{{infobox officeholder| name	Evan Bayh
Nationality	United States
Jr/sr	Junior Senator
State	Indiana
Party	Democratic
Term start	January 3, 1999
Term end	January 3, 2011
Preceded	Dan Coats
Succeeded	Dan Coats
Birth date	December 26, 1955
Birth place	Shirkieville, Indiana
Dead	alive
Sprose)s	Susan Bayh
Children	Birch Evans Bayh IVNicholas Harrison Bayh
Alma mater	Indiana University (B.S.)University of Virginia School of Law (J.D.)
Religion	Episcopalian
Residence	Indianapolis, Indiana
Occupation	Lawyer, politician
Order2	46th
Title2	Governor of Indiana
Term start2	January 9, 1989
Term end2	January 13, 1997
Lieutenant2	Frank O'Bannon
Predecessor2	Robert D. Orr
Successor2	Frank O'Bannon
Title3	Secretary of State of Indiana
Order3	56th
Term start3	December 1, 1986
Term end3	January 9, 1989
Governor3	Robert D. Orr
Predecessor3	Edwin J. Simcox
Successor3	Joe Hogsett
Signature	Evan Bayh Signature.svg
Website	}}

Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III ( ; born December 26, 1955) is a lawyer, advisor and former Democratic politician who served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana. Bayh is a current Fox News contributor as of March 14, 2011.

Bayh first held public office as the Secretary of State of Indiana, elected in 1986. He held the position for only two years before being elected Governor where he successfully advocated for state welfare reform, tax cuts, and fiscal discipline. He left his office after completing two terms and briefly took a job lecturing at Indiana University Kelley School of Business, before being elected to the U.S. Senate seat once held by his father, Birch Bayh.

On February 15, 2010, Bayh announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he became a partner with the law firm McGuireWoods in the firm's Washington, D.C., office. He also serves as a senior advisor with Apollo Global Management, and is a Fox News Contributor.

Personal

Bayh was born in Shirkieville, Indiana, to Birch Bayh, who was a U.S. Senator from 1963 to 1981, and his wife Marvella Belle Hern. Bayh attended St. Albans School in Washington, DC, and graduated with honors in business economics and public policy from the Indiana University Kelley School of Business in 1978. He was a member of Phi Kappa Psi. Bayh has an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Golden Gate University School of Law in California.

He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981, and clerked for a federal judge before entering private law practice in Indianapolis.

Bayh and his wife, Susan, have twin sons, born in 1995. Susan Bayh serves on numerous corporate boards, including health insurance giant Wellpoint.

Indiana state politics

Bayh was elected Secretary of State of Indiana in 1986 and served from 1987 to 1989. Bayh was first elected Governor of Indiana in 1988, defeating former Kokomo Mayor Steve Daily in the Democratic primary. (Frank O'Bannon's name also appeared on the ballot, but he had previously withdrawn to accept the lieutenant governor nomination.) Bayh defeated Republican John Mutz in the general election. Bayh was re-elected governor in 1992 with the highest percentage of the vote in a statewide election in modern Indiana history. He defeated State Attorney General Linley E. Pearson, a Republican, to win his second term. His administration was considered cautious but successful by Republicans as well as Democrats, creating a large budget surplus and permitting him to cut taxes. "Mr. Bayh's record is one of a genuinely fiscally conservative Democrat," reported the ''Wall Street Journal'' in 1992.

Stressing fiscal responsibility, lower taxes, job creation and lean government, Bayh's tenure as governor was highlighted by eight years without raising taxes, the largest single tax cut and largest budget surplus in state history, "welfare-to-work" policies, increasing annual school funding, high academic standards and new college opportunities, the strengthening of law enforcement and improved environmental quality. He signed the 21st Century Scholars Act in 1992, legislation that states that every child in Indiana who is eligible for the free lunch program in a public school, graduates from high school and signs a pledge not to experiment with illegal drugs is entitled to a full tuition scholarship to an Indiana public university of his or her choice. By the end of his second term, Bayh had an approval rating of nearly 80 percent.

Bayh was a vocal supporter of capital punishment.

When his second term as governor ended in 1997, he accepted a lecturing position at the Indiana University Kelley School of Business in Bloomington. From 1997 to 1998, while he was campaigning for U.S. Senate, Bayh was also hired as a partner at Indianapolis law firm Baker & Daniels. In 1998, his Baker & Daniels salary was $265,000, according to Senate financial records. Indiana University paid him an additional $51,000 that year.

United States Senator from Indiana

Bayh was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1998 to the seat that was once held by his father. He won with 64% of the vote, the largest ever Democratic victory margin in a U.S. Senate race in Indiana, defeating former Fort Wayne Mayor Paul Helmke. He easily won reelection in 2004 defeating Prof. Marvin Scott, receiving 62% of the vote. He served on five Senate committees: Banking Housing and Urban Affairs, on which he is the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and International Trade and Finance; Armed Services; the Select Committee on Intelligence; the Special Committee on Aging; and the Small Business Committee.

Bayh released an autobiography in 2003 entitled ''From Father to Son: A Private Life in the Public Eye.'' He describes growing up as the son of Senator Birch Bayh and emphasizes the importance of active, responsible fatherhood.

From 2001 to 2005, Bayh served as Chairman of the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC). He is also a member of the Senate Centrist Coalition, helped establish the New Democrat Coalition, and founded the Moderate Dems Working Group. Bayh also served on the Board of Directors of the National Endowment for Democracy.

Bayh voted against confirming United States Attorney General John Ashcroft, Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito.

Bayh was an early supporter of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq. On October 2, 2002, Bayh joined President George W. Bush and Congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution.

Senator Bayh began asking for Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's resignation in 2004 for his mistakes in the Iraq war. Bayh made it clear that he had lost confidence in Rumsfeld.

He voted yes on reauthorizing the Patriot Act in 2006.

In the aftermath of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010, Bayh joined with his fellow senators in hurrying to bail out U.S. financial institutions. Addressing the launch of the No Labels political organization, he "described a scene from 2008 where Ben Bernanke warned senators that the sky would collapse if the banks weren't rescued. 'We looked at each other,' said Bayh, 'and said, okay, what do we need.'"

Retirement

On February 15, 2010, Bayh announced he would not seek reelection to a third Senate term in the November 2, 2010 midterm election, despite a strong cash position with approximately $13 million in the bank. Because he made his announcement the day before the deadline for filing for the primary, no Democrat was able to gather a sufficient number of signatures to qualify for the primary ballot, so the Democratic nominee was chosen by the state party committee.

On March 14, 2011, it was announced that Bayh would become a contributor to Fox News Channel.

On June 7, 2011, it was reported that Bayh would become an outside consultant to the United States Chamber of Commerce.

