name	Scott Brown
jr/sr	Junior Senator
alongside	John Kerry
state	Massachusetts
term start	February 4, 2010
preceded	Paul G. Kirk
state senate1	Massachusetts
district1	Norfolk, Bristol & Middlesex
term start1	March 25, 2004
term end1	February 4, 2010
preceded1	Cheryl Jacques
succeeded1	Richard Ross
order2	Member of theMassachusetts House of Representativesfrom the 9th Norfolk district
term start2	1998
term end2	2004
predecessor2	Jo Ann Sprague
successor2	Richard Ross
order3	Member of theWrentham, MassachusettsBoard of Selectmen
term start3	1995
term end3	1998
order4	Member of theWrentham, MassachusettsBoard of Assessors
term start4	1987
term end4	1990
birth date	September 12, 1959
birth place	Kittery, Maine
party	Republican
spouse	Gail Huff
children	Ayla BrownArianna Brown
residence	Wrentham, Massachusetts
alma mater	Tufts University (B.A.)Boston College (J.D.)
profession	Politician, lawyer, soldier
religion	Christian Reformed Church in North America
website	Official Senate website
branch	United States Army National Guard
serviceyears	1979–Present
rank	Lieutenant Colonel
unit	Judge Advocate General's Corps
commands	Head defense attorney for the New England States
awards	Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in homeland security; Meritorious Service Medal }}

Scott Philip Brown (born September 12, 1959), an American politician, is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. Brown is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court, first in the State House of Representatives (1998–2004) and then in the State Senate (2004–2010).

Brown faced the Democratic candidate, Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley, in the 2010 special election to succeed U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy. While initially trailing Coakley in polling by a large margin, Brown in January 2010 became the first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972.

Prior to entering the state legislature, he had experience as a town selectman and assessor. He is a practicing attorney, concentrating in real estate law and serving as defense counsel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Brown is a graduate of Wakefield High School (1977), Tufts University (1981), and Boston College Law School (1985).

Early life and education

Brown was born on September 12, 1959 in Kittery, Maine and grew up in Wakefield, Massachusetts. He often spent his summers in Newburyport, Massachusetts, where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years. The Brown family are of Scottish heritage. Brown's father, Claude Bruce Brown, and mother, Judith, divorced when he was about a year old. Both his parents have since remarried three times. His father and his grandfather were Republicans. His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid 1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office. Scott Brown recalls holding campaign signs for his father.

Brown had a difficult childhood; after her divorce his working mother received welfare benefits. Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the ten-year-old boy if he told anyone—which he did not disclose even to his family until his autobiography ''Against All Odds'' (2011)—and physical abuse from his stepfathers. During various periods of his childhood, Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt. He shoplifted many times, and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem, Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14. Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment. Brown later said, "that was the last time I ever stole."

He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977. He received a Bachelors of Arts in History, cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985. During his undergraduate career at Tufts, Brown was a member of the Kappa Chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity.

Non-political career

Army National Guard service

Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him. He joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard when he was 19, receiving his basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and attending Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) classes at the campus of Northeastern University. He was trained in infantry, quartermaster, and airborne duties, and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG). He has been active in the Guard for about 30 years and has risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel. As the Army Guard's head defense attorney in New England, Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests, and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who are about to deploy to war zones. Brown has not served in Iraq or Afghanistan, but said in 2009 that he was prepared to go if called. "I go where they order me to go... I'm just proud to serve and be part of the team." He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay.

He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in homeland security shortly after the September 11 attacks. He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veteran's issues as well as issues of war and peace. He has served on the Veterans and Federal Affairs Committee, the Hidden Wounds of War Commission, and the Governor's Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator.

On May 2, 2011, Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service.

Modeling

In June 1982, Brown, then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College, won ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine's "America's Sexiest Man" contest. After two weeks on a crash diet of "three cans of tuna a day" and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazine's centerfold, posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown, "You don't see anything". In the accompanying interview, he referred to himself as "a bit of a patriot" and stated that he had political ambitions. The ''Cosmopolitan'' appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school, and began for Brown a "long, lucrative" part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s.

Early political career

Brown "caught the political bug" in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham, Massachusetts. In 1995, he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen.

He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998, representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms. Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques. Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004, and again in November 2006, running without opposition the second time. He won re-election in November 2008, defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin. Following his re-election, Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts senate. In the Massachusetts Senate, Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection, professional licensing, education, election laws, public safety, and veterans' affairs.

In February 2007, a controversy arose after Brown's appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham, Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage. The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter, Ayla. During his presentation, Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements. Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience.

''The Boston Globe'' reported that during six terms in the Legislature, three each in the House and Senate, Brown has a modest record of legislative initiatives, but he has carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans. Richard R. Tisei of Wakefield, Massachusetts, the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate, called Brown "the acknowledged expert on veterans' issues." State Senator Jack Hart, a Democrat of South Boston, said: "He does his homework, he's comprehensive in his approach, and on veterans' issues, he's one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf."

As a legislator, Brown lists among his achievements his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan. The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits, including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq.

