Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and Baking soda are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed.

Ingredients

In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.

Abrasives

Abrasives constitute at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque and calculus prevents cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH).

Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some brands contain powdered white mica which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus.

Fluorides

Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Although it occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources, the additional fluoride has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride but stannous fluoride (SnF₂), olaflur (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na₂PO₃F) are also used. Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride. In the UK, the fluoride content is often higher, a NaF of 0.32% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.

Surfactants

Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products as well, such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power.

Other components

Antibacterial agents

Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.

Flavorants

Toothpaste comes in a variety of colorings, and flavors intended to encourage use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine. More unusual flavors have been used, e.g. peanut butter, iced tea, and even whisky. Unflavored toothpastes exist.

Remineralizers

Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium phosphate are included in some formulations for remineralization, i.e. the reformation of enamel.

Miscellaneous components

Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar alcohols such as glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethyleneglycol. Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate are included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity. Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar.

Safety

Fluoride

Although water fluoridation has been praised as one of the top medical achievements of the 20th century, fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts. The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of 'full-strength' toothpaste (1350-1500ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages (although smaller volumes are used for young children; a 'smear' of toothpaste until 3 years). Several non-fluoride toothpastes are available.

Triclosan

Reports have suggested that triclosan, an active ingredient in many toothpastes, can combine with chlorine in tap water to form chloroform, which the United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. An animal study revealed that the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and many other lab researches proved that bacteria might be able to develop resistance to triclosan in a way, which can help them to resist antibiotics also.

Diethylene glycol

The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a multi-nation and multi-brand toothpaste recall in 2007. The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.

Miscellaneous issues and debates

With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea. 'Tartar fighting' toothpastes have been debated. Case reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal toothpaste containing cinnamon. SLS has been proposed increase the frequency of mouth ulcers in some people as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues causing the underlying tissues to become damaged.

Alteration of taste perception

After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant taste. This effect is attributed to products of the chemical reaction between stannous fluoride in toothpaste and the acetic acid in the juices. Sodium lauryl sulfate alters taste perception. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for bitterness, giving food a bitter taste. It is also thought to inhibit sweet receptors. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste. Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual cold receptors.

Other types of toothpaste

Whitening toothpastes

Many toothpastes make whitening claims. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. The abrasive in these toothpaste remove the stains, not the peroxide. Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives and additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate. When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear more white. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel. Teeth whitening gels represent an alternative.

Herbal and "natural" toothpastes

Herbal toothpastes are made from natural ingredients and some are even certified as organic. Many consumers have started to switch over to natural toothpastes in order to avoid synthetic and artificial flavors that are commonly found in regular toothpastes. Due to the increased demand of natural products, most of the toothpaste manufacturers now produce herbal toothpastes. This type of toothpaste does not contain dyes or artificial flavors.

Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate. The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. In addition to the commercially available products, it is possible to make one's own toothpaste using similar ingredients. When using a toothpaste that has not been proven to be efficient in preventing periodontal diseases it is particularly important to have regular dental checkups.

History

Early toothpastes

The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes for toothpaste by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. In the 9th century, the Persian musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste". It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and ''miswak''. Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century.

Tooth powder

Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. A 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good.

Modern toothpaste

An 18th century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burnt bread. Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin), cinnamon, and burnt alum.

By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide and baking soda was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I. In 1892, Dr. Washington Sheffield of New London, Connecticut, manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In New York City in 1896, Colgate & Company Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of lead.

Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in 1914, and was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by Dr. Joseph Muhler at Indiana University to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically proven fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care." The amount of fluoride in toothpastes varies from country to country.

In 2006 BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The "biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into fluorapatite.

In June 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies in Panama, Puerto Rico and Australia advised consumers to avoid certain brands of toothpaste manufactured in China after some were found to contain the poisonous diethylene glycol, also called diglycol or labeled as "DEG" on the tube.

Striped toothpaste

Striped toothpaste was invented by a New Yorker named Leonard Lawrence Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent , issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the 'Stripe' brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the 'Signal' brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although 'Stripe' was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year.

Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in 'Stripe') fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments. The two materials are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which then issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes.

In 1990 Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO ) for two differently-colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about half way up its length. Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is then a space for the material for one color, which then issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes.

Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO ), in which two or three layers then extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO ), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate design.

See also

Tooth whitening

Dental floss

Fluoride therapy

Creamy snuff

Oral hygiene

Notes

External links

Chemistry of Plaque Prevention with Toothpaste

Fluoride toothpaste history

Category:Dentifrices Category:Teeth Category:Oral hygiene Category:Drug delivery devices Category:Dosage forms Category:Brands of toothpaste

ar:معجون أسنان zh-min-nan:Khí-ko be:Зубная паста be-x-old:Зубная паста bg:Паста за зъби ca:Pasta de dents cs:Zubní pasta da:Tandpasta de:Zahnpasta et:Hambapasta es:Dentífrico eo:Dentopasto fa:خمیردندان fr:Dentifrice gd:Uachdar-fhiaclan ko:치약 haw:Pauka niho hi:दन्तमंजन io:Dentifrico id:Pasta gigi it:Dentifricio he:משחת שיניים jv:Odhol la:Pasta dentaria hu:Fogkrém ml:ടൂത്ത് പേസ്റ്റ് my:သွားတိုက်ဆေး nl:Tandpasta ja:歯磨剤 no:Tannkrem nn:Tannkrem pl:Pasta do zębów pt:Creme dental ro:Pastă de dinți ru:Зубная паста simple:Toothpaste sk:Zubná pasta sl:Zobna krema sr:Паста за зубе su:Pasta huntu fi:Hammastahna sv:Tandkräm ta:பற்பசை th:ยาสีฟัน uk:Зубна паста vi:Kem đánh răng wuu:牙膏 zh-yue:牙膏 zh:潔齒劑

Coordinates	39°46′5.88″N86°9′29.52″N
bgcolour	#6495ED
name	Man Ray
birth name	Emmanuel Radnitzky
birth date	August 27, 1890
birth place	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
death date	November 18, 1976
death place	Paris, France
nationality	American
field	Painting, Photography, Assemblage, Collage, Film
movement	Surrealism, Dadaism
awards	}}

Man Ray (August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976), born Emmanuel Radnitzky, was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. Perhaps best described simply as a modernist, he was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Best known in the art world for his avant-garde photography, Man Ray produced major works in a variety of media and considered himself a painter above all. He was also a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. He is noted for his photograms, which he renamed "rayographs" after himself.

While appreciation for Man Ray's work beyond his fashion and portrait photography was slow in coming during his lifetime, especially in his native United States, his reputation has grown steadily in the decades since.

In 1999, ARTnews magazine named him one of the 25 most influential artists of the 20th century, citing his groundbreaking photography as well as "his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage, and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance art and conceptual art" and saying "Man Ray offered artists in all media an example of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty,'"—Man Ray's stated guiding principles—"unlocked every door it came to and walked freely where it would."

Life and career

Background and early life

From the time he began attracting attention as an artist until his death more than sixty years later, Man Ray allowed little of his early life or family background to be known to the public, even refusing to acknowledge that he ever had a name other than Man Ray.

Man Ray was born Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA in 1890, the eldest child of recent Russian Jewish immigrants. The family would eventually include another son and two daughters, the youngest born shortly after they settled in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York, in 1897. In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray, a name selected by Man Ray's brother, in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and anti-Semitism prevalent at that time. Emmanuel, who was called "Manny" as a nickname, changed his first name to Man at this time, and gradually began to use Man Ray as his combined single name.

Man Ray's father was a garment factory worker who also ran a small tailoring business out of the family home, enlisting his children from an early age. Man Ray's mother enjoyed making the family's clothes from her own designs and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. Despite Man Ray's desire to disassociate himself from his family background, this experience left an enduring mark on his art. Tailor's dummies, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other items related to clothing and sewing appear at every stage of his work and in almost every medium. Art historians have also noted similarity in his collage and painting techniques to those used in making clothing.

Mason Klein, curator of an exhibition of Man Ray's work at the Jewish Museum entitled ''“Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention,"'' suggests that Man Ray may have been ''"the first Jewish avant-garde artist."''