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services

*Subcommittee on Airland

*Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities

*Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support (Chairman)

Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

*Subcommittee on Financial Institutions

*Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment

*Subcommittee on Security and International Trade and Finance (Chairman)

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

*Subcommittee on Energy

*Subcommittee on National Parks

*Subcommittee on Water and Power

Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Select Committee on Intelligence

Special Committee on Aging

Relationship between his Senate office and wife's corporate career

His wife Susan Bayh has been described by the Fort Wayne, Indiana ''Journal Gazette'' as a "professional board member" or "professional director", having been a director of fourteen corporations since 1994 and being a director of eight as of 2006. The ''Journal Gazette'' reported that since Susan Bayh began her career as a corporate director, “Sen. Evan Bayh [has] cast more than 3,000 votes, including some on issues of keen interest to the pharmaceutical, broadcast, insurance, food-distribution and finance industries", Since 2003, Sen. Bayh has prohibited his staff from having lobbying contacts with his wife or representatives of the companies she directs. Mrs. Bayh makes very few public statements and has not commented on any perceived conflicts of interest, declining to be interviewed by the Journal Gazette. Sen. Bayh, however, has insisted his wife’s ties have had no bearing on his Congressional actions. “The reality is I don’t even know the people who run the vast majority of her companies. I’ve never even spoken to them,” Bayh told the Journal Gazette. “The reality is, we don’t talk about stuff that she’s involved with.”

2008 U.S. presidential election

On December 1, 2006, news sources revealed that Senator Bayh was creating a presidential exploratory committee. Bayh confirmed these reports on December 3. On December 15, 2006, Bayh announced that he would not run for president in 2008. He later endorsed Hillary Clinton.

During the 2008 United States Presidential campaign, Bayh stated that he would accept an offer to be Barack Obama's running mate. According to a book by Obama campaign manager David Plouffe, it was about a coin toss between Bayh and Joe Biden for Obama's pick for Vice President.

Political positions

Abortion

Bayh has a 100% rating by the NARAL. He ultimately voted in favor of banning dilation and extraction abortion procedures in 2003, but he did vote for substitute measures supported by Democrats. His stance on other issues relating to abortion have been mixed also. He voted with mainly Democrats against Laci and Conner's Law, but voted with mainly Republicans in 2006 on legislation to notify parents on abortions performed on minors that involve crossing state lines.

Agriculture

Bayh voted for the 2002 Farm Bill that provided financial support accessible to rural communities. The bill provides funds for rural water and waste infrastructure. The Farm Bill also provides technology for rural residents' technical skills. Bayh encouraged farmers to share their input into the 2007 Farm Bill.

Civil rights

Bayh has a mixed but left-leaning record on civil rights, having earned a 60% by the ACLU (2002), and 89% by the HRC (2006), and a 100% by the NAACP (2006). Some of his votes include a 1998 vote where Bayh voted to continue nonquota affirmative action programs. He voted to add sexual orientation under hate crime rules in both 2000 and 2002. In 2001, he voted yes to ease wiretapping restrictions. In 2006, he voted yes on a flag-burning constitutional amendment and no on an amendment to ban same-sex marriage.

Economy

As a member of the Small Business Committee, Senator Bayh has made more resources and tools available to Indiana's small businesses. Bayh supports small business in Indiana by co-hosting job fairs throughout the state of Indiana. Several thousand jobs are made available to those who attend. In 2003, Bayh introduced legislation to further expand Small Business Administration loans to small manufacturers. The legislation was enacted into law in 2004.

At a speech to the Commonwealth Club of California, Bayh said: :What concerns me most about President Bush's tax and budget proposals, is that they threaten to undermine the foundation of the '90s' prosperity replacing the "virtuous cycle" created by fiscal responsibility with a "vicious cycle" of deficits and debt, rising interest rates, and disinvestment. His proposals constitute a narrow ideological agenda, not an effective economic strategy, and completely fail to grasp the realities of the New Economy and the many requirements for economic success in the 21st Century.

Education

As governor, Bayh created the 21st Century Scholars program, which promises at-risk middle school students full tuition scholarships in return for being drug, alcohol and crime-free and maintaining decent grades. Iowa and Wisconsin have both introduced legislation modeling Bayh's program. Bayh has worked to increase the college tuition tax deduction, and protect and increase financial aid programs that thousands of students depend on to attend college. In 2000, Senator Bayh authored a bill titled "The Three R's," which was designed to improve the ability of our nation's public schools to meet the needs of each student.

At the 1996 Democratic National Convention Keynote Speech, Bayh said: :I come from teachers. My great, great grandfather Christopher Bayh came to Indiana with a yellow tag in his overalls that said, railroad. Because he couldn't speak any English, that's where he went to work. But his first grandson became a teacher and he married a teacher, my grandmother. No one here tonight would have traveled half as far if it weren't for our teachers. They're the real American heroes.

Energy

On September 11, 2008, Bayh joined the Gang of 20, a bipartisan group designed to promote comprehensive energy reform. During the announcement, Bayh said: :“On the seventh anniversary of September 11th, it is deeply troubling that we import more oil from the Middle East today than we did on the day of the attacks. Ensuring families have access to affordable energy is one of the defining challenges of our time, but Washington is stuck. The process to fix this problem has broken down, and we just can’t afford that anymore. I’m joining this substantial group of Republicans and Democrats to make progress and actually get something done for struggling Hoosier motorists.”

Environment

Voted No on prohibiting eminent domain for use as parks or grazing land (December 2007).

Voted Yes on including oil and gas smokestacks in mercury regulations (September 2005).

Rated 74% by the League of Conservation Voters, indicating pro-environment votes (December 2003).

Voted No on confirming Gale Norton as Secretary of Interior (January 2001).

Voted No on more funding for forest roads and fish habitat (September 1999).

Voted to strengthen prohibitions against animal fighting (January 2007).

Voted to restrict the Environmental Protection Agency's ability to regulate carbon dioxide emissions (June 2010).

Health care

Bayh introduced the Medicare Prescription Drug Emergency Guarantee Act of 2006 to amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to assure uninterrupted access to necessary medicines under the Medicare prescription drug program. Senator Bayh is proposing legislation he says could help cut health care insurance premiums by at least 20 percent for small businesses and individuals.

Israel

Speaking to 2002 luncheon hosted by AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby group, Bayh "described his lifelong affection for the state of Israel, beginning with a boyhood vacation there, and deepening with his many official visits as a governor and senator." A report of the luncheon continued: :The senator also stated his support for increased foreign aid to Israel. "We have to make the kind of investments necessary to prevent loss of life," he said. "Israel is in jeopardy, they're a strong ally of ours, and I think there would be congressional support for further aid to Israel, particularly regarding security issues." :On the subject of the moribund Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, he said, "Yasser Arafat is no partner for peace. Not until there is new and better leadership within the Palestinians will there be a chance for peace."

Iran

Evan Bayh appeared on CNN's ''Late Edition'' in January 2006 and referred to the "radical, almost delusional nature of the Iranian regime" and recent comments of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that the Holocaust is a "myth. [...] To deny history like this, this virulent anti-Semitism, their sponsoring of terrorism, their search for a nuclear weapon ought to be a wake-up call to every American. Appeasement won't work. [...] We need to use diplomacy, economic sanctions, other means, so we won't have to resort to military action."

