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Gérard Longuet
Gérard Longuet (born 21 February 1946 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French conservative politician, co-leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), former member of the National Assembly of France, Cabinet Minister, and Member of the European Parliament; currently a member of the Senate of France and a close political adviser to Nicolas Sarkozy on political and electoral strategy.
http://wn.com/Gérard_Longuet -
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794), also known as The Terror () was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." Estimates vary widely as to how many were killed, with numbers ranging from 16,000 to 40,000; in many cases, records were not kept or, if they were, they are considered likely to be inaccurate. The guillotine ("National Razor") became the symbol of a string of executions: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité (Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans) and Madame Roland, as well as many others, such as pioneering chemist Antoine Lavoisier, lost their lives under its blade.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Édouard Balladur
Édouard Balladur (; born 2 May 1929) is a French right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.
http://wn.com/Édouard_Balladur
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's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch (, literally "The Duke's Forest") — translated in French as Bois-le-Duc, in German as Herzogenbusch, in Spanish as Bolduque and in Italian as Boscoducale — is a municipality in the Netherlands, and also the capital of the province of North Brabant. It is located in the southern Netherlands, some 80 km south of Amsterdam ([http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source;=s_q&hl;=en&geocode;=&q;='s-Hertogenbosch,+nl&sll;=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn;=55.148262,80.507812&ie;=UTF8&hq;=&hnear;='s-Hertogenbosch,+North+Brabant,+The+Netherlands≪=51.690089,5.30369&spn;=1.365557,2.515869&z;=9 map]).
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Ain
Ain (; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
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Aisne
Aisne () is a department in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River.
http://wn.com/Aisne -
Alessandria
Alessandria (Lissandria in Piedmontese) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the alluvial plane between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, c. 90 km southeast of Turin.
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Algiers
Algiers ( al-Jazā’ir, Algerian Arabic and Berber: Dzayer دزاير ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria and the Maghreb. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. A recent UN estimate of the urban agglomeration (metropolitan area) puts the population at 3,354,000 as of 2007.
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Allier
Allier () is a department in central France named after the Allier River.
http://wn.com/Allier -
Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes () is a department in the extreme southeast corner of France.
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Alsace-Lorraine
Alsace-Lorraine (, generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges Mountains.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Annaba (city)
http://wn.com/Annaba_(city) -
Ardèche
Ardèche (Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
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Ariège
Ariège (; ) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
http://wn.com/Ariège -
Arnhem
Arnhem () (South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located near the river Nederrijn as well as near the St. Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem has 146,095 residents (per 30 June 2009) as one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, a metropolitan area with 728,500 inhabitants. Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen.
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Asti
Asti is a city and comune of c. 75,000 inhabitants located in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy, about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River. It is the capital of the province of Asti and it is deemed to be the modern capital of Monferrato (Montferrat in English).
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Aube
Aube is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
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Aude
Aude () is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
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Aveyron
Aveyron () is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (Catalan , Spanish ) is the capital and the most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 4,200,000 on an area of , it is the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan. About 5 million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean coast. The main part of a union of adjacent cities and municipalities named Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) with a population of 3,186,461 in an area of 636 km² (density 5.010 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge ().
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Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (Alsatian: Unterelsàss) is a department of France. The name means "Lower Rhine". It is the more populous and densely populated of the two departments of the Alsace region, with 1,079,013 inhabitants in 2006.
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Basel (canton)
http://wn.com/Basel_(canton) -
Batavian Republic
The Batavian Republic () was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on January 19, 1795 and ended on June 5, 1806 with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the throne of the Kingdom of Holland.
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Bechar
http://wn.com/Bechar -
Bejaia
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Bouches-de-l'Elbe
'''Bouches-de-l'Elbe''' () is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany that survived three years. It is named after the mouth of the river Elbe. It was formed in 1811, when the region, originally belonging partially to Bremen-Verden (which in 1807 had been intermittently incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia), to Hamburg, Lübeck and Saxe-Lauenburg, was annexed by France. Its territory is part of the present German lands Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg. Its capital was Hamburg. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Bouches-de-l'Escaut
'''Bouches-de-l'Escaut' () is the name of a département of the First French Empire in the present Netherlands. It is named after the mouth of the river Scheldt (Escaut'' in French). It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory corresponds with the present Dutch province Zeeland, minus Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, which was part of the département de l'Escaut. Its capital was Middelburg. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons (situation 1812):
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Bouches-du-Rhin
Bouches-du-Rhin () is the name of a département of the First French Empire in the present Netherlands. It is named after the mouth of the river Rhine. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory corresponds with the eastern half of the present Dutch province North Brabant and a part of Gelderland. Its capital was 's-Hertogenbosch. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
http://wn.com/Bouches-du-Rhin -
Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône (Occitan: Bocas de Ròse, lit. "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the coast.
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Cantal
Cantal () is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
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Catalonia
Catalonia ( ; , , ) is one of the Kingdom of Spain's seventeen autonomous communities, the administrative divisions that represent the country's historical nationalities and regions. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. Its capital city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,504,881. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Spanish, Catalan and Aranese.
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Cergy-Pontoise
Cergy-Pontoise is an agglomeration in France, in the Val d'Oise département, northwest of Paris on the Oise River. It owes its name to two of the communes that it covers, Cergy and Pontoise.
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Chandernagore
http://wn.com/Chandernagore -
Charente
Charente (Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France named after the Charente River.
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Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime is a department on the west coast of France named after the Charente River.
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Cher (department)
Cher () is an administrative department located in the centre of France. It is named after the Cher River.
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Chiavari
Chiavari is a town and comune on the Italian Riviera in the Province of Genoa, region of Liguria. It is situated near the mouth of the Entella River, in the center of a fertile plain surrounded by mountains except on the southwest, where it comes down to the Mediterranean Sea. Tourist interest in this town is due to the very clean sea (Blue Flag for clean waters from 1987 until today) and to the expansion of its historical center, that includes typical Genoese style palaces of great value.
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Chlef
Chlef () is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria. It is home to the soccer club ASO Chlef, the Hassiba Ben Bouali university, and the basilica of Saint Reparatus, which is home to the oldest Christian labyrinth in the world.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which France, Austria, Russia and Britain brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was a model for the League of Nations and United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties.
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Constantine, Algeria
Constantine (, ) is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. Slightly inland, it is about 80 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast. Regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the centre of its region, Constantine has a population of over 750,000 (1,000,000 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are museums and important historical sites around the city.
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Corrèze
Corrèze () is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
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Corse-du-Sud
Corse-du-Sud () () is a French département. It is composed of the southern part of the island of Corsica.
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Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
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County of Hainaut
:This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut, for other meanings see Hainaut.
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Creuse
Creuse () is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
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Cuneo
Cuneo (Coni in Piedmontese, the dialect of Piedmont) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Northern Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the third largest of Italy’s provinces by area. It is located at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the Stura di Demonte river where it emerges from the Valle Stura, and neighbours the communes of Boves, Cervasca, Vignolo, Beinette, Peveragno, Castelletto Stura, Caraglio and Tarantasca.
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Côte-d'Or
'''Côte-d'Or' ()'' is a department in the eastern part of France.
http://wn.com/Côte-d'Or -
Côtes-d'Armor
'''Côtes-d'Armor''' () is a department in the north of Brittany, in northwestern France.
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Deux-Nèthes
Deux-Nèthes () is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium and the Netherlands. It is named after two branches of the river Nete. Its territory corresponds more or less with the present Belgian province Antwerp.
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Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres () is a French département. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department.
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Doire (department)
:Doire is also the Irish language name of Derry or County Londonderry
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Dordogne
Dordogne () is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great river Dordogne that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
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Drôme
Drôme (Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a department in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
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Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
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Electoral Palatinate
The County Palatine of the Rhine (), later the Electoral Palatinate (), was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, a palatinate administered by a count palatine. Its rulers served as prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356.
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Ems-Occidental
Ems-Occidental (;) is the name of a département of the First French Empire in the present Netherlands and Germany. It is named after the river Ems. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory corresponds more or less with the present Dutch provinces Groningen and Drenthe. Its capital was Groningen. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Ems-Oriental
Ems-Oriental (; ) is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It is named after the river Ems. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory is part of the present German region East Frisia (in Lower Saxony). Its capital was Aurich. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Ems-Supérieur
Ems-Supérieur () was the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It was named after the river Ems. It was formed in 1811, when the region was annexed by France. Its territory was part of the present German lands Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. Its capital was Osnabrück. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Escaut (department)
Escaut is a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium and Netherlands. It is named after the river Scheldt (Escaut in French). It was formed in 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were annexed by France. Before the occupation, the territory was part of the county of Flanders and the United Provinces (Staats-Vlaanderen).
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Essonne
Essonne is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
http://wn.com/Essonne -
Eure
Eure is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
http://wn.com/Eure -
Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers.
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Finistère
Finistère () is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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Forêts
Forêts was a département of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire, in present Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. Its name, meaning 'forests', comes from the Ardennes forests. It was formed on 24 October 1795, after the Southern Netherlands had been annexed by France on 1 October. Before the occupation, the territory was part of the Duchy of Luxembourg and the Duchy of Bouillon.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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French Africa
http://wn.com/French_Africa -
Frise (department)
Frise was the French name of Friesland as a département of the First French Empire. Frise was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its capital, then as now, was Leeuwarden. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Gard
Gard () is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It is named after the river Gardon (or Gard).
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Genoa
Genoa ( , ; in Genoese and Ligurian: Zena, ; in Latin and, archaically, in English: Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Area has a population of about 1,400,000. It is also called la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, made it 2004's EU Capital of culture.
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German Empire
The German Empire (, called by some German historians as Kaiserlich Deutsches Reich or Kaiserreich) refers to Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II (28 November 1918). Deutsches Reich remained the official name of Germany throughout the Weimar period and most of the Nazi period until 1943, when it was changed to Großdeutsches Reich ("Great German Empire").
