Coordinates	38°53′51.61″N77°2′11.58″N
{{infobox company | company name	ITV plc | company_logo 150px|center| | company_type Public limited company () | company_slogan | foundation 2004 | location London, United Kingdom | key_people Archie Norman(Chairman)Adam Crozier(CEO) | num_employees 4,026 (2009) | industry Media | products Broadcasting | revenue £2,064 million (2010) | operating_income £408 million (2010) | net_income £270 million (2010) | homepage }}

ITV plc () is a British media company that operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network, the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom. The network, which is currently branded ITV1 by ITV plc, and the independent Channel Television, has vied with the British Broadcasting Corporation's BBC One for the status of the UK's most watched channel since the 1950s (a crown it only lost in 2005).

The company was formed by the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications however it was effectively a takeover by Granada of Carlton with Granada being valued at about twice the worth of Carlton and getting 60% of the newly formed ITV plc with Carlton gaining the smaller 40% stake. It began trading on 2 February 2004. This was the most recent stage in a long process of mergers between the original ITV regional franchises, however it acquired the remaining 25% of the Breakfast franchise holder, GMTV, from the Walt Disney Company in 2009.

ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

History

Pre-merger

ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.

The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had previously already owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, thanks to Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later the same year, Granada acquired LWT (through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million) and MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television (with MAI becoming United News & Media, after itself merging with United Newspapers – owners of The Daily Express in 1996). Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.

The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions. This would later be taken several stages further.

By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM stations, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, re-naming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company finally closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.

The merger

In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Carlton in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local ''Central News'' studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual has been reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios, primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK.

Post-merger

Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, which replaced Granada Plus in which ITV plc closed itv down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in March 2006.

April 2006 saw the launch of the participation channel ITV Play. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand has continued to be used for part of the new gaming section of itv.com.

Recent developments

The Company was the subject of a flurry of rumoured take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it controversially bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom. On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, then the owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5. In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.

Operations

Organisation

ITV plc is divided into three divisions: ''Broadcasting'', which operates the TV networks (including the ITV News Group, which runs the ITV regional franchises); ''ITV Studios'', which comprises both UK and international production, ITV's facilities businesses and Global Entertainment which exploits programme rights, and ''Commercial & Online'', which runs itv.com and the ITV Player, ITV's advertising sales arm and has responsibility for ITV plc's shareholdings in Freeview, Freesat, SDN and YouView.

ITV franchises

ITV plc currently owns the following ITV franchises in the UK:

Former Granada-owned franchises:

Anglia Television: East of England franchise

Border Television: Scottish/English Border and Isle of Man franchise

Granada Television: North West England franchise

London Weekend Television: London weekend franchise

Meridian Broadcasting: South and South East England franchise

Tyne Tees Television: North East England franchise

Yorkshire Television: Yorkshire/Lincolnshire franchise

Former Carlton-owned franchises:

Carlton Television: London weekday franchise

Central Independent Television: Midlands franchise

HTV: Wales and West of England franchise

Westcountry Television: South West England franchise

Both Carlton Television and London Weekend Television are now exclusively known as ITV London although both still remain in legal existence. The combined Wales and West franchise also appears to operate as two separate entities (ITV Wales, ITV West), although legally they both form part of the single franchise held by HTV Group.

ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise GMTV which is now known as ITV Breakfast and on screen it is now known as Daybreak and Lorraine.

Wholly owned digital channels

ITV2 also in HD

ITV3 also in HD

ITV4 also in HD

CITV

Other assets

ITV plc owned a 16.9% shareholding in STV Group plc, owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises, which was reduced to around 5.5% following a Rights Issue that ITV did not take up. It also owns a 40% stake in its news provider, Independent Television News (ITN).

On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (currently transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.

In December 2005, ITV plc bought Friends Reunited, a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or work colleagues in a number of countries. In March 2009, the company announced it was selling the site as part of disposal of non-core assets.

ITV plc also owned Carlton Screen Advertising, once the largest cinema advertising business in the UK (and still the largest in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). In 2008, the business's UK and Irish operations were separated, with the UK operation passing to Odeon Cinemas and Cineworld, and being renamed Digital Cinema Media. The Irish operation continued to trade as Carlton Screen Advertising, and remained in the ownership of ITV plc until May 2009.

The company is also the co-founder of Freesat alongside the BBC.

References

External links

ITV plc

Category:Companies established in 2004 Category:ITV Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange Category:Media companies based in London

es:ITV plc fr:ITV plc pl:ITV plc sv:ITV plc

Coordinates	38°53′51.61″N77°2′11.58″N
name	Jane Austen
birth date	December 16, 1775
birth place	Steventon Rectory, Hampshire
death date	July 18, 1817
death place	Winchester, Hampshire
resting place	Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire
period	1787 to 1809-1811
genre	Romance
notableworks	Pride and PrejudiceSense and Sensibility
signature	Jane Austen signature from her will.svg|200px|Signature from Austen's 1817 will.
portaldisp	y }}

Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature, her realism and biting social commentary cementing her historical importance among scholars and critics.

Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years until she was about 35 years old. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she tried then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 until 1816, with the release of ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811), ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813), ''Mansfield Park'' (1814) and ''Emma'' (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, ''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Persuasion'', both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled ''Sanditon'', but died before completing it.

Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism. Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become widely accepted in academia as a great English writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture.

Biography

Biographical information concerning Jane Austen is "famously scarce", according to one biographer. Only some personal and family letters remain (by one estimate only 160 out of Austen's 3,000 letters are extant), and her sister Cassandra (to whom most of the letters were originally addressed) burned "the greater part" of the ones she kept and censored those she did not destroy. Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Francis Austen, Jane's brother. Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen's death was written by her relatives and reflects the family's biases in favour of "good quiet Aunt Jane". Scholars have unearthed little information since.

Family

Austen's parents, George Austen (1731–1805), and his wife Cassandra (1739–1827), were members of substantial gentry families. George was descended from a family of woollen manufacturers, which had risen through the professions to the lower ranks of the landed gentry. Cassandra was a member of the prominent Leigh family; they married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath. From 1765 until 1801, that is, for much of Jane's life, George Austen served as the rector of the Anglican parishes at Steventon, Hampshire and a nearby village. From 1773 until 1796, he supplemented this income by farming and by teaching three or four boys at a time who boarded at his home.

Austen's immediate family was large: six brothers—James (1765–1819), George (1766–1838), Edward (1767–1852), Henry Thomas (1771–1850), Francis William (Frank) (1774–1865), Charles John (1779–1852)—and one sister, Cassandra Elizabeth (Steventon, Hampshire, 9 January 1773–1845), who, like Jane, died unmarried. Cassandra Elizabeth was Austen's closest friend and confidante throughout her life. Of her brothers, Austen felt closest to Henry, who became a banker and, after his bank failed, an Anglican clergyman. Henry was also his sister's literary agent. His large circle of friends and acquaintances in London included bankers, merchants, publishers, painters, and actors: he provided Austen with a view of social worlds not normally visible from a small parish in rural Hampshire. George was sent to live with a local family at a young age because, as Austen biographer Le Faye describes it, he was "mentally abnormal and subject to fits". He may also have been deaf and mute.

Early life and education

Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776. After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months. In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died. Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school.