Voting record

According to the ''Washington Post'', Scott Brown voted "with the majority of Republicans 95% of the time." In the same poll, "56% of Massachusetts voters believed he has kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S. Senate."

His views on the 2011 budget cuts have been at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and Tea Party conservatives. His reluctance to go along with some of the more drastic budget cuts has placed him at odds with Glenn Beck and other prominent conservatives. He opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children.

In late June 2010, Senator Brown was ranked as "the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts" according to a poll conducted by the ''Boston Globe''. 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Scott Brown nearly five months after his January 19, 2010, special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy. 50% of respondents generally approved of how Sen. Brown has handled his new position.

On March 30, 2011, the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll confirming that United States Senator Scott Brown remains the "most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, with an approval rating of 73 percent." Brown's "'re-elect' score is comfortably above 50 percent, which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state.".

U.S. Senate

2010 election

On September 12, 2009, Brown announced his run for the U.S. Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy, saying the state "needs an independent thinker." ''Washington Post'' columnist Kathleen Parker said that Brown's political positions did not fall neatly into party lines, and called Brown "mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative". Boris Shor, political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy, described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards, but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency. Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national GOP as due to their "decentralized decision" to support the candidate most likely to win.

Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8, 2009, defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E. Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent.

Brown's opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee, Attorney General Martha Coakley, and independent Joseph L. Kennedy (no relation to the Kennedy family). At the outset, he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley, he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state, and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Year's season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics. No Republican had been elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972. He polled far behind Coakley for several months, but closed the gap in the early weeks of January.

A week before the general election, Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour money bomb. His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15. Charlie Cook of the ''Cook Political Report'' stated on January 17 that he would put his "finger on the scale" for Scott Brown as the favorite. The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that "the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrow's race". Suffolk University's polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins. Brown won the January 19 election, performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakley's margins down in many Democratic precincts.

One week before the January special election, a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad. The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients' rights. This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief. After the amendment failed, Brown did vote for the main bill which, along with other patient rights, requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care. Coakley's ad featured a male voice that said, "Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims," over the ad's graphic which had the words, "Deny care to rape victims." Brown's daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad "completely inaccurate and misleading", and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim. Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads.

In the 2010 Senate race, although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group, the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston. The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown.

When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative, moderate and a liberal Republican, he responded "I'm a Scott Brown Republican." According to Politifact, while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator, he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership; however, Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party.

On election night, after Coakley conceded, Brown gave a victory speech that stated, "It all started with me, my truck, and a few dedicated volunteers. It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan. I didn't mind when President Obama came here and criticized me - that happens in campaigns. But when he criticized my truck, that's where I draw the line."

Tenure

Brown was sworn in to office on February 4, 2010, by Vice President Joe Biden, in his capacity as President of the Senate, on the floor of the Senate. As a Class I Senator, his term will last until January 3, 2013.

Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Washington, D.C., introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney. Despite his appearance at CPAC, where he alluded to his election as making "big government spenders...[not] feel good at all", Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic "jobs bill" proposal, and has praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines. Scott was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill. The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22, 2010. In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24, 2010, Brown voted for final passage, helping to pass the bill 70-28.

Committee assignments

Brown's committee assignments are as follows.

Committee on Armed Services

*Subcommittee on Airland

*Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities

*Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

*Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery

*Subcommittee on Contracting Oversight (Ranking Member)

*Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia

Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

'''Committee on Veterans' Affairs

Political positions

Brown has positioned himself as a conservative counterweight to Massachusetts' previously all-Democratic, 12-member congressional delegation. He describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative. He identifies himself as a "Reagan Republican". He has said, "I'm going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker... I've always been the underdog in one shape or form."

Fiscal policy

Brown opposes a proposed multi-billion dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation. Brown, discussing the proposal through a spokesperson, said that he is "opposed to higher taxes, especially in the midst of a severe recession". He also opposes it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees. In September 2010, Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses. The bill combines the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks. Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like TARP, stating: "Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again.’’

On December 12, 2010, the ''Boston Globe'' reported that "[c]ampaign contributions to [Brown] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms." Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman (and author of the legislation) Barney Frank during the same period. According to the ''Globe'':

Brown’s efforts benefited large Massachusetts companies such as MassMutual Financial Group, Liberty Mutual Insurance, Fidelity Investments, and State Street Corp., whose executives and political action committees contributed $29,000 to Brown during the three-week period he was extracting the concessions from Democrats.

They also benefited major out-of-state institutions such as Goldman Sachs, UBS, and JPMorgan Chase. Those and other out-of-state financial interests gave Brown a total of $50,000 during the period.

Foreign policy

Brown supports President Barack Obama's decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan. He cited Stanley McChrystal's recommendations as a reason for his support. He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts. He also supports the limited use of "enhanced interrogation techniques", including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects. He supports a two-state solution for the Israel-Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new, independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side.