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Occitan: Gers) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
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Girona
Girona (Catalan , ) is a city in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Güell with an estimated population of 95,000. It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès.
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Gironde
Gironde () is a common name for the Gironde Estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Groningen (city)
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http://wn.com/Groningen_(city) -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
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Gênes
Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy, named after the city of Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Genoa, and it was divided in the arrondissements of Genoa, Bobbio, Novi Ligure, Tortona and Voghera.
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Hamburg
Hamburg (; , local pronunciation Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg ) is the second-largest city in Germany and the eighth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe (third to Port of Antwerp and Rotterdam), and the eighth largest in the world.
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Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin (; Alsatian: Owerelsàss) is a département of the Alsace region of France, named after the Rhine river. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departements of Alsace, although is still densely populated compared to the rest of France.
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Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse () () is a French department. It constitutes the northern part of the island of Corsica.
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Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. Its main city is Toulouse.
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Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire () is a department in south-central France named after the Loire River.
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Haute-Marne
Haute-Marne is a department in the northeast of France named after the Marne River.
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Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie ( Arpitan : Savouè d’Amont / Hiôta-Savouè) is a French department, named for its location in the Alps mountain range. The region is famous for the entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel to Italy, and is also home to Chamonix where the first Winter Olympic Games were held from to , in addition to other notable ski resorts.
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Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône (Hiôta-Sona in Arpitan language) is a French department of the Franche-Comté (Franche-Comtât) région, named after the Saône River.
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Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the Vienne River. It is one of three departments that together constitute the French region of Limousin.
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Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France named after the Alps mountain range.
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Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (Occitan: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus) is a department in southwestern France. It is part of the Midi-Pyrénées region.
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Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine (92) (literally "Seine Heights") is a département in France. It is part of the region of Île-de-France region, and covers the near western suburbs of Paris. It is small and densely populated and contains the modern office, theatre and shopping complex known as La Défense.
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Hispaniola
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española) is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east, directly within the hurricane belt. Hispaniola is perhaps most famous as the site of the first European colonies in the New World, colonies founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493. It is the tenth most populous island in the world, and the most populous in the Americas. It is the 22nd largest island in the world.
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Hérault
Hérault (; ) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
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Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine () is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.
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Indre
Indre is a department in the center of France named after the Indre River. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
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Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers.
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Isère
Isère (Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
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Ivrea
Ivrea is a town and comune of the province of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Situated on the road leading to the Aosta Valley (part of the medieval Via Francigena), it straddles the Dora Baltea and is regarded as the centre of the Canavese area. Ivrea lies in a basin that, in prehistoric times, formed a great lake. Today a number of 5 smaller lakes: Sirio, San Michele, Pistono, Nero and Campagna dot the area around the town.
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Jura (department)
Jura () is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains.
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Landes (department)
Landes () is a département in southern France.
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Leeuwarden
Leeuwarden (, Stadsfries: Liwwadden, Frisian: Ljouwert, ) is the capital city of the Dutch province of Friesland. It is situated in the north of the country.
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Lippe (department)
Lippe is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It is named after the river Lippe. It was formed in 1811, when a part of the Grand Duchy of Berg was annexed by France. Its territory is part of the present German lands Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. Its capital was Münster. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Livorno
Livorno , traditionally called Leghorn (pronounced "Leggun") in English, is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of approximately 160,000 residents in 2009. The third-largest port on the western coast of Italy, Livorno supports substantial cruise-ship tourism to Florence and other destinations in Tuscany and Umbria.
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Lleida
Lleida (Catalan , locally ; , ) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain.
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Loir-et-Cher
Loir-et-Cher is a department in north-central France named after the rivers Loir and Cher.
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Loire
Loire (; ; ) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
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Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique (formerly Loire-Inférieure) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Loiret
Loiret () is a department in north-central France named after the river Loiret.
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Lorraine (region)
Lorraine (; ; Lorrain: Louréne) is one of the 26 régions of France. The administrative region has two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy. Metz is considered to be the official capital since that is where the regional parliament is situated. The region's name is derived from the medieval Lotharingia.
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Lot (department)
Lot (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot River.
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Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne () is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot and Garonne rivers.
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Lozère
Lozère (; ), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
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Luxembourg (city)
The city of Luxembourg (, ), also known as Luxembourg City (, , ), is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
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Lys (department)
Lys is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium. It is named after the river Lys. It was formed in 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were annexed by France. Before its occupation, its territory was part of the county of Flanders.
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Maastricht
Maastricht ( or ; Limburgish (incl. Maastrichtian) Mestreech ; French Maëstricht (archaic); Spanish Mastrique (archaic)) is a city and a municipality in the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg, of which it is the capital.
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Mahé, India
Mahé, (Malayalam: മാഹി, Tamil: மாகே) a small town (9 km²) surrounded on all sides by Kerala and is officially a part of Puducherry. The official name of Mahe is Mayyazhi (മയ്യഴി) in the local Malayalam language. The original name of Mahé, Mayyazhi, means "eyebrow of the sea". The Kannur District surrounds Mahe on three sides. The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport, Karipur at a distance of 85 km; Kannur Airport under construction is nearing completion at Mattannur at a distance of 40 km. Nearest Railway Station is Mahe where a few local and express trains stop. The nearest major Railway Stations where several long distance trains stop are Thalassery, Kannur and Badagara.
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Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.
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Manche
Manche is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
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Marengo (department)
Marengo is the name of a département of the consulate and of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the Marengo ("Marengh" in piedmontese) plain near Alessandria to commemorate the Battle of Marengo (1800). The capital was Alessandria and the other principal cities were Asti, Bobbio, Casale Monferrato, Tortona and Voghera. The department was suppressed following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 and the restoration of his Piedmontese territories to the King of Sardinia.
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Marne
Marne is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
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Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
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Mayenne
Mayenne () is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (, ; Shimaore (Swahili dialect): Maore, ; ), officially the Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte (), is an overseas collectivity of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 km2, and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 inh/km2).Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros.
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Medea, Algeria
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Metz
Metz (; ) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. The residents of the city are called Messin(e)(s).
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Meurthe
Meurthe is a former département of France. Its préfecture (capital) was Nancy. It ceased to exist following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany in 1871.
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Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle () is a department in the Lorraine region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.
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Meuse
Meuse () is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
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Meuse-Inférieure
Meuse-Inférieure (Lower Meuse; or Beneden-Maas; ) is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium, Netherlands and Germany. It is named after the river Meuse. Its capital was Maastricht.
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Monaco
Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco (; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; ; ), is a small sovereign city-state located in South Western Europe on the northern central coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded on three sides by its neighbour, France, and its centre is about from Italy. Its area is with an estimated population of almost 33,000.
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Mont-Terrible
Mont-Terrible was one of the 130 départements of Napoleonic France, with its capital at Porrentruy.
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Mont-Tonnerre
Mont-Tonnerre is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It is named after the highest point in the Rhenish Palatinate, the Donnersberg. It was the southernmost of four départements formed in 1798, when the west bank of the Rhine was annexed by France. Prior to the French occupation, its territory was divided between the Archbishopric of Mainz,the Bishopric of Speyer and the Electoral Palatinate. Its territory is part of the present German lands Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Its capital was Mayence (Mainz). The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Montenotte
Montenotte was a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the village Montenotte near Savona to commemorate the Battle of Montenotte in 1796. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Savona. It was divided into the arrondissements of Savona, Acqui Terme, Porto Maurizio and Ceva. It was disbanded after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is presently divided between the Italian provinces Savona, Alessandria, Imperia and Cuneo.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (; ) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline.
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Moselle
Moselle is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
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Mostaganem
Mostaganem () is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran. It has 130,288 inhabitants as of the 1998 census.
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Méditerranée
Méditerranée was the name of a département of the First French Empire in present-day Italy. It was named after the Mediterranean Sea. It was formed in 1808, when Tuscany was annexed by France. Its capital was Livorno. It was divided into the following arrondissements (situation 1812):
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Namur (province)
Namur (Dutch: , ) is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and on France. Its capital is the city of Namur. It has an area of 3,664 km² and is divided into three administrative districts (arrondissements in French) containing 38 local authorities (communes in French).
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Nièvre
Nièvre is a department in the center of France named after the Nièvre River.
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Nord (department)
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Oise
Oise () is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
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Oran
Oran (Arabic: وهران) is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.
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Orne
Orne is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
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Ouargla
Ouargla () is the capital city of Ouargla province, southern Algeria. It has a flourishing oil industry. It hosts one of Algeria's universities. The city had a population of 129,402 in 1998 (census figures).
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Ourthe (department)
Ourthe is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present day Belgium and Germany, at the time written as Ourte by French officials. It was named after the river Ourthe. Its territory corresponds more or less with that of the present day Belgian province Liège and a small adjacent region in North Rhine-Westphalia.
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Papal States
The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
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Parma
Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. It is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world.
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Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais () is a department in northern France. Its name is the French equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
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Ponts et Chaussées
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Puducherry
Puducherry ( Putuccēri; ), formerly known as Pondicherry, is a Union Territory of India. It is a former French colony, consisting of four non-contiguous enclaves, or regions, and named after the largest region, Puducherry. The territory was officially known as Pondicherry until 2006 when it was renamed Puducherry. Of late, Puducherry is also considered an educational hub of southern India, having 1 central university, 8 medical colleges, 10 engineering colleges, 3 dental colleges, 2 law colleges, 1 veterinary college, 1 agricultural college, 10 arts and science colleges, and 5 polytechnic colleges functioning within its territory. Many medical and engineering colleges including one national institute of technology and a state-owned university are also reported to be in queue. People of Puducherry are demanding statehood for Puducherry and are also requesting to add neighboring villages from Tamil Nadu to newly form Greater Puducherry state for better administration and development purposes.