Austen acquired the remainder of her education by reading books, guided by her father and her brothers James and Henry. George Austen apparently gave his daughters unfettered access to his large and varied library, was tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing. According to Park Honan, a biographer of Austen, life in the Austen home was lived in "an open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed. After returning from school in 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment".

Private theatricals were also a part of Austen's education. From when she was seven until she was thirteen, the family and close friends staged a series of plays, including Richard Sheridan's ''The Rivals'' (1775) and David Garrick's ''Bon Ton''. While the details are unknown, Austen would certainly have joined in these activities, as a spectator at first and as a participant when she was older. Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests one way in which Austen's comedic and satirical gifts were cultivated.

Juvenilia

Perhaps as early as 1787, Austen began to write poems, stories, and plays for her own and her family's amusement. Austen later compiled "fair copies" of 29 of these early works into three bound notebooks, now referred to as the ''Juvenilia'', containing pieces originally written between 1787 and 1793. There is manuscript evidence that Austen continued to work on these pieces as late as the period 1809–11, and that her niece and nephew, Anna and James Edward Austen, made further additions as late as 1814. Among these works are a satirical novel in letters titled ''Love and Freindship'' [''sic''], in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility, and ''The History of England'', a manuscript of 34 pages accompanied by 13 watercolour miniatures by her sister Cassandra.

Austen's ''History'' parodied popular historical writing, particularly Oliver Goldsmith's ''History of England'' (1764). Austen wrote, for example: "Henry the 4th ascended the throne of England much to his own satisfaction in the year 1399, after having prevailed on his cousin & predecessor Richard the 2nd, to resign it to him, & to retire for the rest of his Life to Pomfret Castle, where he happened to be murdered." Austen's ''Juvenilia'' are often, according to scholar Richard Jenkyns, "boisterous" and "anarchic"; he compares them to the work of 18th-century novelist Laurence Sterne and the 20th century comedy group Monty Python.

Adulthood

As Austen grew into adulthood, she continued to live at her parents' home, carrying out those activities normal for women of her age and social standing: she practised the fortepiano, assisted her sister and mother with supervising servants, and attended female relatives during childbirth and older relatives on their deathbeds. She sent short pieces of writing to her newborn nieces Fanny Catherine and Jane Anna Elizabeth. Austen was particularly proud of her accomplishments as a seamstress. She also attended church regularly, socialized frequently with friends and neighbours, and read novels—often of her own composition—aloud with her family in the evenings. Socializing with the neighbours often meant dancing, either impromptu in someone's home after supper or at the balls held regularly at the assembly rooms in the town hall. Her brother Henry later said that "Jane was fond of dancing, and excelled in it".

In 1793, Austen began and then abandoned a short play, later entitled ''Sir Charles Grandison or the happy Man, a comedy in 6 acts'', which she returned to and completed around 1800. This was a short parody of various school textbook abridgments of Austen's favourite contemporary novel, ''The History of Sir Charles Grandison'' (1753), by Samuel Richardson. Honan speculates that at some point not long after writing ''Love and Freindship'' [sic] in 1789, Austen decided to "write for profit, to make stories her central effort", that is, to become a professional writer. Whenever she made that decision, beginning in about 1793, Austen began to write longer, more sophisticated works. It is unlike any of Austen's other works. Austen biographer Claire Tomalin describes the heroine of the novella as a sexual predator who uses her intelligence and charm to manipulate, betray, and abuse her victims, whether lovers, friends or family. Tomalin writes: "Told in letters, it is as neatly plotted as a play, and as cynical in tone as any of the most outrageous of the Restoration dramatists who may have provided some of her inspiration....It stands alone in Austen's work as a study of an adult woman whose intelligence and force of character are greater than those of anyone she encounters."

Early novels

After finishing ''Lady Susan'', Austen attempted her first full-length novel—''Elinor and Marianne''. Her sister Cassandra later remembered that it was read to the family "before 1796" and was told through a series of letters. Without surviving original manuscripts, there is no way to know how much of the original draft survived in the novel published in 1811 as ''Sense and Sensibility''.

When Austen was twenty, Tom Lefroy, a nephew of neighbours, visited Steventon from December 1795 to January 1796. He had just finished a university degree and was moving to London to train as a barrister. Lefroy and Austen would have been introduced at a ball or other neighbourhood social gathering, and it is clear from Austen's letters to Cassandra that they spent considerable time together: "I am almost afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved. Imagine to yourself everything most profligate and shocking in the way of dancing and sitting down together." The Lefroy family intervened and sent him away at the end of January. Marriage was impractical, as both Lefroy and Austen must have known. Neither had any money, and he was dependent on a great-uncle in Ireland to finance his education and establish his legal career. If Tom Lefroy later visited Hampshire, he was carefully kept away from the Austens, and Jane Austen never saw him again.

Austen began work on a second novel, ''First Impressions'', in 1796. She completed the initial draft in August 1797 when she was only 21 (it later became ''Pride and Prejudice''); as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an "established favourite". At this time, her father made the first attempt to publish one of her novels. In November 1797, George Austen wrote to Thomas Cadell, an established publisher in London, to ask if he would consider publishing "a Manuscript Novel, comprised in three Vols. about the length of Miss Burney's Evelina" (''First Impressions'') at the author's financial risk. Cadell quickly returned Mr. Austen's letter, marked "Declined by Return of Post". Austen may not have known of her father's efforts. Following the completion of ''First Impressions'', Austen returned to ''Elinor and Marianne'' and from November 1797 until mid-1798, revised it heavily; she eliminated the epistolary format in favour of third-person narration and produced something close to ''Sense and Sensibility''.

During the middle of 1798, after finishing revisions of ''Elinor and Marianne'', Austen began writing a third novel with the working title ''Susan''—later ''Northanger Abbey''—a satire on the popular Gothic novel. Austen completed her work about a year later. In early 1803, Henry Austen offered ''Susan'' to Benjamin Crosby, a London publisher, who paid £10 for the copyright. Crosby promised early publication and went so far as to advertise the book publicly as being "in the press", but did nothing more. The manuscript remained in Crosby's hands, unpublished, until Austen repurchased the copyright from him in 1816.

Bath and Southampton

In December 1800, Mr Austen unexpectedly announced his decision to retire from the ministry, leave Steventon, and move the family to Bath. While retirement and travel were good for the elder Austens, Jane Austen was shocked to be told she was moving from the only home she had ever known. An indication of Austen's state of mind is her lack of productivity as a writer during the time she lived at Bath. She was able to make some revisions to ''Susan'', and she began and then abandoned a new novel, ''The Watsons'', but there was nothing like the productivity of the years 1795–99. Tomalin suggests this reflects a deep depression disabling her as a writer, but Honan disagrees, arguing Austen wrote or revised her manuscripts throughout her creative life, except for a few months after her father died.

