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2004
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Aaron Ciechanover
Aaron Ciechanover (אהרן צ'חנובר) (born October 1, 1947) is an Israeli biologist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
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Abdullahi Yusuf
http://wn.com/Abdullahi_Yusuf -
Abu Abbas
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Adolf Ehrnrooth
Adolf Erik Ehrnrooth (February 9, 1905, Helsinki – February 26, 2004) was a Finnish general.
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Ahmed Kuftaro
Ahmed Muhammad Amin Kuftaro (December 1915 - September 1, 2004) was the Grand Mufti of Syria, the highest Sunni Muslim religious official in that nation.
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Ahmed Yassin
Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin (1937 – 22 March 2004 ) () was a founder of Hamas, an Islamist Palestinian paramilitary organization and political party. Yassin also served as the spiritual leader of the organization. Hamas gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services, but it has also claimed responsibility for a number of suicide attacks targeting Israeli civilians, leading to its being characterized by the European Union, Israel, Japan, Canada, and the United States as a terrorist organization.
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Akhmad Kadyrov
Hajji Akhmad Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov () (August 23, 1951 – May 9, 2004), also spelled Akhmat, was the Chief Mufti of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in the 1990s during and after the First Chechen War. At the outbreak of the Second Chechen War he switched sides, offering his service to the Russian government, and later became the President of the Chechen Republic from October 5, 2003, acting as head of administration since July 2000.
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Alicia Markova
Dame Alicia Markova, DBE, DMus, (1 December 1910 – 2 December 2004) was an English ballerina and a choreographer, director and teacher of classical ballet. Most noted for her career with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and touring internationally, she was widely considered to be one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of the 20th century. She was the first British dancer to become the principal dancer of a ballet company and, with Dame Margot Fonteyn, is one of only two English dancers to be recognised as a Prima Ballerina Assoluta. . She was a founder dancer of the Rambert Dance Company, The Royal Ballet and American Ballet Theatre, and was co-founder and director of the English National Ballet.
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Ann Miller
Johnnie Lucille Collier, better known as Ann Miller (April 12, 1923 – January 22, 2004) was an American singer, dancer and actress.
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Annette Lu
Annette Lu (; POJ: Lū Siù-liân; born June 7, 1944), a Taiwanese politician, is a former Vice President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and member of the Democratic Progressive Party. Lu is a prominent feminist activist and became the first female vice president in 2000. She announced her intentions to run for president on March 6, 2007, but withdrew in order to support DPP presidential nominee, Frank Hsieh. She is one of Taiwan's independence advocates.
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Anthony Hecht
Anthony Evan Hecht (January 16, 1923 – October 20, 2004) was an American poet. His work combined a deep interest in form with a passionate desire to confront the horrors of 20th century history, with the Second World War, in which he fought, and the Holocaust being recurrent themes in his work.
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Anthony Sampson
Anthony Terrell Seward Sampson (3 August 1926 – 18 December 2004) was a British writer and journalist. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford and served with the Royal Navy from 1944-47. During the 1950s he edited the magazine Drum in Johannesburg, South Africa. On returning to the United Kingdom he joined the editorial staff of The Observer, where he worked from 1955-66.
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Antoinette Millard
Antoinette Millard (b. 1964?) was a name United States impostor Lisa Walker used when she pretended to be a Saudi princess. She was born Lisa Antoinette Millard, her married name was Walker.
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Antonio Saca
Elías Antonio Saca González (born in Usulután, 9 March 1965) is a Salvadoran politician and was the President of El Salvador. He was elected President in 2004 to serve a five-year term that ended in 2009.
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Archibald Cox
Archibald Cox, Jr., (May 17, 1912 – May 29, 2004) was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy. He became known as the first special prosecutor for the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and also an authority on constitutional law.
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Artie Shaw
Arthur Jacob Arshawsky (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004), better known as Artie Shaw, was an American jazz clarinetist, composer, and bandleader. He is also the author of both fiction and non-fiction writings.
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Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army general and president who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973. Among his titles, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1974 and President of the Republic from 1974 until transferring power to a democratically elected president in 1990.
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Australian Aborigine
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Avram Hershko
Avram Hershko () (born 31 December 1937) is a Hungarian-born Israeli biochemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
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Betty Oliphant
Nancy Elizabeth "Betty" Oliphant, CC, O.Ont (August 5, 1918 – July 12, 2004) was a co-founder of the National Ballet School of Canada.
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Boniface Alexandre
Boniface Alexandre (born 31 July 1936) is a politician in Haïti. He served as acting president of Haïti from 2004 to 2006. The 2004 Haitian rebellion was a coup d'etat removing President Jean-Bertrand Aristide from the Americas on February 29, 2004. Following this, Alexandre, as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and therefore next in the presidential line of succession, assumed the office of president. During Alexandre's acting presidency, Amnesty International reported "excessive use of force by police officers", extrajudicial executions, a lack of investigations into these, escalation of "unlawful killings and kidnappings by illegal armed groups", failure of officials to prevent and punish violence against women, dysfunctionality of the justice system, and forty or more people imprisoned without charge or trial.
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Boris Trajkovski
Boris Trajkovski (, ) (25 June 1956 – 26 February 2004) was the president of the Republic of Macedonia from 1999 to 2004.
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Brian Clough
Brian Howard Clough, OBE (21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer and subsequently football manager, most notable for his success with Derby County and Nottingham Forest, and his 44 day reign at Leeds United. His achievement of winning back-to-back European Cups with Nottingham Forest, a moderate provincial English club, is considered to be one of the greatest in football history.
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Brock Adams
Brockman "Brock" Adams (January 13, 1927 – September 10, 2004) was an American politician and member of Congress. Adams was a Democrat from Washington and served as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and United States Secretary of Transportation before retiring in January 1993.
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Carrie Snodgress
Caroline "Carrie" Snodgress (October 27, 1945 – April 1, 2004) was an American actress.
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Chechnya
The Chechen Republic (; , Chechenskaya Respublika; , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; ; , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in southeastern part of Europe, in the Northern Caucasus mountains, in the North Caucasian Federal District. As of 1 January 2010, the population was 1,267,740 (according to Russian State statistics).
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Chen Shui-bian
Chen Shui-bian (; Taiwanese: Tân Chúi-píⁿ; born October 12, 1950) is a former Taiwanese politician who was the 10th and 11th-term President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008. Chen, whose Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has traditionally been supportive of Taiwan independence, ended more than fifty years of Kuomintang (KMT) rule in Taiwan. He is colloquially referred to as A-Bian (阿扁; Ābiǎn; Taiwanese: 阿扁仔 A-píⁿ-à).
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Christopher Reeve
'''Christopher D'Olier Reeve''' (September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter and author. He achieved stardom for his acting achievements, including his notable motion picture portrayal of the fictional superhero Superman.
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Claude Nougaro
Claude Nougaro (9 September 1929–4 March 2004) was a French songwriter and singer.
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Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001–2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
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Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927 January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader. The widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
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Czesław Miłosz
Czesław Miłosz (June 30, 1911 – August 14, 2004) was a Polish poet, prose writer and translator of Lithuanian origin and subsequent American citizenship. His World War II-era sequence The World, is a collection of 20 "naive" poems. Defecting to the West in 1951, his non-fiction book The Captive Mind (1953) is one of the classics of anti-Stalinism. From 1961 to 1998 he was a professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1980, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Daniel J. Boorstin
Daniel Joseph Boorstin (October 1, 1914 – February 28, 2004) was an American historian, professor, attorney, and writer. He was appointed twelfth Librarian of the United States Congress from 1975 until 1987.
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Davíð Oddsson
Davíð Oddsson (pronounced ) (born 17 January 1948) is an Icelandic politician and the longest-serving Prime Minister of Iceland, holding office from 1991 to 2004. He also served as Foreign Minister from 2004 to 2005. Previously, he was Mayor of Reykjavík from 1982 to 1991, and he chaired the board of governors of the Central Bank of Iceland from 2005 to 2009. The collapse of Iceland's banking system led to vocal demands for his resignation both by members of the Icelandic public and by Icelandic Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, which resulted in him being replaced as head of the Central Bank in 2009. In September 2009 he was hired as the editor of Morgunblaðið, one of Iceland's largest newspapers.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under George W. Bush. He briefly served as Acting President of the United States on two occasions during which Bush underwent medical procedures.
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Dick Durrance
Richard "Dick" Henry Durrance, Jr. (October 14, 1914 – June 13, 2004) was a 17-time national championship skier and one of the first American skiers to compete successfully with European skiers.
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Dimebag Darrell
Darrell Lance Abbott, also known as "Diamond Darrell", and "Dimebag Darrell" (August 20, 1966 – December 8, 2004) was an American guitarist, best known as a founding member of the heavy metal bands Pantera and Damageplan. He also performed in the southern rock band Rebel Meets Rebel.
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Eddie Charlton
Edward Francis ("Eddie") Charlton AM (31 October 1929 – 7 November 2004) was a professional Australian snooker and billiards player. He remains the only player to have been world championship runner-up in both snooker and billiards without winning either title.
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Edmond Pidoux
Edmond Pidoux (October 25, 1908-April 17, 2004) was a Swiss author who wrote numerous poems, novels, and essays. He was particularly renowned for Biblical pieces such as ''L'histoire de Jonas.'' In 1982, he won the Prix du livre vaudois.
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Edvard Munch
Edvard Munch (, 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, melancholia, and anxiety.
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Edward B. Lewis
Edward B. Lewis (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist, a corecipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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Edward C. Prescott
Edward Christian Prescott (born December 26, 1940) is an American economist. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2004, sharing the award with Finn E. Kydland, "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles". This research was primarily conducted while both Kydland and Prescott were affiliated with the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (now Tepper School of Business) at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Egon von Furstenberg
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Eleanor Holm
Eleanor G. Holm (December 6, 1913 – January 31, 2004) was an American swimmer. An Olympic champion, she is best known for having been suspended from the 1936 Summer Olympics team, after she had attended a cocktail party on the transatlantic cruise ship taking her to Germany. She went on to have a high-profile celebrity career as actress and singer, socialite and interior designer that included co-starring as Jane in a Hollywood Tarzan movie.
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Elfriede Jelinek
Elfriede Jelinek () (born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004 for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power."
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Elmer Bernstein
Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, and To Kill a Mockingbird.
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Emlyn Hughes
Emlyn Walter Hughes, OBE (28 August 1947 – 9 November 2004) was an English footballer who captained both the English national side and the much-decorated Liverpool F.C. side of the 1970s.
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Etta Moten Barnett
Etta Moten Barnett (November 5, 1901 – January 2, 2004) was an American actress and contralto vocalist, who was identified with her signature role of "Bess" in Porgy and Bess. She created new roles for African-American women on stage and screen. After her performing career, Barnett was active in Chicago as a major philanthropist and civic activist, raising funds for and supporting cultural, social and church institutions.
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Ezzedine Salim
Ezzedine Salim, (), also known as Abdelzahra Othman Mohammed (1943 - 17 May 2004 , عبدالزهرة عثمان محمد), was an Iraqi politician.
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Fay Wray
Fay Wray (born Vina Fay Wray; September 15, 1907 – August 8, 2004) was a Canadian-American actress. Through an acting career that spanned 57 years, Wray attained international stardom as an actress in horror film roles, leading to many considering her as the first "scream queen".
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Finn E. Kydland
Finn Erling Kydland (born 1 December 1943) is a Norwegian economist. He is currently the Henley Professor of Economics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He also holds the Richard P. Simmons Distinguished Professorship at the Tepper School of Business of Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned his Ph.D., and a Professor II position at NHH. Kydland was a co-recipient of the 2004 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (shared with Edward C. Prescott), "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles".
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Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004), was an English molecular biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being one of two co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, together with James D. Watson. He, Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".
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Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is a theoretical physicist from the United States and a Nobel laureate. He is currently the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Françoise Sagan
Françoise Sagan (June 21, 1935–September 24, 2004), real name Françoise Quoirez, was a French playwright, novelist, and screenwriter. Hailed as “a charming little monster” by François Mauriac on the front page of Le Figaro, Sagan was best known for works with strong romantic themes involving wealthy and disillusioned bourgeois characters.
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Frederick Fennell
Frederick Fennell (July 2, 1914 in Cleveland, Ohio – December 7, 2004 in Siesta Key, Florida) was an internationally recognized conductor, and one of the primary figures in promoting the wind ensemble as a performing group. He was also influential as a band pedagogue, and greatly affected the field of music education in the USA and abroad. In Fennell's The New York Times obituary, colleague Jerry F. Junkin was quoted, saying "He was arguably the most famous band conductor since John Philip Sousa."
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George Patton IV
military person
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George Tenet
George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University. Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history – behind Allen Welsh Dulles – as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties. In February 2008 he became a managing director at the merchant bank Allen & Company.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Godfrey Hounsfield
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield CBE, FRS, (28 August 1919 – 12 August 2004) was an English electrical engineer who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan McLeod Cormack for his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography (CT).
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Goh Chok Tong
Goh Chok Tong (; born 20 May 1941) is the Senior Minister of Singapore and the chairman of the central bank of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He also served as the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 28 November, 1990 to 12 August, 2004, succeeding to Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore
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Gordon Cooper
Leroy Gordon Cooper, Jr., also known as Gordo Cooper, (March 6, 1927 – October 4, 2004) was an engineer and American astronaut. Cooper was one of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first manned space effort by the United States. He was the first American to sleep in orbit, had flown the longest spaceflight of the Mercury project, and was the last American to be launched alone into Earth orbit and conduct an entire solo orbital mission.
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Greek Cypriots
Greek Cypriots (, Ellinokýprioi; ) are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus, forming the island's largest ethnolinguistic community at 77% of the population. Greek Cypriots are mostly members of the Church of Cyprus, an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Orthodox Christianity. In regards to the 1960 Constitution of Cyprus, the term also includes Arabic-speaking Maronites, Armenians and Latin Rite Catholics ("Latins"), who were given the option of being included in one or other of the two constituent communities (Greek or Turkish) and voted to join the Greek Cypriot community.
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Gérard Debreu
Gérard Debreu (July 4, 1921 – December 31, 2004) was a French-born economist and mathematician. In July 1975, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Best known as a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he began work in 1962, he won the 1983 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
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Gérard Souzay
Gérard Souzay (December 8, 1918 – August 17, 2004) was a French baritone singer, regarded as one of the best interpreters of mélodie (French art song) since Charles Panzéra and Pierre Bernac.
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Halldór Ásgrímsson
Halldór Ásgrímsson (pronounced ) (born 8 September 1947) is an Icelandic politician, formerly Prime Minister of Iceland from 2004 to 2006 and leader of the Progressive Party from 1994 to 2006.
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Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai, GCMG (Ḥāmid Karzay; born 24 December 1957) is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001. During the International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2001, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six month term as Chairman of the Transitional Administration.
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Hank Garland
Walter Louis Garland (November 11, 1930 – December 27, 2004), better known as Hank Garland, was a Nashville studio musician who performed with Elvis Presley, Patsy Cline, Roy Orbison and many others.
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Harold Shipman
Harold Frederick "Fred" Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a convicted English serial killer. A doctor by profession, he is among the most prolific serial killers in recorded history with 218 murders being positively ascribed to him, although the real number is likely to be higher than this.
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Heorhiy Kirpa
Heorhiy Kirpa () (July 20, 1946 in Klubivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast - December 27, 2004 in Bortnychi, near Kiev) was a Ukrainian railway manager, statesman and politician, best known as the head of the Ukrzaliznytsia national railway company and Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications.
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Herbert C. Brown
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was a chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate for his work with organoboranes.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Howard Keel
Howard Keel (April 13, 1919November 7, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He starred in many film musicals of the 1950s.
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Hubert Selby, Jr.
Hubert "Cubby" Selby, Jr. (July 23, 1928 – April 26, 2004) was a 20th century American writer. His best-known novels are Last Exit to Brooklyn (1964) and Requiem for a Dream (1978). Both novels were later adapted into films.
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Idriss Déby
General Idriss Déby Itno (إدريس ديبي) (born 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Déby is of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. He added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006.
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Ingrid Thulin
Ingrid Thulin (; 27 January 1926 – 7 January 2004) was a Swedish film actress.
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Ingushetia
The Republic of Ingushetia (, Respublika Ingushetiya; lang-inh|, Ğalğaj Moxk) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. It was established on June 4, 1992 after the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two. Ingushetia is home to the indigenous Ingush, a people of Vainakh ancestry.
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Iona Brown
Iona Brown OBE (born Elizabeth Iona Brown, 7 January 1941 - 5 June 2004) was a British violinist and conductor. Born in Salisbury, her parents Antony and Fiona were both musicians. In addition, her brother Timothy is principal horn player with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, her other brother Ian is a pianist, and her sister Sally plays viola with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.
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Irwin Rose
Irwin A. Rose (born July 16, 1926) is an American biologist. Along with Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Jack Paar
Jack Harold Paar (May 1, 1918 – January 27, 2004) was an American radio and television comedian and talk show host, best known for his stint as host of The Tonight Show.
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Jack Rosenthal
Jack Morris Rosenthal CBE (8 September 1931 - 29 May 2004) was an English playwright, who wrote 129 early episodes of the ITV soap opera Coronation Street and over 150 screenplays, including original TV plays, feature films, and adaptations.
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Jack Tunney
John "Jack" Tunney (1935 – January 24, 2004) was a Canadian wrestling promoter. Tunney was known worldwide for his appearances on World Wrestling Federation television as the promotion's figurehead president, suspending wrestlers, stripping them of titles, and ordering matches. Tunney's tenure was during the company's initial worldwide popularity boom in the 1980s, the peaking days of "Hulkamania".
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Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (; born 29 November 1932) is a French right-wing politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 (making him the only person to hold the position of Prime Minister twice under the Fifth Republic), and as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.
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Jamal Abro
Jamaluddin Abro, (), () also known as Jamal Abro (2 May 1924 - 30 June 2004, Larkana, Pakistan) was a Sindhi writer. He was born in May 1924 at Sangi, a small village in Mehar Taluka, then part of Dadu District.
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James Chace
James Clarke Chace (October 16, 1931 - October 8, 2004) was an eminent historian, writing on American diplomacy and statecraft. His 12 books include the critically acclaimed Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (1998), the definitive biography of former Secretary of State Dean Acheson. In a debate during the 2000 presidential primary, George W. Bush referred to Chace's Acheson as one of the books he was reading at the time.[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/13/acheson/index.html]
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James McGreevey
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Janet Leigh
Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004) was an American actress.
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Jean-Marie Auberson
Jean-Marie Auberson (May 2, 1920, Chavornay, Vaud – July 4, 2004) was a Swiss conductor and violinist, student of Ernest Ansermet and Carl Schuricht.
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Jerry Goldsmith
Jerrald King "Jerry" Goldsmith (February 10, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was an American composer and conductor, best known for his numerous film scores.
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Jim Bacon
James Alexander Bacon, AC (15 May 1950 – 20 June 2004) was Premier of Tasmania from 1998 to 2004.
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Jimmy McLarnin
James McLarnin, known as Jimmy McLarnin (19 December 1907; County Down, Ireland – 28 October 2004; Richland, Washington, USA), was an Irish Canadian professional boxer who became two time welterweight world champion and an International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee.
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Joan Aiken
Joan Delano Aiken (4 September 1924 – 4 January 2004) was an English novelist. She was born in Rye, East Sussex, into a family of writers, including her father, American poet Conrad Aiken (who won a Pulitzer Prize for his poetry), her sister, Jane Aiken Hodge and her brother John Aiken (with her siblings, Joan Aiken authored Conrad Aiken Remembered (1989), a short, subtle appreciation of their complex and difficult father). Joan's mother, Canadian-born Jessie MacDonald, a Masters graduate from Radcliffe College, married English writer Martin Armstrong soon after Conrad Aiken separated from her.
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John Cerutti
John Joseph Cerutti (April 28, 1960 - October 3, 2004) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, and later a broadcaster for the Toronto Blue Jays.
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John Charles
William John Charles, CBE (27 December 1931 – 21 February 2004), commonly known as John Charles, was a Welsh international footballer best remembered for spells with Leeds United and Juventus. Rated by many as the greatest all-round footballer ever to come from Wales, he was equally adept at centre-forward or centre-back. He has since been included in the Football League 100 Legends and was inducted into the Football Hall of Fame.
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John Cullen Murphy
John Cullen Murphy (May 3, 1919, New York City, New York – July 2, 2004, Greenwich, Connecticut) was a magazine and comic strip illustrator known for his work on the Prince Valiant comic strip featured in the Daily News. Murphy died at the age of 85, just four months after stepping down from the newspaper.
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John Drew Barrymore
John Drew Barrymore (June 4, 1932 – November 29, 2004), born John Blyth Barrymore, Jr., was a member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his father's siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including John Blyth Barrymore and Drew Barrymore.
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John E. McLaughlin
John Edward McLaughlin (born June 15, 1942 in McKeesport, Pennsylvania) is the former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and former Acting Director of Central Intelligence. He was sworn in as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence on October 19, 2000, to serve under DCI George Tenet. After Tenet's resignation on June 3, 2004, the Bush Administration announced that McLaughlin would serve as Acting Director after Tenet's departure on July 11, 2004. McLaughlin himself stepped down as Acting Director on September 22, 2004, after Porter J. Goss was confirmed by the Senate to serve as the new director. He then returned to his position as Deputy Director, and announced his retirement on November 12, 2004.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
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John Maynard Smith
John Maynard Smith, F.R.S. (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.
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John Peel
John Robert Parker Ravenscroft, OBE (30 August 1939 – 25 October 2004), known professionally as John Peel, was an English disc jockey, radio presenter and journalist. He was the longest-serving of the original BBC Radio 1 DJs, broadcasting regularly from 1967, until his death in 2004. He was known for his eclectic taste in music and his honest and warm broadcasting style. He was one of the first broadcasters to play psychedelic rock, reggae and punk records on British radio, and he is widely acknowledged for promoting artists working in various genres including alternative rock, indie rock, pop, hardcore punk, grindcore, death metal, British hip hop and dance music.
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John Pople
Sir John Anthony Pople, KBE, FRS, (October 31, 1925 – March 15, 2004) was a theoretical chemist. Born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England, he attended Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1943. He received his B. A. in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to Cambridge University and was awarded his doctorate degree in mathematics in 1951. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number.
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John Robert Vane
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Johnny Oates
Johnny Lane Oates (January 21, 1946–December 24, 2004) was an American catcher and manager in Major League Baseball.
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José López Portillo
José López Portillo y Pacheco (June 16, 1920 – February 17, 2004) was the President of Mexico from 1976 to 1982.
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José María Aznar
José María Alfredo Aznar López (; born 25 February 1953) served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004. He is currently on the board of directors of News Corporation.
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Julia Child
Julia Child (née McWilliams) (August 15, 1912 - August 13, 2004) was an American chef, author, and television personality. She is recognized for introducing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, and her subsequent television programs, notably The French Chef, which premiered in 1963.
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Junichiro Koizumi
is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. He retired from politics when his term in parliament ended.
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Jóannes Eidesgaard
Jóannes Dan Eidesgaard (born 19 April 1951) is the Finance Minister of the Faroe Islands. He has held the position since 26 September 2008. He previously served as Prime Minister of the Faeroe Islands from 3 February 2004, shortly after the general election of 20 January 2004, until 26 September 2008, when a new coalition took office.
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Kamisese Mara
Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, GCMG, KBE, CF, (May 6, 1920 – April 18, 2004) is considered the founding father of the modern nation of Fiji. He was Chief Minister from 1967 to 1970, when Fiji gained its independence from the United Kingdom, and, apart from one brief interruption in 1987, the first Prime Minister from 1970 to 1992. He subsequently served as President from 1993 to 2000.
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Kathryn Eames
Kathryn Eames (July 25, 1908 - December 12, 2004) was an American cinema, television and stage actress. She worked for more than 50 years as an actress.
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Katy de la Cruz
Katy de la Cruz (born Catalina de la Cruz; February 13, 1907 – November 10, 2004) was a leading Filipino singer who specialized in jazz vocals and torch songs in a performing career that lasted eight decades. Hailed as "The Queen of Filipino Jazz" and as "The Queen of Bodabil", she was, by the age of 18, the highest paid entertainer in the Philippines. De la Cruz also appeared in films and received a FAMAS Best Supporting Actress Award in 1953.
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Khin Nyunt
General Khin Nyunt (; ; born 11 October 1939 in Kyauktan, Yangon Division) is an officer and politician in Myanmar. Khin Nyunt is an ethnic Chinese. He held the office of Chief of Intelligence and was Prime Minister from August 25, 2003 until October 18, 2004. He is married to Khin Win Shwe, a medical doctor, and father to a daughter, Thin Le Le Win, and two sons, Lieutenant Colonel Zaw Naing Oo and Dr. Ye Naing Win, who owns Bagan Cybertech, one of the few internet service providers available in Myanmar.
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Kurdish people
The Kurds () are an Iranian-speaking ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Substantial Kurdish communities also exist in the cities of western Turkey, and they can also be found in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States (see Kurdish diaspora). Most speak Kurdish, an Indo-European language of the Iranian branch. The Kurds are classified as an Iranian people.Bois, Th.; Minorsky, V.; Bois, Th.; Bois, Th.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Bois, Th. "Kurds, Kurdistan." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt 1:"The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey"..Excerpt 2: "The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them" Excerpt 3:"We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. Among the latter, some were autochthonous (the Ḳardū; the Tmorik̲h̲/Ṭamurāyē in the district of which Alḳī = Elk was the capital; the Χοθα̑ίται [= al-Ḵh̲uwayt̲h̲iyya] in the canton of Ḵh̲oyt of Sāsūn, the Orṭāyē [= al-Arṭān] in the bend of the Euphrates); some were Semites (cf. the popular genealogies of the Kurd tribes) and some probably Armenian (it is said that the Mamakān tribe is of Mamikonian origin). " Excerpt 4: "In the 20th century, the existence of an Iranian non-Kurdish element among the Kurds has been definitely established (the Gūrān-Zāzā group)."
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Lance Armstrong
Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American professional road racing cyclist who is best known for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times, after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He rides for UCI ProTour team .
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Laura Branigan
Laura Ann Branigan (July 3, 1957 – August 26, 2004) was an American singer-songwriter and actress of Italian and Irish ancestry. She is best known in the United States for her 1982 Platinum-certified hit "Gloria" and in Europe for the number-one single "Self Control". Branigan is also remembered for the Top 10 "Solitaire," and for the number-one Adult Contemporary hit "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You", as well as four other US Top 40 hits.
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Lee Hsien Loong
Lee Hsien Loong (; POJ: Li Hian-liong; born 10 February 1952) is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore. Lee Hsien Loong is married to Ho Ching, who is the Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of the government-owned Temasek Holdings. He is the eldest son of former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.
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Lenovo
Lenovo Group Limited (, ) is a Chinese-based multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures and markets desktops and notebook personal computers, workstations, servers, storage drives, IT management software, and related services. Incorporated as Legend in Hong Kong in 1988, Lenovo's principal operations are currently located in Beijing, China, Morrisville, North Carolina in the United States, and Singapore, with research centers in those locations, as well as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Chengdu in China, and Yamato in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
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Lien Chan
Lien Chan () (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an, China) is a politician in Taiwan. He was Vice President of the Republic of China from 1996 to 2000, and was the Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 2000 to 2005. In August 2005, he left that post after not running for re-election and was succeeded by Ma Ying-jeou. Lien is Chairman Emeritus of the Kuomintang.
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Linda B. Buck
Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., (born January 29, 1947) is an American biologist best known for her work on the olfactory system. She was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Richard Axel, for their work on olfactory receptors.