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Puigcerdà
Puigcerdà (Catalan , also informally , locally ; Spanish ) is the capital of the Catalan comarca of Cerdanya, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, northern Spain, by the river Segre, right by the border with France (it abuts directly onto the French town of Bourg-Madame).
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Puy-de-Dôme
Puy-de-Dôme (; lo Puèi de Doma / lo Puèi Domat in the Auvergnat dialect of the Occitan language) is a department in the center of France named after the famous dormant volcano, the Puy-de-Dôme.
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Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Gascon: Pirenèus-Atlantics; or ) is a department in the southwest of France which takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (, , ) is a department of southern France adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish enclave Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain.
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Pô (department)
Pô is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the river Po. It was formed in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Kingdom of Sardinia. Its capital was Turin. It was divided into the arrondissements of Turin, Susa and Pinerolo. It was disbanded after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is part of the present Italian province of Turin.
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Ravensberg
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Rhin-et-Moselle
Rhin-et-Moselle () is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It is named after the rivers Rhine and Moselle. It was formed in 1798, when the left bank of the Rhine was annexed by France. Prior to the French occupation, its territory was divided between the Archbishopric of Cologne, the Archbishopric of Trier, and the Electoral Palatinate. Its territory is part of the present German lands Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia. Its capital was Coblenz. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Rhône (department)
Rhône (Franco-Provençal : Rôno) is a French department located in the central Eastern region of Rhône-Alpes. It is named after the Rhône River.
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Rhône-et-Loire
Rhône-et-Loire was a département of France whose préfecture (capital) was Lyon. Created on March 4, 1790 like the other French départements, Rhône-et-Loire was abolished on August 12, 1793 when it was split into two départements: Rhône (préfecture: Lyon) and Loire (préfecture: Feurs, then Montbrison, then now Saint-Étienne).
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Rome (department)
Rome is the name of a department of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the city Rome. It was formed in 1808, when the Papal States were annexed by France, and was known as the département du Tibre (after the Tiber river) before being renamed in 1810.
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Réunion
Réunion (, ; previously Île Bourbon) is a French island of about 800,000 population located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about south west of Mauritius, the nearest island. Since August 2010, the Pitons, Cirques and Remparts of the island, covering more than 40% of its territory, feature on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
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Sambre-et-Meuse
Sambre-et-Meuse was the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium. It was named after the rivers Sambre and Meuse. Its capital was Namur.
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Sarre (department)
Sarre is the name of a department of the First French Empire which is now part of Germany and Belgium. It is named after the river Saar. It was formed in 1798, when the left bank of the Rhine was annexed by France. Prior to the occupation, its territory was divided between the Archbishopric of Trier and the Electoral Palatinate (the Duchy of Zweibrücken and the Count of Veldenz). Its territory is part of the present German states Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland as well as a tiny adjacent section of the Belgian province of Liège. Its capital was Trier. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Sarthe
Sarthe () is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
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Savoie
Savoie (Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, English: Savoy) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) region in the French Alps.
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Savona
Savona (Sann-a in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a seaport and comune in the northern Italian region of Liguria, capital of the Province of Savona, in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea.
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Savoy
:For the two French départements of the region of Savoy, see Savoie and Haute-Savoie''
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Saïda, Algeria
Saïda () is the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.
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Saône-et-Loire
Saône-et-Loire (Sona-et-Lêre in Arpitan language) is a French department, named after the Saône and the Loire rivers between which it lies.
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Seine (department)
Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs. Its préfecture (capital) was Paris and its official number was 75. The Seine département was abolished in 1968 and its territory divided among four new départements.
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Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne is a French department, named after the Seine and Marne rivers, and located in the Île-de-France region.
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Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. Its préfecture (capital) was Versailles and its official number was 78. Seine-et-Oise was abolished in 1968.
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Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime is a French department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France, which was previously known as Seine-Inférieure. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure.
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Seine-Saint-Denis
Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. In local slang, it is known as "quatre-vingt treize" (i.e. "ninety-three") or "neuf trois" (i.e. "nine three"), after the official administrative number of the department, 93.
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Septinsular Republic
The Septinsular Republic (, ) was an island republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands. It was the first time Greeks had been granted even limited self-government since the fall of the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century.
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Setif
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Simplon (department)
Simplon was the name of a département of the First French Empire. It is named after the Simplon Pass. It was formed in 1810, when the Rhodanic Republic was occupied by the French. Its territory corresponds with that of the present Swiss canton of Valais. The capital of Simplon département was Sion. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
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Somme
Somme is a département of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardie region of France.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire () consisted of the territories and colonies administered directly by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia or Oceania. At the peak of its power, it was one of the largest empires in world history. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was therefore one of the first global empires. It lasted from the 15th century through—in the case of its African holdings—the latter portion of the 20th century. Spain had emerged in the latter 1480s with a personally unified monarchy, by the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos: the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon. Rule was separate but internal and foreign policy was coordinated. In 1492 they completed the Reconquista of the Iberian peninsula following the Battle of Granada against Islamic Moors. The incorporation of Granada to the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon achieved the unification of Spain. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Western Hemisphere thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Spoleto
Spoleto (Latin Spoletium) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is 20 km (12 mi) S. of Trevi, 29 km (18 mi) N. of Terni, 63 km (39 miles) SE of Perugia; 212 km (131 miles) SE of Florence; and 126 km (78 miles) N of Rome.
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Stavelot-Malmedy
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Stura
Stura was a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the river Stura di Demonte. It was formed in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Kingdom of Sardinia. Its capital was Cuneo. It was divided into the arrondissements of Cuneo, Alba, Mondovì, Saluzzo, and Savigliano. It was disbanded after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory corresponds more or less with that of the present Italian province of Cuneo.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Tarn (department)
Tarn () is a department of 5,758 km2 in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France, named after the Tarn River. It was formed in 1790 of the three dioceses of Albi, Castres and Lavaur, belonging to the province of Languedoc. In 1906, the population was 330,533. In 1999, it stood at 343,402.
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Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne is a French department in the southwest of France.
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Taro (department)
Taro is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the Taro river. It was formed in 1808, when the states of Parma and Piacenza were annexed by France. Its capital was Parma. It was divided into the following arrondissements:
http://wn.com/Taro_(department) -
The Hague
The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: ', officially also ') is the third largest city in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam, with a population of 485,818 (as of May 31, 2009) (population of agglomeration: 1,011,459) and an area of approximately 100 km². It is located in the west of the country, in the province of South Holland, of which it is also the provincial capital. The Hague is, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and Almere, part of the Randstad metropolitan area, with 6,659,300 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/The_Hague -
Thorn (Netherlands)
Thorn (, ) is a town in the municipality of Maasgouw, in the Dutch province of Limburg. It lies on the rivers Meuse and Witbeek. It's known as 'the white village' for its white-washed brick houses in the centre of town.
http://wn.com/Thorn_(Netherlands) -
Tiaret
Tiaret (Berber: ; Tihert or Tahert, i.e. "station", ) is the name of one of the largest towns in the actual Algeria, one that gives its name to the wider farming region of 'Wilaya de Tiaret' province in central Algeria. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of Algiers exactly in the western region of the central hignlands, ex, in the Tell Atlas, and about 150 km (95 miles) from the sea coast. It is served by Bou Chekif Airport.
http://wn.com/Tiaret -
Tizi Ouzou
Tizi Ouzou (in Kabyle: Tizi Uzzu in Latin script, in Tifinagh) is a city in Kabylia, Algeria, where it ranks second it population after Béjaïa. It is the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province and of Great Kabylia (Grande Kabylie, which is the western part of Kabylia).
http://wn.com/Tizi_Ouzou -
Tlemcen
Tlemcen () is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name. Its population is 132,341 as of the 1998 census. Located inland, it is located in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it ships to the port of Rashgun for export. The word Tlemcen () comes from Berber Tala Imsan ( in Tifinagh) which means "the dry spring". The name is sometimes spelled Tlemsen, Tlemsan, or Tilimsen.
http://wn.com/Tlemcen -
Trasimène
Trasimène is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after Lake Trasimeno. It was formed in 1809, when the Papal States were annexed by France. Its capital was Spoleto. It was divided into the following arrondissements:
http://wn.com/Trasimène -
Turin
Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced ) is a major city as well as a business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants; the Turin metropolitan area is estimated by OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
http://wn.com/Turin -
Utrecht (province)
Utrecht () is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country. It is bordered by the Eemmeer in the north, Gelderland in the east, the river Rhine in the south, South Holland in the west, and North Holland in the northwest. Utrecht makes up one region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code -UT. Important cities in the province are its capital (also called Utrecht), Amersfoort, Veenendaal and Zeist.
http://wn.com/Utrecht_(province) -
Val-d'Oise
'''Val-d'Oise''' () is a French department named after the Oise River, located in the Île-de-France region.
http://wn.com/Val-d'Oise -
Val-de-Marne
Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region. The department is situated to the southeast of the city of Paris.
http://wn.com/Val-de-Marne -
Var (department)
The Var is a French department in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in Provence, in southeast France. It takes its name from the river Var, which used to flow along its eastern boundary, but the boundary was moved in 1860. The Var is bordered on the east by the department of Alpes-Maritimes; to the west by Bouches-du-Rhône to the north of the Verdon River by the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea.
http://wn.com/Var_(department) -
Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (; in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
http://wn.com/Vaucluse -
Vendée
The Vendée () is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
http://wn.com/Vendée -
Vercelli
Vercelli (Vërsej in Piedmontese) is a city and comune of about 47,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Piedmont, northern Italy. One of the oldest urban sites in northern Italy, it was founded, according to most historians, around the year 600 BC.
http://wn.com/Vercelli -
Versailles
Versailles (), a city renowned for its château, the Palace of Versailles, was the de facto capital of the kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789. It is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and remains an important administrative and judicial centre. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, 17.1 km (10.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, the commune of Versailles is the préfecture (administrative seat) of the Yvelines department. According to the 2006 census, the population of the city is 89,490 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975. Versailles is historically known for numerous treaties such as Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War and the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I.