In December 1802, Austen received her only proposal of marriage. She and her sister visited Alethea and Catherine Bigg, old friends who lived near Basingstoke. Their younger brother, Harris Bigg-Wither, had recently finished his education at Oxford and was also at home. Bigg-Wither proposed and Austen accepted. As described by Caroline Austen, Jane's niece, and Reginald Bigg-Wither, a descendant, Harris was not attractive—he was a large, plain-looking man who spoke little, stuttered when he did speak, was aggressive in conversation, and almost completely tactless. However, Austen had known him since both were young and the marriage offered many practical advantages to Austen and her family. He was the heir to extensive family estates located in the area where the sisters had grown up. With these resources, Austen could provide her parents a comfortable old age, give Cassandra a permanent home and, perhaps, assist her brothers in their careers. By the next morning, Austen realised she had made a mistake and withdrew her acceptance. No contemporary letters or diaries describe how Austen felt about this proposal. In 1814, Austen wrote a letter to her niece, Fanny Knight, who had asked for advice about a serious relationship, telling her that "having written so much on one side of the question, I shall now turn around & entreat you not to commit yourself farther, & not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him. Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection".

In 1804, while living in Bath, Austen started but did not complete a new novel, ''The Watsons''. The story centres on an invalid clergyman with little money and his four unmarried daughters. Sutherland describes the novel as "a study in the harsh economic realities of dependent women's lives". Honan suggests, and Tomalin agrees, that Austen chose to stop work on the novel after her father died on 21 January 1805 and her personal circumstances resembled those of her characters too closely for her comfort.

Mr Austen's final illness had struck suddenly, leaving him, as Austen reported to her brother Francis, "quite insensible of his own state", and he died quickly. Jane, Cassandra, and their mother were left in a precarious financial situation. Edward, James, Henry, and Francis Austen pledged to make annual contributions to support their mother and sisters. For the next four years, the family's living arrangements reflected their financial insecurity. They lived part of the time in rented quarters in Bath and then, beginning in 1806, in Southampton, where they shared a house with Frank Austen and his new wife. A large part of this time they spent visiting various branches of the family.

On 5 April 1809, about three months before the family's move to Chawton, Austen wrote an angry letter to Richard Crosby, offering him a new manuscript of ''Susan'' if that was needed to secure immediate publication of the novel, and otherwise requesting the return of the original so she could find another publisher. Crosby replied he had not agreed to publish the book by any particular time, or at all, and that Austen could repurchase the manuscript for the £10 he had paid her and find another publisher. However, Austen did not have the resources to repurchase the book.

Chawton

Around early 1809, Austen's brother Edward offered his mother and sisters a more settled life—the use of a large cottage in Chawton village that was part of Edward's nearby estate, Chawton House. Jane, Cassandra, and their mother moved into Chawton cottage on 7 July 1809. In Chawton, life was quieter than it had been since the family's move to Bath in 1800. The Austens did not socialise with the neighbouring gentry and entertained only when family visited. Austen's niece Anna described the Austen family's life in Chawton: "It was a very quiet life, according to our ideas, but they were great readers, and besides the housekeeping our aunts occupied themselves in working with the poor and in teaching some girl or boy to read or write." Austen wrote almost daily, but privately, and seems to have been relieved of some household responsibilities to give her more opportunity to write. In this setting, she was able to be productive as a writer once more.

Published author

During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen successfully published four novels, which were generally well-received. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish ''Sense and Sensibility'', which appeared in October 1811. Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among opinion-makers; the edition sold out by mid-1813. Austen's earnings from ''Sense and Sensibility'' provided her with some financial and psychological independence. Egerton then published ''Pride and Prejudice'', a revision of ''First Impressions'', in January 1813. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. By October 1813, Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition. ''Mansfield Park'' was published by Egerton in May 1814. While ''Mansfield Park'' was ignored by reviewers, it was a great success with the public. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.

Austen learned that the Prince Regent admired her novels and kept a set at each of his residences. In November 1815, the Prince Regent's librarian invited Austen to visit the Prince's London residence and hinted Austen should dedicate the forthcoming ''Emma'' to the Prince. Though Austen disliked the Prince, she could scarcely refuse the request. She later wrote ''Plan of a Novel, according to hints from various quarters'', a satiric outline of the "perfect novel" based on the librarian's many suggestions for a future Austen novel.

In mid-1815, Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher, who published ''Emma'' in December 1815 and a second edition of ''Mansfield Park'' in February 1816. ''Emma'' sold well but the new edition of ''Mansfield Park'' did not, and this failure offset most of the profits Austen earned on ''Emma''. These were the last of Austen's novels to be published during her lifetime.

While Murray prepared ''Emma'' for publication, Austen began to write a new novel she titled ''The Elliots'', later published as ''Persuasion''. She completed her first draft in July 1816. In addition, shortly after the publication of ''Emma'', Henry Austen repurchased the copyright for ''Susan'' from Crosby. Austen was forced to postpone publishing either of these completed novels by family financial troubles. Henry Austen's bank failed in March 1816, depriving him of all of his assets, leaving him deeply in debt and losing Edward, James, and Frank Austen large sums. Henry and Frank could no longer afford the contributions they had made to support their mother and sisters.

Illness and death

Early in 1816, Jane Austen began to feel unwell. She ignored her illness at first and continued to work and to participate in the usual round of family activities. By the middle of that year, her decline was unmistakable to Austen and to her family, and Austen's physical condition began a long, slow, and irregular deterioration culminating in her death the following year. The majority of Austen biographers rely on Dr. Vincent Cope's tentative 1964 retrospective diagnosis and list her cause of death as Addison's disease. However, her final illness has also been described as Hodgkin's lymphoma. Recent work by Katherine White of Britain's Addison’s Disease Self Help Group suggests that Austen likely died of bovine tuberculosis, a disease (now) commonly associated with drinking unpasteurized milk. One contributing factor or cause of her death, discovered by Linda Robinson Walker and described in the Winter 2010 issue of Persuasions on-line, might be Brill-Zinsser disease, a recurrent form of typhus, which she had as a child. Brill-Zinsser disease is to typhus as shingles is to chicken pox; when a victim of typhus endures stress, malnutrition or another infection, typhus can recur as Brill-Zinsser.

Austen continued to work in spite of her illness. She became dissatisfied with the ending of ''The Elliots'' and rewrote the final two chapters, finishing them on 6 August 1816. In January 1817, Austen began work on a new novel she called ''The Brothers'', later titled ''Sanditon'' upon its first publication in 1925, and completed twelve chapters before stopping work in mid-March 1817, probably because her illness prevented her from continuing. Austen made light of her condition to others, describing it as "Bile" and rheumatism, but as her disease progressed she experienced increasing difficulty walking or finding the energy for other activities. By mid-April, Austen was confined to her bed. In May, their brother Henry escorted Jane and Cassandra to Winchester for medical treatment. Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817, at the age of 41. Through his clerical connections, Henry arranged for his sister to be buried in the north aisle of the nave of Winchester Cathedral. The epitaph composed by her brother James praises Austen's personal qualities, expresses hope for her salvation, mentions the "extraordinary endowments of her mind", but does not explicitly mention her achievements as a writer.

Posthumous publication

After Austen's death, Cassandra and Henry Austen arranged with Murray for the publication of ''Persuasion'' and ''Northanger Abbey'' as a set in December 1817. Henry Austen contributed a ''Biographical Note'' which for the first time identified his sister as the author of the novels. Tomalin describes it as "a loving and polished eulogy". Sales were good for a year—only 321 copies remained unsold at the end of 1818—and then declined. Murray disposed of the remaining copies in 1820, and Austen's novels remained out of print for twelve years. In 1832, publisher Richard Bentley purchased the remaining copyrights to all of Austen's novels and, beginning in either December 1832 or January 1833, published them in five illustrated volumes as part of his ''Standard Novels'' series. In October 1833, Bentley published the first collected edition of Austen's works. Since then, Austen's novels have been continuously in print.