Bayh introduced legislation in January 2006 that would impose sanctions on Iran. According to the Washington Post: :"Sen. Evan Bayh (Ind.) said yesterday that he plans to introduce a resolution in the Senate calling on the administration to work with the United Nations to sanction the country. Bayh said the sanctions should include shutting off supplies of refined gasoline, a worldwide ban on arms sales, and a possible ban on participation in the Olympics and the World Cup soccer tournament."

On January 20, 2006, Bayh introduced a resolution calling for economic sanctions on Iran, with the goal of deterring Iran from developing nuclear weapons. Such sanctions include:

Cutting off supplies of refined gasoline to Iran which the United States currently does not supply

Cutting assistance to countries whose companies invest in Iran's energy sector,

Enacting a worldwide, comprehensive ban on arms sales to Iran,

Withdrawing U.S. support for Iran's accession to the WTO, and

Calling on the UN Security Council to limit travel of some Iranian officials, reduce diplomatic exchanges with Iran, and ban Iran from participating in world events such as the World Cup and the Olympics.

In 2007, Bayh "supported the Kyl-Lieberman amendment that Obama made a key part of his critique of Clinton."

Iraq

Bayh was an early supporter of the idea of removing Saddam from power for humanitarian reasons. On October 2, 2002, Bayh joined President George W. Bush and Congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution. Later, in 2006, Bayh criticized the conduct of the Iraq War: :It is clear to just about everyone but the die-hard neoconservatives within this administration that shifting our focus away from Osama bin Laden to Saddam Hussein was perhaps the biggest strategic blunder in our nation's history. And while we have been preoccupied with Iraq, under this President, North Korea has gone nuclear and Iran is on the verge of doing so.

A blog from ''The Washington Post'' reported that in February 2006 Bayh was quoted saying: "We've got to be somewhere between 'cut and run' ... and mindlessly staying the course. You've got to have a sensible middle ground."

National debt

In a speech entitled "The American Middle Class: Future of the Nation, Future of the Democratic Party," Bayh said: :The [Bush] Administration has increased the national debt by nearly $3 trillion, money our middle class and children must repay with interest. They borrow from Japan, China, Persian Gulf countries, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Germany, even Mexico. They are mortgaging our future. This is not how great leaders act.

National security

Bayh is a member of the Armed Services Committee and the Select Intelligence Committee and is continually monitoring the progress of national security abroad, as U.S. troops continue operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Bayh has emphasized national security as an important issue: :In a post-September 11th world, our first responsibility is to keep the American public as safe as possible and to be prepared for every possible threat.... Preventing and responding to biological attacks will require us to mobilize all available resources at the federal and state level, and the first line of defense is often state governments.

At the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Bayh said: :As an American, I welcome this debate on national security because in an age of global terror, there is nothing more important than protecting the American people. It is a dangerous world 3,000 Americans were killed on September 11th. Suicidal terrorists have pledged to attack again and they have in London, Madrid, Amman, Bali, and across Iraq. North Korea has expanded its nuclear arsenal. Hamas will soon be in charge of the Palestinian Authority. And the radical leader of Iran who is seeking to acquire nuclear weapons has pledged to destroy Israel and asked his people to imagine a world without the United States.

Trade

During his time in the Senate, Bayh has criticized trade policies of some countries, including China. Bayh's bipartisan Stopping Overseas Subsidies (SOS) Act was intended to allow the United States to enforce its antisubsidy laws abroad. He voted against CAFTA.

Bayh placed a hold on the President's nominee to be the U.S. Trade Representative. After receiving several key commitments from Portman to get tough on China trade, Bayh agreed to release his hold.

Electoral history

Books by Evan Bayh

From Father to Son

See also

List of Governors of Indiana

References

External links

Encyclopedia entry at the ''IndyStar''

Profile at SourceWatch

Evan Bayh column archives at the ''Huffington Post''

DePauw University Commencement Speech May 21, 2006

Indiana Historical Bureau state portrait

President Clinton's Speech honoring Governor Bayh

21st Century Scholars program

Senior Citizens Relief Act

Congress Passes Bayh's Long-Term Care Initiatives

Sen. Evan Bayh Calls on DePauw's Class of 2006 to Build Unity and Restore Patriotism May 21, 2006 University of Virginia Commencement Speech May 24, 2005 Honoring Our Armed Forces December 7, 2004

{{U.S. Senator box |before=Dan Coats |after=Dan Coats |state=Indiana |class=3 |years=1999–2011 |alongside=Richard Lugar}}

Category:1955 births Category:American Episcopalians Category:American lobbyists Category:Fox News Channel people Category:Governors of Indiana Category:Indiana Democrats Category:Indiana lawyers Category:Indiana University alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Indianapolis, Indiana Category:People from Vigo County, Indiana Category:Secretaries of State of Indiana Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni Category:United States Senators from Indiana Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni Category:Democratic Party United States Senators Category:University of Virginia alumni

da:Evan Bayh de:Evan Bayh es:Evan Bayh fr:Evan Bayh hr:Evan Bayh id:Evan Bayh it:Evan Bayh la:Evan Bayh nl:Evan Bayh ja:エヴァン・バイ no:Evan Bayh pl:Evan Bayh pt:Evan Bayh ru:Бай, Эван sh:Evan Bayh fi:Evan Bayh sv:Evan Bayh zh:埃文·贝赫

{{infobox settlement | name

Bayham | official_name | settlement_type Township | nickname | motto Opportunity is Yours | image_skyline | imagesize | image_caption | image_flag | flag_size 120x100px | image_shield | shield_size 100x90px | image_map | mapsize 200px | map_caption | pushpin_map Canada Ontario | pushpin_mapsize 200 | pushpin_label_positiontop | latd 42 | latm 44 | latNS N | longd 80 | longm 47 | longEW W | coordinates_display inline,title | coordinates_region CA-ON | subdivision_type Country | subdivision_name | subdivision_type1 Province | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_type2 County | subdivision_name2 Elgin | established_title Settled | established_date 1800s | established_title2 Incorporated | established_date2 January 1, 1850 | government_type | leader_title Mayor | leader_name Paul Ens | leader_title1 Federal riding | leader_name1 Elgin—Middlesex—London | leader_title2 Prov. riding | leader_name2 Elgin—Middlesex—London | area_total_km2 | area_land_km2 244.99 | area_water_km2 | area_footnotes | population_as_of 2006 | population_footnotes | population_total 6727 | population_density_km227.5 | timezone EST | utc_offset -5 | timezone_DST EDT | utc_offset_DST -4 | postal_code_type Postal Code | postal_code N0J | area_code 519 and 226 | elevation_footnotes | elevation_m | website www.bayham.on.ca | footnotes }}

Bayham (2006 Population 6,727) is a municipality in the southeast corner of Elgin County, Ontario, Canada. It is south of the town of Tillsonburg and Oxford County.

History

Bayham was named in 1810 for Viscount Bayham Charles Pratt, a friend of land grant recipient Colonel Talbot. The township was incorporated on January 1, 1850. The villages of Port Burwell and Vienna were incorporated as separate municipalities and separated from the township in 1949 and 1853 respectively.

