbia Records.
By 1923, when she began her recording career, Smith had taken up residence in Philadelphia. There she met and fell in love with Jack Gee, a security guard whom she married on June 7, 1923, just as her first record was released. During the marriage—a stormy one, with infidelity on both sides—Smith became the highest paid black entertainer of the day, heading her own shows, which sometimes featured as many as 40 troupers, and touring in her own railroad car. Gee was impressed by the money, but never adjusted to show business life, or to Smith's bisexuality. In 1929, when she learned of his affair with another singer, Gertrude Saunders, Bessie Smith ended the relationship, although neither of them sought a divorce.
Smith eventually found a common-law husband in an old friend, Richard Morgan, who was Lionel Hampton's uncle and the antithesis of her husband. She stayed with him until her death.
Career
All contemporary accounts indicate that while Rainey did not teach Smith to sing, she probably helped her develop a stage presence. Smith began forming her own act around 1913, at Atlanta's "81" Theater. By 1920, Smith had established a reputation in the South and along the Eastern Seaboard.In 1920, sales figures for "Crazy Blues," an Okeh Records recording by singer Mamie Smith (no relation) pointed to a new market. The recording industry had not directed its product to blacks, but the success of the record led to a search for female blues singers. Bessie Smith was signed by Columbia Records in 1923 and her first session for Columbia was February 15, 1923. For most of 1923, her records were issued on Columbia's regular A- series; when the label decided to establish a "race records" series, Smith's "Cemetery Blues" (September 26, 1923) was the first issued.
She scored a big hit with her first release, a coupling of "Gulf Coast Blues" and "Downhearted Blues", which its composer Alberta Hunter had already turned into a hit on the Paramount label. Smith became a headliner on the black T.O.B.A. circuit and rose to become its top attraction in the 1920s. Working a heavy theater schedule during the winter months and doing tent tours the rest of the year (eventually traveling in her own railroad car), Smith became the highest-paid black entertainer of her day. Columbia nicknamed her "Queen of the Blues," but a PR-minded press soon upgraded her title to "Empress".
She made some 160 recordings for Columbia, often accompanied by the finest musicians of the day, most notably Louis Armstrong, James P. Johnson, Joe Smith, Charlie Green and Fletcher Henderson.
Broadway
Smith's career was cut short by a combination of the Great Depression (which all but put the recording industry out of business) and the advent of "talkies", which spelled the end for vaudeville. She never stopped performing, however. While the days of elaborate vaudeville shows were over, Smith continued touring and occasionally singing in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a Broadway flop called ''Pansy,'' a musical in which top critics said she was the only asset.
Film
In 1929, Smith made her only film appearance, starring in a two-reeler titled ''St. Louis Blues'', based on W. C. Handy's song of the same name. In the film, directed by Dudley Murphy and shot in Astoria, she sings the title song accompanied by members of Fletcher Henderson's orchestra, the Hall Johnson Choir, pianist James P. Johnson and a string section — a musical environment radically different from any found on her recordings.
Swing era
In 1933, John Hammond, who also mentored Billie Holiday, asked Smith to record four sides for Okeh (which had been acquired by Columbia Records in 1925). He claimed to have found her in semi-obscurity, working as a hostess in a speakeasy on Philadelphia's Ridge Avenue. Bessie Smith worked at Art's Cafe on Ridge Avenue, but not as a hostess and not until the summer of 1936. In 1933, when she made the Okeh sides, Bessie was still touring. Hammond was known for his selective memory and gratuitous embellishments.Bessie Smith was paid a non-royalty fee of $37.50 for each selection and these Okeh sides, which were her last recordings. Made November 24, 1933, they serve as a hint of the transformation she made in her performances as she shifted her blues artistry into something that fit the "swing era". The relatively modern accompaniment is notable. The band included such swing era musicians as trombonist Jack Teagarden, trumpeter Frankie Newton, tenor saxophonist Chu Berry, pianist Buck Washington, guitarist Bobby Johnson, and bassist Billy Taylor. Benny Goodman, who happened to be recording with Ethel Waters in the adjoining studio, dropped by and is barely audible on one selection. Hammond was not entirely pleased with the results, preferring to have Smith revisit her old blues groove. Her "Take Me For A Buggy Ride" and "Gimme a Pigfoot" continue to be ranked among her most popular recordings.