Reception

Contemporary responses

Austen's works brought her little personal renown because they were published anonymously. Although her novels quickly became fashionable among opinion-makers, such as Princess Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, they received only a few published reviews. Most of the reviews were short and on balance favourable, although superficial and cautious. They most often focused on the moral lessons of the novels. Sir Walter Scott, a leading novelist of the day, contributed one of them, anonymously. Using the review as a platform from which to defend the then disreputable genre of the novel, he praised Austen's realism. The other important early review of Austen's works was published by Richard Whately in 1821. He drew favourable comparisons between Austen and such acknowledged greats as Homer and Shakespeare, praising the dramatic qualities of her narrative. Whately and Scott set the tone for almost all subsequent 19th-century Austen criticism.

Nineteenth century

Because Austen's novels failed to conform to Romantic and Victorian expectations that "powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing", 19th-century critics and audiences generally preferred the works of Charles Dickens and George Eliot. Though Austen's novels were republished in Britain beginning in the 1830s and remained steady sellers, they were not bestsellers.

Austen had many admiring readers in the 19th century who considered themselves part of a literary elite: they viewed their appreciation of Austen's works as a mark of their cultural taste. Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes expressed this viewpoint in a series of enthusiastic articles published in the 1840s and 1850s. This theme continued later in the century with novelist Henry James, who referred to Austen several times with approval and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Henry Fielding as among "the fine painters of life".

The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' in 1869 introduced Austen to a wider public as "dear aunt Jane", the respectable maiden aunt. Publication of the ''Memoir'' spurred the reissue of Austen's novels—the first popular editions were released in 1883 and fancy illustrated editions and collectors' sets quickly followed. Author and critic Leslie Stephen described the popular mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as "Austenolatry". Around the turn of the century, members of the literary elite reacted against the popularization of Austen. They referred to themselves as ''Janeites'' in order to distinguish themselves from the masses who did not properly understand her works. For example, James responded negatively to what he described as "a beguiled infatuation" with Austen, a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen's "intrinsic merit and interest".

During the last quarter of the 19th century, the first books of criticism on Austen were published. In fact, after the publication of the ''Memoir'', more criticism was published on Austen in two years than had appeared in the previous fifty.

Twentieth century and beyond

Several important works paved the way for Austen's novels to become a focus of academic study. The first important milestone was a 1911 essay by Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley, which is "generally regarded as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen". In it, he established the groupings of Austen's "early" and "late" novels, which are still used by scholars today. The second was R. W. Chapman's 1923 edition of Austen's collected works. Not only was it the first scholarly edition of Austen's works, it was also the first scholarly edition of any English novelist. The Chapman text has remained the basis for all subsequent published editions of Austen's works. With the publication in 1939 of Mary Lascelles's ''Jane Austen and Her Art'', the academic study of Austen took hold. Lascelles's innovative work included an analysis of the books Jane Austen read and the effect of her reading on her work, an extended analysis of Austen's style, and her "narrative art". At the time, concern arose over the fact that academics were taking over Austen criticism and it was becoming increasingly esoteric—a debate that has continued to the beginning of the 21st century. In a spurt of revisionist views in the 1940s, scholars approached Austen more sceptically and argued that she was a subversive writer. These revisionist views, together with F. R. Leavis's and Ian Watt's pronouncement that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction, did much to cement Austen's reputation amongst academics. They agreed that she "combined [Henry Fielding's and Samuel Richardson's] qualities of interiority and irony, realism and satire to form an author superior to both". The period since World War II has seen more scholarship on Austen using a diversity of critical approaches, including feminist theory, and perhaps most controversially, postcolonial theory. However, the continuing disconnection between the popular appreciation of Austen, particularly by modern Janeites, and the academic appreciation of Austen has widened considerably. Jane Austen was the favourite novelist of political philosopher Leo Strauss.

Sequels, prequels, and adaptations of almost every sort have been based on the novels of Jane Austen, from soft-core pornography to fantasy. Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, Austen family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations. The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of ''Pride and Prejudice'' starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson. BBC television dramatisations, which were first produced in the 1970s, attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations, and settings. In 1995 a great wave of Austen adaptations began to appear, with Ang Lee's film of ''Sense and Sensibility'', for which screenwriter and star Emma Thompson won an Academy Award, and the BBC's immensely popular TV mini-series ''Pride and Prejudice'', starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth.

Books and scripts that use the general storyline of Austen's novels but change or otherwise modernise the story also became popular at the end of the 20th century. For example, ''Clueless'' (1995), Amy Heckerling's updated version of ''Emma'', which takes place in Beverly Hills, became a cultural phenomenon and spawned its own television series. In a 2002 vote to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Austen was ranked number 70 in the list of the "''100 Greatest Britons''". In 2003, Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' came second in the BBC's Big Read, a national poll to find the "Nation's best-loved book."

List of works

Novels

''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811)

''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813)

''Mansfield Park'' (1814)

''Emma'' (1815)

''Northanger Abbey'' (1818) (posthumous)

''Persuasion'' (1818) (posthumous)

Short fiction

''Lady Susan'' (1794, 1805)

Unfinished fiction

''The Watsons'' (1804)

''Sanditon'' (1817)

Other works ''Sir Charles Grandison'' (1793, 1800)

''Plan of a Novel'' (1815)

Poems

Prayers

Letters

Juvenilia – Volume the First

Frederic & Elfrida

Jack & Alice

Edgar & Emma

Henry and Eliza

The Adventures of Mr. Harley

Sir William Mountague

Memoirs of Mr. Clifford

The Beautifull Cassandra

Amelia Webster

The Visit

The Mystery

The Three Sisters

A beautiful description

The generous Curate

Ode to Pity

Juvenilia – Volume the Second Love and Freindship

Lesley Castle

The History of England

A Collection of Letters

The female philosopher

The first Act of a Comedy

A Letter from a Young Lady

A Tour through Wales

A Tale

Juvenilia – Volume the Third

Evelyn

Catharine, or the Bower

See also

Family tree showing Jane Austen, her parents and her siblings

Family tree showing Jane Austen's siblings and her nephews and nieces

Timeline of Jane Austen

Styles and themes of Jane Austen

Notes

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References

Bibliography

Primary works

Austen, Jane. ''Catharine and Other Writings''. Ed. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-282823-1.

Austen, Jane. ''The History of England''. Ed. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-06-135195-4.

Le Faye, Deirdre, ed. ''Jane Austen's Letters''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-283297-2.

Secondary works

Biographies

Austen, Henry Thomas. "Biographical Notice of the Author". ''Northanger Abbey and Persuasion''. London: John Murray, 1817.

Austen-Leigh, James Edward. ''A Memoir of Jane Austen''. 1926. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. ''Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record''. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.

Fergus, Jan. ''Jane Austen: A Literary Life''. London: Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 0-333-44701-8.

Honan, Park. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01451-1.

Le Faye, Deirdre. ''Jane Austen: A Family Record''. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-53417-8.

Nokes, David. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0520216067.

Tomalin, Claire. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44628-1.

Essay collections

''A Jane Austen Devotional''. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4003-1953-4.

Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. ''The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81293-3.

Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. ''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-49867-8.

Grey, J. David, ed. ''The Jane Austen Companion''. New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0-02-545540-0.

Lynch, Deidre, ed. ''Janeites: Austen's Disciples and Devotees''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-05005-8.

Southam, B. C., ed. ''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812–1870''. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. ISBN 0-7100-2942-X.

Southam, B. C., ed. ''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870–1940''. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0189-3.

Todd, Janet, ed. ''Jane Austen In Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-82644-6.

Watt, Ian, ed. ''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. ISBN 9780-130-53769-0.

Monographs and articles

Armstrong, Nancy. ''Desire and Domestic Fiction''. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-506160-8.

Butler, Marilyn. ''Jane Austen and the War of Ideas''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812968-8.

Byrne, Paula. ''Jane Austen and the Theatre''. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-1847250476.

Collins, Irene. ''Jane Austen and the Clergy''. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85285-114-7.

Devlin, D. D. ''Jane Austen and Education''. London: Macmillan, 1975. ISBN 0-333-14431-7.

Duckworth, Alistair M. ''The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen's Novels''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8018-1269-0.

Fergus, Jan. ''Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel''. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. ISBN 0-389-20228-2.

Ferguson, Moira. "''Mansfield Park'', Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender". ''Oxford Literary Review'' 13 (1991): 118–39.

Galperin, William. ''The Historical Austen''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. ISBN 0-812-23687-4.

Gay, Penny. ''Jane Austen and the Theatre''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-65213-8.

Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. ''The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination''. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-300-02596-3.

Harding, D. W., "Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen". ''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Ed. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

Jenkyns, Richard. ''A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-927661-7.

Johnson, Claudia L. ''Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-40139-1.

Kirkham, Margaret. ''Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction''. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. ISBN 0-710-80468-7.

Koppel, Gene. ''The Religious Dimension in Jane Austen's Novels''. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.

Lascelles, Mary. ''Jane Austen and Her Art''. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Leavis, F. R. ''The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad''. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.

Litz, A. Walton. ''Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Lynch, Deidre. ''The Economy of Character''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-49820-4.

MacDonagh, Oliver. ''Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-05084-4.

Miller, D. A. ''Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-12387-X.

Mudrick, Marvin. ''Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.

Page, Norman. ''The Language of Jane Austen''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. ISBN 0-631-08280-8.

Poovey, Mary. ''The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0-226-67528-9.

Raven, James. ''The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-12261-6.

Said, Edward W. ''Culture and Imperialism''. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75054-1.

Todd, Janet. ''The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-67469-7.

Waldron, Mary. ''Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-00388-1.

Wiltshire, John. ''Recreating Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-00282-6.

Wiltshire, John. ''Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-41476-8.

External links

Online works

Works by Jane Austen – etexts by Electronic Literature Foundation

E-books of Austen's work in ePub, mobipocket, and pdf. Includes the complete ''Juvenilia''.

Jane Austen's work in Kindle format.

Works by Jane Austen – e-books in HTML

Works by Jane Austen – printable PDF ebooks

''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' by James Edward Austen-Leigh

Museums

Jane Austen's House Museum in Chawton

The Jane Austen Centre in Bath

Special Collections

Jane Austen Collections at Goucher College

Fan sites and societies

The Republic of Pemberley: the largest Jane Austen site on the web.

The Jane Austen Society of Australia

The Jane Austen Society of North America

The Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom

Other

Category:1775 births Category:1817 deaths Category:18th-century English people Category:19th-century English people Category:Culture in Bath, Somerset Category:Burials at Winchester Cathedral Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:English Anglicans Category:English novelists Category:English romantic fiction writers Category:English women writers Category:History of Bath, Somerset Category:History of Winchester Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:People from Hampshire Category:People from Reading, Berkshire Category:Women novelists Category:Women of the Regency era

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Coordinates	38°53′51.61″N77°2′11.58″N
name	Leona Lewis
background	solo_singer
birth name	Leona Louise Lewis
born	April 03, 1985Islington, London, England
genre	Pop, R&B;
occupation	Singer
years active	2006–present
label	Syco, J
website	}}

Leona Louise Lewis (born 3 April 1985) is a British singer-songwriter. Lewis was a contestant in third series of the British television series ''The X Factor'', which she won. Lewis is a multi-platinum selling artist and three time Grammy Award nominee. Her most successful single, "Bleeding Love", reached number one in over thirty countries around the world. She was proclaimed 'Top New Artist' by ''Billboard'' magazine in 2008. Lewis has released two albums to date, ''Spirit'' and ''Echo'', in 2007 and 2009 respectively. ''Spirit'' became the fastest-selling debut album and the biggest seller of 2007 in both the United Kingdom and Ireland, and made Lewis the first British solo artist to top the Billboard 200 with a debut album. It has sold over 6.5 million copies worldwide. Lewis has currently sold over 9 million albums worldwide. Lewis's debut single "A Moment Like This" became the fastest selling UK single after being downloaded over 50,000 times within thirty minutes of its release. In November 2008 she set a record in the UK for the fastest selling download-only release with her cover version of the Snow Patrol song "Run" which sold 69,244 copies in two days. Lewis's debut tour, The Labyrinth, took place in 2010.

Early life

Lewis was born in the London Borough of Islington, to Aural Josiah "Joe" Lewis of Afro-Guyanese descent, and Maria Lewis of Welsh, Italian and Irish descent. Her parents enrolled her at the Sylvia Young Theatre School, and from there she attended the Italia Conti Academy and the BRIT School, where she learned to play instruments such as the guitar and piano, in the hope of becoming a singer-songwriter. Lewis wrote her first full-length song at the age of 12. She initially trained in opera, but went on to singing jazz and blues, eventually leading to popular music, citing Minnie Riperton, Eva Cassidy and Stevie Wonder as her main influences. After leaving the BRIT School at 17, she took a number of jobs to fund studio time, recording a demo album called ''Twilight''. The album, almost exclusively comprising her own compositions, was recorded under Spiral Music, a production company based in Fulham. "I tried to secure a record deal by doing things my own way. I worked very hard but I never managed to land a contract", said Lewis. Other demos were recorded under licence from UEG Entertainment, later included on an album called ''Best Kept Secret''. However, none of Lewis's demos were released and she considered taking a hiatus from her music career to attend university until her boyfriend persuaded her to enter ''The X Factor'' which subsequently severed her connections with UEG.

Music career

2006: ''The X Factor''

Lewis auditioned for the third series of ''The X Factor'' in 2006, singing "Over the Rainbow". She was mentored by Simon Cowell and was announced the winner on 16 December 2006, winning a £1 million recording contract.

Her debut single, a cover of Kelly Clarkson's "A Moment Like This", was released on CD on 20 December 2006, and was available as a digital download from midnight on 17 December. It broke a world record after it was downloaded 50,000 times in thirty minutes. On 24 December, "A Moment Like This" was crowned the 2006 UK Christmas number-one single, having sold 571,253 copies, outselling the rest of the Top 40's sales combined. The single became the most downloaded song in 2006; it stayed at number one for four weeks and stayed at the top spot in the Irish Singles Chart for six weeks.