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical ability from childhood. His education at Boys' High School from 1904 to 1908 provided him with a solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. At the same time, he educated himself with frequent visits to the local art museums, where he studied the works of the Old Masters. After graduation from high school, he was offered a scholarship to study architecture but chose to pursue a career as an artist instead. However much this decision disappointed his parents' aspirations to upward mobility and assimilation, they nevertheless rearranged the family's modest living quarters so that Man Ray could use a room as his studio. He stayed for the next four years, working steadily toward being a professional painter, while earning money as a commercial artist and technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies.

From the surviving examples of his work from this period, it appears he attempted mostly paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already an avid admirer of avant-garde art of the time, such as the European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's "291" gallery and works by the Ashcan School, but, with a few exceptions, was not yet able to integrate these new trends into his own work. The art classes he sporadically attended—including stints at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League—were of little apparent benefit to him, until he enrolled in the Ferrer School in the autumn of 1912, thus beginning a period of intense and rapid artistic development.

New York

Living in New York City, influenced by what he saw at the 1913 Armory Show and in galleries showing contemporary works from Europe, Man Ray's early paintings display facets of cubism. Upon befriending Marcel Duchamp who was interested in showing movement in static paintings, his works begin to depict movement of the figures, for example in the repetitive positions of the skirts of the dancer in ''The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Shadows'' (1916).

In 1915, Man Ray had his first solo show of paintings and drawings. His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled ''Self-Portrait'', was exhibited the following year. He produced his first significant photographs in 1918.

Abandoning conventional painting, Man Ray involved himself with Dada, a radical anti-art movement, started making objects, and developed unique mechanical and photographic methods of making images. For the 1918 version of ''Rope Dancer'' he combined a spray-gun technique with a pen drawing. Again, like Duchamp, he made "readymades"—objects selected by the artist, sometimes modified and presented as art. His ''Gift'' readymade (1921) is a flatiron with metal tacks attached to the bottom, and ''Enigma of Isidore Ducasse'' is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and tied with cord. Another work from this period, ''Aerograph'' (1919), was done with airbrush on glass.

In 1920 Ray helped Duchamp make his first machine and one of the earliest examples of kinetic art, the ''Rotary Glass Plates'' composed of glass plates turned by a motor. That same year Man Ray, Katherine Dreier and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection which in effect was the first museum of modern art in the U.S.

Ray teamed up with Duchamp to publish the one issue of ''New York Dada'' in 1920. Man Ray expressed that "dada’s experimentation was no match for the wild and chaotic streets of New York, and he wrote ''“Dada cannot live in New York. All New York is dada, and will not tolerate a rival.”'' Man Ray moved to Paris in 1921.

Man Ray met his first wife, the Belgian poet Adon Lacroix, in 1913 in New York. They married in 1914, separated in 1919, and were formally divorced in 1937.

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work in Paris, France, and soon settled in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists. Shortly after arriving in Paris, he met and fell in love with Kiki de Montparnasse (Alice Prin), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris bohemian circles. Kiki was Man Ray's companion for most of the 1920s. She became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images and starred in his experimental films. In 1929 he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.

left|thumb|300px|Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Paris, on June 16, 1934 making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van VechtenFor the next 20 years in Montparnasse, Man Ray made his mark on the art of photography. Significant members of the art world, such as James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Bridget Bate Tichenor, and Antonin Artaud posed for his camera.

With Jean Arp, Max Ernst, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso, Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Works from this period include a metronome with an eye, originally titled Object to Be Destroyed. Another important work from this part of Man Ray's life is the ''Violon d'Ingres,'' a stunning photograph of Kiki de Montparnasse, styled after the painter/musician, Ingres. This work is a popular example of how Man Ray could juxtapose disparate elements in his photography in order to generate meaning.

In 1934, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Man Ray in what became a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next to a printing press.

Together with Lee Miller, who was his photography assistant and lover, Man Ray reinvented the photographic technique of solarization. He also created a technique using photograms he called rayographs, which he described as "pure dadaism".

Man Ray directed a number of influential avant-garde short films, known as ''Cinéma Pur'', such as ''Le Retour à la Raison'' (2 mins, 1923); ''Emak-Bakia'' (16 mins, 1926); ''L'Étoile de Mer'' (15 mins, 1928); and ''Les Mystères du Château de Dé'' (27 mins, 1929). Man Ray also assisted Marcel Duchamp with the cinematography of his film ''Anemic Cinema'' (1926), and personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's ''Ballet Mécanique'' (1924). Man Ray also appeared in René Clair's film ''Entr'acte'' (1924), in a brief scene playing chess with Duchamp.

Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were friends as well as collaborators, connected by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art.

Later life

Later in life, Man Ray returned to the United States, having been forced to leave Paris due to the dislocations of the Second World War. He lived in Los Angeles, California from 1940 until 1951. A few days after arriving in Los Angeles, Man Ray met Juliet Browner, a first generation American of Rumanian-Jewish lineage; a trained dancer and experienced artists' model. They began living together almost immediately, and married in 1946 in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. However, he called Montparnasse home and he returned there.

In 1963 he published his autobiography, ''Self-Portrait'', which was republished in 1999 (ISBN 0-8212-2474-3).

He died in Paris on November 18, 1976 of a lung infection, and was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris. His epitaph reads: ''unconcerned, but not indifferent''. When Juliet Browner died in 1991, she was interred in the same tomb. Her epitaph reads, ''together again''. Juliet set up a trust for his work and made many donations of his work to museums.

Quotations

By Man Ray

"It has never been my object to record my dreams, just the determination to realize them." (Julien Levy exhibition catalog, April 1945.)

"There is no progress in art, any more than there is progress in making love. There are simply different ways of doing it." (1948 essay, "To Be Continued, Unnoticed".)

"To create is divine, to reproduce is human." ("Originals Graphic Multiples", circa 1968; published in ''Objets de Mon Affection'', 1983.)

"I paint what cannot be photographed, that which comes from the imagination or from dreams, or from an unconscious drive. I photograph the things that I do not wish to paint, the things which already have an existence." (Undated interview, circa 1970s; published in ''Man Ray: Photographer'', 1981.)

"I have been accused of being a joker. But the most successful art to me involves humor." (Undated interview, circa 1970s; published in ''Man Ray: Photographer'', 1981.)

"An original is a creation motivated by desire. Any reproduction of an originals motivated by necessity. It is marvelous that we are the only species that creates gratuitous forms. To create is divine, to reproduce is human."

"Of course, there will always be those who look only at technique, who ask 'how', while others of a more curious nature will ask 'why'. Personally, I have always preferred inspiration to information."

“I do not photograph nature. I photograph my visions.”

About Man Ray

"MAN RAY, n.m. synon. de Joie jouer jouir." (Translation: "MAN RAY, masculine noun, synonymous with joy, to play, to enjoy.") — Marcel Duchamp, as the opening epigram for Man Ray's memoir ''Self-Portrait'', 1963.

"With him you could try anything—there was nothing you were told not to do, except spill the chemicals. With Man Ray, you were free to do what your imagination conjured, and that kind of encouragement was wonderful." — Artist and photographer, Naomi Savage, Man Ray's niece and protégée, in a 2000 newspaper interview.

"Man Ray is a youthful alchemist forever in quest of the painter's philosopher's stone. May he never find it, as that would bring an end to his experimentations which are the very condition of living art expression." — Adolf Wolff, "Art Notes", ''International 8'', no. 1 (January 1914), p. 21.

"[Man Ray was] a kind of short man who looked a little like Mr. Peepers, spoke slowly with a slight Brooklynese accent, and talked so you could never tell when he was kidding." — Brother-in-law Joseph Browner on his first impression of the artist; quoted in the ''Fresno Bee'', August 26, 1990.

Selected books by Man Ray

Man Ray and Tristan Tzara (1922). ''Champs délicieux: album de photographies''. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition].

Man Ray (1926). ''Revolving doors, 1916-1917: 10 planches''. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.

Man Ray (1934). ''Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris''. Hartford, CT: James Thrall Soby.

Éluard, Paul, and Man Ray (1935). ''Facile''. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

Man Ray and André Breton (1937). ''La photographie n'est pas l'art''. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

Man Ray and Paul Éluard (1937). ''Les mains libres: dessins''. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.

Man Ray (1948). ''Alphabet for adults''. Beverly Hills, CA: Copley Galleries.

Man Ray (1963). ''Self portrait''. London: Andre Deutsch.

Man Ray and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). ''Portraits''. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Cited More References

Sarane Alexandrian; Man Ray; J. P. O'Hara; ISBN 0-87955-603-X (1973).

Kenneth R. Allan, “Metamorphosis in ''391'': A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie” in ''Art History'' 34, No. 1 (February, 2011): 102-125.