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Louis XVII of France
Louis XVII (Versailles 27 March 1785 – Paris 8 June 1795), from birth to 1789 known as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy; then from 1789 to 1791 as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France; and from 1791 to 1793 as Louis-Charles, Prince Royal of France, was the son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. As the son of the king, he was a Fils de France (Son of France).
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Loyd Sigmon
Loyd C. Sigmon (May 6, 1909 - June 2, 2004) was born in Stigler, Oklahoma to a cattle-ranching family. He soon became interested in radio, earning his amateur ("ham") radio license at age 14. His broadcasting career began in 1932 at the Boston Short Wave and Television Laboratories. In 1941 he was hired as an engineer for MacMillan Petroleum Company's flagship radio station, KMPC, in Los Angeles, California. That job was interrupted by World War II; he served in the United States Army Signal Corps on General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff.
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Luis E. Miramontes
Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas (March 16, 1925 – September 13, 2004) , was a Mexican chemist known as the co-inventor of the progestin used in one of the first two oral contraceptives.
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Lynn Cartwright
Lynn Cartwright (February 27, 1927 – January 2, 2004) was an American character actress probably best known for her performance as the older version of Geena Davis' character, Dottie Hinson, in the 1992 film A League of Their Own.
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M. M. Kaye
'''Mary Margaret ('Mollie') Kaye' (21 August 1908 - 29 January 2004) was a British writer. Her most famous book was The Far Pavilions'' (1978).
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Marco Pantani
Cyclist
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Margaret Hassan
Margaret Hassan (also known as Madam Margaret) (April 18, 1945–November, 2004) was an Irish aid worker who had worked in Iraq for many years until she was abducted and murdered by unidentified kidnappers in Iraq in 2004, at the age of 59.
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Marge Schott
Margaret Unnewehr Schott (August 18, 1928 – March 2, 2004) was the managing general partner, president and CEO of the National League's Cincinnati Reds franchise from 1984 to 1999. She was the second woman to own a North American major-league team without inheriting it (the first being New York Mets founder Joan Whitney Payson), and the first woman to buy an existing team rather than inheriting it. She is perhaps most well known for her controversial behavior during her tenure as owner of the Reds, which included slurs towards African-Americans, Jews, the Japanese and homosexuals. She was banned from managing the team by the MLB from 1996 through 1998 due to statements in support of German domestic policies of Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler; shortly afterwards, she sold the majority of her share in the team.
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Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor who performed for over half a century.
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Marvin Heemeyer
Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 – June 4, 2004) was a welder and an automobile muffler repair shop owner. Outraged over the outcome of a zoning dispute, he armored a Komatsu D355A bulldozer with layers of steel and concrete and used it on June 4, 2004, to demolish the town hall, a former judge's home, and other buildings in Granby, Colorado. The rampage ended when the bulldozer became immobilized. After a standoff with law enforcement agencies, Heemeyer killed himself with a handgun.
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Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born English molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate who contributed research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, and X-ray diffraction. He was most widely known for his work at King's College London on the structure of DNA. In recognition of this work, he, Francis Crick and James Watson were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material."
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Mercedes McCambridge
Carlotta Mercedes McCambridge (March 16, 1916 – March 2, 2004) was an American actress. Orson Welles called her "the world's greatest living radio actress."
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Michael Schumacher
Michael Schumacher (; born 3 January 1969 in Hürth, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a Formula One racing driver currently driving for Mercedes GP. Most famous for his eleven-year spell with Ferrari, Schumacher is a seven-time World Champion and according to the official Formula One website is "statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen"; he holds many of the formula's driver records including most championships, race victories, fastest laps, pole positions, points scored and most races won in a single season – 2004. In 2002 he became the only driver in Formula 1 history to finish in the top three in every race.
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Mikhail Saakashvili
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Mikhail Voronin
Mikhail Jakovlievitch Voronin (; 26 March 1945 in Moscow - 22 May 2004) was one of the world's strongest Russian gymnasts, who competed for the USSR in the late 1960s-early 1970s.
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Miklos Feher
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Mohammed Bouyeri
Mohammed Bouyeri () (born 8 March 1978 in Amsterdam), a Dutch–Moroccan, is currently serving a life sentence without parole for the murder of Dutch film director Theo van Gogh. He holds both Dutch and Moroccan citizenship. He was a member of the Hofstad Network.
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Mona Van Duyn
Mona Jane Van Duyn (9 May 1921 – 2 December 2004) was an American poet. She was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1992.
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Mordechai Vanunu
Mordechai Vanunu (; born 14 October 1954) is a former Israeli nuclear technician who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986. He was subsequently lured to Italy by a Mossad spy, where he was drugged and kidnapped by Israeli intelligence agents. He was transported to Israel and ultimately convicted in a trial that was held behind closed doors. Regarded by peace activists as a hero for taking a stand against weapons proliferation, Vanunu has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize many times.
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Muammar al-Gaddafi
Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 ( '; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi'''; born 7 June 1942) has been the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969.
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Naomi Shemer
Naomi Shemer (; July 13, 1930 - June 26, 2004) was a leading Israeli songwriter hailed as the "first lady of Israeli song."
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Nestor de Villa
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Norberto Bobbio
Norberto Bobbio (October 18, 1909 – January 9, 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa.
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Norman Cantor
Norman F. Cantor (19 November 1929 – 18 September 2004) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. Known for his accessible writing and engaging narrative style, Cantor's books were among the most widely-read treatments of medieval history in English. His textbook The Civilization of the Middle Ages, first published in 1964, remains one of the all-time bestsellers in the field.
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Norodom Sihamoni
Norodom Sihamoni (, born 14 May 1953) is the King of Cambodia. He is the eldest son of Norodom Sihanouk and Norodom Monineath Sihanouk. Previously Cambodia's ambassador to UNESCO, he was named by a nine-member throne council to become the next king after his father Norodom Sihanouk abdicated in 2004. Before ascending the throne, Sihamoni was best known for his work as a cultural ambassador in Europe and as a classical dance instructor.
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Norris McWhirter
Norris Dewar McWhirter, CBE (12 August 1925, Winchmore Hill, London – 19 April 2004, Wiltshire) was a writer, political activist, co-founder of the Freedom Association, and a television presenter. He and his identical twin brother, Ross, were known internationally for the Guinness Book of Records, a book they wrote and annually updated together between 1955 and 1975. After Ross McWhirter's assassination by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), Norris McWhirter carried on alone as editor.
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Ove Sprogøe
Ove Wendelboe Sprogøe Petersen (21 December 1919 – 14 September 2004) was a Danish actor. Born in Odense, his parents were Arthur and Inger Sprogøe. He married Eva Rasmussen in 1945, with whom he had three children. One of these is actor Henning Sprogøe.
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (; 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) who was commonly known as P. V. Narasimha Rao, served as the 10th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. He led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj. Rao, also called the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms," is best remembered for launching India's free market reforms that rescued the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse. He was also commonly referred to as the Chanakya of modern India for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
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Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, (, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni) also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (, al-filasTīnīyyūn; , al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn), are an Arabic-speaking nation of Levantine people with family origins in Palestine. In the areas of Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, as of 2004, Arabs constitute 49% of all inhabitants, some of whom are internally displaced. The remainder, comprise what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, of whom more than half are stateless refugees, lacking citizenship in any country. Of the diaspora, about 1.9 million live in neighboring Jordan, one and a half million between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter million in Saudi Arabia, while Chile's half a million are the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
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Pat Roach
Francis Patrick "Pat" Roach (19 May 1937 – 17 July 2004) was an English actor and wrestler from Birmingham. His most famous role is that of West Country bricklayer Brian "Bomber" Busbridge in "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet". He also played a memorable role as General Kael in Willow. He was the only actor besides Harrison Ford to appear in all of the first three films in the Indiana Jones franchise (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade).
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Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, PC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin, Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada, as well as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
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Paul Sweezy
Paul Marlor Sweezy (April 10, 1910 – February 27, 2004) was a Marxist economist and a founding editor of the magazine Monthly Review.
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Peggy Ryan
'''Margaret O'Rene "Peggy" Ryan''' (August 28, 1924; Long Beach, California – October 30, 2004; Las Vegas, Nevada) was an American dancer who starred in a series of movie musicals at Universal Studios, tapping and clowning with Donald O'Connor.
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Percy Wickman
Percy Dwight Wickman (June 10, 1941-July 3, 2004) was a Canadian politician and well-known activist for people with disabilities. He was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
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Pervez Musharraf
General (ret) Pervez Musharraf (lang-ur|) (born 11 August 1943), NI(M), Tamgha-e-Basalat award, is a Pakistani politician and military figure who served as the tenth President of Pakistan (2001–2008) and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army (1998–2007).
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Peter Barnes
Peter Barnes (10 January 1931 – 1 July 2004) was an English Olivier Award-winning playwright and screenwriter. His most famous work is the play The Ruling Class, which was made into a 1972 film for which Peter O'Toole received an Oscar nomination.
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Peter Twinn
Peter Frank George Twinn (9 January 1916 – 29 October 2004) was a British mathematician, World War II codebreaker and entomologist.
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Philip Abelson
Philip Hauge Abelson (April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an , a scientific editor, and a science writer.
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Pierre Charles
Pierre Charles (June 30, 1954 – January 6, 2004) was Prime Minister of Dominica from 2000 to 2004 as well as Member of Parliament for Grand Bay, Dominica from 1985 until his death. He was born in Grand Bay in Saint Patrick parish. He began his high school education at the Dominica Grammar School and completed it at the St. Mary's Academy before pursuing studies at the local teachers college. He served as a teacher and community organizer before entering elective office.
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Pierre Salinger
Pierre Emil George Salinger (June 14, 1925 – October 16, 2004) was a White House Press Secretary to U.S. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He later became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent, and in particular for his stories on the American hostage crisis in Iran, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland, and his claims as to the cause of the explosion of TWA flight 800.
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Priscilla Paris
Priscilla Paris (January 4, 1941–March 5, 2004) was an American singer. She had two sons, Edan and Seth.
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Quorthon
Tomas Forsberg, better known as "Quorthon" (February 17, 1966, Hägersten, Stockholm – June 7, 2004, Hässelby, Stockholm), was the founder and songwriter of the pioneering Swedish black metal band Bathory. He is also credited with creating the Viking metal genre. He composed the music and wrote the lyrics on all of Bathory's albums.
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Rafael Eitan
Rafael "Raful" Eitan (, born 11 January 1929 - 23 November 2004) was an Israeli general, former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces and later a politician, a Knesset member government minister. Born in Afula during the Mandate era, Eitan was raised in Tel Adashim, where he spent most of his life.
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Ray Charles
Ray Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930June 10, 2004), better known by his shortened stage name Ray Charles, was an American musician. Ray was a pioneer in the genre of soul music during the 1950s by fusing rhythm & blues, gospel, and blues styles into his early recordings with Atlantic Records. He also helped racially integrate country and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his Modern Sounds albums. While with ABC, Charles became one of the first African-American musicians to be given artistic control by a mainstream record company.
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Reggie White
Reginald Howard "Reggie" White, nicknamed "The Minister of Defense" (December 19, 1961 – December 26, 2004) was a professional American football player who played defensive end for 15 seasons in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers and Carolina Panthers becoming one of the most decorated players in NFL history. He also played for two seasons in the United States Football League for the Memphis Showboats. The 2-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, 13-time Pro Bowl and 12-time All-Pro selection holds 2nd place all-time amongst career sack leaders with 198.5 (behind Bruce Smith's 200 career sacks) and was selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. During his professional career, he became famous not only for his outstanding play, but also for his Christian ministry as an ordained Evangelical minister. This led to his aforementioned nickname, "The Minister of Defense". White was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006, two years after his death.
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Renata Tebaldi
Renata Tebaldi (Pesaro, Italy, February 1, 1922 – San Marino, December 19, 2004) was an Italian lirico-spinto soprano popular in the post-war period. Acclaimed as one of the most beloved opera singers of all time, she primarily focused on the verismo roles of the lyric and dramatic repertoires.
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Ricardo Lagos
Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer, economist and social democrat politician, who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. He won the 1999-2000 presidential election by a narrow margin in a runoff over Independent Democrat Union (UDI) candidate Joaquín Lavín. Lagos was the third president from the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy to have ruled Chile since 1990. He was succeeded on March 11, 2006 by Socialist Michelle Bachelet, from the same coalition. Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
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Richard Avedon
Richard Avedon (May 15, 1923 – October 1, 2004) was an American photographer. An obituary, published in The New York Times following Avedon's death said that, "his fashion and portrait photographs helped define America's image of style, beauty and culture for the last half-century."
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Richard Axel
Richard Axel (born July 2, 1946, New York City) is an American neuroscientist whose work on the olfactory system won him and Linda B. Buck, a former post-doctoral scientist in his research group, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.
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Richard Biggs
Richard T. Biggs (March 18, 1960 – May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor, best known for his roles on the television series Days of our Lives and Babylon 5.
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Rick James
Rick James (February 1, 1948August 6, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. James was a popular R&B; and funk singer in the late 1970s and 1980s, scoring four #1 hits on the U.S. R&B; charts. Among his well known songs are "Super Freak" and "You and I". In addition to his music James gained notoriety for his wild lifestyle, which led to widely publicized legal problems.
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Robert Merrill
Robert Merrill (June 4, 1917 – October 23, 2004) was an American operatic baritone.
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Rodger Ward
Rodger M. Ward (January 10, 1921 – July 5, 2004) was an American racecar driver who won the 1959 and 1962 Indianapolis 500. He also was the 1959 and 1962 USAC Championship Car champion.
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Ron Artest
Ronald William "Ron" Artest, Jr. (born November 13, 1979) is an American professional basketball player who is currently with the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA. Artest gained a reputation as one of the league's premier defenders as he won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 2004. He was a major participant in the Pacers–Pistons brawl and is known for his sometimes eccentric, outspoken behavior. He is also a rapper, known for his single "Champions".
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Ron Ashman
Ronald George Ashman (19 May 1926 – 21 June 2004) was an English professional footballer and football manager. Born in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, he spent his entire playing career with Norwich City F.C. and was later their manager. He went on to manage Scunthorpe United and Grimsby Town.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
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Ronald Smith
Ronald Bertram Smith (3 January 192227 May 2004) was an English classical pianist, composer and teacher, born in London. He entered the Royal Academy of Music at the age of 16 with the Sir Michael Costa Scholarship for composition. After leaving the academy he studied privately in Paris with Marguerite Long, while also taking an external BMus degree from Durham University.
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Sacha Distel
Sacha Distel (January 29, 1933 – July 22, 2004) was a French singer who had hits such as a cover version of the Academy Award winning "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head" (originally recorded by B.J. Thomas), "Scoubidou" and "The Good Life". He was born in Paris.
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Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: ; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.
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Sam Edwards
Sam Edwards (May 26, 1915 - July 28, 2004) was an American actor. His most famous role on TV was as the banker in the TV series Little House on the Prairie.
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Samuel Dash
Samuel Dash (February 27, 1925 – May 29, 2004), a native of Camden, New Jersey, a co-chief counsel along with Fred Thompson for the Senate Watergate Committee during the Watergate scandal. Dash became famous for his televised interrogations during the Congressional hearings on Watergate.
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scandal
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Seymour Ginsburg
Seymour Ginsburg (1928–2004) was a pioneer of automata theory, formal language theory, and
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Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
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Simón Trinidad
Simón Trinidad (born July 30, 1950) is the alias of Juvenal Ovidio Ricardo Palmera Pineda, a high-ranking member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and reputedly the first high-ranking member of that guerrilla group to be captured. "Simon Trinidad" is currently imprisoned in the United States where he is serving a 60 year sentence at ADX Florence "Supermax" prison in Florence, Colorado. [http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList;=false&IDType;=IRN&IDNumber;=27896-016&x;=82&y;=13]
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Soe Win
General Soe Win (; ; 10 May 1947 – October 12, 2007) was the Prime Minister of Burma and Secretary-1 of the State Peace and Development Council from 2004 to 2007. He was known by Burmese dissident groups as "the butcher of Depayin" for his role as mastermind of the 2003 Depayin Massacre, in which 70 National League for Democracy supporters were killed by a government-sponsored mob.
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Stephen Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse (September 12, 1953 - March 4, 2004) was a fashion designer and artist credited with pioneering the 1980s mix of "uptown sophistication in clothing with a downtown punk and pop sensibility" [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/05/nyregion/05SPRO.html?ex=1079473370&ei;=1&en;=74207fc16a1eef36].
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Sune Bergström
Sune Karl Bergström (January 10, 1916 in Stockholm, Sweden – August 15, 2004) was a Swedish biochemist.
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Susan Sontag
Susan Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American author, literary theorist, and political activist.
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Syreeta Wright
Syreeta Wright Muhammad (August 3, 1946 – July 6, 2004), who recorded professionally under the single name Syreeta, was a Grammy-nominated American singer-songwriter most notably known for her work with Stevie Wonder and Billy Preston.
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Tabaré Vázquez
Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas (; born January 17, 1940) is a former President of Uruguay. A physician (oncologist) by training, he is a member of the leftist Frente Amplo coalition (Broad Front in English). Vázquez was elected president on October 31, 2004, took office on March 1, 2005, and relinquished the office on March 1, 2010.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Taiwanese people
Taiwanese people () may refer to individuals who either claim or are imputed cultural identity focused on the island of Taiwan and/or Taiwan Area which have been governed by the Republic of China since 1945. At least three competing (occasionally overlapping) paradigms are used to identify someone as a Taiwanese person: a nationalist criteria, self-identification (including the concept of "New Taiwanese") criteria, and socio-cultural criteria. These standards are fluid, in keeping with an evolving social and political milieu. The complexity resulting from competing and evolving standards is compounded by a larger dispute regarding Taiwan's identity crisis, the political status of Taiwan, and its potential de jure Taiwan independence or political integration with the People's Republic of China.
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Terry Nichols
Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a convicted American bomber and mass murderer, who prior to his incarceration, held a variety of short term jobs including farmer, grain elevator manager, real estate salesman, ranch hand, and house husband. He met his future co-conspirator, Timothy McVeigh, during a brief stint in the U.S. Army, which ended in 1989 when he requested a hardship discharge after less than one year of service. In 1994 and 1995, he conspired with McVeigh in the planning and preparation of the Oklahoma City bombing – the truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on April 19, 1995 which claimed the lives of 168 people including 19 children.
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Thanom Kittikachorn
Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (August 11, 1911 - June 16, 2004, Thai ถนอม กิตติขจร) was a military dictator of Thailand. A staunch anti-Communist, Thanom oversaw a decade of military rule in Thailand from 1963 to 1973, until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down. His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators, followed by a military coup.
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The Ramones
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Thea Astley
Thea Astley (25 August 1925 – 17 August 2004) was an Australian novelist and short story writer. She was a prolific writer who was published for over 40 years from 1958. At the time of her death, she had won more Miles Franklin Awards, Australia's major literary award, than any other writer. As well as being a writer, she taught at all levels of education - primary, secondary and tertiary.
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Thomas Klestil
Thomas Klestil (November 4, 1932, Vienna – July 6, 2004, Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat and politician. He was elected the tenth President of Austria (Bundespräsident) in 1992 (on 56.9 % of the popular vote) and was re-elected to the position in 1998. His second—and final—term of office was due to end on 8 July 2004, but his death two days prior to his retirement from office cut his term short.
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Timothy McVeigh
Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and former security guard who was executed for detonating a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995, killing 168 people. It was the deadliest act of terrorism within the United States prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks and is referred to as the Oklahoma City bombing. McVeigh, a militia movement sympathizer, sought revenge against the federal government for the Waco Siege, which had ended in the deaths of 76 people exactly two years earlier. He also hoped to inspire a revolt against what he considered to be a tyrannical federal government. He was convicted of 11 federal offenses, sentenced to death and executed on June 11, 2001. Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier were also convicted as co-conspirators in the plot.
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Todor Skalovski
Todor Skalovski () (born 21 January 1909, Tetovo, Ottoman Empire – died 1 July 2004, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) was a famous Macedonian composer, chorus and orchestra conductor.
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Tommy Farrell
Tommy Farrell (October 7, 1921 - May 9, 2004) was an American supporting actor who appeared in over 80 films between 1944 and 1979, according to the Internet Movie Database. Sometimes he is credited as Tommie Farrell or Tom Farrell.
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Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
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Tony Randall
Tony Randall (February 26, 1920 – May 17, 2004) was a U.S. actor, comic, producer and director.
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Tug McGraw
Frank Edwin "Tug" McGraw Jr. (August 30, 1944 – January 5, 2004) was a Major League Baseball relief pitcher and the father of Country music singer Tim McGraw and actor/TV personality Mark McGraw and Henry McGraw. He is likely best remembered for recording the final out, via a strikeout of the Kansas City Royals' Willie Wilson, in the 1980 World Series, bringing the Philadelphia Phillies their first world championship. He was the last active major league player to have played under manager Casey Stengel.Tug Mcgraw was discussed on the top ten show on IsraelSportsRadio.com on October 14, 11 am EST.
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Turkish Cypriots
Turkish Cypriots ( ) are the ethnic Turks and members of the Turkish-speaking ethnolinguistic community of the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The term is used to refer explicitly to the indigenous Turkish Cypriots, whose Ottoman Turkish forbears colonised the island in 1571. About 30,000 Turkish soldiers were given land once they settled in Cyprus, which bequeathed a significant Turkish community; today's Turkish Cypriots.
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Umberto Agnelli
Umberto Agnelli (1 November 1934 – 27 May 2004) was an Italian entrepreneur and politician. His brother was Gianni Agnelli.
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Uta Hagen
Uta Thyra Hagen (12 June 1919 – 14 January 2004) was a German-born American actress. She originated the role of Martha in the 1963 Broadway premiere of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf'' by Edward Albee (who called her "a profoundly truthful actress"). Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist, in part because of her association with Paul Robeson, and this curtailed film opportunities, focusing her to perform in New York theaters. She won the Tony Award three times. She later became a highly influential acting teacher at New York's Herbert Berghof Studio and authored a best-selling acting texts, Respect for Acting and A Challenge for the Actor. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.
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Valfar
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Vassal Gadoengin
Vassal Abago Bagobagan Gadoengin (May 1, 1943 - December 15, 2004) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Nauru.
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Viktor Yanukovych
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ukrainian: ) (born July 9, 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who has been the President of Ukraine since February 2010.
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Viktor Yushchenko
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian: Viktor Andrijovyč Juščenko) (born February 23, 1954) is a former President of Ukraine. He took office on January 23, 2005, following a period of popular unrest known as the Orange Revolution. He failed to secure a runoff spot during the 2010 Ukrainian Presidential Election. He has been praised for his democratic instincts
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Wangari Maathai
Wangari Muta Maathai (born April 1, 1940 in Ihithe village, Tetu division, Nyeri District of Kenya) is a Kenyan environmental and political activist. She was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica and the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the University of Nairobi in Kenya. In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights. In 2004 she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for “her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.” Maathai was an elected member of Parliament and served as Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President Mwai Kibaki between January 2003 and November 2005.
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Xenophon Zolotas
Xenophon Zolotas (, 26 March 1904 – 10 June 2004), was a Greek economist and served as an interim non-party Prime Minister of Greece.
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Yasser Arafat
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (, 24 August 192911 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat () or by his kunya Abu Ammar (), was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Aburish says the date of Fatah's founding is unclear but claims in 1959 it was exposed by its magazine.Zeev Schiff, Raphael Rothstein (1972). Fedayeen; Guerillas Against Israel. McKay, p.58; Schiff and Rothstein claim Fatah was founded in 1959. Salah Khalaf and Khalil al-Wazir state Fatah’s first formal meeting was in October 1959. See Anat N.Kurz (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle. Brighton, Portland: Sussex Academic Press (Jaffee Centre for Strategic Studies), pp.29–30 Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242.
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Yinka Dare
Yinka Dare (born October 10, 1972 – January 9, 2004) was a Nigerian professional basketball player. A 7'0", 265 pound (120.2 kg) center, he played four seasons in the National Basketball Association, and died at only 31 years of age, after suffering a heart attack.
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Yoshihiko Amino
was a Japanese Marxist historian and public intellectual, perhaps most singularly known for his novel examination of medieval Japanese history. Although little of the work by Amino has been published in the West, Japanese writers and historians of Japan regard Amino as one of the most important Japanese historians of the twentieth century.
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Zeno Vendler
Zeno Vendler (1921 – 2004) was an American philosopher of language, and a founding member and former director of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary. His work on lexical aspect, quantifiers, and nominalization has been influential in the field of linguistics.
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Árpád Bogsch
Dr. Árpád Bogsch (February 24, 1919, Budapest, Hungary - September 19, 2004, Geneva, Switzerland ) was a Hungarian turned American international civil servant. He became an American citizen in 1959. From 1973 to 1997, he was Director General of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). He was also Secretary General of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).
http://wn.com/Árpád_Bogsch
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Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi ( , literally Father of deer) is the capital and the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper, making up an area of
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Al Hoceima
Al Hoceima is a city and port in the north of Morocco and in the center of the Rif Mountains. The Al Hoceima city region has a population of 395.644 (2004 census) and is the capital of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region. It is situated in the territory of the Bucoya tribe of the Rif, who speak Tarifit.
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Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Ao Nang
Ao Nang is a central point of the coastal province of Krabi, Thailand. The town consists chiefly of a main street, which is dominated by restaurants, pubs, shops and other commerce aimed at tourists. The main beach is used by sunbathers to a certain extent, but there are hundreds of longtail boats which offer access to other beaches on the mainland and on nearby islands.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Ashdod, Israel
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Asunción
Asunción (full name: La Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay. The Spanish word asunción means assumption in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means The Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption.
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Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the Atlantic provinces was 2,337,561 as of 2009.
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Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bahamas
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Beer Sheva
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Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Berkshire
Berkshire ( or , abbreviated Berks) is a historic county in the South East of England. It is also often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1958, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
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Beslan
Beslan (; ; ) is a town located in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It lies about north of Vladikavkaz and is the administrative center of Pravoberezhny District. Beslan is the third largest town in the republic behind Vladikavkaz and Mozdok. Population:
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires () is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around 13 million.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa ( "Khalifa Tower"), known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the tallest man-made structure ever built, at . Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010, and is part of the new flagship development called Downtown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.
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Busan
Busan (Officially Busan Metropolitan City), formerly spelled Pusan () is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world. The city is located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean peninsula and faces the Korea Strait. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and Suyeong River, with mountains separating some of the districts. Administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Cambridge
The city of Cambridge ( ()) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north-by-east of London. Cambridge is also at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
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Chad
Chad (, Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
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Chechnya
The Chechen Republic (; , Chechenskaya Respublika; , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; ; , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in southeastern part of Europe, in the Northern Caucasus mountains, in the North Caucasian Federal District. As of 1 January 2010, the population was 1,267,740 (according to Russian State statistics).
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Cheshire
Cheshire ( ); also known, archaically, as the County of Chester) is a ceremonial county and former principality in North West England. The traditional county town is the city of Chester, although Cheshire's largest town is Warrington. Other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Widnes, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Winsford, Northwich, and Wilmslow. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (; , Kýpros, ; ), – officially the Republic of Cyprus (, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, ; ) – is a Eurasian island country in the Eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
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Dhaka
Dhaka (Bangla: ঢাকা, pronounced ; formerly known as Dacca and Jahangir Nagar, under Mughal rule), is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of over 15 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the 8th largest city in the world and also among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and renowned for producing the world's finest muslin. Dhaka is also known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World. Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day. Today it serves as one of the prime centres for culture, education and business in the region.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
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Dublin
Dublin (; locally or ) is the primate and capital city of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath . The English name is derived from the Irish Dubh Linn (meaning "black pool"). The city has an urban population of over 1 million people and is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. It is currently ranked 29th in the Global Financial Centres Index, has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city, and is listed by the GaWC as a global city (with a ranking of Alpha), placing Dublin among the top 30 cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the country, as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
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Dublin Port Tunnel
The Dublin Port Tunnel (Irish: Tollán Calafoirt Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a road traffic tunnel in Dublin, Ireland, that forms part of the M50 motorway.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Fallujah
:For other meanings see Fallujah (disambiguation).