Death
On September 26, 1937, Smith was critically injured in a car accident while traveling along U.S. Route 61 between Memphis, Tennessee, and Clarksdale, Mississippi. Her lover, Richard Morgan, was driving and, probably mesmerized by the long stretch of straight road, misjudged the speed of a slow-moving truck ahead of him. Tire marks at the scene suggested that Morgan tried to avoid the truck by driving around its left side, but he hit the rear of the truck side-on at high speed. The tailgate of the truck sheared off the wooden roof of Smith's old Packard. Smith, who was in the passenger seat, probably with her right arm or elbow out the window, took the full brunt of the impact. Morgan escaped without injuries.The first people on the scene were a Memphis surgeon, Dr. Hugh Smith (no relation), and his fishing partner Henry Broughton. In the early 1970s, Dr. Smith gave a detailed account of his experience to Bessie's biographer Chris Albertson. This is the most reliable eyewitness testimony about the events surrounding Bessie Smith's death.
After stopping at the accident scene, Dr. Smith examined Bessie Smith, who was lying in the middle of the road with obviously severe injuries. He estimated she had lost about a half-pint of blood, and immediately noted a major traumatic injury to her right arm; it had been almost completely severed at the elbow. But Dr. Smith was emphatic that this arm injury alone did not cause her death. Although the light was poor, he observed only minor head injuries. He attributed her death to extensive and severe crush injuries to the entire right side of her body, consistent with a "sideswipe" collision.
Broughton and Dr. Smith moved the singer to the shoulder of the road. Dr. Smith dressed her arm injury with a clean handkerchief and asked Broughton to go to a house about 500 feet off the road to call an ambulance.
By the time Broughton returned, about 25 minutes had elapsed since the accident and Bessie Smith was in shock. Time passed with no sign of the ambulance, so Dr. Smith suggested that they take her into Clarksdale in his car. He and Broughton had almost finished clearing the back seat when they heard the sound of a car approaching at high speed. Dr. Smith flashed his lights in warning, but the oncoming car failed to stop and plowed into the doctor's car at full speed. It sent his car careening into Bessie Smith's overturned Packard, completely wrecking it. The oncoming car ricocheted off Dr. Smith's car into the ditch on the right, barely missing Broughton and Bessie Smith.
The young couple in the new car did not have life-threatening injuries. Two ambulances arrived on the scene from Clarksdale; one from the black hospital, summoned by Mr. Broughton, the other from the white hospital, acting on a report from the truck driver, who had not seen the accident victims.
Bessie Smith was taken to Clarksdale's Afro-American Hospital where her right arm was amputated. She died that morning without regaining consciousness. After Smith's death, an often repeated but now discredited story emerged about the circumstances; namely, that she had died as a result of having been refused admission to a "whites only" hospital in Clarksdale. Jazz writer/producer John Hammond gave this account in an article in the November 1937 issue of ''Down Beat'' magazine. The circumstances of Smith's death and the rumor promoted by Hammond formed the basis for Edward Albee's 1959 one-act play ''The Death of Bessie Smith''.
"The Bessie Smith ambulance would ''not'' have gone to a white hospital, you can forget that." Dr. Smith told Albertson. "Down in the Deep South cotton country, no ambulance driver, or white driver, would even have thought of putting a colored person off in a hospital for white folks."