http://wn.com/Versailles -
Vienne
Vienne () is a département of France, named after the river Vienne.
http://wn.com/Vienne -
Vosges
This article is about the department of France named Vosges. For the mountain range, see Vosges Mountains.
http://wn.com/Vosges -
Yanaon
http://wn.com/Yanaon -
Yonne
Yonne () is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Bourgogne (Burgundy) in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
http://wn.com/Yonne -
Yssel-Supérieur
Yssel-Supérieur () was the name of a département of the First French Empire in the present Netherlands. It was named after the river IJssel. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory corresponded with part of the present Dutch province Gelderland. Its capital was Arnhem. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
http://wn.com/Yssel-Supérieur -
Yvelines
Yvelines () is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
http://wn.com/Yvelines -
Zakynthos
Zakynthos (), also Zante, the other form often used in English and in Italian (; Venetian: Zacinto), is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. It covers an area of and its coastline is roughly in length. The island is named after Zakynthos, the son of a legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. Zakynthos has a thriving tourism industry.
http://wn.com/Zakynthos -
Zante
http://wn.com/Zante -
Zuyderzée
Zuyderzée is the name of a département of the First French Empire in the present Netherlands. It is named after the Zuider Zee sea inlet. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory corresponds more or less with the present Dutch provinces North Holland and Utrecht. Its capital was Amsterdam. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons:
http://wn.com/Zuyderzée -
Zwolle
is a municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. Zwolle has about 115,000 citizens.
http://wn.com/Zwolle
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Test Department Filmography
Departement E. Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
The Turncoat Sessions 97 > 03
(Released 2004)
- Repercussions
- Thrown to the Sky
- Approaching the Year 0
- Goodbye God
- It's All Too Late Now!
- The Empty Pigs
- Virus
- Priestscore
- When They Shudder
- Isolated
- Intermission
- Racked With Guilt
- Somewhere Over It All
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Ramu's Next Film 'Department'
Ram Gopal Verma is about to make his next film 'department' in which Abhishek Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Amitabh Bachchan will play encounter cops. For more such updates log onto : www.lehren.tv
http://wn.com/Ramu's_Next_Film_'Department'
Department Of Eagles - No One Does It Like You (Official Video)
Department of Eagles premiered their new video for the single "No One Does It Like You" yesterday at the MoMA. The video is absolutely incredible, especially the wispy singing ghosts. Directed by, Patrick Daughters and Marcel Dzama. The album "In Ear Park" out now on 4AD © Department Of Eagles, 4AD, Patrick Daughters, Marcel Dzama & The Director's Bureau
http://wn.com/Department_Of_Eagles__No_One_Does_It_Like_You_Official_Video
Department S - is Vic there?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 01 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: johnniegott
Department S was a British post-punk band formed in 1980, who took their stage name from the 1960s TV series. Department S evolved from a previous punk/ska combo, Guns For Hire. They were both led by the enigmatic Vaughan Toulouse, who remained the frontman and driving force
http://wn.com/Department_S__is_Vic_there?
Lykke Li - Complaint Department
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Published: 26 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Feb 2012
- Author: sockshotholly
From her album Youth Novel
http://wn.com/Lykke_Li__Complaint_Department
Treasury Department Issues Emergency Recall Of All US Dollars
Treasury Officials say the dye used in printed money is extremely toxic and urge Americans to send all their cash to Washington immediately.
http://wn.com/Treasury_Department_Issues_Emergency_Recall_Of_All_US_Dollars
A Bit of Fry and Laurie - The Department
Taken from season 3. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/A_Bit_of_Fry_and_Laurie__The_Department
Art Department 'Without You' at Hot Natured at DEMF 2010
With love and support from Seth Troxler, Soul Clap, No Regular play and others...
http://wn.com/Art_Department_'Without_You'_at_Hot_Natured_at_DEMF_2010
Art Department - All Mine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Published: 19 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: gabriplaylist
www.facebook.com New track from Art Department for Crosstown Rebels on Get Lost 4 Support Art Department You can find their releases here: --------------------------------------------- www.junodownload.com traxsource.com www.beatport.com
http://wn.com/Art_Department__All_Mine
Art Department - Without You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 09 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: Hunteriore
Artist : Art Department ft. Seth Troxler Ep Title : Vampire Nightclub / Without you Label : Crosstown Rebels / CRM064 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TO RESPECTIVE OWNERS.
http://wn.com/Art_Department__Without_You
Department of Eagles - No One Does It Like You (Live)
Truly exquisite. From "In Ear Park," out now on 4AD. © Department Of Eagles, 4AD
http://wn.com/Department_of_Eagles__No_One_Does_It_Like_You_Live
SHORT HAIR CHIGNON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 26 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: beautydept
Short hair can be hard to style for a special occasion. Here, Kristin Ess narrates, teaching us how to achieve a chignon-shape without having long hair. Use a plain headband to keep it casual or use a sparkly one to dress it up. DIY headband tutorial on www.thebeautydepartment.com
http://wn.com/SHORT_HAIR_CHIGNON
Top 5 Reasons the IT Department Doesn't Love the iPhone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Published: 20 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 19 Sep 2011
- Author: lockergnome
live.pirillo.com - DC wrote in to say he and his colleagues feel that Apple should try and market the iPhone to IT and corporate professionals, because of the obvious increase in revenue. Here is his list of reasons why IT Departments hate the iPhone.
http://wn.com/Top_5_Reasons_the_IT_Department_Doesn't_Love_the_iPhone
2010 Farmingdale,ny Fire Department Columbus Day Parade part 1 of 3 10/10/10
http://wn.com/2010_Farmingdale,ny_Fire_Department_Columbus_Day_Parade_part_1_of_3_10/10/10
Pearls Before Swine - Costume Department and Rainy Day
Join Rat, Pig, Zebra and the stupid Crocs as they bring the Serengeti to suburbia. Read by millions, Pearls Before Swine, created by Stephan Pastis runs in over 600 newspapers worldwide. The crocs intimidate Zebra. Ever have one of those days?
http://wn.com/Pearls_Before_Swine__Costume_Department_and_Rainy_Day
Art Department & Seth Troxler - Living The Life
taken from "Social Experiment 002" mixed by Soul Clap
http://wn.com/Art_Department_Seth_Troxler__Living_The_Life
Los Angeles Fire Department In Action!
Amazing footage! A short montage of the Los Angeles Fire Department, created for the City of Los Angeles in April 2010. Produced by David Barrett. Music is licensed and is titled, "The Heros." Includes a wide array of camera content, ranging from Sony Z1u thru to Canon EOS 7D, Sony NX5u, and even a shot via the Panasonic HMC-40. No color grading used.
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department_In_Action!
Toronto Fire Department
TFD Heavy Rescue Squad 3 (from TFD Station 28, now 134) responds to a car crash into a house .Pump 29 (135), Aerial 29 (135), Rescue 3 (now Haz145), District Chief Car46 (now Car13 at Stn.132) dispatched. We were cleared by Pump 29 just as we arrived at the street we were dispatched to.
http://wn.com/Toronto_Fire_Department
Jamie Jones - Paradise (Art Department Remix)
Artist: VA Title: Rebel Rave 2 Label: Crosstown Rebels Cat#: [CRMCD016DIGITAL2] Style: Tech House/House Source: Digital Release Buy it! www.zero-inch.com NOTICE: Dear labels & artists, if anyone have any objections to the music or to the video and don't want them on youtube, please, contact ME (NOT YOUTUBE), and I shall remove them immediately! For each complaint received from youtube, I will spread your music all over the internet, so please contact ME.
http://wn.com/Jamie_Jones__Paradise_Art_Department_Remix
USA - New York Fire Department out for funeral ten years after 9/11...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 07 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: france24english
USA - The New York Fire department is out once again for funeral of one of their own. But this funeral took place this July, almost ten years after 9/11, but he's still a victim of the attacks and gets full honors. Steve Mosiello was a Fire Marshall; he spent months organizing the rescue and then recovery effort at Ground Zero, in the midst of the toxic cloud. He died this summer from cancer of the oesophagus ... FRANCE 24 INTERNATIONAL NEWS 24/7 www.france24.com REPORT Visual report live from the scene of events, between 3 seconds and two minutes long. 4 news reports daily broadcast from 6.15 am. www.france24.com
http://wn.com/USA__New_York_Fire_Department_out_for_funeral_ten_years_after_9/11
Karachi University Economics Department Farewell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:55
- Published: 15 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: mariaaftab1
University of Karachi Economics Department
http://wn.com/Karachi_University_Economics_Department_Farewell
LOST IT Department at Howard County Library (Extended and Bloopers)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Published: 12 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: MikeHCLibrary
Extended version with a blooper reel of the Staff Day video the IT department at Howard County Library (MD) created.
http://wn.com/LOST_IT_Department_at_Howard_County_Library_Extended_and_Bloopers
The Incap English Department
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:03
- Published: 26 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: juancho9207
The Incap English Department A Beginner Films Production All Rights Reserved 2011
http://wn.com/The_Incap_English_Department
Audrey On The Job - Fire Department
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 08 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Feb 2012
- Author: CityOfCollegeStation
She doesn't see an actual fire but she does almost lose control of a fire hose. Audrey spends the day with CSFD.
http://wn.com/Audrey_On_The_Job__Fire_Department
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US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Apprentice Andrew K. Haller
US Coastguard / Petty Officer 2nd Class Charly Hengen.
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Devon Dow
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class James R. Evans
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class James R. Evans
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The departments of France (, ) and many of its former colonies are administrative divisions. Their precise functions, powers and responsibilities are unclear. The 101 French departments are grouped into 22 metropolitan and five overseas regions, all of which have identical legal status as integral parts of France. The departments are subdivided into 342 arrondissements, which in turn, are divided into cantons. Each canton consists of a small number of communes. In the overseas territories, some of the communes play a role at departmental level.