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Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands (, ) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Great Britain and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland.
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Freedom Tower
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Gaza City
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Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip ( , ) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometers (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of . The territory takes its name from Gaza, its main city.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia (, sak’art’velo ; ) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is more than 4.6 million. Georgia's constitution is that of a representative democracy, organized as a unitary, semi-presidential republic. It is currently a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, and the Asian Development Bank. The country aspires to join NATO and the European Union.
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Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Granby, Colorado
The Town of Granby is a Statutory Town that is the most populous town in Grand County, Colorado, United States. Granby is situated along U.S. Highway 40 in Middle Park about 85 miles (136.8 km) west of Denver, Colorado, southwest of Rocky Mountain National Park. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1525.
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Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
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Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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Grozny
Grozny (; , ) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2002 Census, the city had a population of 210,720 people (a little more than half of the population a decade before) and in 2008 the city had a population of 230,100 people.
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Gulf Shores
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Gush Katif
Gush Katif (, lit. Harvest Bloc) was a bloc of 17 Israeli settlements in the southern Gaza strip. In August 2005, the Israeli army was ordered to expel 8,000 residents of Gush Katif. They were evicted from the area and their homes demolished as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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House of Lords
The House of Lords (commonly referred to as "the Lords" and also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
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Hungary
Hungary ( ), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe, being part of the Finno-Ugric family.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). It is the only ocean to be named after a country, i.e., India.
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Ingushetia
The Republic of Ingushetia (, Respublika Ingushetiya; {{lang-inh|, Ğalğaj Moxk) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. It was established on June 4, 1992 after the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two. Ingushetia is home to the indigenous Ingush, a people of Vainakh ancestry.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
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Jamaica
Jamaica () is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harboring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water", or the "Land of Springs".
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Jeddah
Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; Jidda) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at over 3.4 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Konya
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 1,003,373 in 2009 while the provincial population (including the other urban centers in the Konya Province) was 1,959,082 in the same year.
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Kosovo
Kosovo (; ) is a disputed territory in the Balkans. The partially-recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, with North Kosovo being the largest Kosovo Serb enclave. Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a United Nations-governed entity within its sovereign territory, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохија, Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija), according to the 2006 Constitution of Serbia.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Madrid
Madrid (Spanish , English ) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million (as of December 2009); the entire population of the metropolitan area (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be nearly 6 million. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous in the European Union after Paris and London. The city spans a total of 698 km² (234 sq mi).
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Maldives
The Maldives ( or ), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''Dhivehi Raa'je'') or Maldive Islands, officially Republic of Maldives, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls stretching in a north-south direction off India's Lakshadweep islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about seven hundred kilometers (435 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka.
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Massif Central
The Massif Central (Occitan: Massís Central / Massís Centrau) is an elevated region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaux.
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Maui
The island of Maui ( in English, in Hawaiian) is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles (1883.5 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2000, Maui had a population of 117,644, third-most populous of the Hawaiian islands, behind that of Oahu and Hawaii. Kahului is the largest town on the island with a population of 20,146. Wailuku is the seat of Maui County. Other significant towns include Kīhei, Lahaina, Makawao, Pāia, Kula, Haikū, Hāna, Kāanapali, Wailea, Makena, and Kapalua.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Millau bridge
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Mina, Saudi Arabia
Mina is a desert location situated some 5 kilometres to the east of the Islamic holy city of Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia. It stands on the road from Mecca's city centre to the Hill of Arafat.
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Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
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Mojave, California
Mojave (formerly, Mohave) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States. Mojave is located east of Bakersfield, at an elevation of 2762 feet (842 m). The town is located at the southwestern region of the Mojave Desert, below and east of Oak Creek Pass and the Tehachapi Mountains.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
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Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mosul
Mosul ( al-Mawṣil, Maṣlawī Arabic: al-Mōṣul, Assyrian: ܢܝܢܘܐ or Ninaweh, Kurdish: Mûsil/Nînewe, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some 400 km (250 miles) northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial areas on both banks, with five bridges linking the two sides. Although for many years it was considered to be a Kurdish city, the majority of its population is now Arab and it does not form part of the area controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government. It is Iraq's second largest city after Baghdad.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Northern Ossetia
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Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma () is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. With an estimated 3,687,050 residents in 2009 and a land area of 68,667 square miles (177,847 km²), Oklahoma is the 28th most populous and 20th-largest state. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
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Oslo
Oslo ( or ) is the capital and largest city in Norway. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III "Hardrada" of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by a fire in 1624. The Danish–Norwegian king Christian IV rebuilt the city as Christiania (briefly also spelt Kristiania). In 1925 the city reclaimed its original Norwegian name, Oslo. The diocese of Oslo is one of the five original dioceses in Norway, which originated around the year 1070.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (), officially the Republic of Paraguay (, ; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
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Peterborough
Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of as of June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is north of Charing Cross, London. The city stands athwart the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately to the north-east, and the East Coast Main Line railway.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Prague
Prague (; , see also ) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Nicknames for Prague have included: Praga mater urbium/Praha matka měst ("Prague – Mother of Cities") in Latin/Czech, Stověžatá Praha ("City of a Hundred Spires") in Czech and Zlaté město/Goldene Stadt ("Golden City") in Czech/German.
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RAF Brize Norton
RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, about 65 miles west north-west of London, England, United Kingdom, is the largest airbase of the Royal Air Force.
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Republic Of India
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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República Cromagnon
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Rif
The Rif (Berber:, Arabic:جبال الريف) is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Moulouya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Ouargha in the south.
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Antonio
The City of San Antonio () is the second-largest city in the American state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million. The city is the seat of Bexar County. Located in the and the northern part of , San Antonio is the center of Tejano culture and Texas tourism. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006 and the fifth-fastest-growing from 2007 to 2008. The metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.1 million based on the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S and third in Texas.
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Santiago de Chile
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Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
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Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakia ; Slovak:, long form ) is a state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is a landlocked country bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi (, short form Sulsel) is a province of Indonesia, located on the western southern peninsula of Sulawesi Island. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi province to the north, South East Sulawesi province to the east and West Sulawesi province to the west (West Sulawesi province was split from South Sulawesi in 2004). The capital of South Sulawesi is Makassar.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Taba (Egypt)
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Tainan City
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Taipei 101
Taipei 101 (), also known as the Taipei Financial Center, is a landmark skyscraper located in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building ranked officially as the world's tallest from 2004 until the opening of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2010. Taipei 101, designed by C.Y. Lee & partners and constructed primarily by KTRT Joint Venture and numerous subcontractors including Samsung C&T; received the 2004 Emporis Skyscraper Award. The tower has served as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since its opening. Fireworks launched from Taipei 101 feature prominently in international New Year's Eve broadcasts and the structure appears frequently in travel literature and international media.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Transvaal Park
Transvaal Park was a popular waterpark in Yasenevo, a south district of Moscow, Russia. With several large, heated pools, including a wave pool and twisting "river" for tubing, it became one of the most popular attractions in the Moscow area and a symbol of the country's bloom of private enterprise. It was based on an African theme, and its name came from the South African province of Transvaal. It also included a sauna.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) (, , short name: The Emirates, local short name: Al Emarat الامارات) is a federation situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Iran. The UAE consists of seven states, termed emirates, (because they are ruled by Emirs) which are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. The capital and second largest city of the United Arab Emirates is Abu Dhabi. It is also the country's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Wakefield Prison
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Washington, DC
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West Sulawesi
West Sulawesi (, short form Sulbar) is a province of Indonesia, created in 2004. It is on the island of Sulawesi (formerly, Celebes) and includes the regencies (kabupaten) of Polewali Mandar, Mamasa, Majene, Mamuju, and Mamuju Utara, which were formerly part of South Sulawesi. The area of the province is 16,796.19 km2. Its economy consists mainly of mining, agriculture and fishing. Its capital is Mamuju.
http://wn.com/West_Sulawesi
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- Junichiro Koizumi
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- Killian documents
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- Marco Pantani
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- May 7
- May 8
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- MER-A
- MER-B
- Mercedes McCambridge
- MESSENGER
- meteorite
- Mexico
- Michael Schumacher
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- Mina, Saudi Arabia
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- mobile phones
- Modest Mouse
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- Mona Van Duyn
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- November 1
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- Oil for Food program
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- Ray Charles
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- World War II
- Xenophon Zolotas
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- Yoshihiko Amino
- Zenko Suzuki
- Zeno Vendler
- Árpád Bogsch
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Recouvrance by Night (intro)
- Your White Page
- Walking Through the Century
- I Won't Come Back
- Whales
- Moon in June
- I Am Romeo
- Memories of Brazil
- Brazilian Sunset
- Ghosts of Old Clouds
- On Her Lipes
- Fish Race
- Scambaiters
- The Noise of Hell
- Lost Student and Cold Pizza
- Wolf River
- Jeff, My Hero
- Smile on His Face
- I'm So Useless
- No End
- The End
- Wide Awake
- Weihnachten in Strasbourg (intro)
- Sparkles in the Eyes (live in Neverland)
- Fields of Stems
- In Clouds (Mk3)
- Something to Happen
- Been Rebuffed
- Les Régimes Spéciaux De Retraite
- Miss Parisopheles
- Turning Communist
- Ian & Annik
- Passe Moi Le Sel
- Ocean in the Air
- Two Drops of Water
- Dissidis
- Mum's Belly
- El Pistolero (Drunkacoustic)
- Post Mortem Love Declaration
- It's You
- The Mere Night
- A Shit Emasu (outro) + Jenny
- In Shadow
- Moon in June
- It's Not the Wind
- Is My Head
- Mirabelle
- My Nevers
- Pass Me Salt
- Freed From Freedom
- French Chaos
- Automatic Feet 2.0
- The Glitter Girl
- Angels Don't Play This Haarp
- Gakona
- Afraid Of (Nevrotic List)
- 26 Décembre
- Collocations of Atoms
- Get Dressed
- Don't Say
- Automatic Feet 3.0
- Nice Alice (Simple)
- Second Moon (Fake live)
- I'm So Useless
- Desdemona, My Brothel's Queen
- Waves of Pain
- The Impossible Choice
- I Hate Myself & I Want to Die
- Reprise (Second Moon)
- Jeff, My Hero
- Nice Alice
- Recognition, No Submission
- Second Moon (unplugged)
- The Noise of Hell
- Their Shit on Us (Cowboy Fever)
- Automatic Feet 1.0
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Ruben Studdard - Sorry For 2004
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 12 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: duderock48
music video
http://wn.com/Ruben_Studdard__Sorry_For_2004
2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 18 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: 747TakeMeAway747
RIP
http://wn.com/2004_Boxing_Day_Tsunami
C2C - DMC DJ team World Champions 2004 set @C2Cdjs (EP coming Jaunary 2012)
FACEBOOK : on.fb.me / TWITTER @C2Cdjs C2C 4 times in a row DMC dj team world champions 2003/2004/2005/2006 EP Coming DEC 2011 - ALBUM COMING 2012
http://wn.com/C2C__DMC_DJ_team_World_Champions_2004_set_@C2Cdjs_EP_coming_Jaunary_2012
C-SPAN: Barack Obama Speech at 2004 DNC Convention
Then-Illinois State Senator Barack Obama (D) delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention, in Boston, Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/C-SPAN_Barack_Obama_Speech_at_2004_DNC_Convention
Eurovision 2004 Greece Shake It Sakis Rouvas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 16 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: eurovisionmania
Eurovision 2004 Greece Shake It Sakis Rouvas
http://wn.com/Eurovision_2004_Greece_Shake_It_Sakis_Rouvas
Jon Stewart on The O'Reilly Factor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Published: 08 Feb 2007
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: thAchauffeur
From episode dated 17 September 2004 promoting his book "America: A Citizen's Guide To Democracy Inaction". If you want to get in touch, leave a message on my profile page. I don't keep track of the comments on this video simply because they're too many. EDIT: Wow, a million views. Thanks everyone!
http://wn.com/Jon_Stewart_on_The_O'Reilly_Factor
Turning Point 2004: AMW vs. Daniels/Skipper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:02
- Published: 28 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: TNAwrestling
From TNA's annual Turning Point Pay-Per-View event
http://wn.com/Turning_Point_2004_AMW_vs_Daniels/Skipper
Ukraine - Eurovision 2004 - Ruslana - Wild Dance (LIVE)
Ruslana - Wild dance - winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2004 (after a great battle with Serbia and Montenegro). Istanbul 15 May 2004.
http://wn.com/Ukraine__Eurovision_2004__Ruslana__Wild_Dance_LIVE
Ocean's Twelve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 125:16
- Published: 19 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
They're back. And then some. Twelve is the new eleven when Danny Ocean and pals return in a sequel to the cool caper that saw them pull off a $160 million heist. But 160 million doesn't go as far as it used to. Not with everyone spending like sailors on leave. Not with a mysterious someone stalking Danny and crew. It's time to pull off another stunner of a plan?or plans. With locations including Amsterdam, Paris and Rome, the direction of Steven Soderbergh and the original cast plus Catherine Zeta-Jones and others, Twelve is your lucky number. ©2004 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Ocean's_Twelve
Franz Ferdinand - Matinee (2004)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 25 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: DominoRecords
Franz Ferdinand - Matinee Dir. by Chris Hopewell
http://wn.com/Franz_Ferdinand__Matinee_2004
The Polar Express
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:53
- Published: 12 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
One fateful Christmas Eve, a disillusioned little boy, barely old enough to doubt the existence of Santa Claus, has the adventure of a lifetime aboard a magic train bound for the North Pole. © 2004 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/The_Polar_Express
2004 Dodge Pickup Runs on 100% Water
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:32
- Published: 17 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: PESNetwork
Inventor Frederick W. Wood, and his associate, David Seigler, from Future Energy Concepts, Inc., give a video tour of the pickup truck that they claim to have converted to run on nothing but hydroxy gas, electrolyzed on-board, and on-demand, via a super-efficient electrolysis (from water) method they have developed. Their system allegedly produces 55 liters per minute on 55 amps. They also say the truck recently completed a road trip of more than 3000 miles, running on this set-up. These guys crack me up. Their personality, excited about their development, is contagious and funny. I could see this video going viral just for those reasons. FOLLOW-UP Chava Energy (www.chavaenergy.com ) was present on April 21 to validate the technology. However, it turned out that the claimed technology was not in a condition to be tested during the visit and the Inventor Fred Wells was not present either, only his business partner. Therefore, none of the claims could be validated and Chava Energy generously offered to conduct a test in the future once the system is running reliably. LINKS See our coverage of this at http We've launched an open source project page here: peswiki.com Their official website is: www.futureenergyconceptsinc.com This video is a copy of one the company posted on Aug. 17, 2010 www.youtube.com It is posted with their permission.
http://wn.com/2004_Dodge_Pickup_Runs_on_100__Water
Dad (2004) (English subtitles).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 94:06
- Published: 06 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: PyccoTypucmo
Dad (2004) (English subtitles). Based on A. Galych's play "Matrosskaya Tishina", "Dad" ("Papa") tells a story of a Jewish father who dreamed of seeing his son perform on a stage in front of huge audiences, he dreamed of seeing him as the greatest violinist of his time. To achieve the goal he taught his son how to play the violin from the yearly age. When son grew up he left the small town he and his father lived in to study in the Moscow Conservatory leaving his past behind. But one day he has to choose either to loose his father or everything he has achieved. "Papa" realistically presents details of the Soviet realities from the 1930s to the middle of 1940s in Moscow and a small provincial town, as well as the tragic fate of many Soviet citizens including the victims of Holocaust during the long four years of WWII (Great Patriot War). The film which is very personal for its creator who plays against the type and practically lives in the role of an aging Jewish single father is moving, compelling, and treats us with wonderful violin music which is performed by one of the best musicians of our time, Vladimir Spivakov, the celebrated violinist and conductor. "Papa" deserves to be seen by many viewers not only in Russia but around the world. ================ Crew: Directed by Vladimir Mashkov. Produced by Vladimir Mashkov, Igor Tolstunov, Mikhail Zilberman. Original Music by Dmitry Atovmyan. Cinematography by Oleg Dobronravov. Film Editing by Vera Kruglova. Casting by Sergei <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Dad_2004_English_subtitles
Sensation White 2004 (DJ Paul Van Dyk)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Published: 26 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: electronnucleo
Sensation White 2004 (DJ Paul Van Dyk)
http://wn.com/Sensation_White_2004_DJ_Paul_Van_Dyk
Friday Night
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 67:07
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Jan 2012
- Author: NollywoodLove
irokotv.com A professional movie actor Pape (Van Vicker) got himself in a mess, when he hooked up with Missy (Nana Ama Mcbrown) in a hotel room, not knowing that he was being trapped by Gambo, a notorious gangster, who is after his life.
http://wn.com/Friday_Night
Billy Crystal Oscars Opening -- 2004 Academy Awards
Billy Crystal's Oscars opening monologue at the 76thAcademy Awards® in 2004.
http://wn.com/Billy_Crystal_Oscars_Opening_-_2004_Academy_Awards
sunrise with ekwador 2004 AFTER PARTY
sunrise with ekwador 2004 AFTER PARTY
http://wn.com/sunrise_with_ekwador_2004_AFTER_PARTY
"J" Royal Rumble 2004 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Published: 23 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: KKKKwe2004
Royal Rumble 2004
http://wn.com/J_Royal_Rumble_2004_Highlights
Shutter (2004) - Thai Horror Film
Thanks to my friend, Oksana, for introducing me to this Thai horror film. I added permanent English subtitle to the film. - Storyline - A young photographer Thun and his girlfriend Jane discover mysterious shadows in their photographs after fleeing the sceen of an accident. As they investigate the phenomenon, they find other photographs contain similar supernatural images, that Thun's best friends are being haunted as well, and Jane discovers that her boyfriend has not told her everything. It soon becomes clear that you can not escape your past. Written by Cleon - Directors: Banjong Pisanthanakun, Parkpoom Wongpoom Writers: Parkpoom Wongpoom, Sopon Sukdapisit, and 1 more credit » Stars: Ananda Everingham, Natthaweeranuch Thongmee and Unnop Chanpaibool
http://wn.com/Shutter_2004__Thai_Horror_Film
tsunami 2004 full video
*********************READ THIS********************** -RIP at 2:42,that guy died there RIP----------------- -This is the tsunami in 2004,Comment and Rate about this tsunami RIP at 2:42,that guy died there.
http://wn.com/tsunami_2004_full_video
Didier Drogba's 150 Chelsea Goals 2004/2012 | QuickfireGoals Episode #11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:42
- Published: 15 Jan 2012
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: QuickfireGoals
The only video on YouTube to show all of Didier Drogba's 150 Goals for Chelsea in 323 Appearances for the blues in Ep #11. This is from when he started his Chelsea FC career in 2004 up to date to 2012 when Drogba left for the African Cup of Nations. The amount of emotion and passion he has in his goal celebrations meant i had to add them in, so the video is 8 minutes longer than the Scholes' 150 Goals but i think its worth it :D enjoy! i mensioned KSIOlajidebt at the start, he is one of my favourite YouTubers, check him out :) www.youtube.com Extra Tags: Didier Drogba all goals for chelsea top 10 goals knocked out skills 2011 funny interview free kick song drogba vs valencia drogba vs rooney ivory coast 2004/2005 2004/05 04/05 16 Goals 2005/2006 2005/06 05/06 16 Goals 2006/2007 2006/07 06/07 33 Goals 2007/2008 2007/08 07/08 15 Goals 2008/2009 2008/09 08/09 14 Goals 2009/2010 2009/10 09/10 37 Goals 2010/2011 2010/11 10/11 13 Goals 2011/2012 2011/12 11/12 6 Goals Swansea vs Arsenal 3-2 Newcastle vs QPR 1-0 Manchester United vs Bolton 3-0 Chelsea vs Sunderland 1-0
http://wn.com/Didier_Drogba's_150_Chelsea_Goals_2004/2012_|_QuickfireGoals_Episode_#11
Friday Night Lights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:56
- Published: 28 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Dec 2011
- Author: universalmoviesuk
Billy Bob Thornton stars in this stand-up-and-cheer true American story of how one legendary Texas town made hope come alive under the exhilarating glare of Friday Night Lights.
http://wn.com/Friday_Night_Lights
Creative Commons / Andreas Metzger
Creative Commons / Victorgrigas
Creative Commons / Micha Jost
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
AP / Jan Bauer
AP / Eric Jamison
NASA / Jesse Allen
Creative Commons / Automotivado
Creative Commons / Brien Aho
Creative Commons / Dual Freq
Creative Commons / Schlendrian
Creative Commons / Dual Freq
Creative Commons / Sanorton
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AP / Kevork Djansezian)
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Creative Commons![Gas prices in a Sinclair gas station, May 2004. Sinclair Trucking Company[13] provides distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/5a/a6/dd6c706c99b5f4f5157d8313ad33_small.jpg "Gas prices in a Sinclair gas station, May 2004. Sinclair Trucking Company[13] provides distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products.")
Creative Commons / Bobjgalindo![Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/a6/00/55bf45204daf37b5b57a65a87867_small.jpg "Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
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Creative Commons / M. Rehemtulla![San Mateo Ixtatán in 2004 the department was recorded as having 988,855 inhabitants,[12] by 2008 this had grown to 1,056,566, making the department the second most populated in Guatemala, after the capital.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/2e/df/25260ce0110f6dd2f08c03fa6a88_small.jpg "San Mateo Ixtatán in 2004 the department was recorded as having 988,855 inhabitants,[12] by 2008 this had grown to 1,056,566, making the department the second most populated in Guatemala, after the capital.")
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![Gas prices in a Sinclair gas station, May 2004. Sinclair Trucking Company[13] provides distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/5a/a6/dd6c706c99b5f4f5157d8313ad33_medium.jpg "Gas prices in a Sinclair gas station, May 2004. Sinclair Trucking Company[13] provides distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products.")
![Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/a6/00/55bf45204daf37b5b57a65a87867_medium.jpg "Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
![San Mateo Ixtatán in 2004 the department was recorded as having 988,855 inhabitants,[12] by 2008 this had grown to 1,056,566, making the department the second most populated in Guatemala, after the capital.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120302135004/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/2e/df/25260ce0110f6dd2f08c03fa6a88_medium.jpg "San Mateo Ixtatán in 2004 the department was recorded as having 988,855 inhabitants,[12] by 2008 this had grown to 1,056,566, making the department the second most populated in Guatemala, after the capital.")
photo: AP / RIA-Novosti, Alexei Nikolsky, Pool
02 Mar 2012
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The Examiner
Grantland.com has a very extensive piece on ‘The Malice at the Palace’, which took place on November 19, 2004 right here in Metro at The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Indiana Pacers were putting the hurt on the Detroit Pistons when Ron Artest fouled Ben Wallace with some authority and the rest is...(size: 6.7Kb)
Shaheena's 2004 Nissan 350z
01 Mar 2012
Hancock out for remake of 2004 final with Raglan
01 Mar 2012
Sydney Morning Herald
IT HAS been eight years since Darren Hancock ventured to Gloucester Park and, remarkably, he returns a defending champion. The laid-back reinsman takes the drive on outsider Raglan in the Interdominion final tonight, the race he won behind Jofess at his last drive in Perth in 2004. ''It's weird that...(size: 2.4Kb)
The Times of India
Tweet NEW DELHI: Government today said unemployment rate in the country has declined from 8.3 per cent in 2004-05 to 6.6 per cent in 2009-10 despite global slowdown because of the success of the employment policies. "...despite global slowdown, India not only...(size: 1.7Kb)
Business Wire
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Fitch Ratings has downgraded three and affirmed 10 classes issued by ARCAP 2004-RR3 Resecuritization, Inc. (ARCAP 2004-RR3). The affirmations to the senior notes are a result of delevering of the capital structure. Alternatively, the downgrades are a result of negative...(size: 8.7Kb)
PR Newswire
My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about DE ...(size: 2.6Kb)
70,000 killed in Iraq between 2004-2011
29 Feb 2012
The Siasat Daily
February 29: Terrorism and other acts of violence killed almost 70,000 people in Iraq in eight years between April 2004 and December 2011, the government said Wednesday. "These figures represent the total number of victims who fell as a result of terrorist attacks and violence and military...(size: 2.3Kb)
Fitch Affirms Senior Notes & Upgrades the Sub Note of Nelnet Student Loan Trust, Series 2004-3
29 Feb 2012
Business Wire
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Fitch Ratings affirms the senior notes at 'AAAsf', and upgrades the subordinate note from 'BBBsf' to 'Asf' issued by Nelnet Student Loan Trust Series 2004-3. The Rating Outlook on the senior notes, which is tied to the sovereign rating of the U.S. government, remains...(size: 7.2Kb)
Macedonia seeks new probe for 2004 plane crash
29 Feb 2012
Sacramento Bee
SKOPJE, Macedonia -- Macedonia called for a new investigation Wednesday into a crash eight years ago that killed the country's president, saying Bosnia should open a more detailed probe after new evidence emerged. Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski and eight others were killed in the crash near...(size: 2.5Kb)
__NOTOC__
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year that started on a Thursday. In the Gregorian calendar, the year 2004 was the 2004th year in the Anno Domini or Common Era, the 4th year in the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century, and the 5th in the 2000s decade.
''International Year of Rice'' (by the United Nations)
''International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and its Abolition'' (by UNESCO)
''2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety'' (by World Health Organization)
January 1 – Pervez Musharraf wins a vote of confidence from an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the provincial assemblies, confirming him as President of Pakistan and de facto dictator until 2007.
January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt, killing all 148 aboard.
January 4
* Mikhail Saakashvili wins the presidential elections in Georgia.
* NASA's MER-A (''Spirit'') lands on Mars at 04:35 UTC.
January 8 – Queen Elizabeth II christens the ''RMS Queen Mary 2'' cruise liner, the largest passenger ship afloat. The ship sets sail on her maiden voyage four days later.
January 13 – Serial killer Harold Shipman is found hanged in his cell at Wakefield Prison, four years after being convicted of murdering 15 patients in Cheshire, England.
January 24 – NASA's MER-B (''Opportunity'') lands on Mars at 05:05 UTC.
January 26 – A whale explodes in Tainan City, Taiwan, while being transported through the town to a university for a necropsy.
January 28 – The findings of the Hutton Inquiry are published in London. The British Government is found not to have falsified information in the "sexed up dossier." The report criticizes the BBC's role in the death of David Kelly, a weapons expert on Iraq.
February 1
* A hajj stampede in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills 251 pilgrims.
* The New England Patriots win Super Bowl XXXVIII.
February 2 – An 11-story apartment building collapses in Konya, Turkey, killing more than 90 residents.
February 3
* The CIA admits that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
* Jóannes Eidesgaard becomes prime minister of the Faroe Islands.
February 4 – Facebook was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
February 6 – A suicide bomber kills 41 people on a metro car in Moscow.
February 7 – Several leaders of Abnaa el-Balad are arrested in Israel.
February 10
* At least 50 people are killed in a car bomb attack on a police recruitment centre south of Baghdad.
* The French National Assembly votes to pass a law banning religious items and clothing from schools.
February 12 – San Francisco, California begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in an act of civil disobedience.