Smith's funeral was held in Philadelphia on Monday, October 4, 1937. Her body was originally laid out at Upshur's funeral home. As word of her death spread through Philadelphia's black community, the body had to be moved to the O.V. Catto Elks Lodge to accommodate the estimated 10,000 mourners who filed past her coffin on Sunday, October 3. Contemporary newspapers reported that her funeral was attended by about seven thousand people. Far fewer mourners attended the burial at Mount Lawn Cemetery, in nearby Sharon Hill. Gee thwarted all efforts to purchase a stone for his estranged wife, once or twice pocketing money raised for that purpose.
The grave remained unmarked until August 7, 1970, when a tombstone—paid for by singer Janis Joplin and Juanita Green, who as a child had done housework for Smith—was erected.
Dory Previn wrote a song of Janis Joplin and the tombstone called ''Stone for Bessie Smith'' on her album ''Mythical Kings & Iguanas''.
The Afro-American Hospital, now the Riverside Hotel in Clarksdale, was the site of the dedication of the fourth historic marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail.
Selective awards and recognitions
Grammy Hall of Fame
Recordings of Bessie Smith were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. This special Grammy Award was established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."{| class=wikitable |- | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Bessie Smith: Grammy Hall of Fame Award |- ! Year Recorded ! Title ! Genre ! Label ! Year Inducted |- align=center | 1923 | "Downhearted Blues" | Blues (Single) | Columbia | 2006 |- align=center | 1925 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1993 |- align=center | 1928 | "Empty Bed Blues" | Blues (Single) | Columbia | 1983 |}
National Recording Registry
In 2002 Smith's recording of the single, "Downhearted Blues", was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry. The board selects songs on an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.""Downhearted Blues" was included in the list of ''Songs of the Century'' by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts in 2001. It is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock 'n' roll.
Inductions
{| class=wikitable |- | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| |- ! Year Inducted ! Category ! Notes |- align=center | 2008 | Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame | Jazz at Lincoln Center, NYC |- align=center | 1989 | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award |- align=center | 1989 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | "Early influences" |- align=center | 1981 | Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame |- align=center | 1980 | Blues Hall of Fame |}U.S. Postage Stamp
{| class=wikitable |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| |- ! Year Issued ! Stamp ! USA |- align=center | 1994 | 29 cents Commemorative stamp | U.S. Postal Stamps |}
Digital remastering
Technical faults in the majority of her original gramophone recordings—especially variations in recording speed, which raised or lowered the apparent pitch of her voice, misrepresented the "light and shade" of her phrasing, interpretation and delivery. They altered the apparent key of her performances (sometimes raised or lowered by as much as a semitone.) The fact that the "centre hole" in some of the master recordings had not been in the true middle of the master disc meant that there were wide variations in tone, pitch, key and phrasing, as commercially released records revolved around the spindle.Given those historic limitations, the current digitally remastered versions of her work deliver significant, very positive differences in the sound quality of Smith's performances. Some critics believe that the American Columbia Records compact disc releases are somewhat inferior to subsequent transfers made by the late John R.T. Davies for Frog Records.
Popular culture
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1894 births Category:1937 deaths Category:African American female singers Category:American blues singers Category:American buskers Category:Bisexual musicians Category:Blues Hall of Fame inductees Category:Road accident deaths in Mississippi Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:LGBT African Americans Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:People from Chattanooga, Tennessee Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Classic female blues singers
an:Bessie Smith ca:Bessie Smith cy:Bessie Smith de:Bessie Smith es:Bessie Smith eo:Bessie Smith fa:بسی اسمیت fr:Bessie Smith ga:Bessie Smith gl:Bessie Smith hr:Bessie Smith io:Bessie Smith it:Bessie Smith he:בסי סמית hu:Bessie Smith nl:Bessie Smith ja:ベッシー・スミス no:Bessie Smith oc:Bessie Smith pl:Bessie Smith pt:Bessie Smith ru:Смит, Бесси simple:Bessie Smith sk:Bessie Smithová sr:Беси Смит sh:Bessie Smith fi:Bessie Smith sv:Bessie Smith tl:Bessie Smith uk:Бессі СмітThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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