Boundaries were deliberately chosen to break up France's historical regions in an attempt to erase cultural differences and build a more homogeneous nation.
Boundaries were set so that any settlement in the country was within a day's ride of the capital of the department. This was a security measure, intended to keep the entire national territory under close control. This measure was directly inspired by the Great Terror, during which the government had lost control of many rural areas far from any centre of government.
Divers Centre = Independents of the Centre or Democratic Movement (Mouvement démocrate)
Divers Droite (DVD) = Independent conservatives
Divers Gauche (DVG) = Independent left-wing politicians
MPF = Movement for France (Mouvement pour la France) (right)
Nouveau Centre = New Centre (centre or centre-right)
PCF = French Communist Party (Parti Communiste Français)
PRG = Radical Party of the Left (Parti Radical de Gauche)
PS = Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste)
UDF = Union for French Democracy (Union pour la Démocratie Française) succeeded by Democratic Movement
UMP = Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire)
22x20px|Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Basel Bishopric of Basel³
|1793–1800
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Corcyre
|Corfou
|Corfu
|rowspan="3"|
|rowspan="3"|4
|1797–1799
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ithaque
|colspan="2"|Argostoli
|1797–1798
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Mer-Égée
|Zante
|Zakynthos
|1797–1798
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Dyle
|Bruxelles
|Brussels
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Escaut
|Gand
|Ghent
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Forêts
|colspan="2"|Luxembourg
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Jemmape
|colspan="2"|Mons
|rowspan="2"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Lys
|colspan="2"|Bruges
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Meuse-Inférieure
|Maëstricht
|Maastricht
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Liège Bishopric of Liège:
22x20px|border|Flag of Maastricht Maastricht5
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Deux-Nèthes
|Anvers
|Antwerp
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Brabant Brabant of the States
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ourthe
|colspan="2"|Liège
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sambre-et-Meuse
|colspan="2"|Namur
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands:
22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
|1795–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Mont-Tonnerre
|Mayence
|Mainz
|rowspan="2"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
|1801–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Rhin-et-Moselle
|Coblence
|Koblenz
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
|1801–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Roer
|Aix-la-Chapelle
|Aachen
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|Coat of arms of the Electoral Palatinate Electoral Palatinate:
Kingdom of Prussia:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Wesel Imperial Free City of Wesel (after 1805)
|1801–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sarre
|Trèves
|Trier
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|Coat of arms of the Electoral Palatinate Electoral Palatinate:
|1801–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Doire
|Ivrée
|Ivrea
|rowspan="15"|
|rowspan="6"|
|1802–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Marengo
|Alexandrie
|Alessandria
|1802–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Pô
|colspan="2"|Turin
|1802–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sésia
|Verceil
|Vercelli
|1802–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Stura
|Coni
|Cuneo
|1802–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Tanaro6
|colspan="2"|Asti
|1802–1805
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Apennins
|colspan="2"|Chiavari
|rowspan="3"|22x20px|border|Flag of the Republic of Genoa Republic of Genoa7
|1805–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Gênes
|Gênes
|Genoa
|1805–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Montenotte
|Savone
|Savona
|1805–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Arno
|colspan="2"|Florence
|rowspan="3"|22x20px|border|Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany8
|1808–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Méditerranée
|Livourne
|Livorno
|1808–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ombrone
|Sienne
|Siena
|1808–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Taro
|Parme
|Parma
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|left|border|Flag of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza Duchy of Parma & Piacenza
|1808–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Rome10
|colspan="2"|Rome
|rowspan="2"|
|1809–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Trasimène
|Spolète
|Spoleto
|1809–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-du-Rhin
|Bois-le-Duc
|'s-Hertogenbosch
|rowspan="2"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant Batavian Brabant
|1810–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-l'Escaut
|Middelbourg
|Middelburg
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1810–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Simplon
|colspan="2"|Sion
|
|22x20px|Coat of arms of the Valais République des Sept Dizains12
|1810–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-la-Meuse
|La Haye
|The Hague
|rowspan="2"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-l'Yssel
|colspan="2"|Zwolle
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ems-Occidental
|Groningue
|Groningen
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ems-Oriental
|colspan="2"|Aurich
|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
Kingdom of Prussia:
*22x20px|border|Flag of the County of East Frisia County of East Frisia11
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Frise
|Leuwarden
|Leeuwarden
|rowspan="3"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Yssel-Supérieur
|colspan="2"|Arnhem
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Zuyderzée
|colspan="2"|Amsterdam
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic11:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-l'Elbe
|Hamburg
|Hamburg
|rowspan="4"|
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Hamburg Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Lübeck Free Hanseatic City of Lübeck
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-du-Weser
|Brême
|Bremen
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Bremen Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ems-Supérieur
|colspan="2"|Osnabrück
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
Kingdom of Prussia:
22x20px|left|Coat of arms of Lingen Town and County of Lingen
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Lippe12
|Munster
|Münster
|22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
22x20px|Coat of arms of the Electoral Palatinate Electoral Palatinate:
|1811–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-l'Èbre
|Lérida
|Lleida
|rowspan="4"|
|rowspan="4"|Kingdom of Spain:
|1812–1813
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Montserrat
|Barcelone
|Barcelona
|1812–1813
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sègre
|Puigcerda
|Puigcerdà
|1812–1813
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Ter
|Gérone
|Girona
|1812–1813
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat
|Barcelone
|Barcelona
|colspan="2"|''Previously the departments of Bouches-de-l'Èbre and Montserrat''
|1813–1814
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sègre-Ter
|Gérone
|Girona
|colspan="2"|''Previously the departments of Sègre and Ter''
|1813–1814
|}
130 departments of the First French Empire
ISO 3166-2:FR
History
The first French "departments", in the sense of territory, were proposed in 1665 by Marc-René d'Argenson, and served as administrative areas purely for the Ponts et Chaussées ("Bridges and Highways", the infrastructure administration).
Before the French Revolution, France accumulated territory gradually through the annexation of a mosaic of independent entities. By the close of the Ancien Régime, it was organised into provinces. During the period of the Revolution, these were dissolved, partly in order to weaken old loyalties.
The modern departments, as all-purpose units of the government, were created on 4 March 1790 by the National Constituent Assembly to replace the provinces with what the Assembly deemed a more rational structure. Their boundaries served two purposes:
The old nomenclature was carefully avoided in naming the new departments. Most were named after an area's principal river or other physical features. Even Paris was in the department of Seine.
The number of departments, initially 83, was increased to 130 by 1809 with the territorial gains of the Republic and of the First French Empire (see Provinces of the Netherlands for the annexed Dutch departments). Following Napoleon's defeats in 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna returned France to its pre-war size; the number of departments was reduced to 86, as three of the original departments had been split. In 1860, France acquired the County of Nice and Savoy, which led to the creation of three new departments. Two were added from the new Savoyard territory, while the department of ''Alpes-Maritimes'' was created from Nice and a portion of the ''Var'' department. The 89 departments were given numbers based on their alphabetical order. The departments of ''Moselle,'' ''Bas-Rhin,'' and most of ''Haut-Rhin'' were ceded to the German Empire in 1871, following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. A small part of Haut-Rhin however remained French, and became known as the ''Territoire de Belfort''. When France regained the ceded departments after World War I, the ''Territoire de Belfort'' was not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin. In 1922, it became France's 90th department.
The reorganisation of lower France (1968) and the division of Corsica (1975) added six more departments, raising the total to 96. Counting the five overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion and Mayotte) the total comes to 101 departments. In 2011, the overseas collectivity of Mayotte became the 101st department.
General characteristics
The departmental seat of government is called the prefecture (''préfecture'') or ''chef-lieu de department'' and is generally a city of some importance roughly at the geographical centre of the department. This was determined according to the time taken to travel on horseback from the periphery of the department. The goal was for the prefecture to be accessible by horseback from any town in the department within 24 hours. The prefecture is not necessarily the largest city in the department; for instance, in Saône-et-Loire department the capital is Mâcon, but the largest city is Chalon-sur-Saône. Departments are divided into one or more arrondissements. The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture (''sous-préfecture'') or ''chef-lieu d'arrondissement''.Each department is administered by a general council (''conseil général)'', an assembly elected for six years by universal suffrage, with the president of the council as executive of the department. Before 1982, the excutive of a department was the prefect (''préfet'') who represents the Government of France in each department and is appointed by the President of France. The prefect is assisted by one or more sub-prefects (''sous-préfet'') based in the subprefectures of the department.
The departments are further divided into communes, governed by municipal councils. As of 1999, there were 36,779 communes in France.
In continental France (metropolitan France, excluding Corsica), the median land area of a department is , which is two-and-a-half times the median land area of a ceremonial county of England & Wales and slightly more than three-and-half times the median land area of a county of the United States. At the 2001 census, the median population of a department in continental France was 511,012 inhabitants, which is 21 times the median population of a U.S. county, but less than two-thirds of the median population of a ceremonial county of England & Wales. Most of the departments have an area of between 4,000 and 8,000 km², and a population between 320,000 and 1 million. The largest in area is Gironde (10,000 km²), while the smallest is the city of Paris (105 km²). The most populous is Nord (2,550,000) and the least populous is Lozère (74,000).
The departments are numbered: their two-digit numbers appear in postal codes, in INSEE codes (including "social security numbers") and on vehicle number-plates. Initially, the numbers corresponded to the alphabetical order of the names of the departments, but several changed their names, so the correspondence became less exact. There is no number 20, but 2A and 2B instead, for Corsica. Corsican postal codes or addresses in both departments do still start with 20, though. The two-digit code "96" is used by Monaco. Together with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code FR, the numbers form the ISO 3166-2 country subdivision codes for the metropolitan departments. The overseas departments get two letters for the ISO 3166-2 code, e.g. 971 for Guadeloupe (see table below).
