It has been suggested that Manumission be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2011.

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A freedman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves became freedmen either by manumission (granted freedom by their owner) or emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group).

In Ancient Rome[link]

Compared to other ancient peoples of the Mediterranean basin, the Romans were relatively liberal in freeing slaves and granting them Roman citizenship. In fact, freedmen formed about 5% of the population of Rome during its Imperial Age.

Slaves were able to earn their freedom in more than one way. Educated and trained slaves were almost always freed, a practice that was so common that Emperor Augustus passed a law prohibiting the freeing of slaves before they reached the age of thirty. A slave could also be freed as a reward for long and dedicated service, and many were freed in the wills (and therefore at the death) of their owners. The Augustan law also restricted the numbers of manumitted slaves. No more than 100 slaves per household, and a lower number in less affluent households, could be freed in this way. A slave was able to buy his own freedom through his peculium (money), or personal possessions.

When an owner freed a slave, the act was called manumissio, from the Latin words manus (meaning hand), and mitto (meaning send). The oldest method of manumission was in a legal ceremony, where a witness claimed that the slave did not actually belong to the master, who did not deny this. As a result, the slave was freed.

Liberti or Libertini are two words that were, at different times, used by the Romans to describe the condition of former slaves who had been freed. There is some distinction between these words. The term libertus meant the freedman, when considered in relation to the owner who had bestowed liberty upon him. The term libertinus denoted the freedman when considered in relation to the state he had occupied in society since his manumission.

Freedmen were able to own their own land. However, they were not full Roman citizens. They could not run for public office, nor hold a high rank in the army, although their children were afforded full citizenship.

The Claudian Civil Service set a precedent whereby freedmen could be used as civil servants in the Roman bureaucracy. In addition, Claudius passed legislation concerning slaves, including a law stating that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered. The emperor was extensively criticized for using freedmen in the Imperial Courts.

United States[link]

Old former slave with horn formerly used to call slaves, Texas, 1939. Photo by Russell Lee.

In the United States, the term "freedmen" refers chiefly to former slaves emancipated during the American Civil War.

Slaves freed before the war, usually by individual manumissions, often in wills, were generally referred to as "Free Negroes". In Louisiana and other areas of the former New France (especially before annexation to the US under the Louisiana Purchase), free people of color were so identified in French: gens de couleur libres. Many were part of the Creoles of color community, well-established before Louisiana became part of the US. The community in New Orleans increased in 1808 and 1809, with a wave of Haitian immigrants after the Haitian Revolution. This strengthened the French-speaking community of free people of color.

Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared all slaves in states not under the control of the United States of America to be free (eg: the Confederacy), it did not end slavery in the Union states. Abolition of all slavery (affecting four million people—not all of them of color) was accomplished as a result of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment gave ex-slaves full citizenship. The Fifteenth Amendment gave voting rights to adult males among the free people. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are known as the "civil rights amendments", the "post-Civil War amendements", and the "Reconstruction Amendments".

To help freedmen transition from slavery to freedom, including a free labor market, President Abraham Lincoln created the Freedmen's Bureau, which assigned agents throughout the South. The Bureau created schools to educate freedmen, both adults and children; helped freedmen negotiate labor contracts, and tried to minimize violence against freedmen. The era of Reconstruction was an attempt to establish new governments in the former Confederacy and to bring freedmen into society as voting citizens.

Cherokee Freedmen[link]

The Cherokee Nation had allowed slavery before the war. After emancipation, the Cherokee were required to allow freedmen full rights of citizenship in their society. This policy was later rescinded, resulting in a controversy within the modern Cherokee Nation, which continues to this day. In the 21st century, the Cherokee Nation and descendants of freedmen of Cherokee masters are at odds over the rights of the freedmen to membership in the Cherokee tribes. (It is an issue because there are benefits that tribal membership grants.) Descendants of freedmen believe that emancipation granted them citizenship in the Cherokee Nation.

See also[link]

• Black Seminole
• Choctaw Freedmen
• Freedmen's Aid Society
• Freedmen's Bureau
• Freedmen's Bureau bills
• Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island
• Freedmen's Hospital
• Freedman's Savings Bank
• Freedmen's town

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Freedmen

Benjamin H. Freedman at the age of 82, center (third from left) with bow tie, receiving the Service award from the Anti-Communist Federation of Polish Freedom Fighters in Salem, Massachusetts, 1972. Freedman's wife, Rose Schoendorf, depicted at the far left.