February 13
* Athens gets hit by a major blizzard which blankets the entire city for days, causing widespread havoc.
* Scientists in South Korea announce the cloning of 30 human embryos.
February 14
* Riots break out between New South Wales Police and Aboriginal residents of Redfern, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
* The roof of the Transvaal water park in Moscow collapses, killing 25 and injuring more than 100.
February 17–February 20 – A nor'easter blizzard devastates Atlantic Canada, dumping more than 37.4 in. (95 cm.) on some areas.
February 18 – A train carrying a convoy of petrol, fertiliser, and sulfur derails and explodes in Iran, killing 320 people.
February 20 – Conservatives win a majority in the Iranian parliament election.
February 24 – A 6.5 Richter scale earthquake in Northern Morocco hits in the Rif mountains near the city of Al Hoceima, killing 400. Ait Kamara is destroyed; 517 are killed.
February 26
* The United States lifts a 23-year travel ban against Libya.
* Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski is killed in a plane crash near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
February 27 – 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing: The Abu Sayyaf guerrilla group is blamed for the deadliest terrorist attack at sea in world history, which kills 116 in the Philippines.
February 28 – Over 1 million Taiwanese participating in the 228 Hand-in-Hand Rally form a 500-kilometre (300-mile) long human chain to commemorate the 228 Incident in 1947.
February 29 – 2004 Haiti rebellion: Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti. The chief justice of the Haitian Supreme Court, Boniface Alexandre, is sworn in as interim president.
March 2 – NASA announces that the Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) has confirmed that its landing area was once drenched in water.
March 10 – Five British men are released from detention at Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay. After they land at RAF Brize Norton, 4 of them are immediately arrested for questioning.
March 11 – Terrorists execute simultaneous attacks, with bombs in 4 rush-hour trains in Madrid, killing 191 people.
March 12 – Following the terrorist attacks in Madrid the previous day, millions of protesters against terrorism take to the streets of Spanish cities.
March 14
* Two suicide bombers kill 11 Israeli civilians in Ashdod, Israel.
* Spanish legislative election, 2004: The incumbent government led by José María Aznar is defeated by the Socialist José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
* Russian presidential election, 2004: Vladimir Putin easily wins a second term.
March 15 – The new Spanish Government announces that it will withdraw Spain's 1,300 troops in Iraq.
March 17 – A pogrom-like organized violence breaks out over 2 days in Kosovo; 19 people are killed, 8000 Serbian homes burned, schools and businesses vandalized, and over 300 Orthodox monasteries and churches burned and destroyed.
March 19 – The United Nations launches a political corruption investigation due to the scandal over its Iraqi Oil for Food program.
March 20 – President Chen Shui-bian wins the Taiwanese presidential election by 0.2% of the vote. The day before, he and Vice President Annette Lu were shot. Lien Chan refuses to concede and demands a recount. A controversial peace referendum opposed by the People's Republic of China is invalidated.
March 21 – Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is elected President of El Salvador.
March 22 – Palestinians protest in the streets after an Israeli helicopter gunship fires a missile at the entourage of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in Gaza City, killing him and 7 others.
March 25 – British prime minister Tony Blair visits Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, in return for the dismantling of Libya's Weapons of mass destruction programme in December 2003 (the first time a major western leader had visited the nation in several decades).
March 28
* In France, the government of prime minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin suffers a stunning and unprecedented defeat in regional elections.
* The first ever reported South Atlantic hurricane makes landfall in South Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina – the hurricane is dubbed Hurricane Catarina.
March 29
* The Republic of Ireland bans smoking in all enclosed work places, including restaurants, pubs and bars.
* The largest expansion of NATO to date takes place, allowing Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia into the organization.
March 31 – Four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA are killed, and their bodies mutilated, after being ambushed in Fallujah, Iraq.
April 5 – Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom begins a state visit to France to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Entente Cordiale.
April 8 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and 2 rebel groups.
April 17 – Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the Gaza Strip, killing the Gaza leader of Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi.
April 20 – In Iraq, 12 mortars are fired on Abu Ghraib Prison by insurgents; 22 detainees are killed and 92 wounded.
April 21 – Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed an Israeli nuclear weapons program in the 1980s, is released from prison in Israel after serving 18 years for treason.
April 22
* Ryongchon disaster: Two trains carrying explosives and fuel collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing 161 people, injuring 1,300 and destroying thousands of homes.
* The last coal mine in France closes, ending nearly 300 years of coal mining.
April 24 – Referendums on the Annan Plan for Cyprus, which proposes to re-unite the island, take place in both the Greek-controlled and the Turkish-controlled parts. Although the Turkish Cypriots vote in favour, the Greek Cypriots reject the proposal.
April 28 – Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse in Iraq is revealed on the television show ''60 Minutes II''.
April 29 – The last Oldsmobile rolls off of the assembly line.
May 1 – The largest expansion to date of the European Union takes place, extending the Union by 10 member-states: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta and Cyprus.
May 8 – Would-be "Saudi Princess" "Antoinette Millard" surfaces in New York City, claiming that muggers had stolen jewels worth of $262,000 from her (she later proves to be an impostor).
May 9 – Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov is killed by a landmine placed under a VIP stage during a World War II memorial parade in Grozny.
May 10 – Philippine general election, 2004: Incumbent president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is elected for a 6-year term.
May 12 – An American civilian contractor in Iraq, Nick Berg, is shown being decapitated by a group allegedly linked to al-Qaida on a web-distributed video.
May 14 – Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, marries Australian Mary Donaldson in Copenhagen.
May 15 – South Africa is awarded the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
May 16 – A coup d'état in Chad against President Idriss Déby fails.
May 17
* Ezzedine Salim, holder of the rotating leadership of the Iraq Interim Governing Council, is killed in a bomb blast in Baghdad.
* Massachusetts legalizes same-sex marriage, in compliance with a ruling from the state's Supreme Judicial Court (''Goodridge v. Department of Public Health'').
May 19 – Jeremy Sivits pleads guilty in a court-martial in connection with alleged abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad.
May 22 – Dr. Manmohan Singh assumes office as the 17th and first Sikh Prime Minister of the Republic Of India.
May 23
* A section of the ceiling in Terminal 2E at Paris's Charles de Gaulle International Airport collapses, claiming at least 6 lives.
* Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi visits North Korea, to secure the release of the families of the 9 abducted Japanese citizens returned earlier.
May 24 – North Korea bans mobile phones (see Communications in North Korea).
May 26
* Terry Nichols is convicted by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
* F.C. Porto wins the European Champion Clubs Cup, defeating A.S. Monaco 3–0.
May 29 – The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC.
May 30 – Thousands of people in Hong Kong take to the streets to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre.
June 1
* Sasebo slashing: Satomi Mitarai, a 12-year-old Japanese schoolgirl attending Okubo Elementary School in Sasebo, Japan, is murdered. Her killer is an 11-year-old classmate identified by Japanese authorities as "Girl A".
* Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is inaugurated as the President of El Salvador
June 3
* All outgoing flights from the UK are temporarily grounded following an air traffic control computer failure. BBC NEWS
* Central Intelligence Agency director George Tenet tenders his resignation, citing "personal reasons". John E. McLaughlin, CIA Deputy Director, becomes the acting Director until a permanent Director is chosen and confirmed by Congress.
June 4 – Marvin Heemeyer destroys many local buildings with a home-made tank in Granby, Colorado.
June 8
* The first transit of Venus since 1882 occurs; the next one will occur in 2012.
* The 30th G8 summit takes place over the next 2 days on Sea Island, in Georgia, USA.
* The pickled heart of Louis XVII of France is buried in the royal crypt at Saint-Denis.
June 11 – Terry Nichols is spared the death penalty by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. The decision comes on the third anniversary of the execution of his co-defendant, Timothy McVeigh, in Terre Haute, Indiana.
June 12 – A 1.3 kg chondrite type meteorite strikes a house in Ellerslie, New Zealand, causing serious damage but no injuries.
June 16 – The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (or "9/11 Commission") issues an initial report of its findings.
June 21 – In Mojave, California, SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
June 28–June 29 – The 2004 Istanbul Summit is held.
June 28
* Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe trains collide in a rural area outside of San Antonio, Texas; 40 cars are derailed, including one chlorine car. Three people die, another 50 people are hospitalized because of exposure to the gas.
* The U.S.-led coalition occupying Iraq transfers sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government.
* Canadian federal election, 2004: The Liberal Party, led by Paul Martin, is reduced to a minority government, after holding a majority since November 1993.
June 30 – Preliminary hearings begin in Iraq in the trial of former president Saddam Hussein, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
July 1
* The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft arrives at Saturn.
* The Vatican gains full membership rights in the United Nations except voting.
July 4 – Groundbreaking for the Freedom Tower begins at Ground Zero in New York City.
July 22 – The Old Bridge of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina is reconstructed and reopened after being destroyed by Bosnian Croat forces on November 9, 1993.
July 25
* Over 100,000 opponents of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 participate in a human chain from Gush Katif, to the Western Wall, Jerusalem (90 kilometers).
* Lance Armstrong of Austin, Texas wins an unprecedented 6th consecutive Tour de France cycling title.
August 1
* A supermarket fire in Asunción, Paraguay, kills about 400 and leaves over 100 missing.
* A bomb attack occurs in front of Prague's Casino Royal.
August 2 – Monday demonstrations against social cutbacks began in Germany.
August 3
* The Statue of Liberty reopens after security improvements.
* NASA's MESSENGER is launched (it will be captured into Mercury's orbit on March 18, 2011).
August 6 – A United Nations report blaming the government of Sudan for crimes against humanity in Darfur is released.
August 9 – At the Mihama Nuclear Power Plant, a pipe leaking hot water and steam kills 5 and injures 6 others, in the 2nd worst nuclear disaster in Japan.
August 12
* Singapore's prime minister Goh Chok Tong hands over his position to Lee Hsien Loong.
* New Jersey Governor James McGreevey announces that he is "a gay American" and will resign effective November 15, 2004.
August 13–August 29 – The 2004 Summer Olympics are held in Athens.
August 13 – Hurricane Charley kills 27 people in Florida, after killing 4 in Cuba and 1 in Jamaica. Charley makes landfall near Cayo Costa, FL as a Category 4 hurricane. Charley is the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
August 16 – Severe flooding occurs in the village of Boscastle in Cornwall.
August 18 – In Dublin, Ireland, the Dublin Port Tunnel excavation works are completed and the final tunnel boring machine breakthrough ceremony takes place.
August 20 – Elbegdorj Tsakhia, the peaceful democratic revolutionary leader of Mongolia, becomes Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time.
August 21 – A series of blasts rocks an opposition party rally in Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing at least 13 people.
August 22 – Armed robbers steal Edvard Munch's ''The Scream'', ''Madonna'', and other paintings from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway.
August 24 – Two airliners in Russia, carrying a total of 89 passengers, crash within minutes of each other after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, leaving no survivors. Authorities suspect suicide attacks by rebels from Chechnya to be the cause of the crashes.
August 29 – Around 200,000 protesters demonstrate in New York City against U.S. President George W. Bush and his government, ahead of the 2004 Republican National Convention.
August 30–September 2 – U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney are renominated at the Republican National Convention in New York City.
August 31
* Two suicide attacks on buses in Beer Sheva, Israel, kill at least 16 people and injure at least 60. Hamas claims responsibility for the attacks.
* A woman commits a suicide attack near a subway station in northern Moscow, Russia, killing at least 10 people and injuring at least 50. Authorities hold Chechen rebels responsible.
September – The Great Laxey Mine Railway of the Isle of Man is re-opened.
September 1 – Chechen terrorists take between 1,000 and 1,500 people hostage, mostly children, in a school in the Beslan school hostage crisis. The hostage-takers demand the release of Chechen rebels imprisoned in neighbouring Ingushetia and the independence of Chechnya from Russia.
September 2
* The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 1559, calling for the removal of all foreign troops from Lebanon. This measure is largely aimed at Syrian troops.
* Hurricane Ivan forms.
September 3
* Russian forces end the siege at a school in Beslan, Northern Ossetia. At least 335 people (among which are 32 of the approximately 40 hostage-takers) are killed and at least 700 people injured.
* Hurricane Frances makes landfall in Florida. After killing 2 people in the Bahamas, Hurricane Frances kills 10 people in Florida, 2 in Georgia, USA and 1 in South Carolina.
September 7 – Hurricane Ivan passes directly over Grenada, killing 37 people. It passes over other Caribbean islands over the next 2 days, killing 5 people in Venezuela, 4 in the Dominican Republic, 1 in Tobago and 20 in Jamaica.
September 8 – In the "Rathergate" affair, the first Internet posts appear, pointing out that documents claimed by CBS News to be typewritten memos from the early 1970s appear instead to have been produced using modern word processing systems.
September 9
* A bomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, kills 11 and injures up to 100 people.
* Typhoon Songda hits western Japan, killing 45 and injuring another 1,352.
September 13 – The U.S. Assault Weapons Ban expires.
September 15
* Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland, steps down after serving as prime minister since April 30, 1991. Oddson trades posts with his foreign minister Halldór Ásgrímsson, who then becomes Prime Minister.
* Security at the Palace of Westminster is compromised, when the House of Commons is stormed by a small group of protestors during a debate about fox hunting.
* "Girl A", who committed the Sasebo slashing, is sentenced to be institutionalized.
September 16 – Hurricane Ivan strikes Gulf Shores, Alabama, as a Category 3 storm, killing 25 in Alabama and Florida, becoming the 3rd costliest hurricane in American history (currently the 4th following the destruction of 2005's Hurricane Katrina).
September 17
* Hurricane Jeanne causes mudslides in Haiti, killing 3006.
* The 2004 Summer Paralympics commences in Athens, Greece.
* Mexico and Japan finish 2-year-long negotiations and sign a Free Trade Agreement in Mexico City.
September 21 – Construction of the Burj Khalifa begins.
September 22 – The TV series Lost airs its pilot.
September 23
* Mount St. Helens becomes active again.
* Tropical Storm Ivan, having come around and reformed in the Gulf of Mexico, makes its final landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, to little effect. In total, the storm kills 92 people.
September 24 – Major League Baseball announces that the Montreal Expos will move to Washington D.C. in 2005.
September 25
* Port Adelaide Power wins their first premiership against the Brisbane Lions in the AFL Grand Final.
* Hurricane Jeanne makes landfall near Port Saint Lucie, Florida, near the location Hurricane Frances hit 2 weeks earlier. Jeanne kills over 3,030, mostly in Haiti.
September 29 – In Mojave, California, the first Ansari X-Prize flight takes place of SpaceShipOne, which is competing with a number of spacecraft (including Canada's Da Vinci Project, claimed to be its closest rival) and goes on to win the prize on October 4.
October 4 – Two car bombs kill at least 16 people and injure dozens more in Baghdad.
October 5
* A fire breaks out on the Canadian submarine ''HMCS ''Chicoutimi'''', leaving it stranded without power in the North Atlantic ocean, off the north coast of Ireland; 1 crewmember is killed.
* West Sulawesi officially becomes a province in Indonesia after the expansion of South Sulawesi.
October 8 – Suicide bombers detonate 2 bombs at the Red Sea resort of Taba, Egypt, killing 34 people, mainly Israeli tourists and Egyptian workers.
October 9 – Direct elections for president are held for the first time in Afghanistan. Interim president Hamid Karzai is eventually declared the winner.
October 10 – Abdullahi Yusuf is chosen as the new transitional president of Somalia.
October 14 – Prince Norodom Sihamoni is chosen as the new king of Cambodia.
October 16
* The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 19–8 in Game 3 of Major League Baseball's American League Championship Series. The game, which pushes the Yankees to a 3 games to 0 series lead, sets a record for longest 9 inning baseball game.
* Arsenal loses for the first time in 49 league games, a national record, going down 2–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford.
October 17 – A referendum in Belarus approves the lifting of constitutional term limits for the presidency.
October 19
* General Khin Nyunt is replaced by Lieutenant-General Soe Win as Prime Minister of Myanmar.
* A team of explorers reaches the bottom of the world's deepest cave, located in Krubera. The depth reached is 2,080 meters (6,824 feet), setting a world record. (National Geographic)
October 20
* The Ubuntu operating system is first released.
* Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 crashes in Missouri, killing 13 people and injuring 2.
* Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono becomes the first directly elected President of Indonesia.
October 21
* The Ministry of Defence approves the deployment of the Black Watch regiment of the British Army to Baghdad, Iraq, after a request for assistance by the U.S. government.
* Typhoon Tokage kill 98, injured 552 in western Japan.
October 23 – A Magnitude 6.7 earthquake and aftershocks of similar scale occur in the Tokamachi area. A huge landslide occurs on the outskirts of Nagaoka. According to Japanese officials, 68 people are killed, 4,085 are injured, and 103,000 are rendered homeless.
October 24
* Brazil successfully launches its first rocket into space.
* Michael Schumacher wins his 7th Formula One World Drivers Championship (5th consecutive), making him the most successful driver in the history of Formula One.
October 25 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King receive the Congressional Gold Medal.
October 26 – The Cassini probe passes within 1,200 km of Titan.
October 27
* The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the first time since 1918, breaking the Curse of the Bambino.
* Details of the discovery of a new, recent species of fossil hominid, ''Homo floresiensis'', from the island of Flores, Indonesia, are published.
October 29 – European heads of state sign in Rome the Treaty and Final Act, establishing the first European Constitution.
October 30 – A 163-metre-high radio mast in Peterborough, UK collapses at a fire.
October 31 – Leftist candidate Tabaré Vázquez is elected President of Uruguay.
November 2
* Eleven American states ban gay marriage.
* Dutch film maker Theo van Gogh is assassinated in Amsterdam, Netherlands by Mohammed Bouyeri.
November 6
* The Ufton Nervet rail crash in Berkshire, England kills 7 people.
* In Côte d'Ivoire, National Army bombings kill 9 people, including French UN soldiers. French UN forces retaliate by destroying the National Army's air force.
November 7 – U.S. forces launch a major assault on the Iraqi town of Fallujah, in an effort to rid the area of insurgents before the Iraqi elections in January.
November 8 – The Irish High Court rules that Katherine Zappone and Ann Louise Gilligan can sue the Revenue Commissioner to have their Vancouver, British Columbia Same-sex marriage recognized for tax purposes.
November 13 – After six days of intense battles, the Iraqi town of Fallujah is fully occupied by U.S. forces.
November 14 – United States Secretary of State Colin Powell submits his resignation. He is replaced by Condoleezza Rice after her confirmation by the United States Congress.
November 16
* The European Space Agency probe, Smart 1, passes from Earth orbit into the orbit of the Moon.
* A train crash near Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia, injures 150 people.
* The People's Republic of China agrees to invest $20 billion dollars in Argentina, a deal signed days before the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum to be held in Santiago, Chile.
* NASA's hypersonic ''Scramjet'' breaks a record by reaching a velocity of about 7,000 mph in an unmanned experimental flight. It obtains a speed of Mach 9.6, almost 10 times the speed of sound.
November 17–November 21 – The APEC Summit is held in Santiago, Chile.
November 19 – The NBA's Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons engage in a brawl that involves fans and players. The incident gets (then) Pacer Ron Artest suspended for the remainder of the season.
November 21 – Ukrainian presidential election, 2004: Viktor Yanukovych is declared the winner in the final round. International election observers express severe criticism, and large crowds gather in a protest rally in Kiev; 12 days later, the Supreme Court annuls the result, and a new poll is scheduled.
November 25 – The Indian political party Congress Jananayaka Peravai merges into the Indian National Congress.
November 26 – A group of Iraqi political leaders, primarily from Sunni and Kurdish parties, advocate a 6-month delay in popular elections scheduled for January 2005.
November 28
* An coal mine explosion in China kills over 150.
* Ricardo Lagos, President of Chile, promises economic compensation to 28,000 torture victims of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship.
* A male Po'o-uli dies of avian malaria at the Maui Bird Conservation Center in Olinda before it can breed, making the species in all probability extinct.
December 3 – The Colombian government extradites Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, one of the most powerful drug dealers in the world, arrested in 1995 and 2003, to the United States.
December 6 – Terrorists attack the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing several people.
December 8 – The biggest Chinese PC producer Lenovo announces its plan to purchase IBM's global PC business, making it the third largest world PC maker after Dell and Hewlett-Packard.
December 10 – New Zealand bans smoking in all public places, including bars.
December 11 – Tests show that Ukrainian opposition presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with a large dose of dioxin.
December 13 – Software giants Oracle Corporation and PeopleSoft agree to merge in a $10.3 billion deal, creating the second largest maker of business applications software.
December 14 – The world's tallest bridge, the Millau bridge over the River Tarn in the Massif Central mountains, France, is opened by President Jacques Chirac.
December 15 – Albanian terrorists take a bus and its passengers hostage in Athens, Greece and demand 1 million euros in ransom money.
December 16
* The House of Lords rules that the British Government breaches human rights legislation, by detaining without trial foreign nationals suspected of being terrorists.
* IT security company Symantec Corp signs a definitive agreement to merge with Veritas Software Corp, valued at $13.5 billion, in an all-stock transaction.
* The South Korean high-speed rail system, Korea Train Express, opens between Seoul and Busan.
December 21 – Iraqi insurgents attack a U.S. military base in the city of Mosul, killing 22 people.
December 22 – Armed robbers in Northern Ireland steal over £22 million from the headquarters of the Northern Bank. Unionist politicians and the Police Service of Northern Ireland blame the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and stall the peace process.
December 26
* One of the worst natural disasters in recorded history hits Southeast Asia, when the strongest earthquake in 40 years hits the entire Indian Ocean region. The massive 9.3 magnitude earthquake, epicentered just off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, generates enormous tsunami waves that crash into the coastal areas of a number of nations including Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The official death toll in the affected countries stands at 186,983 while more than 40,000 people are still missing.
* The re-run of the second round of the Ukrainian presidential election takes place. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko is declared the winner.
December 27 – Astrophysicists from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching near Munich measure the strongest burst from a magnetar. At 21:30:26 UT the earth is hit by a huge wave front of gamma and X-rays. It is the strongest flux of high-energetic gamma radiation measured so far.
December 28 – The Ukrainian transport minister, Heorhiy Kirpa, is found shot dead, in a suspected suicide.
December 30 – A fire in a Buenos Aires night club (República Cromagnon) kills 194 people during a rock concert.
December 31
* Taipei 101, at the time tallest skyscraper in the world, standing at a height of 1,670 feet (509 metres ), officially opens.
* Simón Trinidad, high-profile FARC leader, is extradited to the United States, following the second extradition of a high drug dealer in a month and in 2004.
* Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych resigns.