Party-political preferences
Key to the parties:
Future
The removal of one or more levels of local government has been discussed for some years; in particular, the option of removing the departmental level. Frédéric Lefebvre, spokesman for the UMP, said in December 2008 that the fusion of the departments with the regions was a matter to be dealt with soon. This was soon refuted by Édouard Balladur and Gérard Longuet, members of the Committee for the reform of local authorities, known as the Balladur Committee.In January 2008, the Commission for freeing French development, known as the Attali Commission, recommended that the departmental level of government should be eliminated within ten years.
Nevertheless, the Balladur Committee has not retained this proposition and does not advocate the disappearance of the departments, but simply "favors the voluntary grouping of departments," which it suggests also for the regions, with the aim of bringing the number of the latter down to fifteen. This committee advocates, on the contrary, the suppression of the cantons.
Maps and tables
Current departments
All departments have an escutcheon with which they are commonly associated, but not all are officially recognized or used. In some departments they are used, but in others a more modern emblem is used. The national government itself has no heraldic coat of arms, as a rejection of the aristocratic origins of heraldry, and this is followed by many governments in the departments.{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |- valign="top" | {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"|INSEE code !scope="col"|Arms !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Prefecture !scope="col"|Region |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|01 | |Ain |Bourg-en-Bresse | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|02 | |Aisne |Laon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|03 | |Allier |Moulins | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|04 | |Alpes-de-Haute-Provence |Digne-les-Bains | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|05 | |Hautes-Alpes |Gap | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|06 | |Alpes-Maritimes |Nice | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|07 | |Ardèche |Privas | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|08 | |Ardennes |Charleville-Mézières | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|09 | |Ariège |Foix | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|10 | |Aube |Troyes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|11 | |Aude |Carcassonne | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|12 | |Aveyron |Rodez | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|13 | |Bouches-du-Rhône |Marseille | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|14 | |Calvados |Caen | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|15 | |Cantal |Aurillac | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|16 | |Charente |Angoulême | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|17 | |Charente-Maritime |La Rochelle | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|18 | |Cher |Bourges | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|19 | |Corrèze |Tulle | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|2A | |Corse-du-Sud |Ajaccio | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|2B | |Haute-Corse |Bastia | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|21 | |Côte-d'Or |Dijon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|22 | |Côtes-d'Armor |Saint-Brieuc | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|23 | |Creuse |Guéret | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|24 | |Dordogne |Périgueux | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|25 | |Doubs |Besançon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|26 | |Drôme |Valence | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|27 | |Eure |Évreux | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|28 | |Eure-et-Loir |Chartres | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|29 | |Finistère |Quimper | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|30 | |Gard |Nîmes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|31 | |Haute-Garonne |Toulouse | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|32 | |Gers |Auch | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|33 | |Gironde |Bordeaux | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|34 | |Hérault |Montpellier | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|35 | |Ille-et-Vilaine |Rennes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|36 | |Indre |Châteauroux | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|37 | |Indre-et-Loire |Tours | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|38 | |Isère |Grenoble | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|39 | |Jura |Lons-le-Saunier | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|40 | |Landes |Mont-de-Marsan | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|41 | |Loir-et-Cher |Blois | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|42 | |Loire |Saint-Étienne | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|43 | |Haute-Loire |Le Puy-en-Velay | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|44 | |Loire-Atlantique |Nantes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|45 | |Loiret |Orléans | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|46 | |Lot |Cahors | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|47 | |Lot-et-Garonne |Agen | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|48 | |Lozère |Mende | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|49 | |Maine-et-Loire |Angers | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|50 | |Manche |Saint-Lô | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|51 | |Marne |Châlons-en-Champagne | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|52 | |Haute-Marne |Chaumont | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|53 | |Mayenne |Laval | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|54 | |Meurthe-et-Moselle |Nancy | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|55 | |Meuse |Bar-le-Duc | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|56 | |Morbihan |Vannes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|57 | |Moselle |Metz | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|58 | |Nièvre |Nevers | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|59 | |Nord |Lille | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|60 | |Oise |Beauvais | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|61 | |Orne |Alençon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|62 | |Pas-de-Calais |Arras | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|63 | |Puy-de-Dôme |Clermont-Ferrand | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|64 | |Pyrénées-Atlantiques |Pau | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|65 | |Hautes-Pyrénées |Tarbes | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|66 | |Pyrénées-Orientales |Perpignan | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|67 | |Bas-Rhin |Strasbourg | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|68 | |Haut-Rhin |Colmar | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|69 | |Rhône |Lyon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|70 | |Haute-Saône |Vesoul | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|71 | |Saône-et-Loire |Mâcon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|72 | |Sarthe |Le Mans | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|73 | |Savoie |Chambéry | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|74 | |Haute-Savoie |Annecy | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|75 | |Paris |Paris | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|76 | |Seine-Maritime |Rouen | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|77 | |Seine-et-Marne |Melun | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|78 | |Yvelines |Versailles | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|79 | |Deux-Sèvres |Niort | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|80 | |Somme |Amiens | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|81 | |Tarn |Albi | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|82 | |Tarn-et-Garonne |Montauban | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|83 | |Var |Toulon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|84 | |Vaucluse |Avignon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|85 | |Vendée |La Roche-sur-Yon | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|86 | |Vienne |Poitiers | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|87 | |Haute-Vienne |Limoges | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|88 | |Vosges |Épinal | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|89 | |Yonne |Auxerre | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|90 | |Territoire de Belfort |Belfort | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|91 | |Essonne |Évry | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|92 | |Hauts-de-Seine |Nanterre | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|93 | |Seine-Saint-Denis |Bobigny | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|94 | |Val-de-Marne |Créteil | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|95 | |Val-d'Oise |Pontoise | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|971 | |Guadeloupe |Basse-Terre | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|972 | |Martinique |Fort-de-France | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|973 | |Guyane |Cayenne | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|974 | |La Réunion |Saint-Denis | |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|976 | |Mayotte |Mamoudzou | |} Notes: Most of the coats of arms are not official This department was known as Basses-Alpes until 1970 This department was known as Charente-Inférieure until 1941 This department was known as Côtes-du-Nord until 1990 This department was known as Bec-d'Ambès until 1795 This department was known as Loire-Inférieure until 1957 This department was known as Mayenne-et-Loire until 1791 This department was known as Basses-Pyrénées until 1969 Number 75 was formerly assigned to Seine This department was known as Seine-Inférieure until 1955 Number 78 was formerly assigned to Seine-et-Oise Number 91 was formerly assigned to Alger, in French Algeria Number 92 was formerly assigned to Oran, in French Algeria Number 93 was formerly assigned to Constantine, in French Algeria The prefecture of Val-d'Oise was established in Pontoise when the department was created, but moved ''de facto'' to the neighbouring commune of Cergy; currently, both part of the ''ville nouvelle'' of Cergy-Pontoise The overseas departments each constitute a region and enjoy a status identical to ''metropolitan'' France. They are part of France and the European Union, though special EU rules apply to them. Mayotte became the 101st department of France on 31 March 2011. The INSEE code of Mayotte is 976 (975 is already assigned to the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon) | |}
Former departments
Former departments of the current territory of France
{|class="wikitable" |- !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Prefecture !scope="col"|Dates in existence !scope="col"| |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Rhône-et-Loire |Lyon |1790–1793 |Split into 22x20px|Coat of arms of Rhône Rhône and 22x20px|Coat of arms of Loire Loire on 12 August 1793. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Corse |Bastia |1790–1793 |Split into Golo and Liamone. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Golo |Bastia |1793–1811 |Reunited with Liamone into 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Corse Corse. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Liamone |Ajaccio |1793–1811 |Reunited with Golo into 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Corse Corse. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Mont-Blanc |Chambéry |1792–1815 |Formed from part of the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Savoy, a territory of the 22x20px|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and was restored to Piedmont-Sardinia after Napoleon's defeat. The department corresponds approximately with the present French departments 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Savoie Savoie and 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Haute-Savoie Haute-Savoie. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Léman |Geneva |1798–1814 |Formed when the 22x20px|Coat of arms of Geneva Republic of Geneva was annexed into the First French Empire. Léman became the Swiss canton the 22x20px|Coat of arms of Geneva Republic and Canton of Geneva. The department corresponds with the present Swiss canton and parts of the present French departments 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Ain Ain and 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Haute-Savoie Haute-Savoie. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Meurthe |Nancy |1790–1871 |Meurthe ceased to exist following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by the 22x20px|border|Flag of the German Empire German Empire in 1871 and was not recreated after the province was restored to France by the Treaty of Versailles. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Seine |Paris |1790–1967 |On 1 January 1968, Seine was divided into four new departments: 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Paris Paris, 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Hauts-de-Seine Hauts-de-Seine, 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-Saint-Denis and 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Val-de-Marne Val-de-Marne, gaining territory from Seine-et-Oise in the process. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Seine-et-Oise |Versailles |1790–1967 |On 1 January 1968, Seine-et-Oise was divided into three new departments: 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Yvelines Yvelines, 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Val-d'Oise Val-d'Oise and 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Essonne Essonne, with some territory lost to Seine in the process. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Corse |Ajaccio |1811–1975 |On 15 September 1975, Corse was divided in two, to form 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Corse Corse-du-Sud and 22x20px|Coat of arms of the department of Corse Haute-Corse. |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |Saint-Pierre |1976–1985 |22x20px|border|Unofficial flag of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 until it was converted to an overseas collectivity on 11 June 1985. |}