In 1998, Bayham was re-amalgamated with Port Burwell and Vienna to form an expanded Township of Bayham.

Communities

The municipality comprises the communities of Corinth, Eden, Froggetts Corners, North Hall, Port Burwell, Richmond, Springer's Hill, Straffordville, Vienna and Wadger.

Demographics according to 2006 Census

:::N/A = Not available

Population trend:

Population in 2006: 6727

Population in 2001: 6375

Population total in 1996: 6234

* Bayham (township): 4721

* Port Burwell (village): 1023

* Vienna (village): 490

Population in 1991:

* Bayham (township): 4309

* Port Burwell (village): 883

* Vienna (village): 481

References

External links

Municipality of Bayham

Category:Municipalities in Elgin County, Ontario Category:Township municipalities in Ontario

fr:Bayham pl:Bayham (Ontario)

Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement which began in Great Britain in the 1730s and gained popularity in the United States during the series of Great Awakenings of the 18th and 19th century.

Its key commitments are:

The need for personal conversion (or being "born again")

A high regard for biblical authority, especially biblical inerrancy

An emphasis on teachings that proclaim the saving death and resurrection of the Son of God, Jesus Christ.

Actively expressing and sharing the gospel

David Bebbington has termed these four distinctive aspects ''conversionism'', ''biblicism'', ''crucicentrism'', and ''activism'' noting, "Together they form a quadrilateral of priorities that is the basis of Evangelicalism."

Usage

The term evangelical has its etymological roots in the Greek word for "gospel" or "good news": ''ευαγγελιον (evangelion)'', from ''eu-'' "good" and ''angelion'' "message". In that sense, to be ''evangelical'' would mean to be a believer in the gospel, that is the message of Jesus Christ.

By the English Middle Ages the term had been expanded to include not only the message, but also the New Testament which contained the message, as well as more specifically the four books of the Bible in which the life, death and resurrection of Jesus are portrayed. The first published use of the term ''evangelical'' in English was in 1531 by William Tyndale, who wrote "He exhorteth them to proceed constantly in the evangelical truth." One year later, the earliest recorded use in reference to a theological distinction was by Sir Thomas More, who spoke of "Tyndale [and] his evangelical brother Barns".

By the time of the Reformation, theologians began to embrace the term evangelical as referring to "gospel truth". Martin Luther referred to the ''evangelische Kirche'' or evangelical church to distinguish Protestants from Catholics in the Roman Catholic Church. In Germany, Switzerland and Denmark, and especially among Lutherans, the term has continued to be used in a broad sense. This can be seen in the names of certain Lutheran denominations or national organizations, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and the Evangelical Church in Germany.

Current usage

While the main usage is religious, the term is also used to characterize a movement that uses active missionary work to convert others to its religious and/or political position. For example, the ''Times Literary Supplement'' refers to "the rise and fall of evangelical fervor within the Socialist movement".

The contemporary North American usage of the term is influenced by the evangelical/fundamentalist controversy of the early 20th century. Evangelicalism may sometimes be perceived as the middle ground between the theological liberalism of the mainline denominations and the cultural separatism of fundamentalism. Evangelicalism has therefore been described as "the third of the leading strands in American Protestantism, straddl[ing] the divide between fundamentalists and liberals". According to ''Christianity Today,'' "The emerging movement is a protest against much of evangelicalism as currently practiced. The emerging church movement is post-evangelical in the way that neo-evangelicalism (in the 1950s) was post-fundamentalist. It would not be unfair to call it postmodern evangelicalism."

While the North American perception is important to understand the usage of the term, it by no means dominates a wider global view, where the fundamentalist debate was not so influential.

By the mid-1950s, largely due to the ecumenical evangelism of Billy Graham, the terms ''evangelicalism'' and ''fundamentalism'' began to refer to two different approaches. Fundamentalism aggressively attacked its liberal enemies; Evangelicalism downplayed liberalism and emphasized outreach and conversion of new members

While some conservative evangelicals believe the label has ''broadened'' too much beyond its more limiting traditional distinctives, this trend is nonetheless strong enough to create significant ambiguity in the term. As a result, the dichotomy between "evangelical" and "mainline" denominations is increasingly complex, particularly with such innovations as the "emergent church" movement.

John C. Green, a senior fellow at the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, used polling data to separate evangelicals into three camps which he labels as traditionalist, centrist and modernist.

The ''traditionalists,'' characterized by high affinity for certain Protestant beliefs, (especially penal substitutionary atonement, justification by faith, the authority of scripture, priesthood of all believers, etc.) which, when fused with the highly political milieu of Western culture (esp. American), has resulted in the political disposition that has been labeled the Christian right, whose most visible spokesmen have been figures like Jerry Falwell and the television evangelist Pat Robertson.

''Centrist evangelicals'' are described as socially conservative, mostly avoiding politics, who still support much of traditional Christian theology.

''Modernist evangelicals'' are a small minority in the movement, have low levels of church attendance, and "have much more diversity in their beliefs".

History

18th century

Evangelical movements first emerged between 1730 and 1790 and Pietism in Germany and the Netherlands, and Methodism in England and America. They featured revivals and an emphasis on personal salvation and piety, while downplaying rituals and traditions. In the American colonies the First Great Awakening of the 1740s greatly expanded the movement; it was based on revivals led by Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and Methodist George Whitefield. In England John Wesley led the Methodist movement inside the Church of England.

19th century

The start of the 19th century saw an increase in missionary work and many of the major missionary societies were founded around this time (see Timeline of Christian missions).

The Second Great Awakening (which actually began in 1790) was primarily an American revivalist movement and resulted in substantial growth of the Methodist and Baptist churches. Charles Grandison Finney was an important preacher of this period.

Evangelicals were also concerned with social reform during this period—in England the Clapham Sect included figures such as William Wilberforce who successfully campaigned for the abolition of slavery.

John Nelson Darby was a 19th century English minister considered to be the father of modern Dispensationalism, an innovative Protestant movement significant in the development of modern evangelicalism. Cyrus Scofield further promoted the influence of this theology through his Scofield Reference Bible.

Other notable figures of the latter half of the 19th century include Charles Spurgeon and Dwight L. Moody.

In Charlotte Bronte's novel, ''Jane Eyre'', Mr Brocklehurst illustrates the dangers and hypocrisies that Charlotte Brontë perceived in the nineteenth-century Evangelical movement.

20th century

Evangelicalism in the early part of the 20th century was dominated by the fundamentalist movement, which rejected liberal theology and focused on separation from the world.

Following the Welsh Revival, the Azusa Street Revival in 1906 began the spread of Pentecostalism in North America.

In the post–World War II period, a split developed amongst evangelicals, as they disagreed among themselves about how a Christian ought to respond to an unbelieving world. The evangelicals urged that Christians must engage the culture directly and constructively, and they began to express reservations about being known to the world as ''fundamentalists''. As Kenneth Kantzer put it at the time, the name ''fundamentalist'' had become "an embarrassment instead of a badge of honor".