Benjamin Harrison^[1] Freedman (1890 – May 1984)^[2] was an American antisemitic and anti-Zionist activist.^{[3][4][5][6][7]} Freedman was a partner in a dermatological institute and in small business. He converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism.^[8]

Biography[link]

Freedman was, from 1925 to 1937, a partner with Samuel D. Leidesdorf and the John H. Woodbury Laboratories, a dermatological institute^[9] and a derivative company of the old Woodbury Soap Company.^[10] Benjamin H Freedman was listed on the letterhead of the Institute for Arab American Affairs and around 1946, along with his wife, listed as "R M Schoendorf" (Rose M. Schoendorf Freedman), "sponsored a series of advertisements under the imprint of 'The League for Peace with Justice in Palestine'".^[11] In 1946 he sued the American Jewish Committee for libel and the case was thrown out in less than a month.^[12][13]

In 1988, the Institute for Historical Review published Robert John's Behind the Balfour Declaration, including a single acknowledgment, to Freedman. John wrote that Freedman "gave me copies of materials on the Balfour Declaration which I might never have found on my own and (he) encouraged my own research."^[14]

Activities[link]

He was a financial backer of the author Conde McGinley, publisher of the periodical Common Sense.^[15] In the 1955 libel trial by Rabbi Joachim Prinz against McGinley, Freedman testified that "he [Freedman] had given Mr. McGinley financial support of 'more than $10,000 but less than $100,000'".^[16] Prinz had sued McGinley for calling him a "red rabbi."

At the Henry George School, Benjamin Freedman spoke on "The Genesis of Middle East Tensions".^[17] Long John Nebel reported on WNBC that Freedman would discuss anti-Semitism.^[18] Freedman was politically active until the mid-1970s when he was well over 85 years old. He died in May 1984 at the age of 94.^[19][20]

Freedman opposed the nomination of Anna M. Rosenberg to be Assistant Secretary of Defense in 1950.^[21] An article in the ADL Bulletin entitled The Plot Against Ann Rosenberg attributed the attacks on Rosenberg's loyalty to "professional anti-Semites and lunatic nationalists," including the "Jew-baiting cabal of John Rankin, Benjamin Freedman, and Gerald Smith."^[5]

Freedman, an apostate Jew, was well known to the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee as an active supporter of the Arab cause in the Middle East. (fn 33) In the course of his erratic and often contradictory testimony before the Senate committee, Freedman revealed the roles played by anti-Semitic agitators and right-wing anticommunists — including Gerald L.K. Smith, Conde McGinley, the "Reverend" Wesley Swift, Congressman John Rankin, Senator Joseph McCarthy, and J.B. Matthews — in the campaign against the Rosenberg appointment. (fn 34)^[5]

He is mentioned in a report by the House Un-American Activities Committee.^[22]

Works[link]

• League for Peace With Justice in Palestine. Freedman published his own broadsheets under the aegis of the League for Peace With Justice in Palestine, which he founded in 1946.^[23]
• "Palestine," Destiny: The Magazine of National Life (Jan. 1948): 26–28 (originally appeared in the National Economic Council’s Letter, no. 177, Oct. 15, 1947). Haverhill, Mass.
• Facts are Facts, Noontide Press (Softcover), ISBN 0-317-53273-1. A pamphlet purporting to be the text of a 1954 letter from Freedman to David Goldstein, proponent of the idea that Christianity fulfilled Judaism. The text expounds the notion that most people now identified as Jews are descendants of Khazars, a Turkic people of Central Asia who converted to Judaism. Freedman does not refer to Jews but to "so-called or 'self-styled Jews'.
• Why Congress is Crooked or Crazy or Both, Founder, 1946, League for Peace with Justice in Palestine (New York, 1975)

Notes[link]

Resources[link]

• Hall, Gordon D., The Hate Campaign Against the UN. Beacon Press, 1952. OCLC 4028401
• Nomination of Anna M. Rosenberg to be Assistant Secretary of Defense OCLC 9714984
• Griffith, Robert K. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, University of Massachusetts Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87023-555-9
• Svonkin, Stuart. Jews Against Prejudice:American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties, Columbia University Press 1997. ISBN 0-231-10638-6
• House Committee on un-American Activities, 1954 (PDF 3 Meg) (from the Eugene Debs collection)

External links[link]

• The audio of the 1961 Willard Hotel speech in its entirety is 87 minutes long:
  • The speech in its entirety
  • Speech (Part1)
  • Speech (Part2)
  • Speech (Part3)

David Noel Freedman (May 22, 1922 - 8 April 2008), son of the writer David Freedman, was a biblical scholar, author, editor, archaeologist, and ordained Presbyterian minister (Th.B., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1944).