January 21 – Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway
January 2
* Paul Hopkins, American baseball player (b. 1904)
* Etta Moten Barnett, American actress (b. 1901)
* Lynn Cartwright, American actress (b. 1927)
January 4 – Joan Aiken, English author (b. 1924)
January 6
* Tug McGraw, American baseball player (b. 1944)
* Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1954)
January 7 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (b. 1926)
January 9
* Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher (b. 1909)
* Yinka Dare, Nigerian Professional Basketball Player (b. 1972)
January 11 – Mairtín Crawford, Irish poet (b. 1967)
January 12 – Zeno Vendler, American philosopher of language (b. 1921)
January 14
* Terje "Valfar" Bakken, Norwegian musician (b. 1978)
* Uta Hagen, German actress (b. 1919)
January 22
* Ann Miller, American dancer and actress (b. 1923)
* Jack Tunney, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1935)
January 25 – Miklos Feher, Hungarian footballer (b. 1979)
January 27 – Jack Paar, American television show host (b. 1918)
January 29 – M. M. Kaye, British writer (b. 1908)
January 31 – Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (b. 1913)
February 14 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
February 17 – José López Portillo, President of Mexico (b. 1920)
February 19 – Archibald Paton Thornton, British historian (b. 1921)
February 21
* John Charles, Welsh footballer (b. 1931)
* Nestor de Villa, Filipino actor (b. 1928)
February 24 – John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)
February 26
* Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (b. 1956)
* Adolf Ehrnrooth, Finnish general (b. 1905)
February 27
* Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (b. 1910)
* Yoshihiko Amino, Japanese historian (b. 1928)
February 28 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian and Librarian of Congress (b. 1914)
March 2
* Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (b. 1918)
* Marge Schott, American baseball team owner (b. 1928)
March 4
* Claude Nougaro, French singer (b. 1929)
* Stephen Sprouse, American fashion designer, artist, and photographer (b. 1953)
March 5 – Priscilla Paris, American singer (b. 1953)
March 7 – Paul Winfield, American actor (b. 1941)
March 8
* Abu Abbas, founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (b. 1948)
* Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, American film personality and publisher (b. 1926)
March 15 – John Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
March 20 – Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands (b. 1909)
March 22 – Ahmed Yassin, Palestinian co-founder of Hamas (b. 1937)
March 26 – Jan Sterling, American actress (b. 1921)
March 29 – Peter Ustinov, English actor and director (b. 1921)
March 30 – Alistair Cooke, English-born journalist (b. 1908)
April 1 – Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1946)
April 17 – Edmond Pidoux, Swiss writer (b. 1908)
April 18 – Kamisese Mara, first Prime Minister of Fiji and President of Fiji (b. 1920)
April 19
* Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the ''Guinness Book of Records'' (b. 1925)
* John Maynard Smith, English biologist (b. 1920)
April 22 – Pat Tillman, American football player and U.S. Army Ranger (b. 1976)
April 24 – Estée Lauder, American cosmetics entrepreneur (b. 1906)
April 25 – Thom Gunn, British poet (b. 1929)
April 26 – Hubert Selby, Jr., American writer (b. 1928)
May 7 – Nicholas Berg, American businessman (b. 1978)
May 9
* Tommy Farrell, American supporting actor and comedian (b. 1921)
* Alan King, American actor (b. 1927)
* Olive Osmond, Osmond family matriarch (b. 1925)
May 14 – Anna Lee, British actress (b. 1913)
May 17
* Tony Randall, American actor (b. 1920)
* Ezzedine Salim, President of the Iraqi Governing Council (b. 1943)
May 22
* Richard Biggs, American actor (b. 1960)
* Ronald Smith, British pianist and musicologist (b. 1922)
* Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (b. 1945)
May 25 – Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (b. 1917)
May 28 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (b. 1934)
May 29
* Archibald Cox, American Watergate special prosecutor (b. 1912)
* Jack Rosenthal, English playwright (b. 1931)
* Samuel Dash, American Congressional counsel (b. 1925)
June 2 – Loyd Sigmon, American amateur ("ham") radio broadcastor (b. 1909)
June 5
* Ronald Reagan, American politician and actor, 40th President of the United States (b. 1911)
* Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (b. 1941)
June 7 – Quorthon, Swedish musician (b. 1966)
June 10 – Ray Charles, American singer and musician (b. 1930)
June 11
* Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (b. 1946)
* Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist, interim 177th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1904)
June 13 – Dick Durrance, American skier (b. 1914)
June 16 – Thanom Kittikachorn, Thai military dictator, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1912)
June 20 – Jim Bacon, Australian politician, 41st Premier of Tasmania (b. 1950)
June 21 – Ron Ashman, former footballer and football manager (b. 1926)
June 26 – Naomi Shemer, Israeli songwriter (b. 1931)
June 27 – George Patton IV, American general (b. 1923)
June 30 – Jamal Abro, Sindhi writer (b. 1924)
July 1
* Peter Barnes, English writer (b. 1931)
* Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
* Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer (b. 1909)
July 2 – John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (b. 1919)
July 3 – Percy Wickman, Canadian politician (b. 1941)
July 4 – Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
July 5
* Hugh Shearer, Jamaican politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
* Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
July 6
* Thomas Klestil, Austrian politician and diplomat, 10th President of Austria (b. 1932)
* Syreeta Wright,American singer,songwriter (b.1946)
July 9 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (b. 1917)
July 12 – Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (b. 1918)
July 13 – Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (b. 1930)
July 16 – Pat Roach, British wrestler and actor (b. 1937)
July 19 – Zenko Suzuki, Japanese politician, 70th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1911)
July 21
* Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1918)
* Jerry Goldsmith, American composer (b. 1929)
July 22 – Sacha Distel, French singer (b. 1933)
July 28
* Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
* Sam Edwards, American actor (b. 1915)
August 1 – Philip Abelson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
August 3 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)
August 6 – Rick James, American musician (b. 1948)
August 8 – Fay Wray, Canadian actress (b. 1907)
August 12 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1919)
August 13 – Julia Child, American chef (b. 1912)
August 14 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
August 15 – Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
August 17
* Thea Astley, Australian writer (b. 1925)
* Gérard Souzay, French baritone (b. 1918)
August 18 – Elmer Bernstein, American composer (b. 1922)
August 24 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-born psychiatrist (b. 1926)
August 26 – Laura Branigan, American singer (b. 1957)
August 30 – Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer (b. 1906)
September 1 – Ahmed Kuftaro, Grand Mufti of Syria (b. 1915)
September 8 – Frank Thomas, American animator (b. 1912)
September 10 – Brock Adams, American politician (b. 1927)
September 11 – Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (b. 1949)
September 13 – Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (b. 1925)
September 14 – Ove Sprogøe, Danish actor (b. 1919)
September 15 – Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (b. 1948)
September 18
* Norman Cantor, Canadian historian (b. 1929)
* Russ Meyer, American director and photographer (b. 1922)
September 19 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian-born civil servant (b. 1919)
September 20 – Brian Clough, British football manager of Nottingham Forest and Derby County (b. 1935)
September 22 – Ray Traylor, American professional wrestler (b. 1962)
September 24 – Françoise Sagan, French writer (b. 1935)
October 1 – Richard Avedon, American photographer (b. 1923)
October 3
* John Cerutti, American baseball player and announcer (b. 1960)
* Janet Leigh, American actress (b. 1927)
October 4 – Gordon Cooper, American astronaut (b. 1927)
October 5
* Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian and actor (b. 1921)
* Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
October 8
* Jacques Derida, Algerian-born French literary critic (b. 1930)
* James Chace, American historian (b. 1931)
October 10 – Christopher Reeve, American actor and activist (b. 1952)
October 13 – Enrique Fernando, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court (b. 1915)
October 16 – Pierre Salinger, U.S. President John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)
October 20 – Anthony Hecht, American poet (b. 1923)
October 23
* Bill Nicholson, British footballer (b. 1919)
* Robert Merrill, American baritone (b. 1919)
October 25 – John Peel, British radio disc jockey (b. 1939)
October 28 – Jimmy McLarnin, Irish-born boxer (b. 1907)
October 29
* Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominican politician (b. 1923)
* Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (b. 1916)
October 30 – Peggy Ryan, American actress (b. 1924)
November 1 – Mac Dre, American rapper (b. 1970)
November 2
* Theo van Gogh, Dutch film director (b. 1957)
* Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates (b. 1918)
November 3 – Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player (b. 1972)
November 7
* Howard Keel, American singer and actor (b. 1919)
* Eddie Charlton, Australian snooker player (b. 1929)
November 9 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (b. 1947)
November 10 – Katy de la Cruz, Filipino singer (b. 1907)
November 11 – Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1929)
November 13 – Ol' Dirty Bastard, American rapper (b. 1968)
November 14 – Margaret Hassan, Irish-born aid worker (b. 1945)
November 15 – John Morgan, British-born comedian (b. 1930)
November 19 – John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1927)
November 23 – Rafael Eitan, Israeli politician (b. 1929)
November 29
* John Drew Barrymore, American actor (b. 1932)
* Bernard Robinson, English footballer (b. 1911)
December 1 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, German born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (b. 1911)
December 2
* Alicia Markova, English ballerina (b. 1910)
* Mona Van Duyn, American poet (b. 1921)
December 5 – Seymour Ginsburg, American computer scientist (b. 1928)
December 7 – Frederick Fennell, American conductor (b. 1914)
December 8 – Dimebag Darrell, American guitarist (b. 1966)
December 12 – Kathryn Eames, American actress (b. 1908)
December 14 – Fernando Poe, Jr., Filipino actor and 2004 presidential candidate (b. 1935)
December 15 – Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (b. 1943)
December 18 – Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (b. 1926)
December 19
* Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
* Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (b. 1922)
December 23 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Indian politician, 10th Prime Minister of India (b. 1921)
December 24 – Johnny Oates, American baseball player and manager (b. 1926)
December 26 – Reggie White, American football player (b. 1961)
December 27 – Hank Garland, American guitarist (b. 1930)
December 28
* Jerry Orbach, American actor (b. 1935)
* Susan Sontag, American writer and activist (b. 1933)
December 30 – Artie Shaw, American musician (b. 1910)
December 31 – Gérard Debreu, French-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
Physics – David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
Chemistry – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
Physiology or Medicine – Linda B. Buck, Richard Axel
Literature – Elfriede Jelinek
Peace – Wangari Maathai
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
The year 2004 was designated the:
Events
January
February
March
April
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June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Births
Deaths
January
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April
May
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August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
References
af:2004 am:2004 እ.ኤ.አ. ang:2004 ab:2004 ar:ملحق:2004 an:2004 roa-rup:2004 frp:2004 ast:2004 gn:2004 av:2004 ay:2004 az:2004 bn:২০০৪ zh-min-nan:2004 nî be:2004 be-x-old:2004 bh:२००४ bcl:2004 bs:2004 br:2004 bg:2004 ca:2004 cv:2004 ceb:2004 cs:2004 cbk-zam:2004 co:2004 cy:2004 da:2004 pdc:2004 de:2004 dv:2004 et:2004 el:2004 myv:2004 ие es:2004 eo:2004 ext:2004 eu:2004 fa:۲۰۰۴ (میلادی) hif:2004 fo:2004 fr:2004 fy:2004 fur:2004 ga:2004 gv:2004 gd:2004 gl:2004 gan:2004年 xal:2004 җил ko:2004년 haw:2004 hy:2004 hi:२००४ hr:2004. io:2004 ilo:2004 bpy:মারি ২০০৪ id:2004 ia:2004 os:2004-æм аз is:2004 it:2004 he:2004 jv:2004 kn:೨೦೦೪ pam:2004 ka:2004 csb:2004 kk:2004 kw:2004 sw:2004 kv:2004 во ht:2004 (almanak gregoryen) ku:2004 krc:2004 джыл la:2004 lv:2004. gads lb:2004 lt:2004 m. lij:2004 li:2004 ln:2004 jbo:2004moi lmo:2004 hu:2004 mk:2004 mi:2004 mr:इ.स. २००४ arz:2004 ms:2004 mn:2004 nah:2004 na:2004 nl:2004 nds-nl:2004 ne:सन् २००४ new:सन् २००४ ja:2004年 nap:2004 no:2004 nn:2004 nrm:2004 nov:2004 oc:2004 mhr:2004 or:୨୦୦୪ uz:2004 pa:੨੦੦੪ pi:२००४ pag:2004 pnb:2004 pap:2004 pms:2004 tpi:2004 nds:2004 pl:2004 pt:2004 crh:2004 ty:2004 ksh:Joohr 2004 ro:2004 qu:2004 ru:2004 год sah:2004 se:2004 sm:2004 sco:2004 stq:2004 sq:2004 scn:2004 simple:2004 sk:2004 sl:2004 so:2004 ckb:٢٠٠٤ sr:2004 sh:2004 su:2004 fi:2004 sv:2004 tl:2004 ta:2004 kab:2004 tt:2004 ел te:2004 tet:2004 th:พ.ศ. 2547 tg:2004 tr:2004 tk:2004 udm:2004 ар uk:2004 ur:2004ء vec:2004 vi:2004 vo:2004 fiu-vro:2004 wa:2004 zh-classical:二〇〇四年 vls:2004 war:2004 yi:2004 yo:2004 zh-yue:2004年 diq:2004 bat-smg:2004 zh:2004年This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 12°58′0″N77°34′0″N |
|---|---|
| name | Ruben Studdard |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Christopher Ruben Studdard |
| birth date | September 12, 1978 |
| birth place | Frankfurt am Main, Germany |
| origin | Birmingham, Alabama United States |
| genre | Pop, R&B;, gospel |
| occupation | Singer, actor |
| years active | 2003–present |
| label | 19 (2003-present)J (2003-2007)Hickory (2008-2010)Shanachie Entertainment (2011-present) |
| website | RubenStuddard.com }} |
In the years following ''Idol'', Studdard has released four studio albums, including his most recent disc, 2009's ''Love Is''.
In addition to appearing on various television shows he has toured with Robin Givens in the comedy-drama ''Heaven I Need a Hug'' and in 2008 accepted the role of Fats Waller in a national tour of ''Ain't Misbehavin'''.
Early life
Studdard, who was born in Frankfurt, Germany while his American father was stationed there with the U.S. Army, grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. The youngest son of two teachers, at the age of three he sang for the first time at the Rising Star Baptist Church in his hometown of Birmingham. He continued singing gospel in church, performing solos as a child while his mother sang in the local choir. While at Huffman High School, he played football for which he received a scholarship to Alabama A&M; University. While at Alabama A&M; he joined the Omicron Delta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the men's music fraternity of America.After growing up listening to his mother's Donny Hathaway albums, Fred Hammond, and gospel music, Studdard began to pursue a career in the music industry, majoring in voice studies at Alabama A&M.; He sang with ''Just a Few Cats'', a popular local Birmingham jazz and R&B; band founded by members of Ray Reach's UAB Jazz Ensemble, along with other local musicians. "A lot of people don't realize how hard I was trying to get into the business before ''American Idol''," Studdard related several years later. "I was making demos and just working so hard." A back-up singer from Just a Few Cats asked him to accompany her to Nashville, Tennessee for an audition on the 2003 second season of "American Idol".
''American Idol''
When auditioning, Studdard sang Stevie Wonder's "Ribbon in the Sky." This guided him to being one of the local finalists. On ''American Idol'', he impressed viewers with his performances of the Leon Russell/Bonnie Bramlett song "Superstar" (originally a hit for The Carpenters and Luther Vandross) and the Peabo Bryson/Regina Belle duet "A Whole New World"; during his time on the show, Studdard received praise from music legends such as Lionel Richie, Neil Sedaka, Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees, Luther Vandross, and Gladys Knight.During the televised competition, Studdard gained the nickname "Velvet Teddy Bear" and was noted for his shirts printed with "205", the telephone area code of his hometown of Birmingham. Studdard also did a cover version of "For All We Know", originally recorded by Donny Hathaway, whose music he grew up with.
He won the contest over runner-up Clay Aiken by only 134,000 votes out of 24,000,000 cast in the May 2003 finale, becoming the second ''American Idol'' winner.
Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared March 11, 2003 as "Ruben Studdard Day".
Career
2003–2004: ''Soulful''
Studdard released his first single, a cover of Westlife's "Flying Without Wings" (which he had sung on the show's finale), produced by The Underdogs and Babyface, a month later in June 2003. Fueled largely by sales, it debuted at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2003, advance orders for his album ''Soulful'' topped the 1 million mark before it was released into stores. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart that month, selling over 400,000 copies in its first week and attaining the second highest first-week sales of any ''American Idol'' winner. The single "Sorry 2004" from this album found substantial airplay, reaching #9 in the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Billboard R&B; singles chart. Studdard received a Grammy Award nomination in December 2003 for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance for "Superstar", nominated with his idol Luther Vandross (Vandross won that category). In March 2004, Ruben won the NAACP Outstanding New Artist award.
2004: ''I Need An Angel''
Studdard released the gospel album ''I Need an Angel'' on November 23, 2004. The title track and first single "I Need an Angel" was a cover of a 2002 single performed by R&B; singer Daniel DeBourg and written by R. Kelly. The album sold over 96,000 copies in its first week, it also entered the Gospel charts at #1, opened at #20 on the Billboard 200 chart, it since has sold over 500,000 copies. It was also #1 on the 2005 Billboard Year-End Gospel Albums Chart. As of June 2007, Studdard is the fifth-best selling ''American Idol'' performer with more than 2.4 million albums sold in the U.S.In March 2005, Studdard filed a lawsuit against his godfather and business advisor Ronald Edwards. The suit alleges that Edwards ran up $156,000 on Studdard's credit cards and stole $90,000 from his checking account. Edwards filed a countersuit. On June 15, 2006, Studdard was awarded $500,000 for personal losses and another $1.5 million in punitive damages.
Between his second and third albums, Studdard began a diet and fitness program to deal with his weight, out of concern for a family history of diabetes and hypertension resulting in his losing over 70 pounds on a vegetarian diet.
2006–2008: ''The Return''
Studdard's third album, ''The Return'' was released in October 2006; it goes back to his R&B; roots, but is different from his previous efforts. Studdard collaborated with the artist Ne-Yo on this album, along with a variety of producers. The single "Change Me" was released ahead of the album. ''The Return'' sold 71,000 copies in its first week to open at #8 on the Billboard 200 album chart, but sales declined rapidly after that, not approaching those of his earlier albums. However, Studdard did have good success on the Urban Contemporary chart with "Change Me" (which reached #1) and its successor "Make Ya Feel Beautiful". Studdard continued to tour saying he would play a variety of music: "Coming out to my show is like coming to my house. I'll play the songs I love. It's like a party. For me, a party has all different types of music happening."Studdard appeared on the finale of ''American Idol'' season 6 in May 2007. He spent a few weeks touring with Robin Givens in the comedy-drama ''Heaven I Need a Hug'' and prepared to take on the role of Fats Waller in a national tour of ''Ain't Misbehavin''' in 2008. The tour is scheduled to begin November 17, 2008 in Atlanta, GA and end May 14, 2009 in Syracuse, NY.
In December 2007, Studdard had been dropped from his record company, J Records, due to poor sales of ''The Return'' and "[falling] short of expectations." He remained under contract with 19 Recordings, however. As such he was assigned the high-profile position of performing the ''American Idol'' season 7 farewell song, a recording of Kenny Loggins' "Celebrate Me Home", in a new version produced by Terry Lewis and Jimmy Jam.
Studdard performed "Celebrate Me Home" live on May 20, 2008, at the Nokia Theatre for the first night of the two-night Grand Finale of American Idol's seventh season.
2009–2010: ''Love Is''
Studdard was featured in the music video for gospel singer Deitrick Haddon's "Love Him Like I Do" along with Gospel duo Mary Mary.Studdard announced that his next album, to be released May 19, 2009, would be released on Sony Music offshoot Hickory Records. The new album, entitled ''Love Is'', is being produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The first single off ''Love Is'' is the ballad "Together", which was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Phillip Taj Jackson and Martin Kleveland, produced by StarGate & Martin K.
He performed his new single "Together" on American Idol season 8 on March 26, 2009.
''Love Is'' was released on May 19, 2009 to mostly positive reviews. The album, which features a mix of covers and original songs, sold 15,200 units in its first week to debut at #36 on the Billboard 200, #5 on Independent Albums and #8 on Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums.
Studdard appeared with the "David Foster and Friends" 10 city tour beginning October 21, 2009 in Chicago, Illinois and ending November 8, 2009 in Vancouver, Canada.
A fifth album, ''Playlist: The Very Best of Ruben Studdard'' was released on January 26, 2010 by Sony's Legacy Recordings.
Studdard returned to the American Idol stage on March 31, 2010 to perform his latest single "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More". In his on camera interview with Ryan Seacrest after his performance he said that he would be touring with Clay Aiken in the summer.
Studdard and Aiken brought their “Timeless” tour to cities in the US and Canada beginning in Asheville, North Carolina on July 23, 2010 and ending in Biloxi, Mississippi on August 14. Instead of a concert focusing on each singers recordings, Studdard and Aiken opted for a variety show format covering medleys of songs from the 60s to the 90s with a few solos and interspersed with comedy bits.
2010–present: New label
It was announced in July 2011 that Studdard had signed with Shanachie Entertainment and would release his next album in the fall of 2011.
Acting
Studdard has worked as an actor in several roles, including single-episode appearances on the television series ''8 Simple Rules'', ''Life on a Stick'', ''All of Us'', and ''Eve'', as well as a cameo appearance in the film ''Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed''. He has also appeared on a television commercial for a Birmingham-area Kia dealer.He appeared in an episode of ''One on One'' as himself & in an episode of ''All of Us'' as an older Bobby. He also appeared in the ''8 Simple Rules'' episode where CJ's dad comes; he played a delivery boy whom CJ mistakes for his father. He greets him by hugging him and saying, "You have always been my idol," referring to his win on ''Idol''. Studdard also appeared on an episode of ''Eve'' as Paul, Janie's younger brother who has a huge crush on Shelly.
Studdard headlined the revival tour of ''Ain't Misbehavin''', starring alongside fellow ''American Idol (season 2)'' alums, Trenyce and Frenchie Davis. Starring as Fats Waller, Studdard received positive reviews and was part of the cast recording album released by Rhino Records on January 13, 2009.
Advocacy
Studdard's love of music led him to create ''The Ruben Studdard Foundation for the Advancement of Children in the Music Arts''. The foundation's mission statement says their aim is "to promote the essential role of the arts in education through learning initiatives for the development of students in the Greater Birmingham Area."Studdard has signed on as an official spokesperson for ‘Be Sickle Smart’, a nationwide grassroots health-education program aimed at increasing awareness of iron overload among people living with sickle-cell disease.
Personal life
Studdard met Surata Zuri McCants in October 2006, when he was signing CDs at a Wal-Mart in Atlanta. On June 28, 2008, Studdard married McCants in a short, private ceremony in Mountain Brook, Alabama.After a performance on American Idol on March 31, 2010, Ruben discussed losing approximately 80 pounds through a vegan diet and regular exercise.
Awards and nominations
Discography
Albums
| Year | Album | Chart Positions | ! rowspan="2" | ||||||
| ! width="40" | ! width="40" | ! width="40" | ! width="40" | ||||||
| 2003 | * Released: December 9, 2003 | * Label: J Records(#54639) | * Format: CD | RIAA certification: PlatinumU.S. sales: 1.8 million | |||||
| 2004 | * Released: November 23, 2004 | * Label: J Records(#62623) | * Format: CD | RIAA certification: GoldU.S. sales: 483,000 | |||||
| 2006 | * Released: October 17, 2006 | * Label: J Records(#78961) | music download>digital download | U.S. sales: 238,000 | |||||
| 2009 | * Released: May 19, 2009 | * Label: Hickory Records(#301005) | * Format: CD, digital download | U.S. sales: 50,000 | |||||
Compilation albums
| Year | Album | ! rowspan="1" | ||
| 2010 | ''Playlist: The Very Best of Ruben Studdard'' | *Released January 26, 2010 | *Sony Legacy | U.S. sales: 3,500 |
Singles
| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album | ||
| ! width="40" | ! width="40" | ! width="40" | |||
| "Flying Without Wings" | rowspan="4" | ||||
| "Sorry 2004" | |||||
| "What If" | |||||
| "I Need an Angel" | |||||
| 2006 | rowspan="2" | ||||
| 2007 | "Make Ya Feel Beautiful" | ||||
| 2008 | single | ||||
| "Together" | |||||
| "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More" | |||||
Single certifications
{|class="wikitable" ! Year ! Title ! CAN |- | 2003 | "Flying Without Wings" | 3x Platinum |}
Other albums
Filmography
References
External links
Category:1978 births Category:African American singers Category:Alabama A&M; Bulldogs football players Category:Musicians from Alabama Category:American football offensive linemen Category:American gospel singers Category:American Idol winners Category:American male singers Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American television actors Category:American vegans Category:Baptists from the United States Category:Living people Category:Military brats Category:People from Birmingham, Alabama Category:People from Frankfurt Category:Urban contemporary gospel musicians
da:Ruben Studdard de:Ruben Studdard fa:روبن استودارد fr:Ruben Studdard ko:루벤 스터다드 id:Ruben Studdard ja:ルーベン・スタッダード no:Ruben Studdard pt:Ruben Studdard simple:Ruben Studdard fi:Ruben Studdard sv:Ruben Studdard vi:Ruben StuddardThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 12°58′0″N77°34′0″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Barack Obama |
| Alt | A portrait shot of Barack Obama, looking straight ahead. He has short black hair, and is wearing a dark navy blazer with a blue striped tie over a light blue collared shirt. In the background are two flags hanging from separate flagpoles: the American flag, and the flag of the Executive Office of the President. |
| Office | 44th President of the United States |
| Vicepresident | Joe Biden |
| Term start | January 20, 2009 |
| Predecessor | George W. Bush |
| Jr/sr2 | United States Senate |
| State2 | Illinois |
| Term start2 | January 3, 2005 |
| Term end2 | November 16, 2008 |
| Predecessor2 | Peter Fitzgerald |
| Successor2 | Roland Burris |
| Office3 | Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District |
| Term start3 | January 8, 1997 |
| Term end3 | November 4, 2004 |
| Predecessor3 | Alice Palmer |
| Successor3 | Kwame Raoul |
| Birth name | Barack Hussein Obama II |
| Birth date | August 04, 1961 |
| Birth place | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Michelle Robinson (1992–present) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | White House (Official)Chicago, Illinois (Private) |
| Alma mater | Occidental CollegeColumbia University (B.A.)Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizerLawyerConstitutional law professorAuthor |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Signature | Barack Obama signature.svg |
| Signature alt | Barack Obama |
| Website | barackobama.com |
| Footnotes | }} |
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the ''Harvard Law Review''. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. In October 2009, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered US involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. In April 2011, Obama declared his intention to seek re-election in the 2012 presidential election.
Early life and career
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii, and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii. His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry, along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss. His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship. The couple married on February 2, 1961, separated when Obama Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964. Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta. From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and with the aid of a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979. Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind." Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear." Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind." At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental's disinvestment from South Africa due to its policy of apartheid. In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks. Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation, then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School
Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988. He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens. Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute. In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time. He returned in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the ''Harvard Law Review'' at the end of his first year, and president of the journal in his second year. As an editor, Obama delivered a Black History Minutes segment televised by TBS. During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990. After graduating with a J.D. ''magna cum laude'' from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago. Obama's election as the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'' gained national media attention and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations, which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as ''Dreams from My Father''.
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to ''Crain's Chicago Business'' naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be. In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation. Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws. He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare. In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002. In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority. He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations. During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms. Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.
U.S. Senate campaign
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq. On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally, and spoke out against the war. He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.
Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates. In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, ''Dreams from My Father''. In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004. Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan. In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005, becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus. ''CQ Weekly'' characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.
Legislation
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. He introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons; and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending. On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee. Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor. In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007, neither of which has been signed into law.
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges. This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008. He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism. Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006. In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs. As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption within the Kenyan government.
Presidential campaigns
2008 presidential campaign
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois. The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858. Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care, in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules. On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.
On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate. Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine. At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support. Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations. On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.
McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008. On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain. Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent. He became the first African American to be elected president. Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.
2012 presidential campaign
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.
Presidency
First days
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq. He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010, but during his first two years in office he has been unable to persuade Congress to appropriate funds required to accomplish the shutdown. Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. He also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.
Domestic policy
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits. Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children. In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research. Obama stated that he believed "sound science and moral values ... are not inconsistent" and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice. Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and ended development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program. He is focusing funding (which is expected to rise modestly) on Earth science projects and a new rocket type, as well as research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars. Missions to the International Space Station are expected to continue until 2020.
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, a bill that provides for repeal of the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that has prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces. Repealing "Don't ask, don't tell" had been a key campaign promise that Obama had made during the 2008 presidential campaign.
On January 25, 2011, in his 2011 State of the Union Address, President Obama focused strongly on the themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics in working to make the United States more competitive globally. Among other plans and goals, Obama spoke of enacting a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and tax cuts for the wealthiest two percent of Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. Looking to the future, Obama promised that by 2015, the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road and by 2035, clean-energy sources would be providing 80 percent of U.S. electricity.
Economic policy
thumb|right|President Barack Obama signing the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|American Recovery and Reinvestment Act into law on February 17, 2009, in Denver, Colorado, with Vice President Joe Biden standing behind him]]On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession. The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals, which is being distributed over the course of several years.In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12 percent stake. In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment. He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.
Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009. However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP. For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP. The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $14.3 trillion was signed into law on February 12, 2010. On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings. By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented U.S. government default on its obligations.
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year. Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries. GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter. Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year. In July 2010, the Federal Reserve expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed, and Chairman Ben Bernanke stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain." Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth. The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million, while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package." Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes. The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.
Health care reform
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal. He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009. After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals. In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House. On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39. On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014, subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5 percent of income, providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22 he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review. As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.
Foreign policy
In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration. Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran. This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership. In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments. On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it." On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem. During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third. The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.
Iraq War
On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end." The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces. On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over. On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".
War in Afghanistan
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires". He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war. On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan. He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date. McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.
Israel
During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, and the re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group. It was reported high-ranking defense officials from both countries had been making an unusual number of trips between the two countries, including Ehud Barak. Part of the military aid increase in 2010 was to fund Israel's missile defense shield. Before his retirement in September 2011, Adm. Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, made four trips to Israel during his four-year tenure, two of them in 2010. Prior to 2007 no Chairman of the Joint Chiefs had done so for over ten years.In 2011, Obama's Ambassador to the United Nations vetoed a resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the U.S. the only nation on the Security Council doing so. Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.
Libya
In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate. In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi—announced an immediate cessation of military activities, yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone, including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets. Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector. Some Representatives questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.
|filename=050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg |title=President Obama announces the death of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011. |description= }}
Osama bin Laden
Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad. CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011. Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs. The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound. Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing, and buried at sea several hours later. Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square. Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and from many countries around the world.
2010 midterm election
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives, "humbling" and a "shellacking". He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.
Cultural and political image
Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement. Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves. Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong". Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator. During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010, a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office. He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation. Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries, and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni, and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
In a February 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the ''International Herald Tribune'', Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful. In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of ''Dreams from My Father'' in February 2006 and for ''The Audacity of Hope'' in February 2008. His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month and received a Daytime Emmy Award. In December 2008, ''Time'' magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples". Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility." The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures. Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Family and personal life
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher." Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family – six of them living. Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham, until her death on November 2, 2008, two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011. In ''Dreams from My Father'', Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years. Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta. He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.
Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator. In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket. He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolesence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin. Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date. They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992. The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998, followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001. The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School. The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago. The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.
In December 2007, ''Money'' magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million. Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books. On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.
Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.
Religious views
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in ''The Audacity of Hope'' that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".In an interview with the evangelical periodical ''Christianity Today'', Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."
On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."
Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ, a black liberation church, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades. Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public. After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.
Notes
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References
Further reading
External links
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| Coordinates | 12°58′0″N77°34′0″N |
|---|---|
| name | Sakis RouvasΣάκης Ρουβάς |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Anastasios Rouvas |
| alias | Sakis |
| born | January 05, 1972 Mantouki, Corfu, Greece |
| origin | Athens, Greece |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar, piano |
| genre | Pop, rock, R&B;, dance |
| occupation | Singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, choreographer, actor, television presenter, film producer, model, fashion designer, businessman, entrepreneur, philanthropist, humanitarian, athlete |
| years active | 1987–1990 (athlete)1991–present (performer) |
| label | PolyGram Greece, Minos EMI, Universal Music France |
| associated acts | Corfu Band |
| website | www.SakisRouvas.com |
| notable instruments | Black Gibson Les Paul }} |
Anastasios "Sakis" Rouvas II (Greek: Αναστάσιος "Σάκης" Ρουβάς, ; 5 January 1972), often referred to mononymously as Sakis, is a Greek musician, television and film artist, businessman, and former pole vaulter who is one of the most successful and influential entertainers of all time in Greece and Cyprus. Beginning a career as a member of the national athletics team, Rouvas commenced a musical career in 1991 and became one of Greece's first pop performers; widely recognized as the genre's main performers to this day, he is credited with breaking cultural and generational barriers and aiding in the popularization of Western music genres in Greece and Cyprus.