Departments of French Algeria
Unlike the rest of French-controlled Africa, Algeria was officially incorporated into France from 1848 until its independence in 1962. {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |- valign="top" | {|class="wikitable" |+Before 1957 |- !scope="col"|№ !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Prefecture !scope="col"|Dates of existence |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|91 |Alger |Algiers |(1848–1957) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|92 |Oran |Oran |(1848–1957) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|93 |Constantine |Constantine |(1848–1957) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|– |Bône |Annaba |(1955–1957) |} | |}{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |- valign="top" | {|class="wikitable" |+1957–1962 |- !scope="col"|№ !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Prefecture !scope="col"|Dates of existence |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|8A |Oasis |Ouargla |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|8B |Saoura |Bechar |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9A |Alger |Algiers |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9B |Batna |Batna |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9C |Bône |Annaba |(1955–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9D |Constantine |Constantine |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9E |Médéa |Medea |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9F |Mostaganem |Mostaganem |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9G |Oran |Oran |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9H |Orléansville |Chlef |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9J |Sétif |Setif |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9K |Tiaret |Tiaret |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9L |Tizi-Ouzou |Tizi Ouzou |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9M |Tlemcen |Tlemcen |(1957–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9N |Aumale |Sour el Ghozlane |(1958–1959) |- ! scope="row"|9P |Bougie |Bejaia |(1958–1962) |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|9R |Saïda |Saïda |(1958–1962) |} | |}
Departments in former French colonies
{|class="wikitable" |- !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Modern-day location !scope="col"|Dates in existence |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Département du Sud |rowspan="5"|Hispaniola( and ) |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Département de l'Inganne (Mostly in Dominican Republic with eastern part of Haiti) |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Département du Nord |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Département de l'Ouest |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Département de Samana (In Dominican Republic) |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Sainte-Lucie |, |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Île de France |, 22x20px|Flag of Rodrigues Rodrigues, |1795–1800 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Indes-Orientales |Puducherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Mahé and Chandernagore |1795–1800 |}
Departments of the Napoleonic Empire in Europe
There are a number of former departments in territories conquered by France during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire that are now not part of France:{|class="wikitable" |- !scope="col"|Department !scope="col"|Prefecture(French name) !scope="col"|Prefecture(English name) !scope="col"| !scope="col"|Contemporary location² !scope="col"|Dates in existence |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|Mont-Terrible |colspan="2"|Porrentruy | |22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire:
Notes for Table 7: # Where a Napoleonic department was composed of parts from more than one country, the nation-state containing the prefecture is listed. Please expand this table to list all countries containing significant parts of the department. # Territories that were a part of 22x20px|border|Flag of the Habsburg dynasty Austrian Netherlands were also a part of 22x20px|border|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire. # The 22x20px|Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Basel Bishopric of Basel was a German Prince-Bishopric, not to be confused with the adjacent Swiss 22x20px|border|Flag of Basel Canton of Basel. # The territories of the were lost to France, becoming the Septinsular Republic, a nominal protectorate of the , from 1800–07. After reverting to France as the Illyrian Provinces, these territories then became a British protectorate, as the # Maastricht was a condominium of the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic and the 22x20px|Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Liège Bishopric of Liège. # On 6 June 1805, as a result of the annexation of the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Republic of Genoa Ligurian Republic (the puppet successor state to the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Republic of Genoa Republic of Genoa), Tanaro was abolished and its territory divided between the departments of Marengo, Montenotte and Stura. # Before becoming the department of Apennins, the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Republic of Genoa Republic of Genoa was converted to a puppet successor state, the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Republic of Genoa Ligurian Republic. # Before becoming the department of Arno, the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany was converted to a puppet successor state, the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Kingdom of Etruria Kingdom of Etruria. # Rome was known as the '''' until 1810. # Before becoming the departments of Bouches-du-Rhin, Bouches-de-l'Escaut, Bouches-de-la-Meuse, Bouches-de-l'Yssel, Ems-Occidental, Frise, Yssel-Supérieur and Zuyderzée, these territories of the 22x20px|border|Flag of the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic were converted to a puppet successor state, the Batavian Republic (1795–1806), then those territories that had not already been annexed (all except the first two departments here), along with the Prussian 22x20px|border|Flag of the County of East Frisia County of East Frisia, were converted to another puppet state, the 20x22px|border|Flag of the Netherlands Kingdom of Holland. # Before becoming the department of Simplon, the 22x20px|Coat of arms of the Valais République des Sept Dizains was converted to a revolutionary République du Valais (16 March 1798) which was swiftly incorporated (1 May 1798) into the puppet 22x20px|border|Flag of the Helvetic Republic Helvetic Republic until 1802 when it became the independent Rhodanic Republic. # In the months before Lippe was formed, the ''arrondissements'' of Rees and Münster were part of Yssel-Supérieur, the ''arrondissement'' of Steinfurt was part of Bouches-de-l'Yssel and the ''arrondissement'' of Neuenhaus was part of Ems-Occidental.
References
See also
Category:Subdivisions of France France, Departments France 2 Departments, France Category:France-related lists
af:Département als:Département ar:أقاليم فرنسا an:Departamentos de Francia zh-min-nan:Département be:Дэпартаменты Францыі be-x-old:Дэпартамэнты Францыі br:Departamant gall bg:Департаменти на Франция ca:Departament francès cv:Франци департаменчĕсем ceb:Departamento cs:Francouzské departementy cy:Départements Ffrainc da:Departement (Frankrig) de:Département es:Departamentos de Francia eo:Departementoj de Francio eu:Frantziako departamendu fa:شهرستانهای فرانسه fr:Département français fy:Departeminten fan Frankryk gl:Departamentos franceses ko:프랑스의 주 hr:Francuski departmani id:Daftar departemen di Perancis it:Dipartimenti francesi he:מחוזות צרפת jv:Departemen ing Prancis ka:საფრანგეთის დეპარტამენტები sw:Orodha ya départements za Ufaransa ku:Départements lv:Francijas departamenti lb:Lëscht vun de franséischen Departementer lt:Prancūzijos departamentai lij:Dipartimenti françesi mk:Департмани во Франција ms:Jabatan di Perancis nl:Departementen van Frankrijk ja:フランスの地方行政区画 no:Frankrikes departementer nn:Departement i Frankrike oc:Departament francés pl:Departament (Francja) pt:Departamentos da França ro:Departamentele Franței qu:Phransya mama llaqtapi dipartamintukuna ru:Департаменты Франции se:Fráŋkriikka departemeanttat scn:Dipartimentu francisi simple:Departments of France sk:Departement (Francúzsko) sl:Seznam departmajev Francije sr:Департмани Француске sh:Departmani Francuske fi:Ranskan departementit sv:Frankrikes departement th:จังหวัดในประเทศฝรั่งเศส tg:Департаментҳои Фаронса tr:Département (Fransa) uk:Департаменти Франції vec:Dipartimenti fransexi vi:Tỉnh (Pháp) vls:Departementn van Vrankryk zh:省 (法国)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Lykke Li |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson |
| birth date | March 18, 1986 |
| birth place | Ystad, Skåne, Sweden |
| genre | Indie pop, indie rock, electronic, dream pop, Wonky pop |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| years active | 2007–present |
| label | LL, Atlantic |
| website | }} |
Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson (born 18 March 1986), better known by her stage name Lykke Li (), is a Swedish singer-songwriter. Her music often blends elements of pop, indie rock and electronic; various instruments can also be found in her songs, including violins, synthesizers, tambourines, trumpets, saxophones and cellos. Her debut album, ''Youth Novels'', was released in 2008.
Early life
Zachrisson was born in Ystad, Skåne; her mother is a photographer, and her father is a musician. The family moved to Stockholm when Zachrisson was a toddler and when she was six moved to a mountaintop in Portugal where they lived for five years. The family also spent time in Lisbon and Morocco, and winters in Nepal and India. She moved to the neighborhood of Bushwick, Brooklyn in New York for three months when she was 19. She returned when she was 21 to record her album.
Music career
Li had some success with the EP "Little Bit" in 2007. Stereogum named her an artist to watch in October 2007 and described her music as a mix of soul, electro and "powdered-sugar pop".Li's debut album, ''Youth Novels'', was released on LL Recordings in the Nordic region on 30 January 2008 and received a wider European release in June 2008. The album was produced by Björn Yttling of Peter Bjorn and John and Lasse Mårtén and was reportedly inspired by a previous relationship of three years. It was released in the United States on 19 August 2008. The album was released in the UK and Ireland in June 2008, promoted by a performances of "Little Bit" on ''Later... with Jools Holland'' on 25 May 2008. Her second album ''Wounded Rhymes'' was released in 2011.
She appeared on Swedish musician Kleerup's self titled album, contributing vocals to the track "Until We Bleed". She also worked with Norwegian electronic duo Röyksopp on their 2009 album ''Junior'', contributing vocals to "Miss It So Much" and "Were You Ever Wanted".
Li appeared on ''Last Call with Carson Daly'' on 18 February 2009. She covered "Knocked Up", originally recorded by Kings of Leon who had approached Li to cover a song of her choice, and "Gifted" in which she performs with Kanye West. Going further mainstream, Li performed at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 19 April, as well as the 2009 Lollapalooza festival on 8 August as part of the promotional tour for ''Youth Novels''.
A remixed version of her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was featured in the 2009 horror film ''Sorority Row''.
The song "Possibility" was written for the 2009 film ''The Twilight Saga: New Moon''. Li had been asked to write a song to the film soundtrack but she was reluctant to commit to the project. It was after she had seen an early screening of the film that she decided she wanted to contribute to the soundtrack. The soundtrack was released on 16 October 2009.
In September 2010, she was announced as the official face of the Levi's Curve ID Collection, alongside Pixie Geldof and Miss Nine.
Her song "Until We Bleed", which she sang with singer Kleerup, was featured on an episode of UK TV series ''Misfits''. On 13 December 2010, RCRD LBL premiered a Beck remix of "Get Some". A part of the song "I Follow Rivers" was covered by Tina Cohen-Chang (played by Jenna Ushkowitz) on the ''Glee'' episode "A Night of Neglect". The episode aired on Fox in the United States on April 19, 2011.