The term ''neo-evangelicalism'' was coined by Harold Ockenga in 1947 to identify a distinct movement within self-identified fundamentalist Christianity at the time, especially in the English-speaking world. It described the mood of positivism and non-militancy that characterized that generation. The new generation of evangelicals set as their goals to abandon a militant Bible stance. Instead, they would pursue dialogue, intellectualism, non-judgmentalism, and appeasement. They further called for an increased application of the gospel to the sociological, political, and economic areas. Not all conservatives are pleased with the new direction. One author has termed it "the apostasy within evangelicalism".

The self-identified fundamentalists also cooperated in separating their opponents from the ''fundamentalist'' name, by increasingly seeking to distinguish themselves from the more open group, whom they often characterized derogatorily, by Ockenga's term, "neo-evangelical" or just evangelical.

The fundamentalists saw the evangelicals as often being too concerned about social acceptance and intellectual respectability, and being too accommodating to a perverse generation that needed correction. In addition, they saw the efforts of evangelist Billy Graham, who worked with non-evangelical denominations, such as the Roman Catholics (which they claimed to be heretical), as a mistake.

The post-war period also saw growth of the ecumenical movement and the founding of the World Council of Churches, which was generally regarded with suspicion by the evangelical community.

In England, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones emerged as key leaders in evangelical Christianity.

The charismatic movement began in the 1960s and resulted in Pentecostal theology and practice being introduced into many mainline denominations. New charismatic groups such as the Association of Vineyard Churches and Newfrontiers trace their roots to this period (see also British New Church Movement).

The closing years of the 20th century saw controversial postmodern influences entering some parts of evangelicalism, particularly with the emerging church movement.

21st century

Meaning of Evangelicalism

The Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals states:

Adherents

While the movement is highly diverse and encompasses a vast number of people because the group is diverse not all of them use the same terminology for the beliefs they have. For instance, several recent studies and surveys by sociologists and political scientists that utilize more complex definitional parameters have estimated the number of evangelicals in the U.S. at about 25–30% of the population, or roughly between 70 and 80 million people.

From the late 20th century onwards, such conservative Protestant Christians, and their churches and social movements, have often been called ''evangelical'' to distinguish them from other Protestants.

Since the Iraq War, evangelicalism has begun to make inroads in Iraq, capitalizing on a new openness to Western missionaries following the US-led invasion of the country, although the vast majority of converts are from other sects of Christianity present in Iraq.

Contemporary North American perspective

Evangelicals held the view that the modernist and liberal parties in the Protestant churches had surrendered their heritage as evangelicals by accommodating the views and values of "the world". At the same time, they criticized fundamentalists for their separatism and their rejection of the social gospel as it had been developed by Protestant activists of the previous century. They charged the modernists with having lost their identity as evangelicals and the fundamentalists with having lost the Christ-like heart of evangelicalism. They argued that the gospel needed to be reasserted to distinguish it from the innovations of the liberals as well as the fundamentalists.

Today, evangelicals are often concerned with their own failure to live up to Christian standards in contrast to the world. Christianity Today author Mark Galli says "It's now pretty much agreed that the evangelical church mirrors the dysfunctions of secular society, from premarital sex stats to divorce rates to buying habits. Much to our dismay, we are hardly a light to the world, nor an icon of the abundant, transformed life."

Global demographics

On a worldwide scale evangelical churches (together with Pentecostals) claim to be the most rapidly growing Christian churches. The two often overlap, in a movement sometimes called transformationalism. Churches in Africa exhibit rapid growth and great diversity in part because they are not dependent on European and North American evangelical sources. An example of this can be seen in the African Initiated Churches.

The World Evangelical Alliance is "a network of churches in 128 nations that have each formed an evangelical alliance and over 100 international organizations joining together to give a worldwide identity, voice and platform" to an estimated more than 600 million evangelical Christians. The Alliance was formed in 1951 by evangelicals from 21 countries. It has worked to support its members to work together globally.

In Britain, according to a 2005 study conducted by the Assemblies of God, evangelicals give 7.5% of their income to their churches and a further 3% to Christian charities.

Types of evangelicalism

Conservative evangelicalism

Toward the end of the 20th century, some have tended to confuse ''evangelicalism'' and ''fundamentalism'', but as noted above they are not the same. The labels represent very distinct differences of approach which both groups are diligent to maintain, although because of fundamentalism's dramatically smaller size it often gets classified simply as an ultra-conservative branch of evangelicalism.

Both groups seek to maintain an identity as theological conservatives; evangelicals, however, seek to distance themselves from stereotypical perceptions of the "fundamentalist" posture of antagonism toward the larger society and advocate involvement in the surrounding community rather than separation from it. However, despite the differences, some people, particularly those with a non-denominational background, may consider themselves both evangelical and fundamentalist because they believe in the engaging practices of evangelicalism and take a fundamental view of the Bible.

On the American political spectrum, evangelicals traditionally fall under socially conservative. For instance, based on the biblical position that marriage is defined as only between one man and one woman, they tend to oppose state recognition of same-sex marriage and polyamory. Also, based on the belief that the life of a child begins at conception and that a fetus's right to live should take precedence over a wish to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, evangelicals tend to oppose laws permitting abortion (See below for more details).

Many conservative evangelicals aren't just opposed to the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. They also have actively lobbied for the passage of laws in dozens of U.S. States to ban civil unions, domestic partnerships, reciprocal benefits—such as hospital visitation rights and emergency medical decisions—and any legal recognition whatsoever or rights being extended to monogamous same-sex couples, on the religious grounds that such unions and legal protections are "too similar'" to marriage, and thus violates the God-given rights to the sanctity of marriage between one woman and one man.

Though less publicized, evangelicals traditionally tend to be ''economically'' conservative as well; this stems from biblical principles such as reverence for private property rights, freedom to contract, and the view that charity should primarily be voluntary/non-coercive and privately (i.e., church, family, individuals) administered.

Open evangelicalism

''Open Evangelical'' refers to a particular Christian school of thought or Churchmanship, primarily in the United Kingdom (especially in the Church of England). Open evangelicals describe their position as combining a traditional evangelical emphasis on the nature of scriptural authority, the teaching of the ecumenical creeds and other traditional doctrinal teachings, with an approach towards culture and other theological points of view which tends to be more inclusive than that taken by other evangelicals. Some open evangelicals aim to take a middle position between conservative and charismatic evangelicals, while others would combine conservative theological emphases with more liberal social positions.

Post-evangelicalism

British author Dave Tomlinson characterizes post-evangelicalism as a movement comprising various trends of dissatisfaction among evangelicals. The term is used by others with comparable intent, often to distinguish evangelicals in the so-called emerging church movement from post-evangelicals and anti-evangelicals. Tomlinson argues that "linguistically, the distinction ''[between evangelical and post-evangelical]'' is similar to the one that sociologists make between the modern and postmodern eras".

There persists considerable and inevitable confusion as to how best to classify the non-traditional/non-conservative forms of evangelicalism. Some call the emerging church movement a version or manifestation of post-evangelicalism, whereas others distinguish both under the broader umbrella of the "evangelical left" movement. As such developments are still relatively new, it remains to be seen how the categories and semantics will settle.