2007–2009: ''Spirit'' and international breakthrough

In February 2007, Lewis signed a £5 million ($9.7 million) five-album contract in the United States with Clive Davis's record label, J Records, and showcased for several American music executives. A press release was sent out revealing that Cowell and Davis would work together in a first-of-its-kind partnership on both the song and producer selection for Lewis's debut album, entitled ''Spirit''. Lewis recorded tracks for the album in London, Miami, Los Angeles, New York City, and Atlanta, where she worked with several songwriters and record producers including Dallas Austin, Walter Afanasieff, Salaam Remi, Steve Mac, Stargate and Ne-Yo. It was released in November 2007 and entered both the Irish Albums Chart and the UK Albums Chart at number one, becoming the fastest-selling debut album in both countries, and the United Kingdom's fourth fastest selling album of all time. It was released in several other nations in January 2008, and went to number one in New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, South Africa and Switzerland. Two further tracks were recorded in 2008 for the US release of the album: "Forgive Me", produced by Akon, and "Misses Glass", produced by Madd Scientist. It was released in the United States in April 2008 and entered the Billboard 200 at number one, making Lewis the first British artist to reach number one with a debut album. A special edition of ''Spirit'' was re-released in November 2008 in Europe, including the songs "Forgive Me", "Misses Glass" and a cover of the Snow Patrol song "Run". The album again went to number one in the UK Albums Chart. To date the album has sold over 6.5 million copies worldwide and has a 9× platinum certification in the UK.

Lewis's second single, "Bleeding Love", produced by Ryan Tedder and written by Tedder and Jesse McCartney, was released in October 2007 in the UK, where it sold 218,805 copies in its first week, giving it the biggest first-week sales of 2007 to date. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number one, where it stayed for seven weeks, and in the Irish Singles Chart it remained at number one for eight weeks. It reached number one in the singles charts of New Zealand, Australia, France, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Austria, Canada and the United States. "Bleeding Love" won The Record of the Year in December 2007. In February 2008, "Bleeding Love" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 85 and then went on to peak at number one for four non-consecutive weeks. The song became the first track by a UK female to reach number one since Kim Wilde's "You Keep Me Hangin' On" in 1987. Lewis's third single, a double A-side featuring "Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand", was released in the United Kingdom in March 2008, in aid of Sport Relief, and she visited South Africa for the charity. The single reached a peak of number two in the UK singles chart selling over 40,000 copies in its first week of physical release. "Better in Time" was released as Lewis's second single in the US, where it peaked at number 11 in the Billboard Hot 100. "Forgive Me" was released as Lewis's fifth single in November 2008; it reached number five in the UK. "Run" was released as a download-only single in the UK, reaching number one, and becoming the UK's fastest-selling download-only single with 69,244 copies sold in two days. Lewis's last single from ''Spirit'', "I Will Be", was released in January 2009, only in North America; it peaked at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, she performed "Whole Lotta Love" with guitarist Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in Beijing, representing the handover to London as the host of the 2012 Summer Olympics. In September 2008, she joined several female singers to perform a single for the anti-cancer campaign Stand Up to Cancer. The single, titled "Just Stand Up!", was performed live during the one-hour telethon that aired on all major US television networks. Lewis received three nominations for the 51st Grammy Awards in December 2008. "Bleeding Love" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and ''Spirit'' was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album. She was nominated for four BRIT Awards, in the categories British Female Solo Artist, British Breakthrough Act, British Album for ''Spirit'', and British Single for "Bleeding Love", but despite being the favourite to win the most awards, she received none. She won two awards at the 2008 MOBO Awards: Best Album for ''Spirit'' and Best Video for "Bleeding Love". In December 2008 Lewis was named 'Top New Artist' by ''Billboard'' magazine.

2009–2010: ''Echo'' and The Labyrinth

Lewis's second album, ''Echo'', was given a worldwide release in November 2009. Production took place throughout 2009, including work with Ryan Tedder, Justin Timberlake, Max Martin, Arnthor Birgisson, Kevin Rudolf, and John Shanks. It was recorded in Los Angeles and took nine months to produce. Lewis described the album as "more guitar-driven" compared to ''Spirit''. Lewis performed her first full UK show at the Hackney Empire in London on 2 November 2009, performing songs from ''Spirit'' and ''Echo''. ''Echo'' reached number one in the UK Albums Chart and the top ten of Austria, Ireland and Switzerland. Despite previous attempts from Lewis's lawyers to ban the release of ''Best Kept Secret'' by UEG Music, claiming that the singer had not given her consent, the album was released in January 2009 when the label insisted it owned the rights to the music and Lewis would receive a 50% share of the album's profits. However, a television advert for the album was banned by the Advertising Standards Authority, who said in a statement: "We considered that the claim 'Leona Lewis's new album' misleadingly implied it was the singer's latest recording rather than a new CD of tracks recorded some years ago." The album was released to iTunes in standard and deluxe editions, and two EPs, "Private Party" and "Dip Down"/"Joy", were released in September 2009. The first single released from ''Echo'' was "Happy", which was written by Lewis, Tedder and Evan Bogart and produced by Tedder. The single was released on 15 September 2009, peaking at number two in the UK, and reaching the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Japan and Switzerland. Lewis also recorded the theme song for the 2009 science fiction film ''Avatar'', directed by James Cameron. The song, "I See You (Theme from Avatar)", was written by James Horner and Simon Franglen. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the 67th Golden Globe Awards. In January 2010, Lewis provided vocals on a cover of "Everybody Hurts", released to help raise money for victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The second single from ''Echo'', "I Got You", was released in February 2010. The song "My Hands" was used as the theme song for Final Fantasy XIII In April 2010, she featured on a duet with Italian singer Biagio Antonacci, called "Inaspettata (Unexpected)", from his album ''Inaspettata''. They performed the song on the Italian TV show ''Io Canto'' on 22 October 2010. Lewis performed a 13-piece set list at the Rock in Rio festival in Lisbon, Portugal, on 22 May 2010, including songs from ''Spirit'' and ''Echo''. Her first tour, titled The Labyrinth supporting ''Spirit'' and ''Echo'', started in May 2010, with a theme based on the film ''Labyrinth''. Lewis was scheduled to tour North America from July to August 2010 supporting Christina Aguilera's Bionic Tour, however, Aguilera postponed the tour until 2011, leaving Lewis's plans unknown. A DVD of the tour, along with a ten-track CD, was released with the title ''The Labyrinth Tour Live from The O2'' on 29 November 2010.

2010–present: ''Glass Heart''

Lewis began work on her third album shortly after she had completed The Labyrinth tour. She suggested the album would be "a bit different from what people have heard" from her before, adding that she planned to "go in and create and just see what happens". Lewis later described the album as "more progressive", "more eclectic", "more uptempo" and "a bit darker". Reports suggested that the album had taken a dubstep direction, with songwriters asked to submit dance songs and no ballads. It was also reported that Simon Cowell had set a deadline for the album for a summer 2011 release. On 25 May 2011, Lewis was named as an ambassador for BBC Radio 1's Hackney Weekend 2012, the BBC's biggest ever free-ticketed live music event, and one of the artists confirmed to be performing at the event, which will take place on 23 and 24 June 2012. Following the announcement, she performed a special Live Lounge at the Hackney Empire, with a reggae version of "Better in Time", which incorporated Rihanna's "Man Down", and a cover of Labrinth's "Let the Sun Shine". In June 2011, when asked about the upcoming album, Lewis described it as "energetic, deep, [and] unique". She also commented that it would have a darker tone and that she would be putting her "heart into [her] lyrics". She cited Tracy Chapman, Kate Bush and Tears for Fears as the album's primary influences.