Neil Baldwin; Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000).

A. D. Coleman; "Willful Provocateur"; ''ARTnews'', May 1999.

Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).

Francis Naumann; Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

Janine Mileaf, "Between You and Me: Man Ray's ''Object to be Destroyed''," ''Art Journal'' 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4-23.

''Perpetual Motif: The Art of Man Ray''. Eds. Gaye Brown and Alan Axelrod. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.

External links

Works by Man Ray -- Official Licensing Archive. Searchable. Over 1,000 photos here.

Man Ray Trust

A biography of the artist Man Ray from the J. Paul Getty Museum

Brief biography of Man Ray by the Biography Resource Center, Gale Group

Collection of Man Ray short films

Man Ray letters and album, 1922-1976. Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California. A significant ensemble of letters and writings by or addressed to Man Ray, collected and safeguarded by his sister Elsie Ray Siegler and her daughter Naomi Savage. The letters from Man Ray are addressed to Siegler and Savage and provide a rich chronicle of his personal and professional life from 1922-1976. Letters to Man Ray are from Dada and Surrealist artists and authors, and document the dynamic artistic and literary scenes of the immediate pre- and post-the World War II period in the United States. An album of predominately handwritten manuscripts supplements the letters by offering Man Ray’s thoughts on a range of artistic issues.

Webpage of the exhibition "Man Ray" in: Museo del Banco de la República, Bogotá, Colombia

Category:1890 births Category:1976 deaths Category:American anarchists Category:American artists Category:American film directors Category:American photographers Category:American experimental filmmakers Category:American expatriates in France Category:Portrait photographers Category:Photographers from New York Category:Dada Category:Surrealist artists Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:Jewish painters Category:Jewish American artists Category:Art Students League of New York alumni Category:American screenwriters Category:American cinematographers Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent

af:Man Ray als:Man Ray be:Ман Рэй br:Man Ray bg:Ман Рей ca:Man Ray cs:Man Ray cy:Man Ray da:Man Ray de:Man Ray et:Man Ray el:Μαν Ραίη es:Man Ray eo:Man Ray fa:من ری fr:Man Ray hr:Man Ray id:Man Ray it:Man Ray he:מאן ריי ka:მან რეი hu:Man Ray nl:Man Ray ja:マン・レイ no:Man Ray pl:Man Ray pt:Man Ray ru:Рэй, Ман sr:Ман Реј fi:Man Ray sv:Man Ray tr:Man Ray uk:Ман Рей vi:Man Ray

Steve Spangler is an author, professional speaker, Emmy Award winner, listed in the public Time 100 poll, science teacher, founder of two companies, toy maker and a trained magician. He is most famous for the hugely popular experiment of dropping a Mentos into a bottle of Diet Coke, with the end result being a huge geyser of Diet Coke.

Television and media

Since starting his television career 15 years ago, Steve Spangler has appeared in over 240 television shows, featuring as an "authority on inquiry-based learning". Every week he is watched by over a million viewers on KUSA-TV (9News) as their "science guy". He also appeared frequently on Weather + Plus University NBC Weather Plus. Spangler was also the science host on the nationally syndicated show ''News for Kids''. And, in 1997, Spangler won an Emmy Award for his role in the show.

Spangler was nominated for a position in the Time 100, however he didn't attain a final placing in the magazine. In a public poll on Time's website Spangler secured the 18th position, edging out over Brad Pitt and Barack Obama (19th and 20th respectively), but losing to Howard Stern at 17th. The main reason for him being nominated was for popularizing the Mentos eruption (see below). Spangler has never been on the cover of ''Time'' magazine, nor in a Time 100 list.

Steve Spangler is also a regular recurring guest on Ellen Degeneres' talkshow, where he and Ellen demonstrate all kinds of fascinating science, including many experiments that require audience participation.

Education work

Spangler is the director of the National Hands-on Science Institute, based in Denver, Colorado. Spangler's role as director means he is responsible for the coordination of 850 staff training in the US. The institute also sponsors a summer camp in Aspen Creek School, Broomfield, for both teachers and children. The teachers are taught various fun type science experiments in the morning and then show the children those experiments in the afternoon. Spangler said: "This is the only teacher training model of its kind in the country."