In the early 1990s after winning the Thessaloniki Song Festival, Rouvas became a dominant figure in Greek entertainment, gaining a mass fanbase and being cited as a phenomenon. His sexualized image and live performances utilizing complex choreography and costumes have earned him notoriety. He and manager Elias Psinakis formed a famous partnership in Greek show business. Rouvas' increasing popularity was coupled with criticism of both professional choices and personal struggles, which damaged his public image and lead to a brief, relatively unsuccessful period in the mid 90s. After five commercially successful albums with PolyGram Greece, Rouvas signed with Minos EMI in 1998. Having been a notable artist in the Balkans for years, Rouvas embarked on multiple projects abroad and represented his country in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004 and 2009 and co-presented the 2006 contest, while also venturing into film and television.
Rouvas has contributed to several philanthropic organizations and his influence went beyond the arts as he became nationalized into a cultural icon. He is the most commercially successful entertainer in Greece, having expanded his empire more than any other celebrity. Amongst Rouvas' other achievements include multiple recognized awards –including six Arion Music Awards, 12 MAD Video Music Awards —more than any other male artist—, an MTV Europe Music Award, and a World Music Award– number-one albums and singles that have all achieved certifications of gold or higher, and sales of an estimated two million records as of 2008, making him one of Greece's best-selling music artists in history. Rouvas' distinct musical and performance style has influenced other artists, while his contributions to music have made him a prominent part of popular culture for nearly two decades. In 2009, ''Down Town'' named him "Entertainer of the Decade", while in 2010 ''Forbes'' listed him as the third most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and top ranked singer.
Life and career
Early life and athletic career (1972–1990)
Sakis Rouvas was born on 5 January 1972 in the village of Mandoukion, near Corfu City the island of Corfu, the eldest son out of four of Konstantinos "Kostas" Rouvas, an ambulance driver, and Anna-Maria Panaretou, a retail clerk at a Duty Free shop at the local airport. At the time of his birth, his mother was still a teenager. He has three brothers named Billy (b. Vasilios), Tolis (b. Apostolos, 1975), and Nikos (b. Nikolaos, 1991). Rouvas grew up in a poor family and he began taking care of his younger siblings as of age five since his parents worked long hours. His talents were revealed from a young age; at age four, he demonstrated athletic abilities. As a child, Rouvas also took ballet classes. Both his parents had some background in theater, and at age ten, Rouvas starred in his first theatrical production "An I Karharies Itan Anthropi" (If sharks were people), which quickly sold out in local theaters in Corfu. His much older co-stars were impressed at his talent and labeled him a "miracle child." Soon after, Rouvas discovered his second great love after athletics, music. He taught himself how to play guitar and was inspired by international music and artists like Elvis Presley.In 1984, his parents were divorced, and due to strained relations between the two, Rouvas and his brother Tolis were forced to move to the village of Potamos to be raised by their paternal grandparents, Anastasis and Elpiniki, while his father soon remarried. Rouvas worked multiple jobs to support his family, including in a car repair shop, as a construction worker, and as a bartender. From early childhood Rouvas began to hate school and suffered especially in reading and writing. Due to working in the daytime, he went to school at nights, where his mother, who had never graduated lyceum, also attended.
At age 15 the first turning point in his career occurred when he became a member of the Greek national gymnastics team. He idolized Ukrainian pole vaulter Sergei Bubka. His scores were consistently high and he won numerous national awards; vaulting on average 4.17 metres. Rouvas continued in athletics until age 18 as he believed that it was very difficult to earn a living from it in order to support his family, while considering his potential in music to be greater. He soon became a member of the Corfu Band. The first time he sang for a public audience was at his graduation where he performed his rendition of hits from Elvis and The Beatles.
Rouvas soon started to perform at local clubs and hotels. At one of these venues, To Ekati, future manager Elias Psinakis would see him perform for the first time, however, they never confronted each other. Due to the escalating problematic situations in his life in Corfu, he left his native island alone at the age of 18 and moved to Patras in search of a better future.
Early commercial success (1991–93)
Upon going to Patras, Rouvas continued to look for performance opportunities, until he met Dakis, a popular Greek artist of the era, who was the first person to help him professionally. He moved to Athens, and after being given much advice by Dakis, in 1991, Rouvas made his first professional appearance at the Show Centre in Athens. During his performances his attractive physical appearance, vocal abilities, and stage antics garnered the attention of music executives such as Nikos Mouratidis, who advised songwriter Giorgos Pavrianos to produce him. While performing "Man in the Mirror" by Michael Jackson he was discovered by executives of the PolyGram record label, who signed him to his first recording contract immediately after the performance. After first moving to Athens Rouvas lived with an older English woman named Sally, whom he had been in a relationship with since he was in Corfu. Their relationship ended after Psinakis became his manager and his goals became more oriented towards his career. The media later reported extensively on Rouvas' personal life over the years, speculating on relationships with model Zeta Logotheti, Sofi Kantarou, who was a Corfu local bar manager whom he had known from years earlier, and later singer Elli Kokkinou. A few months later, Rouvas' made his first official debut at the ''Thessaloniki Song Festival''. At the competition, Rouvas lost the title for Best Vocal Performance to another upcoming artist Giorgos Alkaios by only one point, but ultimately won the competition after he won first place for "Best Composition with the song "Par'ta" (Take them) with music by Nikos Terzis and lyrics by Giorgos Pavrianos. During the moment that all of the competitors were called on stage there was a brief earthquake.Rouvas released his eponymous debut album the day after the festival; it reached number one on the Greek Albums Chart. "Par'ta" ("Take them") became a number one radio hit, while the second single "1992" also became very popular. Following the popularity of the album, media attention arose around his fanatic fans, usually teenage girls, who would go crazy over him.
In September 1992, Rouvas released his second album titled ''Min Andistekese'' (''Don’t resist''), which was also fully composed by Nikos Terzis. The album produced the singles "Gyrna" (Return), "Min Andistekese", "Gia Fantasou" (Imagine), "Na Ziseis Moro Mou" (Live my baby), and "Me Kommeni Tin Anasa" (Breathless), with the title track being accompanied by a music video. The success of the album helped establish Rouvas as one of the top performers on the then-music scene.
In October 1993, Rouvas released his third studio album titled ''Gia Sena'' (''For you'') with music by Alexis Papadimitriou and lyrics primarily by Eleni Giannatsoulia, as well as Evi Droutsa. The album became Rouvas third consecutive gold album in a time span of only two years. The single "Kane Me" (Make me) became a big radio hit, while the next singles "To Xero Eisai Moni" (I know you are alone), and "Xehase To" (Forget it) also gained airplay.
''Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas'', military service, and personal struggles (1994–96)
In the winter of 1994, Rouvas collaborated with famous singer-songwriter and record producer Nikos Karvelas for the production of his fourth studio album ''Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas'' (''Blood, tears & sweat'') which was his first album to be certified platinum. The songs "Ela Mou" (''Come to me'') and "Xana" (''Again'') became radio hits. The collaboration with Karvelas, one of the most successful and iconic producers of the past two decades with the young artist resulted in mixed reaction by the media. When asked why he had chosen to collaborate with Rouvas, Karvelas simply gave a controversial response, stating that ''"Sakis is the only star, out of a generation which produces dull artists."''Rouvas became more recluse and private about his personal life, When he was called to do his military service in 1994, Rouvas had originally asked for a delay as it coincided with the scheduled release of his highly anticipated album ''Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas'', although his request for a delay was denied. Although other artists had also delayed their service for career reasons, Rouvas' case became a central news story at the time. It was initially thought that the artist did not want to pull back from the spotlight during a time when his career was soaring, although Rouvas himself had claimed his inability to fulfill his service due to previous psychological trauma that resulted in him suffering from severe agoraphobia. His claims were widely disbelieved: some media commented that agoraphobia was a strange condition for an entertainer, while critics of Rouvas accused him of draft dodging. Rouvas was then taken to the psychiatric hospital of Penteli for psychiatric evaluation, it was widely reported that while alone in his room he attempted suicide. After the initial widespread media coverage of the attempted suicide subsided, Rouvas was forced to fulfill his military service with a psychiatrist present on the scene, both to medicate him and make sure he would not cause harm to himself. For his military service, Rouvas was forced to remove his earring and cut his signature long hair, something that is featured in the beginning of the video for "Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas". Rouvas was also constantly taunted by paparazzi who would sneak into the military campus to photograph and film him for constant television reports. Psinakis blamed Rouvas' psychiatrist for things that occurred in the military, claiming that he was secretly pouring psychotropic drugs into Rouvas' alcoholic beverages because of a previous quarrel. Rouvas spoke about his military service in an interview with Nico Mastorakis. When asked if he was suicidal, he said he did not think so, but at the time he was so intoxicated by the medication he received at the 411 that he did not have a clear recollection of the exact events. He also confirmed that he did indeed try to escape his service during rank by climbing under a Jeep and latching himself onto the rails.
''Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola'', peace concert, and move to Minos EMI (1996–97)
A few months later in 1996, Rouvas released his fifth studio album ''Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola'' (''Now the difficult times begin'') which went platinum. Since his previous album was a big success, Rouvas once again collaborated with Nikos Karvelas with the help of lyricist Natalia Germanou. For the winter season, Rouvas performed live with Anna Vissi at club ''Chaos'' in Athens. In the same year, a fan club for him, SRFC, was founded, which from its start went on to be the largest fan club in Greece. In 1997, he was featured on Anna Vissi's hit album ''Travma'' (''Trauma''), in the duet "Se Thelo, Me Theleis" ("I want you, you want me") also composed by Nikos Karvelas.On 19 May 1997 he performed on stage with Turkish singer Burak Kut at a bi-national concert on the Green Line in Cyprus as an initiative in the reconciliation of the country with an audience of over 4,000 people. The concert garnered international coverage and support, earning Rouvas an International Abdi Ipekçi Prize for understanding and co-operation; however, the concert generated significant controversy amongst Greek and Turkish protesters with reports going as far as potential death threats towards Rouvas. Opposition to the concert caused the Greek and Greek-Cypriot media to turn on Rouvas and the impact of its controversy is considered to be the catalyst for the forthcoming tabloid talk shows in Greece. Rouvas had come into collaboration with Kut the previous year when they recorded a duet together in Greek and Turkish called "Birgün/Otan" (When), a cover of the song "Someday", for the soundtrack of the Greek-language dubbing of ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' titled ''I Panagia Ton Parision'', where Rouvas made his film debut voicing the role of Quasimodo. Following his album success with PolyGram Greece, Rouvas switched labels by signing with Minos EMI.
''Kati Apo Mena'', return to prominence, and ''21os Akatallilos'' (1998–2000)
In December 1998, Rouvas released his sixth studio album and first with his new label titled ''Kati Apo Mena'' (''Something from me''). The album was composed by Giorgos Theofanous and became a hit, going gold in its first week; the album later reached platinum certification. The song "Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou" (Your heart does not have metal rails) became a massive hit, and remains one of his most popular songs. For promotion of the album, Rouvas performed live at the Virgin Megastore in Athens where thousands of fans created a traffic jam in the centre of Athens. For the winter season 1999–2000, Rouvas sang at Bio Bio in Athens, and performed with Katy Garbi at Pili Axiou in Thessaloniki in the spring.In March 2000, Rouvas released his seventh studio album ''21os Akatallilos'' (''21+ X-Rated''). The album and its first anthemic single, "Andexa", climbed immediately at number one on the charts. The album reached 2× platinum status and reached number one on the charts. On 25 October 2000, Rouvas began appearances with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season. During his May rehearsals for his summer performances, Rouvas was hospitalized with abdominal pains which were diagnosed as peritonitis and underwent surgery to get his appendix removed. That same year, Rouvas was commissioned by Pepsi to be their spokesperson for their summer campaign in Greece, a first for a Greek entertainer. The collaboration with Pepsi continued in 2001 with a television ad airing in May 2001. The aforementioned ad, featuring a semi-nude Rouvas holding a Pepsi bottle in front of his genitals, was the subject of controversy amongst women's rights organizations and parental associations who deemed it "insightly, vulgar and unacceptable" and attempted to have the advertisement blocked, saying that it "disgraces childhood innocence and dignity." A tour of seven Greek cities called the Pepsi Tour 2001 followed.
In the summer of 2000, Rouvas, Psinakis and a number of other celebrities went on vacation in Mykonos on a yacht that they were borrowing from a local physician. They were subsequently accused of drug possession, as the yacht was filled with various expensive narcotics. The situation received huge publicity and triggered speculations of whether Rouvas possibly had a drug addiction. The doctor who owned the yacht later admitted that the narcotics belonged to him, however, all of the men were taken into questioning. Wanting to avoid going to court, Rouvas paid bail and did not give importance to the situation. This incident would become one of the most infamous situations in Rouvas' career as thousands of t-shirts were printed with the popular catchphrase at the time: "Imoun ki ego sto kotero!" ("I was on the yacht too!").
''Ola Kala'', international exposure, and ''To Hrono Stamatao'' (2001–04)
In 2001, Rouvas signed with Universal Licencing Music (ULM) of Universal Music France and collaborated with American music producer and songwriter Desmond Child and Phoebus for the single "Disco Girl". The single became a hit in Greece and was certified platinum. It won Rouvas the award for Pop Singer of the Year at the first Arion Music Awards. The single was also later released in France with an English version of the song penned by Andreas Carlsson. At the start of the winter season, Rouvas sang with Despina Vandi at Rex, which continued until spring 2002.Rouvas premiered the single "Ola Kala" ("Everything is fine") for the first time at the Arion Music Awards. This was followed by the release of his eighth studio album ''Ola Kala'' in June, once again collaborating with Desmond Child and Phoebus for the album, along with other Greek songwriters Natalia Germanou and Vangelis Konstantinidis. The album became an instant hit in Greece going gold within one week, and platinum in four months. It settled at two times platinum later on. The following month after the Greek release, Universal Music released ''Ola Kala'' in many international markets in Europe, Middle East and Asia. The music video for "Ola Kala" was director by French director Xavier Gens in Montreal, Canada. In September 2002, Rouvas' third Pepsi commercial aired.
In July 2003, Rouvas furthered his international collaboration under ULM by releasing the cover single and music video "Dis lui" (Tell her) in France, originally sung by Mike Brant as a French adaptation of the 1975 Morris Albert song "Feelings". "Dis Lui", as well as a cover of "Feelings", were also added to the 2003 international re-release of ''Ola Kala''. Rouvas collaborated again with Xavier Gens for the "Feelings"/"Dis lui"/"Pes Tis" music video, which won two awards at the MAD Video Music Awards for Best Direction and Sexiest Appearance in a Video.
In April 2003, Rouvas appeared with Antonis Remos together on stage with the evening's honouree, Nana Mouskouri, at the Arion Awards. The same year, Rouvas signed a deal with Vodafone Greece to be their spokesperson. For the summer, Rouvas went on tour around Greece, ending with a big concert at Lycabetus on 11 October 2003.
In December 2003, Rouvas released his ninth studio album ''To Hrono Stamatao'' (''I stop time''), which was certified Gold following its release. Songs from the album quickly gained radio airplay, while in the same month, Rouvas started appearances at Fever with Giorgos Tsalikis and ONE as his supporting acts for the winter season. A Greek language version of "Feelings" titled "Pes Tis" (Tell her) was released as a single off of ''To Hrono Stamatao'' and featured the same video as its French and English-language international counterparts.
Eurovision and ''S'eho Erotefthi'' (2004–05)
In March 2004, Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) announced that Rouvas would represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 after a long selection process through the reality show ''EuroStar'' had failed. Originally, the winner of the show was to represent the country with composer Nikos Terzis producing the song entry, however, the broadcaster decided to cancel these plans after doubts the winner could perform on stage, while Rouvas also exhibited an interest in representing the country. In mid-March, the song entry "Shake It" composed by Nikos Terzis with lyrics by Nektarios Tyrakis, premiered on Greek radio. The song was described as possessing strong Mediterranean influences, which differ from Rouvas' typical western production style. At the end of March, Rouvas performed "Shake It" for the first time live at the third Arion Music Awards. At the awards, he also won the award for "Best Pop Singer" for the album ''To Hrono Stamatao''. In mid-April, "Shake It" was released as a CD single and Rouvas began a large promotional tour around Europe for the contest. His album ''To Hrono Stamatao'' was also repackaged with the "Shake It" single as a bonus. The song peaked at number one on the Greek airplay charts for many weeks, while it continued to have popularity on the IFPI Greece Top 50 singles chart, remaining at number one for nine consecutive weeks and finally achieving four times Platinum status, becoming the best selling single of the year and one of the most successful of all time. It has since sold 110 thousand copies.
Rouvas was considered the favourite to win the final contest. On 12 May 2004, Rouvas took part in the Eurovision Song Contest semi-final, performing 10th out of 22 in the running order. He passed the semi-final, and on 15 May 2004, he performed 16th out of 24 in the final. For the stage show, Rouvas had two female dancers with him, and three backing vocalists, whom were the winner of ''EuroStar'' and the other two finalists. Fokas Evangelinos, Rouvas' long time choreographer, produced the choreography for the stage show. "Shake It" achieved third place in the final. Rouvas generated the greatest interest in the contest from the Greek public in its entire duration, with television share ratings of 86.7 percent, the highest ratings in Greek television history at the time. The participation in Eurovision was seen as a turning point in Rouvas' career from being perceived as a media-exposed celebrity to the possibly most notable artist in pop. He also became less reclusive and more open to media.
In June 2004, Rouvas performed at the first MAD Video Music Awards where he sang "Shake It". At the awards, he won the award for "Sexiest Appearance" for his music video "Pes Tis" (Tell her). On 7 July, Rouvas held a joint concert in Istanbul with Turkish artist and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest winner Sertab Erener in yet another attempt at keeping peace between the two countries. In August, Rouvas appeared carrying the Olympic torch through Panathinaiko Stadium and also performed at the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he was lowered on to the stage from the air and sang traditional Greek songs.
In fall 2004, Rouvas recorded a duet with the Russian pop singer Philip Kirkorov of his hit "Se Thelo San Trelos" ("I want you like crazy"), originally on the album ''21os Akatallilos''. A music video was filmed shortly after in Saint Petersburg. Following that, in October 2004, Rouvas was a special guest star at three concerts with Nana Mouskouri, two of which took place in Berlin, Germany, and the other at the Athens Megaro Mousikis. Two months later in December, Rouvas began performances with Giorgos Mazonakis at Fever for the winter season, with Elena Paparizou as his opening act.
On 5 April 2005, Rouvas won the award for CD Single with the Highest Sales of 2004 for "Shake It" at the fourth Arion Music Awards. Rouvas also appeared on stage dancing the tango. The next day, 6 April, Rouvas released his tenth studio album ''S'eho Erotefthi'' (''I'm in love with you'') which went platinum in five months, and settled at 3× platinum. With the help of Vodafone Greece as the main sponsors, release parties for the CD were held in Heraklion, Corfu, Thessaloniki, and Athens all on the same day. The songs "S'eho Erotefti", "Hilia Milia" ("Thousands of miles"), "Mila Tis" ("Speak to her"), "Na M'Agapas" ("Love me"), and "Cairo" all became radio hits. That same year, Rouvas also won the World Music Awards for Best-Selling Greek Artist of 2004. In September he held a charity concert at the Olympic Indoor Hall with an attendance of 20 thousand people, the largest production by any Greek entertainer until Rouvas broke his own record in 2009. This was followed by another concert in Patras.
''Live Ballads'', Eurovision, and ''Iparhi Agapi Edo'' (2006)
As of the second half of 2005 Rouvas had moved to Los Angeles, United States. On 24 February 2006, he held a Valentine's Day concert that was recorded and videotaped for his fans where his popular ballads, as well as covering ballads of other Greek and foreign artists. The live performance was later released as a CD and CD/DVD package in April 2006 titled ''Live Ballads'', Rouvas' first live album and video. The CD featured two new studio tracks, "Horis Kardia" (Without a heart) and an English language version of "S'eho Erotefthi" titled "I'm in Love With You" and topped the Greek album chart.On 3 April 2006, Rouvas sang "Horis Kardia" at the Arion Music Awards, where he also won the award for "Best Pop Album" and "Best Pop Singer" for the album ''S'eho Erotefthi''. In the same month, Rouvas renewed his contract with Vodafone Greece, while Village Roadshow Productions Greece announced that Rouvas would star in their upcoming film.
In May 2006, the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was held in Athens, as Greece won the contest the year before. Rouvas was asked by ERT to host with Maria Menounos the semi-final and final in English, Greek and French. At the semi-finals, Rouvas opened the show by singing the Katrina and the Waves song "Love Shine a Light" with Menounos. For the voting intermission, Rouvas performed his song "I'm in Love With You".
On 14 June 2006, Rouvas performed "Agapa Me" (Love me) and "Na M'Agapas" (You should love me) at the third MAD Video Music Awards. Rouvas also won the awards for Best Video by a Male Artist for "Na M'Agapas" and Best Dressed Artist in a Video for "Mila Tis". That same month, Rouvas also dubbed the Greek language version of the Disney movie ''Cars'' where he voiced Lightning McQueen, while on 13 November he began filming his feature film debut ''Alter Ego''.
On 6 December 2006, Rouvas released his eleventh studio album titled ''Iparhi Agapi Edo'' (''There is love here''). The songs "Ego Travo Zori" (I'm having a hard time") and "18 (Iprahi Agapi Edo)" became radio hits, while the song "Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun" (Everything revolves around you) composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos became a dance hit on Greek radio, and one of the most played songs of 2007. All three of the songs peaked at number one on the airplay chart. One of the songs, "Mikros Titanikos (Se Latrevo)" (Little Titanic [I adore you]) was written especially for Rouvas by Yiannis Parios, while his son Haris Varthakouris composed the music. The song was eventually released and became a hit, being used also to promote Rouvas' live album. The album ''Iparhi Agapi Edo'' debuted at number one and was certified Platinum, selling over 40 thousand copies as of April 2007.
Film and television career, ''This Is My Live'', fatherhood, and ''Irthes'' (2007–08)
Rouvas' Academy Awards primetime special, ''Sakis Oscar Songs'', aired on 20 February through Nova. The special was filmed at a private concert at Athens Arena, and paid tribute to songs that have been awarded with Academy Awards. In March, he began performances at Boom in Thessaloniki with Despina Vandi. At the end of April, Rouvas held a large concert in Syntagma Square as part of Vodafone Greece's promotional campaign. On 10 May 2007, the film ''Alter Ego'' by Village Roadshow Productions starring Rouvas as Stefanos, the frontman of the rock group Alter Ego, premiered in theatres across Greece. At a budget of two million euros, it was the most expensive production of all time in Greece. It received mixed reviews and did not manage to cover its grand production costs at the box office, selling only a fifth of the needed tickets. However, at 200 thousand tickets sold, it was an average success in Greek cinema, although Rouvas was still fairly disappointed about the coverage it received. The film dealt with the themes of young musicians living the rock and roll lifestyle and drug abuse having to face their inner fears and cope with the loss of a loved one. The soundtrack of the film was recorded by the cast and Rouvas, while the theme song to the movie "Zise Ti Zoi" ("Live Life") by Rouvas became a radio hit, reaching the top 10 of the charts. On June 29, 2008, ''Alter Ego'' was screened in Los Angeles at a Greek festival. Rouvas collaborated with Vodafone at a beach party concert at Yabanaki called Sakis on the Waves. On 29 October Rouvas was awarded his sixth Arion for "Best Pop Song" for "Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun", while being nominated for a further four awards, although he was not present at the actual ceremony.Following the 2007 Greek forest fires, Rouvas returned to Greece to raise money for the victims and embarked on a charity tour. On 20 July, he performed in Ptolemaida, Kozani as part of the ''Expedition for Environment Act Now!'' He also appeared on ANT1 answering phone call donations during a live telethon. On 10 September 2007 he gave a concert at Lycabetus as part of a OPAP's campaign for voluntary blood donations; the tour raised a staggering amount for the victims overall. The concert was also recorded, and released as a CD/DVD on 12 December 2007 titled ''This Is My Live'', releasing the single "Stous 31 Dromous". In the spring of 2008, Rouvas and Antonis Remos collaborated on a world tour, visiting North America, Australia, and South Africa.
On 19 May 2008, Rouvas started singing with Peggy Zina at club Politia in Thessaloniki. A month later on 17 June, Rouvas performed a new song composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos titled "+ Se Thelo" ("And I want you") at the MAD Video Music Awards 2008 as the opening act for the show. His performance was dubbed as the best of the night by the Greek media as it included heavy choreography and elaborate lighting, as well as an overall Japanese theme. The also won the award for "Male Artist of the Year" amongst three other nominees. In July 2008, the song was released as a digital single and as a radio promo and became a dance hit, reaching number one on the Greek airplay chart where it remained for 10 weeks, becoming the most-played song of the year. An official music video using footage from the awards show was released at the end of the year. "+ Se Thelo" became a staple in Rouvas' career. In addition to becoming one of the most successful songs of the decade, it was the only dance song of its era to have significant success in both charts and clubs and exhibit longevity. Critically, the song was deemed a landmark in the entertainer's career for exhibiting a rare case of a Greek artist breaking generational barriers and producing a hit of that extent nearly two decades into their career.
In August, Rouvas' home was victim to two robberies, both occurring within ten days.
In July 2008 it was announced that Rouvas would be the host for the first season of the Greek version of The X Factor, which premiered on 24 October 2008,. On 4 December 2008, Rouvas premiered his winter season musical shows with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ for the 2008-09 winter season. Rouvas was also Greece's representative with the hit "Stous 31 Dromous" ("On the 31 roads") in the OGAE Song Contest that was held in Zaragoza, Spain, on 25 October 2008, claiming the third place with 130 points by placing only behind Croatia and United Kingdom.
Rouvas had been in a relationship Katia Zygouli since 2003, while Greek media reported in 2007 that their relationship was heading for an end as Rouvas had allegedly begun a relationship with model Vanessa Hessler. However, the two later reunited and publicly announced Zygouli's pregnancy and on 2 November 2008. Zygouli gave birth to the couple's first child, a baby girl, who they baptized Anastasia after her father, on 18 October 2009. The godmother was Emmanouela Pavlatou, a close friend of Melina Mercouri, and the date of the baptism was chosen to coincide with Mercouri's birthday. The birth of their child was widely covered by news outlets. In an interview with Eleonora Meleti on Star Channel, Rouvas stated that marriage is not in his plans with Zygouli, even though he understands it is something that has been learned within society, he believes that they are happy enough as they are at the moment, although in May 2010 Zygouli publicly appeared wearing a diamond engagement ring without any confirmation of an engagement being made. On 20 November 2008, Rouvas released the song he dedicated to his daughter, "Irthes" (You arrived). On 3 December, Rouvas released his 12th studio album of the same name, produced by Dimitris Kontopoulos. The next day on 4 December 2008, Rouvas premiered his winter concert series with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ.