On 14 July 2011, it was confirmed that "Collide" would be the first track to be taken from Lewis's third studio album, ''Glass Heart''. The dance-pop anthem, written by Autumn Rowe and produced by Sandy Vee, had its first UK radio play on ''The Scott Mills Show'' on BBC Radio 1 on 15 July 2011. It will be released in the UK on 4 September 2011 and Germany on 9 September 2011. The single courted controversy after it was claimed to have plagiarised Swedish musician Avicii's 2010 song "Penguin". Berg took the case to the British High Court.

For the album, Lewis has worked with numerous writers and producers including: Ammo, Jonas Quant, Chuck Harmony, Claude Kelly, Ryan Tedder, Fraser T. Smith, Al Shux, Steve Robson, Dallas Austin, Rico Love and Ne-Yo. In May 2011, it was reported that Lewis had recorded a track called "Trouble" written by Emeli Sandé and Naughty Boy. Lewis also recorded a track called "Mountains" written by Sandé, Naughty Boy and Blazin' Squad members Flava (James Murray) and Mus (Mustafa Omer).

It has been confirmed that the album is entitled ''Glass Heart'' and to be released in the UK on 28 November 2011.

Voice

A mezzo-soprano, Lewis is often compared with other singers such as Celine Dion, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey. Lewis is also known to sing opera, stating that she practises operatic scales every week. Music critic Neil McCormick, of ''The Daily Telegraph'', has praised Lewis's technical skills, writing, "Her mezzo-soprano range allows her to take melodies from luxurious low notes to high-flying falsetto, gliding with elegant power and impressive control through all kinds of fluctuations and modulations." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of ''AllMusic'' adds, "Lewis can hit [high belted] notes but make it seem easy, never straining her voice and building nicely to the climax." In the same vein, ''Slant'' describes Lewis's vocals as "technically unimpeachable".

Other activities

In October 2008, ''The Times'' reported that Lewis had turned down a $1 million deal with Mohamed Al Fayed to open a Harrods sale. Lewis commented in the press that she turned down the deal on the grounds that Harrods is the only UK department store which continues to stock clothing made from animal fur. She told ''The Big Issue'', "I got a lot of flak for that. There were people who said I should have done it and given the money to charity, but that would have been such a contradiction." She announced in October 2008 that she was in the "bargaining period" of launching her own ethical line of accessories through Topshop, and that she was in the late stages of releasing her own perfume for Europe. Her perfume, ''Leona Lewis'', was launched by LR in July 2009. In 2010, she set up a fashion company with her then boyfriend, Lou Al-Chamaa, called LOA Clothing Ltd.

Lewis signed a book deal in January 2009 to release an illustrated autobiography in October 2009. The book, entitled ''Dreams'', contains mostly pictures taken by photographer Dean Freeman. In 2010, it was reported Lewis was offered a cameo role in the second series of the American television programme ''Glee''.

Personal life

Lewis lives in Hackney. She lived with her boyfriend Lou Al-Chamaa until their split in June 2010. Lewis and Al-Chamaa knew each other since she was approximately ten years old. A vegetarian since she was 12, Lewis won PETA's Sexiest Vegetarian along with Red Hot Chili Peppers frontman Anthony Kiedis in 2008, and Europe's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2009 with actor Scott Maslen. She also was named PETA's Person Of The Year for 2008. Lewis is a supporter of the World Society for the Protection of Animals.

At a book signing for ''Dreams'' on 14 October 2009 at the Piccadilly branch of Waterstone's book store in central London, Lewis received a punch to the head from Peter Kowalczyk, a 29-year-old man from south London. Kowalczyk was arrested at the scene, and Lewis suffered bruising. She later released a statement thanking fans for their support. Kowalczyk was sectioned under the Mental Health Act and was charged with common assault, which he admitted to. He was ordered to remain in hospital for an indeterminate period.

Discography

''Spirit'' (2007)

''Echo'' (2009)

''Glass Heart'' (2011)

Tours

2010: The Labyrinth

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School Category:English crime victims Category:English female singers Category:English-language singers Category:English people of Guyanese descent Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English people of Italian descent Category:English people of Welsh descent Category:English pop singers Category:English rhythm and blues singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English soul singers Category:English vegetarians Category:People educated at the BRIT School Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:J Records artists Category:Singers from London Category:People from Islington Category:Sony BMG artists Category:The X Factor (UK) contestants Category:World Music Awards winners Category:X Factor series winners

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Coordinates	38°53′51.61″N77°2′11.58″N
name	Katie Derham
birthname	Catherine Beatrice Margaret Derham
birth date	June 18, 1970
birth place	Stockport, Cheshire, England
education	Cheadle Hulme SchoolMagdalene College, Cambridge
occupation	Journalist, Presenter
spouse	John Vincent (1999–present)
children	2 daughters
ethnicity	English
credits	BBC Radio 3ITN/ITV News }}

Katie Derham (born Catherine Beatrice Margaret Derham on 18 June 1970) is a British newscaster and a presenter on television and radio.

Early life

Derham was born in Stockport to John and Margaret Derham, and grew up in Wilmslow. She was educated at Cheadle Hulme School and read Economics at Magdalene College, Cambridge graduating with a BA (Hons).

Broadcasting career

BBC (1995–1998)

Derham began her broadcasting career at the BBC, starting as a researcher on Radio 4's ''Moneybox''. In 1995 she won the Bradford & Bingley "Best Personal Finance Broadcaster Award" for her work as a presenter on Radio 5 Live's ''Moneycheck''. She moved to BBC television in 1996 as a consumer affairs correspondent and was also a reporter on the long-running ''Film'' programme.

ITN (1998–2010)

In 1998 she joined ITN as the Media and Arts Editor for ITV News and, at the age of 27, became the youngest newscaster on British national television since ITN's creation in 1955. In 2004, Derham became the main female presenter of the ''ITV News at 1:30'', and a relief presenter of both the ''ITV News at 6:30'' and the ''ITV News at Ten.'' She also co-presented the ITV London news programme ''London Tonight.'' Derham hosted her last programmes on ITV1 on 25 June 2010. On 3 August 2010 Derham hit out on the "perceptions of young female newsreaders".

BBC (2010 onwards)

In April 2010, it was announced Derham was to join the BBC. Derham has been given an arts brief, including fronting the coverage of the Proms for BBC Two, BBC Four and Radio 3.

Derham is a presenter of Radio 3's ''Afternoon on 3'' and ''Breakfast'' programmes, having previously presented the ''Hall of Fame Concert'' on Classic FM, and she presents the ''Traveller's Tree'' series on Radio 4. Derham also makes the occasional guest presenter appearance on Saturday Live.

Other work

Derham hosted the Classical BRIT Awards ceremony four times from 2001 to 2004. In August 2008 she appeared in the BBC Two talent programme ''Maestro'' where she learnt to conduct orchestral, choral and operatic music, and, in 2010, in the Factual Entertainment programme ''First Love'' where she returned to the violin playing of her youth.