Evangelicalism in the United States

Demographics

The 2004 survey of religion and politics in the United States identified the evangelical percentage of the population at 26.3 percent while Roman Catholics are 22 percent and mainline Protestants make up 16 percent. In the 2007 Statistical Abstract of the United States, the figures for these same groups are 28.6 percent (evangelical), 24.5 percent (Roman Catholic), and 13.9 percent (mainline Protestant.) The latter figures are based on a 2001 study of the self-described religious identification of the adult population for 1990 and 2001 from the Graduate School and University Center at the City University of New York. A 2008 study showed that in the year 2000 about 9 percent of Americans attended an evangelical service on any given Sunday.

The National Association of Evangelicals is a U.S. agency which coordinates cooperative ministry for its member denominations.

Politics

Christian right

Evangelical influence in America was first evident in the late 19th century and early 20th century movement of prohibition movement, which closed saloons and taverns in state after state until it succeeded nationally in 1919. The Christian right is a coalition of numerous groups, of traditionalist and observant church-goers of every kind: Catholic and mainline Protestant, Missouri Synod Lutherans, Southern Baptists, and others. Conversely, there are white evangelicals in the political center and left as well. Most blacks are church members who share evangelical beliefs; they are firmly in the Democratic coalition and (except for gay and abortion issues) are generally liberal.

Abortion

Since 1970 a central issue motivating conservative evangelicals' political activism is abortion. Theologically they argue abortion is the taking of an innocent life, although the Biblical bases underlying this belief vary, from specific Bible verses about when life begins, to the more generalized ban on murder. Pro-choice advocates oppose the evangelicals on abortion and argue that any legal restrictions based on such a religious worldview amount to imposing religion. Abortion was not a crime under English and American common law at least until the "quickening" of the fetus. Physicians—not religious leaders—were responsible for enacting the 19th century laws against abortion in the name of protecting the mother. The 1973 decision in ''Roe v. Wade'' by the Supreme Court said women have a right to choose abortion; with some modifications that remains the law. It proved decisive in bringing together Catholics (who had opposed abortion since the 1890s) and evangelicals in a political coalition in the 1970s, which became known as the Religious Right when it successfully mobilized its voters behind presidential candidate Ronald Reagan in 1980.

School prayer

In the United States, Supreme Court decisions that outlawed organized prayer in school and restricted church-related schools also played a role in mobilizing the Religious Right. In addition questions of sexual morality and homosexuality have been energizing factors—and above all, the fear that elites are pushing America into secularism.

Other issues

According to recent reports in the ''New York Times'', some evangelicals have sought to expand their movement's social agenda to include poverty, combating AIDS in the Third World, and protecting the environment. This is highly contentious within the evangelical community, since more conservative evangelicals believe that this trend is compromising important issues and prioritizing popularity and consensus too highly. Personifying this division were the evangelical leaders James Dobson and Rick Warren, the former who warned of the dangers of a Barack Obama victory in 2008 from his point of view, in contrast with the latter who declined to endorse either major candidate on the grounds that he wanted the church to be less politically divisive and that he agreed substantially with both men. Indeed many are not sure how to characterize Rick Warren on the evangelical spectrum; despite his avowed centrism he recently supported California's controversial Proposition 8 (2008), which is regarded by critics as a right-wing position.

Christian nation

Some opponents have argued that the evangelicals actually want a Christian America, -- that is a nation in which Christianity is given a privileged position. Survey data shows that 60–75% of evangelicals reject proposals for a Christian America. Evangelical leaders retort they merely seek freedom from the imposition by national elites of an equally subjective secular worldview, and feel that it is their opponents who are violating their rights.

Christian left

Typically, members of the evangelical left affirm the primary tenets of evangelical theology, such as the doctrines of Incarnation, atonement, and resurrection, and also see the Bible as a primary authority for the church. A major theological difference, however, which in turn leads to many of the social/political differences, is the issue of how strictly to interpret the Bible, as well as what particular values and principles predominantly constitute the "biblical worldview" believed to be binding upon all followers. Inevitably, battles over how to characterize each other and themselves ensue, with the evangelical left and right often hyperbolically regarding each other as "mainline/non-evangelical" and "fundamentalist" respectively.

Unlike conservative evangelicals, the evangelical left is generally opposed to capital punishment and supportive of gun control. In many cases, evangelical leftists are pacifistic. Some promote the legalization of same-sex marriage or protection of access to abortion for the society at large without necessarily endorsing the practice themselves. There is considerable dispute over how to even characterize the various segments of the evangelical theological and political spectra, and whether a singular discernible rift between "right" and "left" is oversimplified. However, to the extent that some simplifications are necessary to discuss any complex issue, it is recognized that modern trends like focusing on non-contentious issues (like poverty) and downplaying hot-button social issues (like abortion) tend to be key distinctives of the modern "evangelical left" or "emergent church" movement.

Evangelical environmentalism

Evangelical environmentalism is an environmental movement in the United States in which some Evangelicals have emphasized biblical mandates concerning humanity's role as steward and subsequent responsibility for the caretaking of Creation. While the movement has focused on different environmental issues, it is best known for its focus of addressing climate action from a biblically grounded theological perspective. The ''Evangelical Climate Initiative'' argues that human-induced climate change will have severe consequences and impact the poor the hardest, and that God's mandate to Adam to care for the Garden of Eden also applies to Christians today, and that it is therefore a moral obligation to work to mitigate climate impacts and support communities in adapting to change.

See also

{| style="width:100%;" |- | style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"|

Evangelical environmentalism

Anglo-Catholicism

Bible believer

Broad church

Christian right

Conservative Christianity

British Conservative Evangelicalism

Evangelical Catholic

Evangelical Council of Venezuela

| style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"|

Fundamentalism

Fundamentalist Christianity

Green Christianity

High church

List of evangelical Christians

List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges

| style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"|

National Association of Evangelicals

Neo-orthodoxy

New Monasticism

Oxford Movement

Ritualism

Christian eschatological differences

Messianic Judaism

|}

Publications

; Popular:

''Baptist Press''

''Christianity Today''

''Sojourners Magazine''

''The Christian Post''

''World''

; Academic:

''Christian Herald''

''Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society''

''Gordon Review''

''Themelios''

; Defunct:

''Christian Life'' ^{(Merged with ''Charisma'')}

''Eternity''

''HIS''

''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation''

''The Reformed Journal''

''Youth For Christ'' ^{(Later ''Campus Life'', then ''Ignite Your Faith'')}

Notes

Further reading

Balmer, Randall. (2nd ed 2004) ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism''

Balmer, Randall. (2010) ''The Making of Evangelicalism: From Revivalism to Politics and Beyond'' 120pp

Balmer, Randall. (2000) ''Blessed Assurance: A History of Evangelicalism in America''

Beale, David O. (1986) ''In Pursuit of Purity: American Fundamentalism Since 1850.'' Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University (Unusual Publications). ISBN 0-89084-350-3.

. .

Carpenter, Joel A. (1999). ''Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism.'' Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-512907-5.

Hindmarsh, Bruce, ''The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England'' (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005).