Eurovision, ''Duress'', ''Parafora'', and business career (2009–present)
After being asked internally every year after his first performance, Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) made an early announcement confirming that Rouvas would once again be Greece's participant in the Eurovision Song Contest. Rouvas performed his three candidate songs, "Out of Control", "Right on Time", and "This Is Our Night", all composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos, at the Greek national final on in February where the latter was the runaway winner with both the jury and the viewers, winning 81% of the vote, the largest margin ever, but also the most overall votes attained by ERT in a national final. The song subsequently debuted at number one on the Greek Digital Singles chart, while Rouvas embarked on an extensive promo tour throughout Europe. He had expressed that his goal was to bring the contest back to Greece the following year and a win was widely anticipated by the Greek public, with the country being one of two major favourites to win. Despite this, in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, Rouvas finished seventh. The singer and Greek public were both deeply disappointed with the result and he issued a public apology to the Greeks for his loss. Despite this, Rouvas received universal support from the public and media, a first-case scenario for a Greek Eurovision entrant following the contest, regardless of how high the result.On 27 March, Rouvas was appointed by President of ELPIDA Charity Foundation and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Marianna Vardinoyannis as "messenger" of ELPIDA foundation, a charity supporting children with cancer, after being a longtime supporter of the charity without wishing for his involvement to be publicized. In support of the charity, Rouvas teamed up with fastfood chain Goody's for their ArGOODaki campaign, and in April 2010 made a charitable donation in the amount of 300 thousand euros to the foundation. In April, Rouvas and partner Katia Zygouli launched the beauty franchise Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care, in which they own 25 percent of the share.
On 1 July Rouvas performed a sold out concert in support of the environment at the ancient ruins of Kallimarmaro Stadium to an audience of 40 thousand people. As one of the few artists given permission ever to perform at the venue, it was the largest attendance ever at the stadium for a non-sporting event and the largest attendance by a single musical artist in Greek history. The concert —organized by the National Youth Council— coincided with the startdate of the national public smoking ban. The sold out Sakis Live Tour followed to a further 10 cities from July to September, while he additionally performed a sold out concert series at Politia Live Clubbing in Thessaloniki.
In October 2009, Rouvas returned as host for the second season of the Greek version of ''The X Factor'', while he dubbed the voice of Captain Charles T. Baker for the Greek version of ''Planet 51.'' He made his American film debut in the psychological thriller ''Duress'' opposite of Martin Donovan. The film was screened at various film festivals, such as in Poland and Russia and received a wide theatrical release in December 2009 by mainstream Greek distributor Hollywood Entertainment. It is also expected to be released on home video in the United States.
Rouvas performed at the newly constructed venue The S Club for the winter 2009-10 season, where he is the owner, with Tamta as his supporting act as well as Eleftheria Eleftheriou and American rapper Gifted. He additionally opened the sushi club/restaurant EDO. On 2 March, The S Club –which was a huge success for Rouvas– caught fire with damages estimated up to four million euros. The cause of the fire was unknown, but was investigated by the Athens police as a possible arson by rival club owners. Evidence supporting this theory was that some witnesses reported having spotted containers of gasoline. The show was stopped for the repairs to be made, and resumed on 19 March to 9 April. The show moved to Thessaloniki on 7 May for a six week engagement at Politia Live Clubbing. He is also featured on Tamta's single "Tharros I Alitheia" for her album of the same name. The song became a major club hit
Rouvas' 13th studio album, ''Parafora'', was released on 14 December 2010 and topped the IFPI Top 75 Albums chart. It distributed enough initial shipments to be certified double platinum within its first week, denoting shipments of at least 24 thousand units. The album's first single, "Spase Ton Hrono", reached number one on all Greek charts, becoming his fourth consecutive single to do so. The song won Rouvas the award for Best Balkan Song from Greece at the first Balkan Music Awards, while its video earned him five MAD Video Music Awards nominations, —more than any other video— winning Best Pop Video, Artist of the Year, and Fashion Icon of the Year and equaling the most awards won by an artist in one night, with four. The song also contributed to Rouvas' win for Best Greek Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2010, and he was then shortlisted in the category Best European Act. "Emena Thes", the second single, was released in May and peaked at number five on the mixed airplay chart as well as on the digital sales chart while the title track, was released in October. and peaked at number one on the domestic airplay chart for three weeks. and number two on the mixed airplay chart. The album's fourth single was released in late February 2011 titled "Oi dyo mas". The video clip of the song was released at the end of March 2011 were the song topped the National Airplay chart. For the second consecutive year, Rouvas received the Singer of the Year title at the Status Men of the Year Awards.
In June, Rouvas and his brother Vasilis launched their own television and film production company, Sakis Rouvas Kinematografos EPE, while on 14 July Rouvas closed the French Embassy of Greece's celebratory commemoration of the national French anniversary with a performance of the French and Greek national anthems. After American singer Jennifer Lopez was recruited to perform at the inauguration of the Cratos Premium hotel in the Turkish-occupied statelet of North Cyprus, causing controversy amongst Greek-Cypriots, the company attempted to get Greek artists to open the night, although all declined. They then went as far as to offer Rouvas 100 thousand euros to perform, although he refused, saying "I do not give concerts on the occupied land, let Lopez do it." Rouvas embarked on his eight city summer tour from 24 July to 19 September. At the 27 July stop in Corinth, he inaugurated his Sakis Rouvas Collection clothing line, in which he had creative input, exclusively to Greek department store retailer Sprider Stores. The collection was inaugurated on 16 September, is available from October and caters to both sexes. Rouvas performed at the Mykonos Xlsior Festival in support of LGBT people on 27 August and was scheduled to perform at the first Εurovoice on 23 September, as one of four celebrities along with performers Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia, and host Pamela Anderson, although his appearance was later canceled one day prior to the event due to undisclosed issues. For the winter season 2010–11, Rouvas teamed up with Anna Vissi for a concert series at Athens Arena called Face2Face, beginning on 15 October. and will also be featured on a future Vissi track. ANT1 is in negotiations with him to star in a new television series following ''The X Factor'' and also presented the third season of the talent show from 29 October–11 February. For his performance on the show, Rouvas was awarded Presenter of the Year at the 2011 Cypriot Men of the Year Awards. On 2 February, Rouvas was one of eight main acts participating in the first MADWalk, an equivalent to the international Fashion Rocks, where he represented Celia Kritharioti Haute Couture. Following his commitments to Face2Face, Rouvas underwent surgery to fix a deviated septum due to a congenital disorder that is affecting his breathing and singing. In the spring he will do ten appearances at Thalassa and he is in discussion to star in a theatrical production directed by Stamatis Fasoulis at one of the Epidaurus theatres, which would be his first theatrical production; he has also received proposals from the Athens Concert Hall and Pallas. Rouvas will also star in the film ''Apla Erotevmeni'' where he plays a gigolo, however it was announced in April 2010 that the production of the film will be delayed and Dimitra Matsouka will not co-star as originally planned. He has also begun work on a new English-language album. It has also been reported that Rouvas will write an autobiography.
Artistry
Influences
Rouvas' musical roots lie in rock music and as child and young adult he followed mainly the international music scene. Elvis Presley became his biggest musical idol. He came to like the music of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Kiss, and Queen, being most influenced by the musical styles of the 1960s, as well as expressing his liking of George Michael and Michael Bolton. He has called Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" "one of the ten best songs that have ever been written." Similarities between Presley and Rouvas have been noted by critics; during his STARZ performances, the Maggira Sisters' opening sketch was based on the joke that Presley had become concerned that a popular Greek musician was imitating him. Rouvas also covered Presley's "Suspicious Minds" for the film ''Alter Ego'' and its soundtrack. He stated that what he found most impressive about Presley as a child was "the way that he sang, that he danced, that he felt what he interpreted and what I believed that his audience felt when they heard him". He has also been influenced by Greek artists outside of his own era and musical style such as Giannis Parios, Marinella, and Nana Mouskouri, who became a personal mentor to him, and has cited Haris Alexiou and Anna Vissi as the two greatest female artists in Greece.
Later on, pop, R&B;, and funk influences became more prominent, and Rouvas has noted that he listens to a broad range of music in order to educate himself and further develop his own style, with these genres ranging from rock, classical, and jazz. Michael Jackson became a great influence on many aspects of his vocals, dancing, and views on the music industry and humanitarian issues. Jackson's "Earth Song" is another favourite, particularly for its environmental message. Following Jackson's death, Rouvas dedicated a song to him at his ''Concert for the Environment'' and spoke to the public of Jackson's legacy, igniting ongoing applause from the audience:
"[Michael Jackson was] one of the most significant singers ever on this planet and the biggest showman that has ever passed by on this planet [...] a person whose life was a 'thriller', but however complicated his life was, he dedicated it for the good of the children and of the planet. Many people want to remember him for the complex persona that he had, I want to remember him for everything that he gave to us all of these years, and for all the reasons that he inspired us."
In addition to musical influences, Rouvas' work has been influenced by literature, Greek art, and spirituality. He has credited his success to his faith, which he associated with more as he got older, saying "I am very thankful. I feel blessed. And everyday I thank God for that. Everyday. That is something that I didn't do in the past. Once, I didn't understand, I didn't value." He has a close personal relations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, who baptized his first-born child.
Musicianship
Rouvas is fluent in Greek, English, and French, having presented the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in a mixture of all three languages. He has previously recorded songs in all three, while he has also studied Turkish and Russian phonetically for recordings, namely for his 1997 collaboration with Burak Kut in Cyprus and for his Russian duet of his hit "Se Thelo San Trelos" with Philipp Kirkorov called "Kak Sumashedshij Ya", that became a hit in Russia, being recorded in three different versions. Rouvas can play guitar, bass, piano, and cello at a fluent level as well as some percussion. On several tours Rouvas appears playing his black Gibson Les Paul electric guitar, while he also plays acoustic guitar for unplugged performances, such as his ''Live Ballads'' performance.Rouvas has expressed disappointment that a lot of younger generations are ignorant of music legends from past decades. Rouvas has described his music style as being "always more rock" as an artist than he has been given credit for, however he has never felt the need to push this persona. Overall he self-identifies as both a pop and rock artist. He has been praised for not tapping into traditional Greek genres in order for more commercial success, as pop music is a minority genre in Greece. In response to whether he believed it was difficult being a pop/rock artist in a folk market, Rouvas replied that he believed that there was a need for variety of music genres, adding that while he has experimented with some more traditional Greek styles, it is not what he feels he does best.
Vocal style
Rouvas never had any type of music lessons as a child and taught himself everything aurally, so during the recording of his first studio album he had to learn music theory in a relatively short time. Some of his critics have alleged that his voice is only average and that he mostly sells based on image. Many —whether critical or approving of Rouvas' vocals— agree that his vocal abilities have often been overshadowed by his other qualities, such as stage performance and appearance, which have received more emphasis by media; many preferred to watch him perform rather than just hear him. However, for the most part these generalizations were diminishing by the second decade of his career. The singer's voice changed significantly from his early performing period as a teenager to his fully developed adult voice. Rouvas sings in a tenor vocal range; while also singing below the treble clef staff, he usually prefers his higher range and can hit notes beyond the typical tenor high extreme, reaching notes above the staff without the use of falsetto. Even as a young musician, Rouvas' most notable vocal characteristics were his range of volume and vocal power, notably on songs such as "Mia Fora" from ''Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas'', which was his first album to fully exhibit his vocal abilities. These characteristics continually developed as he grew older. During the hiatus of 1997–98, Rouvas received voice lessons from American vocal coach Raz Kennedy, focusing on rock and blues techniques. ''Kati Apo Mena'' was an important album in Rouvas' vocal development. Throughout the album he exhibited new dimensions of his voice that had previously only been observed on a few select tracks on his first five albums. In ''Live Ballads'', Pavlos Zervas of Music Corner was under the impression that Rouvas' voice had reached its most mature form.Additionally, Zervas commended Rouvas for his continuous selection of "especially difficult and demanding" repertoire. Rouvas' vocals have received the most praise in power ballads, a style that became his signature. The singer's live vocals have also received favourable reviews, with ''Down Town'' citing him as one of the few Greek artists who always performs his shows live instead of using a playback track. ''Billboard'' also noted his ability to sing well in English, increasing his international appeal. Rouvas has sung in numerous contemporary and traditional styles; in some songs he performs spoken verses which he first pioneered in ''Min Andistekese'', although it was most notably acknowledged in later works such as ''Iparhi Agapi Edo'' and has been described as a "light rap." Above his technical vocal abilities, Rouvas' defining characteristic as a vocalist has been his capability of expression. Rouvas takes special care of his voice with a strict diet of organic food, as well as by not drinking alcohol or smoking, and also prohibits anyone from smoking in his dressing room.
Live performance and music videos
In his first club performances, Rouvas self-choreographed swing-style performances for his Presley covers. In the late 1990s, he began a long collaboration with choreographer Fokas Evangelinos for his performances. Evangelinos also collaborated with Rouvas for his two Eurovision performances. In the first, he combined contemporary and traditional Greek dance, while in the second, EBU credited Greece for making high technological advancements in the contest's standards. The performance which was described as "advanced and modern" with "intense choreography", made use of a rotating podium that transported him from left to right and back on the stage, was used as a base to lock in the feet of the performers during the bridge where they performed the anti-gravity lean inspired by Michael Jackson in the music video of "Smooth Criminal", and finally to lift him into the air and reveal a Greek flag only visible to television viewers. For his STARZ performances Rouvas embarked on a musical-type show. In 1999, ''Billboard'' wrote "a great live performer, he combines dancing and singing skills with impressive costumes" and acknowledged him as the "most promising new Greek pop male artist on the international scene."
Rouvas was amongst the first Greek artists to regularly use music videos as a promotional tool. From his albums ''Gia Sena'' to ''Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola'', Psinakis played a part in the production of his music videos, either as a director or screenwriter. The video for "Disco Girl" was shot in Cape Town, South Africa at a budget of 300 thousand euros, making it one of the most expensive Greek music videos of all time. The concept brought a humorous approach to a James Bond-inspired theme. "Shake It" was shot in Santorini on various inaccessible locations, including dancing on the edge of a cliff, climbing a hill, and swimming in cold waters. The video was nominated for "Video of the Year" at both the MAD and Arion awards. Rouvas' forthcoming music video "Emena Thes" will incorporate a "highly atmospheric" visual and will possess a cinematographic effect that has never been used before in Greece.
Rouvas holds a number of records at the MAD Video Music Awards, including the most awards won by a male artist (twelve) as of 2010, being the second most honoured artist overall. His five-time nominee "Spase To Hrono" received more nominations than any other video in the awards' history (including contribution to the nominations Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year). Excluding the two special categories awarded by MAD Radio and MAD TV Bulgaria, he has received the maximum six nominations more times than any other artist (2006, 2009, 2010), is one of the few artists to have received nominations on every year since the ceremony's launch in 2004, and has won at least one award every year with the exception of 2005. Rouvas has won in eight different categories and been nominated in ten. Additionally, he has won more times than any other artist in the Best Male category (three), and is tied for most wins in the Artist of the Year (two) and fashion (two) categories.
Film and television
As of moving to Los Angeles in 2005, Rouvas had been studying acting and attending classes, but also received some training from his friend Tom Hanks. He had been interested in cinema from childhood and finally made the decision to make films, while one year and a half after he began studying he received a proposal from Village Roadshow. In his first feature film, ''Alter Ego'', where he also served as associate producer, Rouvas played a role similar to what he is in reality. Before that he had dubbed English-language animated films in Greek. When comparisons between Rouvas and the protagonist Stefanos arose, with speculations of the scenario being autobiographical, Rouvas replied that despite some similarities in their characters, Stefanos was a "much more aggressive person." Rouvas adopted a new look for the film, which was credited by ''Nitro'' as assisting the new emo movement emerging amongst Greek youth. While Rouvas was able to garner some critical acclaim as a singer-turned-actor, some critics felt that it did not offer enough to judge whether Rouvas possessed any exceptional acting talent. His second feature, the indie film ''Duress'' was a Hollywood psychological thriller, where the actor plays the antagonist role of a serial killer, a role differing heavily from his perceived public image amongst Greek audiences. Rouvas cited the film as the most difficult thing he had done in his career up until that point. In the film's plot theme of "cat and mouse", Giannis Zoumboulakis of ''To Vima'' believed Rouvas to be highly convincing: "You accept the proposal from the first moments, forgetting completely that the 'bad' guy in the story is the host of ''X-Factor''." He concluded that "Going against his own image Rouvas creates a very exceptional psycho killer. With his gray-beige[,] old[,] wool coat and grimey[,] parted hair and without his bright smile he creates from scratch a hero that is all his." Panagiotis Timogiannakis however argued that Rouvas had begun showing a different side of himself since ''Alter Ego'', and that the fact that this was being widely ignored was unfair. Timogiannakis also noted that in the silver screen Rouvas seems to lose the luster he has on stage and television as the lighting does not flatter him; seeing as how this was the case in both films, he pondered whether the actor had chosen this effect himself to be deglamourized in order to become an actor of serious roles, saying "he needs to clear up whether he wants to have a career of a star or of a role player. A born role player he does not seem to be. A born star he is."The presentation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was a catalyst for longterm hosting roles such as ''The X Factor'', where Rouvas further presented a glib side of himself. Television producer Giannis Latsios stated that Rouvas' presence contributed significantly to the show's success and called the presenter's first season performance "great", adding that "We had a program that had to do with music and Sakis, on a collective level, is an icon that the generation which participates in this show has as an idol. He is a glowing character with much higher capabilities of expression and, if he decides to continue this path, will improve. He has immediacy, critique and most of all he gave to a program a luster, which was not standard from the beginning."
Public image
Rouvas has mentioned that personal fitness and health play an important role in his life. He has said that being physically fit is not only important to him for the purpose of physical appearance, but also for the purpose of physical health, while it helps improve his psychological state. In order to maintain a good physical condition, Rouvas participates in water-skiing, surfing, tennis, football, and skiing, while also taking part in extreme sports, claiming to have sky-dived from 3,000 metres.Rouvas became a major fashion and stylistic icon. In his early performing period, his most characteristic fashion was a series of jackets, beginning with leather styles during the ''Min Andistekese'' era and evolving into more militaristic styles following ''Gia Sena''. He revisited this trend later on with his white "Shake It" performance jacket. This look later evolved into the black leather pants and open white shirt that he wore in all four music videos from ''Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas''. Additionally, his aviator sunglasses have remained his signature throughout his career. Following the media attention attracted by his Valentino skirt, it became more common for male celebrities in Greece to wear skirts at public events in the future, such as singers Nino and Giorgos Mazonakis, and French footballer Djibril Cissé, a striker for the Greek Panathinaikos FC.
Rouvas' image and personal life has at times generated significant controversy. Pertaining his fashion and stage antics, Journalist Thomai Karathanou has suggested that controversy towards this would most likely not be as intense if Rouvas were abroad: "The Greek societal reality, denying to accept a skirt on a man in a show setting, something that compared to Lady Gaga of today, seems like a simple stroll with a shirt and jeans."
Rouvas has been recognized for his acts of philanthropy in the support of numerous charitable organizations and causes, particularly ones directed to children and the environment. Rouvas had been bothered by social and environmental issues since childhood. In a January 1992 interview that exhibited the homes of young upcoming artists, Rouvas was asked about his wildest dream, to which he responded "I dream about a new planet that will have all of the beauties that the Earth had a few years ago. The environmental destruction that our planet has suffered hurts me and for this we are all responsible. Only with some kind of crazy dream like that can we save it." The artist also supports equal rights for LGBT people and performed at the Athens Pride 2010, and has openly supported the creation of a proposition that would oppose Proposition 8 and legalize gay marriage and equal rights for all.
His relationship with Zygouli has been highly publicized and recognized as Greece's most prominent supercouple, being equated to Brangelina. The birth of their child was highly anticipated; this was largely in part due to the result being a combination of genetics of two people considered to be the most beautiful in the entertainment industry. From his early career Rouvas has been considered a sex symbol and has been cited as one of the most attractive men in entertainment and an icon for youth and beauty, ''To Vima'' published a 1997 study that found Rouvas' facial structure and features fit the golden ratio to near perfection. Ηe has been featured on several lists. Ιn 2009, he was ranked number three on ''Glamour'''s Sexiest Men list, being one of six Greek men featured and the highest ranking, and later fourth on its list of 50 Sexiest Greek Men in 2010. He was voted the Most Handsome Greek Man in 2009 in a landslide victory by readers of Yupi, who also described him as having "the most attractive abdominals in showbiz." Greek ''People'' named him its first Sexiest Man Alive in 2010. Α 2009 study found that the entertainer was the man women would most want to marry. On the topic of being a male role model, ''Men's Health'' stated Rouvas was equivalent to a "Superman" figure to men and "the archetype of a highly successful man", while also describing him as the nation's "ultimate health icon". With the exception of entertainers who chose to be professionally recognized mononymously, Rouvas was the only entertainer to be widely recognized on a first-name basis. the only man to date on the cover of ''Glamour'' in 2009, as well as the only man in the world to ever make the cover of ''Cosmopolitan'' (Greek April 2004 edition) and in April 2010 resumed this role in celebration of the magazine's 10 year Greek anniversary, reaching unprecedented sales. For this he received positive attention from American celebrity blogger Perez Hilton, making him one of two celebrities working in Greece to be mentioned on his blog. He has also been featured on the cover of ''Down Town'' more than any other man as of 2009. Rouvas' widespread appeal makes him particularly sought after by advertisers, as his seal of approval is a significant addition to a brand's credibility and marketability, according to ''Forbes''; he has had more endorsement deals than any other Greek celebrity including Martini, Pepsi, Vodafone Greece, BU Perfume, Trident, Kri Kri, Luxottica, and Fage's Ageladitsa yoghurt. He has been noted for his use of technological trends to efficiently communicate with fans and promote himself, and admittedly has an obsession with gadgets which led to him serving as the jury president at the 2010 Digital Media Festival that was held in Athens. Rouvas is the most popular Greek celebrity in terms of social networks; from its beginning in 1996, his official fanclub, the "SRFC" (Sakis Rouvas Fanclub) became the largest fan club of any Greek entertainer, a title that it holds to date. As of 2010, he has over 200 thousand Facebook fans, making him the sixth most popular Eurovision participant on the network following Canadian singer Céline Dion who represented Switzerland, the band maNga of Turkey, ABBA of Sweden, Lena Meyer-Landrut of Germany, and Toše Proeski who represented Republic of Macedonia, while within the first year of use he had 15 thousand followers on Twitter, a trend which he pioneered among the nation's celebrities. Additionally, he has multiple videos on the file sharing website YouTube that have surpassed one million views.
Legacy and influence
Rouvas is frequently cited as Greece's biggest and occasionally only superstar. He has played a major role in breaking cultural barriers through the popularization of Western music genres and the development of pop music in the Greek industry, being widely credited as the genre's primary performer. Even by 2006, Pavlos Zervas of MusicCorner alleged that Rouvas was the primary performer supporting the pop/dance genre in Greece with such success. Jarmo Siim of the EBU characterized Rouvas as "undoubtedly the ultimate pop star in Greece with great international appeal." In the early 1990s, Rouvas became a dominant figure in Greek music, gaining notoriety for having a mass fanbase, especially with youth, leading to him being recognized as a phenomenon, a first in Greek music; he was compared to international phenomenons, Presley and Jackson, and the effect was often dubbed "Rouvomania", while the term "Rouvitsa" was coined for female members of his fanbase, who were distinguished by what were considered to be extreme reactions towards the singer. By the late 1990s, Rouvas had gained the largest fan club of any Greek figure. His success led to him being dubbed "The Golden Man of the Decade" by ''Down Town'' in 1999. In 2009, five of his singles ("1992", "Ela Mou", "Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola", "Shake It", and "+ Se Thelo") were included on ''Mega Star'''s 20th anniversary as songs that defined the past 20 years. In the end of 2009 ''Down Town'' named him "Εntertainer of the Decade", its highest honour, for his contributions to music, film, television, and overall cultural relevance, indicating that Rouvas was the only case of a full-out entertainer in the nation. Greek ''Forbes'' also listed him as the third most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and top ranked singer. Describing him as a "commercial phenomenon", Rouvas was recognized as the most commercially successful entertainer with his name being associated as the strongest brand in Greece. During 2009–2010, Rouvas earned 18 thousand euros per night at The S Club, as well as a percentage of the venue's profits and makes 250 thousand per season on ''The X Factor'', as well as 35–40 thousand in personal gain alone per concert, while he is paid 100–350 thousand euros per campaign in advertising. At the same time, MAD TV described him as "unstoppable" for continuous success in a wide field of ventures, while its presenter Themis Georgantas called him the standard for radio deejays in doubt what to play, and considered that at this point he had broken generational barriers, having a wide fanbase of varying ages as well as continuous popularity with newer audiences. MTV Networks summarized him as "an exceptional artist who encompasses pure devotion to music and brings evolving inginuity to all of his performances." Nearing the third decade of his career, Rouvas had already been cited as the most popular Greek artist by varying sources as well as of the most internationally recognizable. Rouvas retained a standard of autonomy. Unlike most artists, he no longer needed commercial success to maintain a high degree of cultural relevance. Rouvas achieved financial and entrepreneurial control by becoming the first Greek entertainer to market themselves through products and business ventures, such as having his own line of dolls and ready-to-wear fashion line, having pioneered both.Rouvas has been referred to as the "king" of both Greek pop and showbiz. Amongst his other achievements are multiple number-one albums and singles, Pop Corn, Arion, and MAD Video Music Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award, and a World Music Award, being one of only four artists recording in Greece to ever be a recipient. His total record sales have been estimated at nearly two million records as of 2008, making him one of the most commercially successful Greek artists of all time and also one of the most influential, with the artist having been considered analogous to Michael Jackson to Greece from the beginning of his career. His distinct musical, fashion, and performance style has heavily influenced the new pop generation and movement, and has also generated a number of others who have been deemed copycats. Michalis Hatzigiannis, Nino, and Kostas Martakis have all been cited as artists who follow in Rouvas' pattern. As one of the most media exposed Greek celebrities, Rouvas' influence went beyond the arts as he has had an effect on social issues affecting the nation and younger generation. He became nationalized into a cultural icon and throughout his career has had an "unparalleled" influence over the younger generation. Swedish-Finnish journalist Lilian Brunell stated that from her perspective as a foreigner, Rouvas seemed to be a modern-day cultural equivalent to Alexander the Great. His contributions to the music and entertainment industries, as well as Greek culture and society, have kept him a part of popular culture for nearly two decades.