Personal life

Derham married restaurateur John Vincent in 1999 in Cheshire. They have two daughters, both born in Westminster, London: Natasha May (born 2000) and Eleanor Margaret (born 2005). The family live in Sussex. She plays the violin.

References

External links

Katie Derham at bbc.co.uk/radio3

Katie Derham at ClassicFM.com

Category:1970 births Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge Category:BBC Radio 3 presenters Category:English journalists Category:English radio presenters Category:English television presenters Category:ITN newsreaders and journalists Category:Living people Category:Old Waconians Category:People from Stockport

Coordinates	38°53′51.61″N77°2′11.58″N
name	The Lord Fellowes of West Stafford
birth date	August 17, 1949
birthname	Julian Alexander Fellowes
birth place	Cairo, Egypt
spouse	Emma Joy Kitchener (1990); 1 child }}

Julian Alexander Kitchener-Fellowes, Baron Fellowes of West Stafford, DL (born 17 August 1949), known as Julian Fellowes, is an English actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter, as well as a Conservative peer.

Early life

Julian Alexander Fellowes was born in Cairo, Egypt, the youngest son of Olwen (née Stuart-Jones) and Peregrine Edward Launcelot Fellowes, a diplomat and Arabist who campaigned to have Haile Selassie restored to his throne during World War II.

Education

Julian Fellowes was educated in Britain: firstly at Wetherby School (Wetherby Place, South Kensington, London); followed by St. Philip's, a Roman Catholic pre-preparatory school, also in Wetherby Place; and lastly at the Catholic public school Ampleforth College. He went up to Magdalene College, University of Cambridge where he was a member of Footlights, followed by the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art (London).

Career

Television

Fellowes played the part of Kilwillie in the television series ''Monarch of the Glen''. Other notable acting roles included the part of Claud Seabrook in the acclaimed 1996 BBC drama serial ''Our Friends in the North'' and the second Duke of Richmond in the BBC drama serial ''Aristocrats''.

In 1991, he played Neville Marsham in ''For the Greater Good'', again for the BBC, directed by Danny Boyle. He has twice notably portrayed George IV as the Prince Regent in the 1982 television version of ''The Scarlet Pimpernel'' and the 1996 adaptation of Bernard Cornwell's novel ''Sharpe's Regiment''. He launched a new series on BBC One in 2004, ''Julian Fellowes investigates: a most mysterious murder'', which he wrote and introduced onscreen. He was the presenter of ''Never mind the full stops'', a panel-based gameshow transmitted on BBC Four from 2006 to 2007. He created ''Downton Abbey'' on Britain's television channel ITV1 in 2010, a hugely successful and critically acclaimed period drama renewed by ITV1 for broadcast as a second series in 2011.

Film

As an actor, Fellowes has appeared in several films, including ''Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend'' with Patrick McGoohan, ''Damage'' with Jeremy Irons, ''Place Vendôme'' with Catherine Deneuve and ''Tomorrow Never Dies'' with Pierce Brosnan. As a screenwriter, he wrote the script for ''Gosford Park'', directed by Robert Altman and won the Oscar for Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen in 2002. In late 2005, Fellowes made his directorial debut with the film ''Separate Lies'', for which he won the award for Best Directorial Debut from the National Board of Review.

2009 saw the release of ''Young Victoria'', starring Emily Blunt, for which he wrote the original script. Other screenwriting credits include ''Vanity Fair'', ''The Tourist'' and From Time to Time, which he also directed, and which won Best Picture at the Chicago Children's Film Festival, the Youth Jury Award at the Seattle International Film Festival, Best Picture at the Fiuggi Family Festival in Rome and the Young Jury Award at Cinemagic in Belfast.

Novels

His novel ''Snobs'' was published in 2004. It focused on the social nuances of the upper class and concerned the marriage of an upper-middle class girl to a peer. ''Snobs'' was a Sunday Times Best Seller. In 2009 he published the novel, ''Past Imperfect'', also a ''Sunday Times'' Best Seller. It deals with the Debutante Season of 1968, comparing the world then to the world of 2008.

Theatre

As an actor, he appeared in several West End productions, including Samuel Taylor's ''A Touch of Spring'', Alan Ayckbourn's ''Joking Apart'' and a revival of Noel Coward's ''Present Laughter''. As a writer, Fellowes penned the script to the current West End musical ''Mary Poppins'', produced by Sir Cameron Mackintosh and Disney, which opened on Broadway in December 2006.

Writing Credits

! Medium	! Title	! Notes
Theatre
Film	''Gosford Park''	Won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Original Screenplay
Film
Film
Film	''Separate Lies''	Screenplay; based upon the novel by Nigel Balchin; Also Director
Film	''The Young Victoria''	Original Screenplay
Film		Screenplay polish
Film		Written by Fellowes & Lucy M. Boston; Also Director
Television	''Julian Fellowes Investigates''	Writer and Creator; Also Actor
Television	''Downton Abbey''	Creator & Executive Producer Writer: *Series One, Episode One*Series One, Episode Two*Series One, Episode Three *Series One, Episode Four (Written by Fellowes & Shelagh Stephenson)*Series One, Episode Five*Series One, Episode Six (Written by Fellowes & Tina Pepler)*Series One, Episode Seven*Series Two, Episode One
Film	''Romeo and Juliet''	Screenplay; adapted from the play by William Shakespeare; Announced

Peerage

Fellowes was ennobled as a member of the House of Lords in 2011. He took up his seat, with his title being gazetted as ''Baron Fellowes of West Stafford'' on 13 January 2011. He sits on the Conservative government benches, as a long-term supporter of the Party.

Fellowes's other interests

Fellowes is the Chairman of the RNIB appeal for Talking Books. He is a Vice President of the Weldmar Hospicecare Trust, Patron of the South West branch of Age UK, Patron of Changing Faces, of Living Paintings, of the Rainbow Trust, and of Breast Cancer Haven, as well as supporting charities concerned with the care of those suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and other causes.

Fellowes is on the Appeal Council for the National Memorial Arboretum and he is also the Patron of Moviola, an initiative to facilitate rural cinema screenings in the West Country.

Family

On 28 April 1990, Fellowes married Emma Joy Kitchener, LVO (a Lady-in-Waiting to HRH The Princess Michael of Kent), the great-great-niece of the 1st Earl Kitchener, and subsequently changed his name to Kitchener-Fellowes. They have one son, Peregrine, born 1991. The family resides in Dorset. In 2009, Fellowes was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of the county. He is also Lord of the Manor of Tattershall in Lincolnshire.

References

External links

Lord Fellowes of West Stafford, ''www.parliament.uk''

''London Gazette'' report, 10 November 1998: Deed Poll change of name from Fellowes to Kitchener-Fellowes

Interview with Bella Stander, Bookreporter.com

Author Interview Podcast with Paula Shackleton, BookBuffet.com

''The Case of Charles Bravo''

Category:1949 births Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge Category:Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art Category:Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Dorset Category:English film actors Category:English novelists Category:English screenwriters Category:Living people Category:Old Amplefordians Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners Category:University Challenge contestants Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers Category:People educated at Wetherby School

de:Julian Fellowes fr:Julian Fellowes it:Julian Fellowes nl:Julian Fellowes pl:Julian Fellowes ru:Феллоуз, Джулиан sv:Julian Fellowes