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The Lumière () brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas () (19 October 1862, Besançon, France – 10 April 1954, Lyon) and Louis Jean () (5 October 1864, Besançon, France – 6 June 1948, Bandol), were among the earliest filmmakers in history. (Appropriately, "lumière" translates as "light" in English.)
Asteroid 775 Lumière is named in their honour.
It was not until their father retired in 1892 that the brothers began to create moving pictures. They patented a number of significant processes leading up to their film camera - most notably film perforations (originally implemented by Emile Reynaud) as a means of advancing the film through the camera and projector. The cinématographe itself was patented on 13 February 1895 and the first footage ever to be recorded using it was recorded on March 19, 1895. This first film shows workers leaving the Lumière factory.
thumb|right|190px|The world's first film poster, for 1895's ''L'Arroseur Arrosé'' It is believed their first film was actually recorded that same year (1895) with Léon Bouly's cinématographe device, which was patented the previous year. The cinématographe — a three-in-one device that could record, develop, and project motion pictures — was further developed by the Lumières.
The public debut at the Grand Café came a few months later and consisted of the following ten short films (in order of presentation):
#''La Sortie de l'Usine Lumière à Lyon'' (literally, "the exit from the Lumière factory in Lyon", or, under its more common English title, ''Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory''), 46 seconds #''La Voltige'' ("Horse Trick Riders"), 46 seconds #''La Pêche aux poissons rouges'' ("fishing for goldfish"), 42 seconds #''Le Débarquement du Congrès de Photographie à Lyon'' ("the disembarkment of the Congress of Photographers in Lyon"), 48 seconds #''Les Forgerons'' ("Blacksmiths"), 49 seconds #''Le Jardinier (l'Arroseur Arrosé)'' ("The Gardener," or "The Sprinkler Sprinkled"), 49 seconds #''Repas de bébé'' ("Baby's Breakfast" (lit. "baby's meal")), 41 seconds #''Le Saut à la couverture'' ("Jumping Onto the Blanket"), 41 seconds #''La Place des Cordeliers à Lyon'' ("Cordeliers Square in Lyon"--a street scene), 44 seconds #''La Mer (Baignade en mer)'' ("the sea [bathing in the sea]"), 38 seconds
The Lumières went on tour with the cinématographe in 1896 - visiting Bombay, London, New York and Buenos Aires.
The moving images had an immediate and significant influence on popular culture with ''L'Arrivée d'un Train en Gare de la Ciotat'' (literally, "the arrival of a train at La Ciotat", but more commonly known as ''Arrival of a Train at a Station'') and ''Carmaux, défournage du coke'' (Drawing out the coke). Their actuality films, or ''actualités'', are often cited as the first, primitive documentaries. They also made the first steps towards comedy film with the slapstick of ''L'Arroseur Arrosé''.
The brothers stated that "the cinema is an invention without any future" and declined to sell their camera to other filmmakers such as Georges Méliès. Consequently, their role in the history of film was exceedingly brief. They turned their attentions to colour photography and in 1903 they patented a colour photography process, the "Autochrome Lumière", launched on the market in 1907. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Lumière company was a major producer of photographic products in Europe, but the brand name, Lumière, disappeared from the marketplace following its merger with Ilford.
The Lumières also developed other products such as a loudspeaker, "Lumière tulle gras" (a dressing to heal burns) and the homonoid forceps (a medical tool).
Although the Lumière brothers were not the first inventors to develop techniques to create motion pictures, they are often credited as one of the first inventors of Cinema as a mass medium, and are among the first who understood how to use it. By comparison, it is argued that Thomas Edison may have meant his invention as entertainment for rich people, not as a movie to be seen in public.
Category:Color scientists Category:Sibling duos Category:French film directors Category:French businesspeople Category:French inventors Category:Pioneers of photography Category:Cinema pioneers Category:History of film Category:Cinema of France Category:La Martiniere College Category:1895 films Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences Category:People from Besançon Category:Sibling filmmakers
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name | Elizabeth Cotten |
---|---|
background | solo_singer |
birth name | Elizabeth Nevills |
born | January 05, 1895Carrboro, North Carolina, United States |
died | June 29, 1987Syracuse, New York, United States |
instrument | Guitar, Banjo |
genre | Folk |
occupation | Musician, Singer-songwriter |
notable instruments | }} |
Elizabeth "Libba" Cotten (January 5, 1895 – June 29, 1987) was an American blues and folk musician, singer, and songwriter.
A self-taught left-handed guitarist, Cotten developed her own original style. Her approach involved using a right-handed guitar (usually in standard tuning), not re-strung for left-handed playing, essentially, holding a right-handed guitar upside down. This position required her to play the bass lines with her fingers and the melody with her thumb. Her signature alternating bass style has become known as "Cotten picking".
Around the age of 13, Cotten began working as a maid along with her mother. Soon after at age 15, she was married to Frank Cotten. The couple had a daughter named Lillie, and soon after young Elizabeth gave up guitar playing for family and church. Elizabeth, Frank and their daughter Lillie moved around eastern United States for a number of years between North Carolina, New York, and Washington, D.C., finally settling in the D.C. area. When Lillie married, Elizabeth divorced Frank and moved in with her daughter and her family.
While working for a brief stint in a department store, Cotten helped a child wandering through the aisles find her mother. The child was Penny Seeger, and the mother was composer Ruth Crawford Seeger. Soon after this, Elizabeth again began working as a maid, caring for Ruth Crawford Seeger and Charles Seeger's children, Mike, Peggy, Barbara, and Penny. While working with the Seegers (a voraciously musical family) she remembered her own guitar playing from 40 years prior and picked up the instrument again to relearn almost from scratch.
Over the course of the early 1960s, Cotten went on to play more shows with big names in the burgeoning folk revival. Some of these included Mississippi John Hurt, John Lee Hooker, and Muddy Waters at venues such as the Newport Folk Festival and the Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife.
The newfound interest in her work inspired her to write more material to play and in 1967, she released a record created with her grandchildren which took its name from one of the songs she had written, ''Shake Sugaree''.
Using profits from her touring and record releases, as well as from the many awards given to her for contribution to the folk arts, Elizabeth moved with her daughter and grandchildren from Washington and bought a house in Syracuse, New York. She continued touring and releasing records well into her 80s. In 1984 she won the Grammy Award for "Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording" for her album on Arhoolie Records, ''Elizabeth Cotten Live''. When accepting the award in Los Angeles, her comment was "Thank you. I only wish I had my guitar so I could play a song for you all". In 1989, Cotten was one of 75 influential African-American women chosen to be included in the photo documentary, ''I Dream a World.''
Elizabeth Cotten died in Syracuse, New York at the age of 92.
Her unmistakably original chords, melodies and finger picking techniques would go on to influence many other musicians.
Category:1895 births Category:1987 deaths Category:American blues guitarists Category:American blues singers Category:American female guitarists Category:American female singers Category:American folk guitarists Category:American folk singers Category:African American female guitarists Category:African American female singers Category:Blues revival musicians Category:National Heritage Fellowship winners Category:Musicians from North Carolina Category:Grammy Award winners Category:People from Carrboro, North Carolina Category:Piedmont blues musicians
de:Elizabeth Cotten fr:Elizabeth Cotten no:Elizabeth Cotten simple:Elizabeth CottenThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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