Marsden, George M. ''Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism'' (1991) excerpt and text search

.

Noll, Mark (1992). ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada.''. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 311–389. ISBN 0-8028-0651-1.

Noll, Mark A., David W. Bebbington and George A. Rawlyk eds. ''Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1990.'' (1994)

. .

Rawlyk, George A., and Mark A. Noll, eds. ''Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States'' (1993).

Stackhouse, John G. ''Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century'' (1993)

Utzinger, J. Michael (2006) ''Yet Saints Their Watch Are Keeping: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and the Development of Evangelical Ecclesiology, 1887–1937'', Macon: Mercer University Press, ISBN 0-86554-902-8

Ward, W. R. ''Early Evangelicalism: A Global Intellectual History'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Kidd, Thomas S. "God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution" (Basic Books, 2010) ISBN 0465002358

External links

Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism – Wheaton College

The Coming Evangelical Collapse by Michael Spencer, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', March 10, 2009

Modern Evangelical African Theologians: A Primer

American Evangelicalism and Islam: From the Antichrist to the Mahdi

Category:Protestantism Category:Christian terms Category:Christian theological movements Christian evangelicalism

ar:الإنجيلية frp:Églléses èvangèliques ast:Ilesies evanxéliques bg:Евангелизъм ca:Esglésies Evangèliques ceb:Ebanghelikalismo cs:Evangelikalismus de:Evangelikalismus es:Iglesias evangélicas eo:Evangeliismo fr:Évangélisme ko:복음주의 id:Evangelikalisme ia:Evangelicalismo it:Evangelicismo he:אוונגליזם lad:Eglesias evanjélikas la:Ecclesia Evangelica lt:Evangelikai lmo:Gesa Evangelega nl:Evangelisch christendom ja:福音主義 pl:Ewangelikalizm pt:Evangelicalismo ru:Евангельские христиане sk:Evanjelikálne hnutie sl:Evangeljske Cerkve sr:Евангелизам fi:Evankelikalismi sv:Evangelikalism uk:Євангельський протестантизм vi:Phong trào Tin Lành zh:福音神學

birthname	Andrew Hill Card, Jr.
order	21st
office	White House Chief of Staff
term start	January 20, 2001
term end	April 14, 2006
president	George W. Bush
predecessor	John Podesta
successor	Joshua Bolten
deputy	Joe HaginJoshua BoltenHarriet MiersKarl Rove
order2	11th
office2	United States Secretary of Transportation
term start2	February 24, 1992
term end2	January 20, 1993
president2	George H. W. Bush
predecessor2	Samuel K. Skinner
successor2	Federico Peña
office3	Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 7th Plymouth District
term start3	1979
term end3	1983
predecessor3	Charles Decas
successor3	Emmet Hayes
office4	Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 8th Norfolk District
term start4	1975
term end4	1979
predecessor4	Charles McGowan
successor4	William R. Keating
birth date	May 10, 1947
birth place	Brockton, Massachusetts
party	Republican
spouse	Kathleene Card
children	Tabetha, Rachel, Andrew
grandchildren	Kaylee, Lisi, Jack, Victoria, Euclid
residence	McLean, Virginia
alma mater	University of South CarolinaUnited States Merchant Marine AcademyJohn F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard University)
Branch	United States Merchant Marines
Serviceyears	1966-1967

Andrew Hill Card, Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is a Republican American politician, former United States Cabinet member, and head of President George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under George W. Bush. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.

Early life

Card was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, the son of Joyce (née Whitaker) and Andrew Hill Card, Sr. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America's Old Colony Council and earned the rank of Life Scout. Later, he graduated from the University of South Carolina with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering. He also attended the United States Merchant Marine Academy and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Card served in the United States Merchant Marine from 1966 to 1967.

Card got his start in politics serving in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1975–1983. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1982.

A native of Holbrook, Massachusetts, he and his wife Kathy have three children and six grandchildren.

Private career

From 1993 to 1998, Card was President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), the trade association whose members were Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors Corporation. The AAMA dissolved in December 1998. From 1999 until his selection as President Bush's Chief of Staff, Card was General Motors' Vice President of Government Relations. Card directed the company's international, national, state and local government affairs activities and represented GM on matters of public policy before Congress and the Administration.

He currently serves on the Board of Directors of Union Pacific Railroad. The railroad announced on July 27, 2006 that Card was elected to the board, increasing the board's size to 10 members. He is also a senior counselor at public relations firm Fleishman-Hillard.

Government career

Under Ronald Reagan

Card first served in the West Wing under President Ronald Reagan, as Special Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs and subsequently as Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs, where he was liaison to governors, statewide elected officials, state legislators, mayors and other elected officials.

Under George H. W. Bush

From 1989 to 1992, Card served in President George H. W. Bush's administration as Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff. From 1992 until 1993, Card served as the 11th U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush. In August 1992, at the request of President Bush, Secretary Card coordinated the administration's disaster relief efforts in the wake of Hurricane Andrew. Later that year, Secretary Card directed President Bush's transition office during the transition from the Bush Administration to the Clinton Administration.

George W. Bush's Chief of Staff

In 2000, Card was asked by then Texas Governor George W. Bush to run the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.

On November 26, 2000, Card was appointed to be chief of staff for then President-Elect George W. Bush upon Bush's January 20, 2001 inauguration.

On September 11, 2001, it was Card who whispered in Bush's ear while the President was conducting an education event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida that terrorists had attacked the United States.

On March 28, 2006, the White House announced that Card would resign as Chief of Staff and be replaced by United States Office of Management and Budget director Joshua B. Bolten. Card's resignation was effective April 14, 2006.

Post-government career

Card received an honorary degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst on May 25, 2007. While accepting the degree, Card was booed loudly by students and faculty who disapproved of him receiving the honor.

Card considered running in the 2010 special election to fill the United States Senate held by the late Ted Kennedy. State Senator Scott Brown who considered entering the race, promised to drop out if Card decided to run. Card announced on September 11, 2009 that he would not enter the race and that he was throwing his support to Brown, who went on to win the election.

On July 5th 2011, Card was named acting dean of The Bush School of Government and Public Service, at Texas A&M; University.

References

{{U.S. Cabinet Official box | before= John Podesta | after= Joshua B. Bolten | years= January 20, 2001 – April 14, 2006 | president= George W. Bush | office= White House Chief of Staff}}

Category:1947 births Category:George W. Bush Administration personnel Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni Category:Living people Category:Massachusetts Republicans Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Category:People from McLean, Virginia Category:People from Norfolk County, Massachusetts Category:People of the Union Pacific Railroad Category:United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni Category:United States Secretaries of Transportation Category:University of South Carolina alumni Category:White House Chiefs of Staff

de:Andrew Card fr:Andrew Card hr:Andrew Card id:Andrew Card ja:アンドルー・カード no:Andrew Card simple:Andrew Card sh:Andrew Card sv:Andrew Card

name	Laura Ingraham
birth date
birth place	Glastonbury, Connecticut, U.S.
residence	Washington, D.C.
nationality	American
education	Dartmouth College University of Virginia School of Law
occupation	Radio personality
religion	Roman Catholic
website	lauraingraham.com
footnotes	}}

Laura Anne Ingraham (born June 19, 1964) is an American radio host, author, and conservative political commentator. Her nationally syndicated talk show, ''The Laura Ingraham Show'', airs throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network. ''The Laura Ingraham Show'' is ranked eighth among most-listened-to talk radio programs, with an average 5.5 million weekly listeners.