Spangler acts as a consultant for Littleton Public Schools, Colorado. There he helps students get motivated and more interested in the hands-on aspect of science.

Each summer, Spangler holds his famous "Science in the Rockies" for teachers, which is far more than merely a conference; here, he truly does "teach teachers to be amazing!" Spangler Science also offers its "Science at Sea" cruise, and does interactive workshops all over the states.

Steve Spangler also offers parents and teachers a free science experiment each week, sent straight to an email inbox, as a free service. Spangler's Experiment of the Week has become very popular with homeschooling parents, as well. Steve recently went on Ellen Degeneres show and was the science guy with air blowers

Commercial work

Spangler is the founder of Englewood-based Steve Spangler Science and Be Amazing! Toys , which is the wholesale division of Steve Spangler Science. He has since sold Be Amazing Toys. He is the CEO of the online and catalog based company, Steve Spangler Science and is the creative director of Be Amazing! Toys which has designed and developed more than 50 scientific toys and products for Scholastic, Discovery Channel, Toys "R" Us, Target, etc. Steve Spangler Science has fifteen employees.

Spangler is the author of three books: "Fizz Factor: 50 Amazing Experiments With Soda Pop","Secret Science: 25 Science Experiments Your Teacher Doesn't Know About", and "Naked Eggs and Flying Potatoes."

In 2005 Steve Spangler sued award-winning Seattle-based company, Scientific Explorer Inc. for re-branding and reselling Spangler's products and for failing to meet contractual agreements. Steve Spangler Science and Scientific Explorer had previously had a contract together for Scientific Explorer to manufacture, package, market and sell various products developed by Spangler. But the contract finished three years later in August 2004 and was never renewed. In the contract, Scientific Explorer were to give Spangler 10% sales royalty each sales quarter, Spangler said that they failed to pay him on the last two sales quarters before the contract expired. On a plane to Denver, Colorado, Spangler opened a toy package he had bought at the airport called Growing Giant Dinos, the same toy that Spangler was selling called Test Tube Dinos. Fizz, Bobble, Erupt was resold by Scientific Explorer as Bubbling Potions, Extreme Glow re-branded Atomic Glow and Crazy Crystals was renamed Wild Crystals, according to Spangler.

Mentos eruption

When Spangler was an elementary school science teacher in the 1980s he initially used Life Savers for the Mentos eruption experiment. Spangler initiated the huge Internet phenomenon when he appeared on 9News in 2002 and 2005, both times showcasing the experiment. A video of his September 2005 appearance, which resulted in one of the anchors being drenched in Coke, was placed on their website and Spangler wrote a blog post about it. The video was posted online on the popular video sharing site, YouTube. Which resulted in hundreds of other videos being posted. YouTube now boasts over 12,000 videos.

Along with his Be Amazing Toys! company, Spangler created an easy way for kids to reproduce the experiment. The equipment was showcased at the 2007 American International Toy Fair 2007, along with regular Mentos geysers. Insta-snow was also demonstrated at the Toy Fair. Spangler described, in an interview, that the Mentos eruption isn't the best trick he knows but "It's the trick that got the most notoriety." Spangler has demonstrated the Mentos eruption "...on television, talk shows, science conventions, teacher associations, for CEO's at huge motivational speaking rallies, for Nobel Prize winners and anyone else who might watch." Spangler was also consulted for the quiz show, Who Wants to be a Millionaire? regarding a question about the Mentos eruption.

2009 was the first year Steve Spangler entered the queue for an MCM Award (Multichannel Merchant Awards) and even though he was the rookie, he took the Website of the Year Award for 2009. It’s the Gold winner in the Children’s category for Steve Spangler Science. Add to this, also in 2009, the fact that Spangler's attempt to conduct the World's Largest Physics Lesson at Coor's Field on May 7, 2009, is now listed in the Guinness World Records , and we would have to agree with MCM Senior Writer, Tim Parry, who put it in this way: “Steve Spangler Science Having the Best Week Ever…”

References

Toronto Star article

Book Excerpt: Giving Up Control and Other Scary Lessons

Appearance on NBC Weather Plus.

External links

Steve Spangler Science

Steve Spangler's blog

Video experiments on 9News

Category:Living people Category:American scientists Category:American chief executives Category:Emmy Award winners

fi:Steve Spangler