Discography
Studio albumsLive albums
Filmography
| Films | ||||
| ! Year | ! Title | ! Role | ! Notes and Awards | |
| 1996 | Quasimodo | Protagonist, Voice | ||
| 2006 | Lightning McQueen | Protagonist, Voice | ||
| 2007 | Stefanos | ProtagonistAlso associate producer | ||
| 2009 | Abner Solvie | Antagonist | ||
| 2009 | Captain Charles "Chuck" T. Baker | Protagonist, Voice | ||
| 2011 | Lightning McQueen | Voice | ||
| Television | ||||
| ! Year | ! Title | ! Role | ! Notes and Awards | |
| 1996 | Himself | 1 episode | ||
| 2006 | ''Eurovision Song Contest 2006'' | Himself | Host with Maria Menounos | |
| 2007 | ''Kostas Statiris Song Contest 2007, Farsala'' | Himself | Host with Kostas Statiris | |
| 2008-2011–present | Himself | Host | * Johnnie Walker Man of the Year Award for Presenter of the Year (2011) | |
Tours
Resident shows
Awards
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
Official Sakis Rouvas websites: ProfessionalBlogWeb TV
Category:1972 births Category:20th-century actors Category:20th-century Greek people Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Corfu Category:Arion Music Awards winners Category:Backing vocalists Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece Category:English-language singers Category:Environmentalists Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004 Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009 Category:Eurovision Song Contest presenters Category:Greek activists Category:Greek businesspeople Category:Greek choreographers Category:Greek dance musicians Category:Greek dancers Category:Greek Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Greek expatriates in the United States Category:Greek fashion designers Category:Greek film actors Category:Greek film producers Category:Greek male models Category:Greek male singers Category:Greek philanthropists Category:Greek pianists Category:Greek pole vaulters Category:Greek Pop Corn Music Awards winners Category:Greek pop singers Category:Greek record producers Category:Greek rhythm and blues singers Category:Greek rock guitarists Category:Greek rock singers Category:Greek singer-songwriters Category:Greek television presenters Category:Greek tenors Category:Greek voice actors Category:Health activists Category:Humanitarians Rouvas Sakis Category:MAD Video Music Awards winners Category:Minos EMI artists Category:Modern Greek-language singers Category:Musicians from Corfu Category:Nightclub owners Category:PolyGram Records (Greece) artists Category:Restaurateurs Category:Rock pianists * Category:Sportspeople from Corfu Category:The X Factor hosts Category:Thessaloniki Song Festival winners Category:World Music Awards winners
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political satirist, writer, television host, actor, media critic and stand-up comedian. He is widely known as host of ''The Daily Show'', a satirical news program that airs on Comedy Central.
''Naked Pictures of Famous People'' (Rob Weisbach Books, 1998) ISBN 0-688-17162-1
''America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction'' (Warner Books, September 2004) ISBN 0-446-53268-1
''Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race'' (Grand Central Publishing, 2010) ISBN 978-0-446-57922-3
Jon Stewart at WN
Collected news and commentary at ''The New York Times''
Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but branched into television as host of ''Short Attention Span Theater'' for Comedy Central. He went on to host his own show on MTV, called ''The Jon Stewart Show'', and then hosted another show on MTV called ''You Wrote It, You Watch It''. He has also had several film roles as an actor. Stewart became the host of ''The Daily Show'' on Comedy Central in early 1999. He is also a writer and co-executive-producer of the show. After Stewart joined, ''The Daily Show'' steadily gained popularity and critical acclaim, resulting in his fourteen Emmy Awards.
Stewart has gained acclaim as an acerbic, satirical critic of personality-driven media shows, in particular those of the US media networks such as CNN, Fox News Channel, and MSNBC. Critics say Stewart benefits from a double standard: he critiques other news shows from the safe, removed position of his "fake news" desk. Stewart agrees, saying that neither his show nor his channel purports to be anything other than satire and comedy. In spite of its self-professed entertainment mandate, ''The Daily Show'' has been nominated for news and journalism awards. Stewart hosted the 78th and 80th Academy Awards. He is the co-author of ''America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction'', which was one of the best-selling books in the U.S. in 2004 and ''Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race'' released in 2010.
Early life
Stewart was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He and his older brother, Larry Leibowitz (currently Chief Operating Officer of the New York Stock Exchange), grew up in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, where they attended Lawrence High School. Jon's mother, Marian, is an educational consultant and teacher. His father, Donald Leibowitz, was a professor of physics at The College of New Jersey from 2001 through 2008; he now teaches an online course at Thomas Edison State College. Jon's parents were divorced when Stewart was eleven years old, and Stewart no longer has any contact with his father.Stewart has said that he was subjected to anti-Semitic bullying as a child. He describes himself in high school as "very into Eugene Debs and a bit of a leftist."
Stewart graduated in 1984 from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, where he majored in psychology and played on the soccer team. While at W&M;, Stewart became a brother of the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. After college, Stewart held numerous jobs. He was a contingency planner for the New Jersey Department of Human Services, a contract administrator for the City University of New York, a puppeteer for children with disabilities, a caterer, a busboy, a shelf stocker at Woolworth's, and a bartender at the Franklin Corner Tavern, a local blue-collar bar. In college, Stewart was friends with future Congressman Anthony Weiner, who is the only politician to have received campaign donations from Stewart.
Career
Early work
With a reputation for being a funny man in school, Jon Stewart moved to New York City in 1986 to try his hand at the comedy club circuit, but he could not muster the courage to get on stage until the following year. He made his stand-up debut at The Bitter End, the same place where his comedic idol, Woody Allen, began. He began using the stage name "Jon Stewart" by dropping his last name and changing the spelling of his middle name "Stuart" to "Stewart." He often jokes this is because people had difficulty with the pronunciation of Leibowitz or it "sounded too Hollywood" (a reference to Lenny Bruce's joke on the same theme). He has implied that the name change was actually due to a strained relationship with his father with whom Stewart no longer has any contact.Stewart became a regular at the Comedy Cellar, where he was the last performer every night. For two years, he would perform at 2 a.m. while developing his comedic style. In 1989, he landed his first television job as a writer for ''Caroline's Comedy Hour''. In 1991, he began co-hosting Comedy Central's ''Short Attention Span Theater'' along with Patty Rosborough. In 1992, Stewart hosted the short-lived ''You Wrote It, You Watch It'' on MTV, which invited viewers to send in their stories to be acted out by the comedy troupe, The State. When David Letterman left NBC in 1993, Stewart was a finalist to replace him, but Conan O'Brien was hired instead.
''The Jon Stewart Show''
Later in 1993, Stewart developed ''The Jon Stewart Show'', a talk show on MTV. Despite the quick cancellation of his previous MTV show, the network was still eager to work with him. ''The Jon Stewart Show'' was the first talk show on that network and was an instant hit, becoming the second-highest rated MTV show behind ''Beavis and Butt-head''. In 1994, Paramount pulled the plug on ''The Arsenio Hall Show'' and, with new corporate sibling MTV (through MTV parent Viacom's acquisition of the studio), launched an hour-long syndicated late-night version of ''The Jon Stewart Show''. Many local affiliates had moved Hall's show to 2 a.m. during its decline and Stewart's show inherited such early morning time slots in many cities. Ratings were dismal and the show was canceled in June 1995.Amongst the fans of the show was David Letterman, who was the final guest of ''The Jon Stewart Show''. Letterman signed Stewart with his production company, Worldwide Pants. Stewart then became a frequent guest host for Tom Snyder on ''The Late Late Show'', which was produced by Letterman and aired after ''Late Show'' on CBS. This led to much speculation that Stewart would soon replace Snyder permanently, but Stewart was instead offered the time slot after Snyder, which he turned down.
''The Daily Show''
In 1999, Stewart began hosting ''The Daily Show'' on Comedy Central when Craig Kilborn left the show to replace Tom Snyder on ''The Late Late Show''. The show, which has been popular and successful in cable television since Stewart became the host, blends humor with the day's top news stories, usually in politics, while simultaneously poking fun at politicians and many newsmakers as well as the news media itself. In an interview on ''The O'Reilly Factor'', Stewart denies the show has any intentional political agenda, saying the goal was "schnicks and giggles." "The same weakness that drove me into comedy also informs my show," meaning that he was uncomfortable talking without hearing the audience laugh.Stewart has since hosted almost all airings of the program, except for a few occasions when correspondents such as Stephen Colbert, Rob Corddry, and Steve Carell subbed for him. Stewart has won a total of fourteen Emmys for ''The Daily Show'' as either a writer or producer. In 2005, ''The Daily Show'' and Jon Stewart also received a Best Comedy Album Grammy Award for the audio book edition of ''America (The Book)''. In 2000 and 2004, the show won two Peabody Awards for its coverage of the presidential elections relevant to those years, called "Indecision 2000" and "Indecision 2004", respectively.
The September 20, 2001, show, the first show after the attacks of September 11, 2001, began with no introduction. Before this, the introduction included footage of a fly-in towards the World Trade Center and New York City. The first nine minutes of the show included a tearful Stewart discussing his personal view on the event. His remarks ended as follows:
On April 4, 2006, Stewart confronted US Senator John McCain about his decision to appear at Liberty University, an institution founded by Jerry Falwell, whom McCain had previously denounced as one of the "agents of intolerance." In the interchange, Stewart asked McCain, "You're not freaking out on us? Are you freaking out on us, because if you're freaking out and you're going into the crazy base [politics] world—are you going into crazy base world?" McCain replied, "I'm afraid so." The clip was played on CNN and created a surge of articles across the blogosphere.
In 2007, ''The Daily Show'' was involved in former correspondent Stephen Colbert's announcement that he would run for president in 2008. In 2008, Stewart appeared on an episode of the show ''Democracy Now!'' A 2008 ''New York Times'' story questioned whether he was, in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, "the most trusted man in America".
On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. Moments later, Stewart defended his assertion:
On April 30, 2009, Stewart apologized on his program, and stated he did not believe Truman was a war criminal:
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In April 2010, Comedy Central renewed Stewart's contract to host ''The Daily Show'' into 2013. Stewart is paid a reported $1.5 million for one season of ''The Daily Show''. According to the Forbes list of Celebrities, he earns $14 million a year.
On September 16, 2010, Stewart along with Stephen Colbert announced a rally for October 30, known as the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear. It took place on the National Mall in Washington D.C. and attracted an estimated 215,000 participants.
In December 2010 Stewart was credited by the White House and other media and political news outlets for bringing awareness of the Republican filibuster on the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act to the public, leading to the ultimate passing of the bill which provides health benefits to first responders whose health has been adversely affected by their work at Ground Zero.
The January 10, 2011 Stewart began the show with a personal monologue about the shootings in Tucson, AZ. During the monologue, Stewart described how he wished that the "ramblings of crazy people didn't in any way resemble how we actually talk to each other on television". Before commercial break, Stewart told viewers that the show would continue as usual the next night. After commercial break, the show featured a rerun of a field piece done by Jason Jones two years earlier.
As a result of such high-profile political stands, Stewart is being recognized as a political force rather than merely as a comedian. ''The New York Times'' suggested that he is "the modern-day equivalent of Edward R. Murrow" and the UK national newspaper ''The Independent'' called him the "satirist-in-chief".
In the middle of 2002, amid rumors that David Letterman was going to make a switch from CBS to ABC when his contract ran out, Stewart was rumored to be the person who would take over Letterman's show on CBS. Ultimately, Letterman renewed his contract with CBS. On the March 9, 2002, episode of ''Saturday Night Live'', hosted by Stewart, a "Weekend Update" sketch poked fun at the situation. In the middle of the sketch, "Weekend Update" anchor Jimmy Fallon said that he could not continue doing the broadcast and he brought Stewart in to replace him. Stewart glowed with excitement and chattered to himself about this chance to prove himself on network television. His pep talk went on too long, however, and before Stewart could deliver any headlines, Fallon returned and said he would be able to finish out the broadcast himself.
Later that year, ABC offered Stewart his own talk show to air after ''Nightline.'' Stewart's contract with ''The Daily Show'' was near expiring and he expressed strong interest. ABC, however, decided to give another Comedy Central figure, Jimmy Kimmel, the post-''Nightline'' slot.
Books
thumb|Stewart at the launch of his book, ''[[Earth (The Book)|Earth'', in New York, September 27, 2010.]]In 1998, Stewart released his first book, ''Naked Pictures of Famous People'', a collection of humorous short stories and essays. The book reached ''The New York Times'' Best Seller List.In 2004, Stewart and ''The Daily Show'' writing staff released ''America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction,'' a mock high school history textbook offering insights into the unique American system of government, dissecting its institutions, explaining its history and processes, and satirizing such popular American political precepts as "one man, one vote", "government by the people," and "every vote counts." The book sold millions of copies upon its 2004 release and ended the year as a top fifteen best-seller.
In 2005, Stewart provided the voice of President James A. Garfield for the audiobook version of Sarah Vowell's ''Assassination Vacation''.
In 2007, Stewart voiced a role on friend Stephen Colbert's audiobook version of ''I Am America (And So Can You!)''. He plays Mort Sinclaire, former TV comedy writer and Communist.
On September 21, 2010, ''Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race'' was released, also written by Stewart and other writers of ''The Daily Show''.
Acting
Although best known for his work on ''The Daily Show,'' Stewart has also had roles in several films and television series.His first film role was a minor part in ''The First Wives Club'' but his scene was deleted. In 1995, Stewart signed a three-year deal with Miramax. He played romantic leads in the films ''Playing by Heart'' and ''Wishful Thinking''. He also had supporting roles in the romantic comedy ''Since You've Been Gone'' and in the horror film ''The Faculty''. Other films were planned for Stewart to write and star in, but they were never produced. Stewart has since maintained a relationship with Miramax founders Harvey and Bob Weinstein and continues to appear in films they have produced including ''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back'', ''Doogal'' and the documentary ''Wordplay''.
He also appeared in ''Half Baked'' as an "enhancement smoker" and in ''Big Daddy'' as Adam Sandler's roommate; he has joked on the ''Daily Show'' and in the documentary ''The Aristocrats'' that to get the role he slept with Sandler. Stewart often makes fun of his appearances in the high-profile flop ''Death to Smoochy'', in which he played a treacherous television executive, and the animated film ''Doogal'', where he played a blue spring named Zeebad that shot a freeze ray from his mustache. In 2007, Stewart made a cameo appearance as himself in ''Evan Almighty'', which starred former ''Daily Show'' correspondent Steve Carell. In the movie, Stewart was seen on a television screen in a fictional ''Daily Show'' episode poking fun at Carell's character for building an ark.
Stewart had a recurring role in ''The Larry Sanders Show'' in which he played himself as an occasional substitute and possible successor to late-night talk show host Larry Sanders (played by Garry Shandling). In 1998, Stewart hosted the television special, ''Elmopalooza'', celebrating 30 years of ''Sesame Street''. He has guest-starred on other sitcoms such as ''The Nanny'', ''Dr Katz, Professional Therapist'', ''Spin City'', ''NewsRadio'', ''American Dad'', and ''The Simpsons''. He has also made guest-appearances on the children's television series ''Between the Lions'', ''Sesame Street'' and ''Jack's Big Music Show''.
Producing
In the mid-1990s, Stewart launched his own production company, Busboy Productions. The name of the company is a reference to Stewart's previous job as a busboy. The company's production logo features the sound of a glass being knocked over followed by a voice whispering "Oops. Sorry." Stewart signed a deal with Miramax to develop projects through his company, but none of his ideas were ever produced. After Stewart's success as host and producer of ''The Daily Show'', he revived Busboy Productions with ''Daily Show'' producers Ben Karlin and Rich Korson. In 2002, Busboy planned to produce a sitcom for NBC starring Stephen Colbert, but the show did not come to fruition.In 2005, Comedy Central reached an agreement with Busboy to finance the production company. Comedy Central has a first-look agreement on all projects, then Busboy is free to shop them to other networks. The deal spawned the ''Daily Show'' spin-off ''The Colbert Report''. Other projects include the sitcom pilot ''Three Strikes'', the documentary ''Sportsfan'', the series ''Important Things with Demetri Martin'', and the film ''The Donor''.
In March 2010, Stewart announced that he had optioned rights to the story of journalist Maziar Bahari, who was imprisoned in Iran for 118 days. On June 6th's episode of The Daily Show the following year, Stewart again hosted Bahari and confirmed that the two would be collaborating on the project.
Awards show hosting
Stewart has hosted the Grammy Awards twice, in 2001 and in 2002. In the middle of the 2001 broadcast, after laying a number of comedic duds, Stewart did what he encourages most public officials to do: he recognized his lackluster performance, saying, "Ladies and gentlemen, I just want to say I feel your scorn and accept it." When Stewart returned to host the next year, his comedy was more successful. Joking about the performance of the song "Lady Marmalade", he said, "Our next performance is from the movie ''Moulin Rouge!'', a film about a time when the whorehouses were about the music!" When the award winners for Album of the Year walked up on stage, many in number, Stewart quipped, "I don't know what you may have heard, but you were only supposed to go on stage if you worked on the ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' soundtrack, not if you heard it."On January 5, 2006, Stewart was officially announced as the host of the 78th Academy Awards, which were held March 5 at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood. Responding to press questions at the time of his selection, Stewart remarked: "As a performer, I'm truly honored to be hosting the show. Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice. It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal." (According to ''The New York Times'', Oscar producer Gil Cates knew Crystal was going to be performing ''700 Sundays'' during the time period and was not able to host.) On the Monday before the Oscars, Stewart told Larry King that he was more "excited" than nervous about the job and joked that if he turned out a failure, he could be "bumped down to public access". When asked what the opening would be, the comedian chastised himself by comparing a Stewart opening to a "Gene Rayburn homage". Instead, the opening segment, preceding Stewart's monologue, featured several recent hosts "declining" to host the show.
Critical response to Stewart's performance was mixed. Roger Ebert compared him favorably to legendary Oscar host Johnny Carson. Other reviewers were less positive; Tom Shales of ''The Washington Post'' said that Stewart hosted with “smug humorlessness.” James Poniewozik of ''Time'' said that Stewart was a bad host, but a great “anti-host” in that he poked fun at parts of the broadcast that deserved it, which lent him a degree of authenticity with the non-Hollywood audience. Stewart and correspondent John Oliver later poked fun at his lackluster reception on ''The Daily Show''
Stewart also hosted the 80th Academy Awards on February 24, 2008. Reception this time, however, was far more positive.
Criticism of journalists
''Crossfire'' appearance
In a televised exchange with then-CNN personality Tucker Carlson on ''Crossfire'' on October 15, 2004, Stewart criticized the state of television journalism and pleaded with the show's hosts to "stop hurting America," and referred to both Carlson and co-host Paul Begala as "partisan hacks." When posted on the internet, this exchange became widely viewed and was a topic of much media discussion.Despite being on the program to comment on current events, Stewart immediately shifted the discussion toward the show itself, asserting that ''Crossfire'' had failed in its responsibility to inform and educate viewers about politics as a serious topic. Stewart stated that the show engaged in partisan hackery instead of honest debate, and said that the hosts' assertion that ''Crossfire'' is a debate show is like "saying pro wrestling is a show about athletic competition." Carlson responded by saying that Stewart criticizes news organizations for not holding public officials accountable, but when he interviewed John Kerry, Stewart asked a series of "softball" questions (Stewart has acknowledged he voted for Kerry in the 2004 presidential election). Stewart responded that he didn't realize "the news organizations look to ''Comedy Central'' for their cues on integrity." When Carlson continued to press Stewart on the Kerry issue, Stewart said, "You're on CNN! The show that leads into me is puppets making crank phone calls! What is wrong with you?" In response to prods from Carlson, "Come on. Be funny," Stewart said, "No, I'm not going to be your monkey." Later in the show when Carlson jibed, "I do think you're more fun on your show," Stewart retorted, "You're as big a dick on your show as you are on any show." In response to Stewart's criticisms, Carlson said, "You need to teach at a journalism school," to which Stewart responded, "You need to go to one!"
Stewart discussed the incident on ''The Daily Show'' the following Monday: }}
In January 2005, CNN announced that it was canceling ''Crossfire''. When asked about the cancellations, CNN/US' incoming president, Jonathan Klein, referenced Stewart's appearance on the show: "I think he made a good point about the noise level of these types of shows, which does nothing to illuminate the issues of the day." Soon after, Stewart quipped on ''The Daily Show'' that "I fought the law, and the law lost!"
When asked about his relationship with Tucker Carlson on CNN's ''Larry King Live'' in February 2008, Stewart said: "It became this idea that it was personal between the two of us, and it wasn't… If there's one thing I regret about that thing, it was probably the idea that it was personal, that there was something I was saying about Tucker to Tucker, but actually it was about the show."
On March 18, 2009, Carlson wrote a blog entry for ''The Daily Beast'' criticizing Stewart for his handling of the CNBC controversy (see below). In this article, Carlson discusses the CNN incident and claims Stewart remained backstage for at least "an hour" and "continued to lecture our staff", something Carlson described as "one of the weirdest things I have ever seen."
Criticism of CNBC
Stewart again became a viral internet phenomenon following a March 4, 2009, ''The Daily Show'' sequence. CNBC cancelled Rick Santelli's scheduled appearance but Stewart still ran a short segment showing CNBC giving bad investment advice.Subsequent media coverage of exchanges between Jim Cramer, who had been featured heavily in the original segment, and Stewart, led to a highly anticipated face-to-face confrontation on ''The Daily Show''. The episode received a large amount of media hype and became the second most-viewed episode of ''The Daily Show'', trailing only the 2009 Inauguration Day episode. It had 2.3 million total viewers, and the next day, the show's website saw its highest day of traffic in 2009. Although Cramer acknowledged on the show that some of Stewart's criticisms of CNBC were valid and that the network could "do better," he later said on ''The Today Show'' that Stewart's criticism of the media was "naïve and misleading."
Criticism of Fox News
For years, Stewart has regularly accused Fox News of distorting the news to fit a conservative agenda, at one point ridiculing the network as "the meanest sorority in the world." In November 2009, Stewart called out Fox News for using some footage from a previous Tea Party rally during its report of a more recent one, making the later rally appear larger than it was. The show's anchor, Sean Hannity, apologized the following night. A month later, Stewart criticized ''Fox & Friends'' cohost Gretchen Carlson – a former Miss America and Stanford graduate – for claiming that she googled words such as "ignoramus" and "czar." Stewart said that Carlson was dumbing herself down for "an audience who sees intellect as an elitist flaw."Stewart stepped up his criticism of Fox News in 2010; as of April 24, ''The Daily Show'' had 24 segments criticizing Fox News' coverage. Bill O'Reilly, host of ''The O'Reilly Factor'', countered that ''The Daily Show'' was a "key component of left-wing television" and that Stewart was a fan of Fox News because the network was so interesting to watch.
WGA strike of 2007–2008
Stewart was an important factor in the unionization of the writers for Comedy Central. ''The Daily Show'' writers were the first of Comedy Central's writers to be able to join the guild, after which other shows followed.He supported the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, commenting on ''The Daily Show'' episode just before the strike in a sarcastic manner about how Comedy Central had made available all of the episodes for free on their website, but without advertising, and said 'go support our advertisers'. The show went on hiatus when the strike began, as did other late night talk shows. Upon Stewart's return to the show on January 7, 2008, he refused to use the title ''The Daily Show'', stating that "The Daily Show" was the show made with all of the people responsible for the broadcast, including his writers. During the strike, he referred to his show as ''A Daily Show with Jon Stewart'' until the strike ended on February 13, 2008. Stewart, as well as several other late night talk shows, returned to TV early in January even though the strike was not over, because their stage crews and production teams were suffering much more than the writers from the financial crunch, and by that point had been out of work for two months.
The Writers Guild Strike of 2007–2008 was also responsible for a notable mock feud between Stewart, Stephen Colbert, and Conan O'Brien in early 2008. Without writers to help fuel their banter, the three comedians concocted a crossover/rivalry in order to garner more viewers during the ratings slump. Colbert made the claim that because of "the Colbert bump", he was responsible for Mike Huckabee's success in the 2008 presidential race. O'Brien claimed that he was responsible for Huckabee's success because not only had he made mention of him on his show, but also that he was responsible for Chuck Norris' success (Norris backed Huckabee). In response, Stewart claimed that he was responsible for the success of O'Brien, since Stewart had featured him on ''The Jon Stewart Show'', and in turn the success of Huckabee. This resulted in a three-part comedic battle between the three pundits, with all three appearing on each other's shows. The feud ended on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' with a mock brawl involving the three hosts.
Honors and awards
Stewart and the rest of the members of ''The Daily Show'' have received two Peabody Awards for "Indecision 2000" and "Indecision 2004", covering the 2000 presidential election and the 2004 presidential election, respectively.Stewart's ''The Daily Show'' has received Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program Emmy Awards in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009. The show has also received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010.
Stewart won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album in 2005 for his recording, ''America (The Audiobook): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction''.
In the December 2003 New Years edition of ''Newsweek'', Stewart was named the "Who's Next?" person for the coming year of 2004, with the magazine predicting he would emerge as an absolute sensation in that year. (The magazine said they were right at the end of that year.)
''Entertainment Weekly'' named Stewart as its "Entertainer of the Year" for 2004.
In 2004, Stewart spoke at the commencement ceremonies at his alma mater, William and Mary, and received an honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Stewart was also the Class Day keynote speaker at Princeton University in 2004, and the 2008 Sacerdote Great Names speaker at Hamilton College.
Stewart was also named one of the ''2005 Time 100'', an annual list of 100 of the most influential people of the year by ''Time'' magazine.
In addition, Stewart and ''The Daily Show'' received the 2005 National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language.
Stewart was presented an Honorary All-America Award by the National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) in 2006.
Asteroid 116939 Jonstewart, discovered April 15, 2004, is named in his honor.
On April 21, 2009, President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf made Stewart a chief.
On October 26, 2010, Stewart was named the Most Influential Man of 2010 by AskMen.com.
Personal life
In 2000, Stewart married Tracey McShane, his girlfriend of four years. The couple met on a blind date set up by a production assistant on Stewart's film, ''Wishful Thinking''. On June 19, 2001, Stewart and his wife filed a joint name change application and legally changed both of their surnames to "Stewart." He proposed to his future wife through a personalized crossword puzzle created with the help of Will Shortz, the crossword editor at ''The New York Times''. The couple had their first child, Nathan Thomas Stewart (named after Stewart's grandfather), in July 2004. Their second child, a daughter, Maggie Rose Stewart, was born in February 2006. They also have a cat named Stanley and two pit bull terriers, Monkey and Shamsky (named after former Major League Baseball player Art Shamsky).In 2000, when he was labeled a Democrat, Stewart generally agreed but described his political affiliation as "more socialist or independent" than Democratic. While interviewing David Barton in 2011, he said to be a secular humanist.
Stewart is an avid fan of both the New York Giants and the New York Mets and occasionally brings this up on his show. He gave an impassioned rant to open his show on February 4, 2008, immediately after the Giants had defeated the Patriots in the Super Bowl, about the Giants victory, noting his satisfaction in having bragging rights over Patriot and Red Sox sports fans who worked with him and had tormented him for years. Additionally he has mentioned his fandom on his show during interviews with Tiki Barber and David Wright.
Filmography
| ! Year!!Title!!Role!!Notes | |||
| 1994 | ''Mixed Nuts'' | Rollerblader | |
| 1996 | ''The First Wives Club'' | Elise's lover | Scenes deleted |
| ''Wishful Thinking'' | Henry | ||
| ''The Nanny'' | Bob | ||
| ''NewsRadio'' | Andrew | Episode 18 | |
| Space Ghost Coast to Coast | Himself | Guest | |
| ''Half Baked'' | Enhancement Smoker | ||
| Todd Zalinsky | TV film | ||
| ''The Faculty'' | Prof Edward Furlong | ||
| ''Playing by Heart'' | Trent | ||
| 1999 | Kevin Gerrity | ||
| ''The Office Party'' | Pizza Guy | Short film | |
| Party Guest | |||
| 2001 | ''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back'' | Reg Hartner | |
| ''Death to Smoochy'' | Marion Frank Stokes | ||
| ''The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina'' | Godfrey | Voice | |
| Zeebad | Voice | ||
| Himself | |||
| ''American Dad'' | Himself | ||
| 2007 | ''Evan Almighty'' | Himself | |
| ''The Simpsons'' | Himself | ||
| ''The Great Buck Howard'' | Himself | ||
| 2011 | ''The Adjustment Bureau'' | Himself |
Bibliography
References
External links
in 2010 in 2005 in 2004Category:1962 births Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:Actors from New York City Category:American film actors Category:American Jews Category:American media critics Category:American television talk show hosts Category:American political pundits Category:American satirists Category:American stand-up comedians Category:Criticism of journalism Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish comedians Category:Living people Category:Male comedians Category:Peabody Award winners Category:People from Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey Category:New York Democrats Category:William & Mary Tribe men's soccer players
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