After earning a doctorate in Semitic Languages and Literature at the Johns Hopkins University in 1948, Freedman held a series of professorial and administrative positions at various theological institutions and universities.

As the general editor of several distinguished series, including the Anchor Bible Series (1956–2008), Eerdmans Critical Commentaries (2000–2008), and The Bible in Its World (2000–2008), and as the editor and author of numerous other award-winning volumes, including the Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (2000), Freedman has produced over three hundred and thirty scholarly books. Recent seminal works as an author include “The Unity of the Hebrew Bible” (1991), “Psalm 119: The Exaltation of Torah” (1999), “The Nine Commandments” (2000) and “What are the Dead Sea Scrolls and Why Do They Matter?” (2007). As editor of the “Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition” (1998), Freedman and his colleagues brought the world’s oldest complete Hebrew Bible to synagogues, churches, libraries and individuals around the world for the first time in history.

Teaching positions[link]

1986-2008: Endowed Chair in Hebrew Biblical Studies at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). 1989-1997: Program Director for the Study of Religion at UCSD. 1986-1992: Teaches at U. Michigan and UCSD 1984-1992: Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Biblical Studies, Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1971-1983: Professor of Biblical Studies, University of Michigan in Ann Arbor 1966-1971: Dean of Faculty at SFTS 1964-1971: Gray Professor of Old Testament Exegesis at San Francisco Theological Seminary (San Anselmo, CA) and the Graduate Theological Union (Berkeley, CA) 1961-1964: James A. Kelso Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1948-1964: Professor of Old Testament, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, PA 1947-1948: Assistant Instructor at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland 1946-1947: Teaching Fellow, The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland

Excavations[link]

Albright Institute of Archaeological Research (American Schools of Oriental Research), Jerusalem

Annual Director, 1969-70, 1976-77

Ashdod Excavation Project

Director, 1962-64

Education[link]

Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 1945-1948 Ph.D. Semitic Languages and Literature

Princeton Theological Seminary Princeton, NJ 1941-1944 Th.B. Hebrew Bible

University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 1938-1939 B.A. Modern European History

City College of New York New York, NY 1935-1938

See also[link]

• Anchor Bible Series

• Leading Scholar of the Bible, David Noel Freedman, Dies at 85
• David Noel Freedman; UCSD professor a legend among Bible scholars
• Article about his father, David Freedman

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David Noel

Paris-Levallois Basket
Small Forward
Personal information
Born	(1984-02-27) February 27, 1984 (age 28) Durham, North Carolina
Nationality	United States
High school	Southern (North Carolina)
Listed height	6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
Listed weight	230 lb (104 kg)
Career information
College	North Carolina
NBA Draft	2006 / 2nd round, 39th overall
Selected by the Milwaukee Bucks
Pro career	2006–present
Career history
Milwaukee Bucks (2006-2007) Tulsa 66ers (2008) Albuquerque Thunderbirds (2008-2009) Reno Bighorns (2009) Barangay Ginebra Kings (2009) Chorale Roanne Basket (2009-2010) Paris-Levallois Basket (2010-present)
Career highlights and awards
2009 PBA Slam Dunk Champion (Overall and Imports Division) 2009 PBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
Stats at NBA.com

David Anthony Noel III (born February 27, 1984 in Durham, North Carolina) is an American professional basketball player. A graduate of Southern High School in Durham, North Carolina and the University of North Carolina, Noel was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the second round of the 2006 NBA Draft with their lone pick, 39th overall.