On 30 April 2011, she performed on ''Later... with Jools Holland'' in the UK, playing "Get Some", "Sadness Is a Blessing" and "I Follow Rivers".
Li played at the 2011 Latitude Festival, held between 14 and 18 July 2011 at Henham Park in Suffolk, England.
On Thursday, August 4th 2011, she appeared with her band on US late night talk show "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno"
Discography
;Albums;Singles
;B-sides
;Guest appearances
;Covers
;Music videos
| Year | Song | Director(s) |
| "Breaking It Up" | Sarah Chatfield | |
| "Little Bit" | ||
| "I'm Good, I'm Gone" | ||
| "Possibility" | Marcus Palmqvist and Frode Fjerdingstad | |
| "Get Some" | Johan Söderberg | |
| "I Follow Rivers" | ||
| "Sadness Is a Blessing" |
Awards and nominations
|- |rowspan="2"| 2009 ||rowspan="2"|Lykke Li || 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Female || |- | Studio8's Female Voice of February 2009 ||
Remixes
Her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was remixed by Fred Falke and featured in Hed Kandi's Lounge 2009 "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was also covered by British group Friendly Fires in 2009. Her song "Little Bit" was remixed by Drake, as well as a bootleg remix by AutoErotique. Her song "Little Bit" was sampled and remixed by Charles Hamilton. Her song "Love until We Bleed" was remixed by QuESt. Her song "Dance, Dance, Dance" was remixed by Buraka Som Sistema. Her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was also remixed by 3OH!3 as a collaboration.
References
External links
Category:1986 births Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:English-language singers Category:Indie pop musicians Category:Living people Category:People from Ystad Municipality Category:Swedish electronic musicians Category:Swedish female singers Category:Swedish pop singers Category:Swedish singer-songwriters
ca:Lykke Li cy:Lykke Li da:Lykke Li de:Lykke Li es:Lykke Li fr:Lykke Li it:Lykke Li he:ליקה לי lt:Lykke Li nl:Lykke Li no:Lykke Li pl:Lykke Li pt:Lykke Li ro:Lykke Li ru:Люкке Ли fi:Lykke Li sv:Lykke LiThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | Seth Troxler |
|---|---|
| Background | non_performing_personnel |
| Birth name | Seth Anthony Troxler |
| Alias | Sex Trothler, Thrill Cosby, Visionquest (With Ryan Crosson, Shaun Reeves and Lee Curtiss) |
| Born | Kalamazoo, Michigan |
| Origin | Kalamazoo, U.S. |
| Genre | HouseTech houseDeep HouseTechnoMinimal |
| Influences | Richard Kallis |
| Occupation | ProducerDJ |
| Years active | 2002 - present |
| Labels | Circus CompanySpectral SoundCrosstown RebelsCulpritMoodgadgetWagon RepairWolf + LambRaum... musikSouvenir |
| Associated acts | Visionquest, Ryan Crosson, Shaun Reeves, Lee Curtiss, Matthew Dear }} |
Seth Troxler is an American born electronic music producer and DJ now residing in Berlin, Germany.
History
Seth Troxler was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan but grew up in suburban Detroit. As a child, thanks to godfather S.F. Kapoor, Troxler became aware of house music, as he says in an interview with electronic and dance music Ezine RA: "I started listening to house when I was seven or eight years old." This early exposure to house music seems obvious, since both his mother and his stepfather were involved in the Detroit house music scene. As a teenager, Troxler got a job in the record store Melodies and Memories, working alongside people such as Reggie Harrell, Terrence Parker, and even Theo Parrish. Later on, at the age of 16, Troxler began DJing. three years after graduating from Lake Orion High School, Troxler, together with fellow house music enthusiast Ryan Crosson, moved to Berlin, where he now resides working full time as a producer and DJ. He is well known for his upbeat tuneage and is soon going to be releasing records on a well-known German label with Bill Patrick, Lee Burridge, Little Mike and Catz n Dogz
Discography
Releases
Remixing
References
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Ten Years After |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| origin | Nottingham, England |
| genre | Blues-rock, British blues, rock and roll, hard rock, jazz rock |
| years active | 1966–197419831988–present |
| label | Polygram, Chrysalis, EMI, CBS |
| website | http://tenyearsafter.com/ |
| current members | Leo LyonsChick ChurchillRic LeeJoe Gooch |
| past members | Alvin Lee }} |
History
After several years of local success in the Nottingham/Mansfield area as a band known since 1962 as The Jaybirds (its core was formed in late 1960 as Ivan Jay and the Jaycats), and later as Ivan Jay and the Jaymen, Ten Years After was founded by Alvin Lee and Leo Lyons. Ivan Jay sang lead vocals from late 1960 to 1962 and was joined by Ric Lee in August 1965, replacing drummer Dave Quickmire, who had replaced Pete Evans in 1962. In 1966 The Jaybirds moved to London, where Chick Churchill joined the group. That November the quartet signed a manager, Chris Wright, and decided to change its name to Blues Trip, Blues Yard (under which they played a show at the Marquee Club supporting the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band), and finally in November 1966, to Ten Years After, (in honor of Elvis Presley, an idol of Lee's whose momentous year in rock - 1956, helps to better explain the band's name). The group became the first act booked by the soon-to-be Chrysalis Agency. It secured a residency at the Marquee, and received an invitation to play at the Windsor Jazz Festival in 1967. That performance led to a contract with Deram, a subsidiary of Decca – the first band so signed without a hit single. In October, its 1967 self-titled debut album was released.In 1968 after touring Scandinavia and the United States, Ten Years After released its second album, the live ''Undead'', which brought the noteworthy song "I'm Going Home". This was followed in February 1969 by the studio issue ''Stonedhenge'', a British hit, that included another well-known track, "Hear Me Calling" (it was released also as a single, and covered in 1972 by the British glam rock rising stars, Slade). In July 1969 the group appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival, in the first event to which rock bands were invited. In August, the band performed a breakthrough American appearance at Woodstock; their rendition of "I'm Going Home" featuring Alvin Lee as lead singer, was featured in both the subsequent film and soundtrack album and catapulted them to star status.
During 1970, Ten Years After released "Love Like a Man", the group's only hit in the UK Singles Chart. This song was on the band's fifth album, ''Cricklewood Green''. The name of the album comes from a friend of the group who lived in Cricklewood, London. He grew a sort of plant which was said to have hallucinogenic effects. The band did not know the name of this plant, so the members called their album ''Cricklewood Green''. It was the first record to be issued with a different playing speed on each side – one a three-minute edit at 45rpm, the other, a nearly eight-minute live version at 33rpm. In August 1970, Ten Years After played the Strawberry Fields Festival near Toronto, and the Isle of Wight Festival 1970.
In 1971 the band switched labels to Columbia Records and released the hit album ''A Space in Time,'' which marked a move toward more commercial material. It featured the group's biggest hit, "I'd Love to Change the World". In late 1972 the group issued their second Columbia album ''Rock & Roll Music to the World'' and in 1973 the live double album ''Ten Years After Recorded Live''. The band subsequently broke up after their final 1974 Columbia album ''Positive Vibrations''. The members reunited in 1983 to play the Reading Festival, and this performance was later released on CD as ''The Friday Rock Show Sessions - Live At Reading '83' ''. In 1988 the members reunited for a few concerts and recorded the album ''About Time'' (1989). In 1994, they participated in the Eurowoodstock festival in Budapest.
Alvin Lee has since then mostly played and recorded under his own name. In 2003, the other band members replaced him with Joe Gooch, and recorded the album, ''Now''. Material from the following tour was used for the 2005 double album, ''Roadworks''. Ric Lee is currently in a band called The Breakers, along with Ian Ellis (ex-Clouds).
Band members
Discography
Studio and live albums
{| |- | width=300px|''Ten Years After'' ||Deram, 1967|| |- | width=300px|''Undead'' (live album) ||Deram, 1968|| |- | width=300px|''BBC Sessions'' ||1967–1968|| |- | width=300px|''Stonedhenge'' ||Deram, 1969|| |- | width=300px|''Ssssh'' ||Deram, 1969|| |- | width=300px|''Cricklewood Green'' ||Deram, 1970|| |- | width=300px|''Watt'' ||Deram, 1970|| |- | width=300px|''A Space in Time'' ||Columbia, 1971|| |- | width=300px|''Rock & Roll Music to the World'' ||Columbia, 1972|| |- | width=300px|''Recorded Live'' (double live album) ||Columbia, 1973|| |- | width=300px|''Positive Vibrations'' ||Columbia, 1974|| |- | width=300px|''Rocket Fuel'' ||RSO, 1978|| by Alvin Lee & Ten Years Later |- | width=300px|''Ride On'' ||RSO, 1979|| by Alvin Lee & Ten Years Later |- | width=300px|''About Time'' ||Chrysalis, 1989|| |- | width=300px|''Live at the Fillmore East 1970'' (double live album) ||2001|| |- | width=300px|''One Night Jammed (Live)'' ||2003|| |- | width=300px|''Now'' ||2004|| |- | width=300px|''Roadworks'' (double live album) ||2005|| |- | width=300px|''Evolution'' ||2008|| |- | width=300px|''Live at Fiesta City'' (live DVD) ||2009|| |}
Compilations
Bibliography
References
External links
Category:Blues rock groups Category:Columbia Records artists Category:British blues music groups Category:Decca Records artists Category:English hard rock musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1966 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1974 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1988
ca:Ten Years After cs:Ten Years After de:Ten Years After es:Ten Years After fr:Ten Years After it:Ten Years After he:Ten Years After hu:Ten Years After nl:Ten Years After ja:テン・イヤーズ・アフター pl:Ten Years After pt:Ten Years After ru:Ten Years After fi:Ten Years After sv:Ten Years After uk:Ten Years AfterThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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