Gero I (c. 900 – 20 May 965), called the Great (Latin ''magnus''), ruled an initially modest march centred on Merseburg, which he expanded into a vast territory named after him: the ''marca Geronis''. During the mid-10th century, he was the leader of the Saxon ''Drang nach Osten''.
During the insurrection of his opponents, Gero had been prosecuting a losing war against the Slavs in 937–938. The losses his troops sustained could not be made up for by the produce of the land nor by tribute, since the Slavs refused to pay. As an important marcher lord, Gero's command included '''', that is, a "military following," "warband of vassals or companions," or "specially chosen group of fighters" differentiated from the rest of the army (''exercitus''). These men formed the elite of Gero's troops.
In 954, while Gero was away, the Ukrani (or Ucri) revolted, but Gero returned with Conrad the Red and pacified them.
In 955, some Saxon counts rebelled and were banished by Duke Herman. They found refuge in Swetlastrana, a Slav town, location unknown, where the Obodrite chiefs Nakon and Stoinegin (or Stojgnev) resided. There Herman besieged them until an agreement was reached, but an ensuing skirmish spoiled the peace. The Obodrites, Wilzes, Chrepienyani, Redarii, and Dolenzi then banded together to oppose the coming army of Gero, the king, and Liudolf, Duke of Swabia. After negotiations failed because the Germans harsh terms, the Slavs were defeated in battle on the Drosa.
Gero participated in general Saxon campaigns against the Slavs in 957, 959, and 960, as well as campaigning against the Wends and forcing Mieszko I of the Polans to pay tribute, grant land lien, and recognise German sovereignty during Otto's absence in Italy (962–963). Lusatia, according to Widukind, was subjected "to the last degree of servitude." Gero was responsible for subjecting the Liutizi and Milzini (or Milciani) and extending German suzerainty over the whole territory between the Elbe and the Bober. In these lands, the native Slavic populace was reduced to serfdom and "tribute-paying peoples" were converted into "census-paying peasants."
Gero's second son, Gero II, had already died at that point. The name of Gero's wife has to be hypothesised from ''libri memoriales'': it was either Judith (Iudita) or Thietsuuind (Thietswind).
At his death, Gero's march extended as far as the Neisse river. He was not popular with the Saxon nobility of his day, because he had a strong sense of moral rectitude and was of low birth. Nonetheless, he became celebrated in the ''Nibelungenlied'' as the ''marcgrâve Gêre'', though have disputed whether he was ever officially accorded that title. Gero's tomb can still be see in Gernrode today. A decorative painting was added to it c. 1350. It depicts Gero standing over a vanquished Wend.
After his death, the huge territory he had conquered was divided by the Emperor Otto into several different marches: the Northern March (under Dietrich of Haldensleben), the Eastern March (under Odo I), the March of Meissen (under Wigbert), the March of Merseburg (under Günther) and the March of Zeitz (under Wigger I). Later the Northern March was subdivided into the marches of Landsberg, Lusatia, and Brandenburg.
The division of Gero's "super-march" probably had something to do with its immense size and the political consideration of trying to please many without making enemies. The subdivisions into which it was divided, however, were natural. As early as 963, Lusatia — and even upper and lower Lusatia — and the Ostmark were distinguishable as governable provinces within Gero's march.
Category:900s births Category:965 deaths Category:German nobility
de:Gero (Ostmark) fr:Gero (margrave) id:Gero ja:ゲロ (オストマルク) nl:Gero (markgraaf) pl:Gero (margrabia Marchii Wschodniej) ru:Геро I ЖелезныйThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 28°36′50″N77°12′32″N |
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name | Gero Miesenböck |
birth date | |
death date | |
workplaces | University of Oxford |
alma mater | University of Innsbruck |
known for | optogenetics |
signature | |
spouse | }} |
Miesenböck is the founder of the emerging field of optogenetics. He has developed genetic strategies for visualizing and controlling nerve cells with light. He has invented several methods, including genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons and optical imaging of neurotransmission with synapto-pHluorin, a derivative of the green fluorescent protein.
Miesenböck’s research on optogenetics and the nervous system of the fruit fly details the structure and function of neural circuits responsible for sensory processing, action selection, and motor pattern generation.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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