Noel averaged 2.7 points, 1.8 rebounds, and 1.0 assists per game during his sole season with the Bucks. On January 20, 2008, David Noel joined the Tulsa 66ers of the NBDL. On November 7, 2008, he was selected with the 14th pick in the first round of the 2008 NBA D-League Draft by the Albuquerque Thunderbirds.^[1]

On March 2, 2009, Noel was traded to the Reno Bighorns for Antonio Meeking.^[2]

Later that year, David Noel was chosen by the Barangay Ginebra Kings team of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) to be their import.^[3]

David Noel played with the French team Chorale Roanne Basket during the 2009-10 season. ^[4]

Awards[link]

• College Slam Dunk Champion: 2006
• PBA Slam Dunk Champion: 2009
• PBA All-Star MVP: 2009

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• David Noel at NBA.com
• NBA Development League: David Noel Playerfile @ nba.com
• Bucks Back When ... David Noel @ nba.com
• New Ginebra Import @ pba.ph
• Noel on Knicks roster NBA Summer League 2009 @ nba.com
• Pro A Roanne engage David Noel
• Paris-Levallois page on Eurobasket.com

Tim Freedman
Background information
Birth name	Timothy James Freedman
Born	(1964-11-25) November 25, 1964 (age 47)
Origin	Sydney, New South Wales
Genres	Rock, pop, alternative rock, indie pop, ska
Occupations	Singer Songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, piano
Years active	1986–present
Associated acts	The Whitlams The Olive Branch Penguins on Safari Itchy Feet

Timothy "Tim" James Freedman^[1] (25 November 1964) is an Australian musician, best known as the mainstay lead singer and keyboardist of the Australian band The Whitlams formed in 1993.^[2][3] The song "No Aphrodisiac", co-written by Freedman,^[4] was their break-through hit in 1997;^[5] their top four ARIA albums are Love This City (1999), Torch the Moon (2002), Little Cloud (2006) and compilation, Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You: Best of the Whitlams in 2008.^[5]

A highlight of his career was receiving an ARIA Music Award for 'Song of the Year' in 1998 from former Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam—after whom his band is named.^[6][7]

Biography[link]

Tim Freedman was born in 1964 in Sydney and was raised in Collaroy^{[citation needed]}, in Sydney's Northern Beaches region, and was educated at the prestigious Shore School in North Sydney. Prior to co-founding The Whitlams, Freedman was the front man of ska band Itchy Feet, and later the indie pop bands Penguins on Safari and The Olive Branch.^[3]

In an interview, which aired on 612 ABC Brisbane on Friday September 29, 2006, Freedman said he became a pianist "by mistake" after quitting law school. He later completed a Bachelor of Arts at Sydney University.

Since late 2006, Tim has been the host of the music chat show The Tim Freedman Sunday Session 6pm Sunday nights on Sydney radio station Vega 95.3fm.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

The Whitlams[link]

• 1993 - Introducing The Whitlams
• 1994 - Undeniably The Whitlams
• 1996 - Stupor Ego
• 1997 - Eternal Nightcap
• 1999 - Love This City
• 2001 - Undeniably The Whitlams Reworked
• 2002 - Torch The Moon
• 2006 - Little Cloud
• 2008 - Truth, Beauty & A Picture Of You: Best Of The Whitlams ^[5]

Solo[link]

• 2011 - Australian Idle

References[link]

1. ^ ""Gough" at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Gough. Retrieved 28 January 2010. 
2. ^ McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'The Whitlams'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. http://web.archive.org/web/20040726173414/www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=780. Retrieved 29 January 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Spencer, Chris; Paul McHenry and Zbig Nowara (2007) [1989]. "Tim Freedman". The Who's Who of Australian Rock. Moonlight Publishing. ISBN 1-86503-891-1. http://www.whiteroom.com.au/howlspace/whoswho/PHPMuso.php?categorywho=musos&userasks=23950. Retrieved 26 November 2009.  Note: [on-line] version was expanded from the 2002 edition.
4. ^ ""No Aphrodisiac" at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=No%20Aphrodisiac. Retrieved 29 January 2010. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Discography The Whitlams". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Whitlams. Retrieved 29 January 2010. 
6. ^ "ARIA Awards: History: Winners by Artist: Whitlams, The". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=W&artist=Whitlams%20%20The. Retrieved 28 January 2010. 
7. ^ "ARIA Awards: History: Winners by Year: 1998: 12th Annual ARIA Awards". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=W&artist=Whitlams%20%20The. Retrieved 28 January 2010. 

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