Career

Ingraham grew up in a middle-class family in Glastonbury, Connecticut and graduated from Glastonbury High School, in 1981.

Ingraham earned a bachelor's degree at Dartmouth College, in 1985, and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the University of Virginia School of Law, in 1991. As a Dartmouth undergraduate, she was a staff member of the independent conservative newspaper, ''The Dartmouth Review''. In her senior year, she was the newspaper's editor-in-chief, its first female editor. She wrote a few controversial articles during her tenure, such as a piece characterizing a campus gay rights group as "cheerleaders for latent campus Sodomites". She also secretly tape recorded the organization's meetings, and sent copies to the participants' parents. Jeffrey Hart, the faculty adviser for ''The Dartmouth Review'', described Ingraham as having "the most extreme antihomosexual views imaginable," and noted that "she went so far as to avoid a local eatery where she feared the waiters were homosexual and might touch her silverware or spit on her food, exposing her to AIDS." In 1997, Ingraham wrote an essay in the ''Washington Post'' in which she stated that she changed her views after witnessing "the dignity, fidelity and courage" with which her gay brother Curtis and his late companion coped with AIDS. She said she now understands why gays need protection and regrets her "callous rhetoric."

In the late 1980s, Ingraham worked as a speechwriter in the Ronald Reagan administration for the Domestic Policy advisor. She also briefly served as editor of ''The Prospect'', the magazine issued by Concerned Alumni of Princeton. After law school, in 1991, she served as a law clerk for Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr., of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in New York and subsequently clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. She then worked as an attorney at the New York-based law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom.

Ingraham has had two stints as a cable television host. In the late 1990s, she became a CBS commentator and hosted the MSNBC program ''Watch It!'' Several years later, Ingraham began openly campaigning for another cable television show on her radio program. She finally got her wish in 2008, when Fox News Channel gave her a three-week trial run for a new show entitled ''Just In''. She appeared on a 1995 cover of ''The New York Times Magazine'' for an article about rising young conservatives, in which she joked about subjugating Third World countries.

She also appeared on the August 3, 2010, episode of ''The Colbert Report'', where Stephen Colbert implied that she had integrated "hideous, hackneyed racial stereotypes" into her book ''The Obama Diaries''. In reply, she suggested that a word Colbert had previously used to label her, banshee, which is of Irish origin, also contained racial overtones, suggesting that it may be offensive to Native Americans. Her latest book is titled Of Thee I Zing and was released on July 12th, 2011.

Radio show host

Ingraham launched ''The Laura Ingraham Show'' in April 2001, which is heard on 306 stations and on XM Satellite Radio. The show was originally syndicated by Infinity's (now CBS's) Westwood One, but is now syndicated by Talk Radio Network. Ingraham is also the official guest host of ''The O'Reilly Factor'' on Fox News Channel and a weekly contributor with her segment, "The Ingraham Angle."

In one of her most famous incidents, on Election Day 2006 Ingraham encouraged listeners to jam the phone line of a toll-free Democratic Party service for reporting voting problems. No tangible consequences came of it. In 2008, Laura Ingraham was rated as the No. 6 radio show host in America, by ''Talkers Magazine''. She was as high as No. 5, in the past, according to the same publication.

Ingraham is represented by the Executive Speakers Bureau, of Memphis, Tennessee, and receives between $20,000-$30,000 per appearance.

Books

''The Hillary Trap: Looking for Power in All the Wrong Places'', first published June 2000, while the author was a talk show host on MSNBC, was updated and reissued in paperback December 25, 2005. It analyzes and reinterprets Hillary Clinton as a faux feminist, whose "liberal feminism has created a culture that rewards dependency, encourages fragmentation, undermines families, and celebrates victimhood".

''Shut Up & Sing: How Elites from Hollywood, Politics, and the UN Are Subverting America'', published October 25, 2003, decries liberal "elites" in politics, the media, academia, arts and entertainment, business, and international organizations, on behalf of "disrespected" Middle Americans, whom the author praises as "the kind of people who are the lifeblood of healthy democratic societies".

''Power to the People'', a ''New York Times'' number one best seller, published September 11, 2007, focuses on what Ingraham calls the "pornification" of America and stresses the importance of popular participation in culture, promoting conservative values in family life, education and patriotism.

''The Obama Diaries'', a ''New York Times'' number one best seller, published July 13, 2010. The book is a fictional collection of diary entries purportedly made by Barack Obama, which the author uses satirically to criticize Mr. Obama, his family and his administration.

''Of Thee I Zing'', a ''New York Times'' best seller, published July 12, 2011. The book is a collection of humorous anecdotes meant to point out the decline of American culture, from muffin tops to body shots.

Personal

Ingraham was once engaged to conservative author and fellow Dartmouth alumnus Dinesh D'Souza. She also has dated former New Jersey Democratic Senator Robert Torricelli.

She had become estranged from her brother, Curtis, for number of years, but they reconciled as young adults. On February 23, 1997, she had an op-ed published in the ''Washington Post'' where she spoke of her maturing:

"In the ten years since I learned my brother Curtis was gay my views and rhetoric about homosexuality have been tempered, because I have seen him and his companion Richard lead their lives with dignity, fidelity and courage."

In April 2005, she announced that she was engaged to businessman James V. Reyes, with a wedding planned in May or June 2005. On April 26, 2005, she announced that she had undergone breast cancer surgery. On May 11, 2005, Ingraham told listeners that her engagement to Reyes was canceled, citing issues regarding her diagnosis with breast cancer. Despite the breakup, she maintained that the two remain good friends and had told listeners, in 2006, that she was in good health.

She is a convert to Catholicism. In May 2008, Ingraham adopted a young girl from Guatemala, whom she has named Maria Caroline. In July 2009 she adopted a 13-month-old boy, Michael Dmitri, from Russia.

Activism

Code Red Rally

On December 8, 2009, Ingraham broadcast her support of a rally protesting the 2009 health care reform bill that was to be held in Washington, D.C. at the U.S. Capitol on December 15, 2009.

See also

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

References

External links

Laura Ingraham at NNDB

Photos of Ingraham in Iraq, February 2006, at LauraIngraham.com

Category:1964 births Category:American anti-communists Category:American anti–illegal immigration activists Category:American lawyers Category:American political pundits Category:American political writers Category:American talk radio hosts Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:Commentators Category:Connecticut Republicans Category:Conservatism in the United States Category:Dartmouth College alumni Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Category:Living people Category:People from Glastonbury, Connecticut Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni

ar:لورا انغرام de:Laura Ingraham et:Laura Ingraham es:Laura Ingraham pl:Laura Ingraham simple:Laura Ingraham sh:Laura Ingraham yi:לארע אינגרעהעם