Veteran services

In 2007, Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars. The measure's purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for. Known as the "Welcome Home" bonus, it was passed with bipartisan support. Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, with Senator Jack Reed (RI), to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders, also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies. The measure passed the U.S. Senate 99 to 1.

Health care

Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, which requires all residents to have health insurance, with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves. Brown does not support President Obama's health care reform plan in its current form as approved by the Democratic-led House and Senate. He has stated this plan is fiscally unsound, and during his campaign notably pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate.

Brown voted for a state measure on patients' rights that, among other provisions, requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing. In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication, Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers, as well as religious hospitals, from being required to provide this medication. However, Brown's amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication, either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication, or, in the case of religious hospitals, to provide transportation to another facility, and in a timely manner. The amendment did not pass. Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds, as he stated in the January 5, 2010 candidate debate.

Energy policy

He supports expanding solar, wind, and nuclear power, and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the country's dependence on foreign oil. But, when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts, a major tourist destination and boating location, he expressed opposition due to the fact he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area.

Social issues

Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in Massachusetts as a settled issue, which he does not wish to change. Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman, but would oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. He is in favor of civil unions. He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act, but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide. After initially claiming neutrality on "don't ask, don't tell", the ban on openly gay military personnel, he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010.

Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460.

Brown has stated that ''Roe v. Wade'' is settled law. He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions (known by opponents as "partial birth abortion") and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion. He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations. He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment.

Crime and security

Brown supports strengthening Massachusetts sex offender penalties, the death penalty, the right to bear arms (with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants. He opposes providing driver's licenses and in-state tuition to illegal immigrants.

Organizational associations and honors

Brown is a 30-year member of the Massachusetts National Guard, in which he currently holds the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal.

Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the state's sex offender laws and protecting victims' rights. Brown's family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates (HMEA,Inc.), Wrentham Developmental Center, Charles River Arc, and the Arc of Northern Bristol County, all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities. He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Businesses (NFIB) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts. The ''Boston Globe'' selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year, citing his "profound impact on national politics in the last year".

Personal life

Family

Brown is married to former WCVB-TV reporter Gail Huff, whom he met through modeling. They have two daughters, Ayla, an ''American Idol'' semi-finalist and a student at Boston College, and Arianna, a competitive equestrian and pre-medical student at Syracuse University. Besides their primary home in Massachusetts, the couple owns a home in Rye, New Hampshire, three rental condos in Boston, and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba.

Religion

Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. They worship at New England Chapel in Franklin, Massachusetts. They also have a relationship with a community of Cistercians, more commonly known as Trappistine, Roman Catholic nuns at Mount St. Mary's Abbey in Wrentham, Massachusetts. The Brown family has raised over $5 million for the order, helping to install solar panels, a wind turbine and a candy manufacturing plant that the order operates.

References

External links

Senator Scott P. Brown, official Senate website

Scott Brown for U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate campaign website

{{U.S. Senator box |state = Massachusetts |class = 1 |before = Paul G. Kirk |start = February 4, 2010 |alongside = John Kerry}}

Category:1959 births Category:American male models Category:American members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America Category:Boston College Law School alumni Category:Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army Category:Living people Category:Massachusetts lawyers Category:Massachusetts Republicans Category:Massachusetts State Senators Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Category:Northeastern University alumni Category:People from Kittery, Maine Category:People from Wakefield, Massachusetts Category:People from Norfolk County, Massachusetts Category:Recipients of the Army Commendation Medal Category:Republican Party United States Senators Category:Tufts University alumni Category:United States National Guard officers Category:United States Army officers Category:United States Senators from Massachusetts

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Name	Harry Reid
Jr/sr	United States Senator
State	Nevada
Alongside	Dean Heller
Term start	January 3, 1987
Predecessor	Paul Laxalt
Office1	Senate Majority Leader
Deputy1	Dick Durbin
Term start1	January 3, 2007
Predecessor1	Bill Frist
Office2	Senate Minority Leader
Deputy2	Dick Durbin
Term start2	January 3, 2005
Term end2	January 3, 2007
Predecessor2	Tom Daschle
Successor2	Mitch McConnell
Office3	Senate Minority Whip
Leader3	Tom Daschle
Term start3	January 3, 2003
Term end3	January 3, 2005
Predecessor3	Don Nickles
Successor3	Dick Durbin
Leader4	Tom Daschle
Term start4	January 20, 2001
Term end4	June 6, 2001
Predecessor4	Don Nickles
Successor4	Don Nickles
Leader5	Tom Daschle
Term start5	January 3, 1999
Term end5	January 3, 2001
Predecessor5	Wendell Ford
Successor5	Don Nickles
Office6	United States Senate Majority Whip
Leader6	Tom Daschle
Term start6	June 6, 2001
Term end6	January 3, 2003
Predecessor6	Don Nickles
Successor6	Mitch McConnell
Leader7	Tom Daschle
Term start7	January 3, 2001
Term end7	January 20, 2001
Predecessor7	Don Nickles
Successor7	Don Nickles
State9	Nevada
District9	1st
Term start9	January 3, 1983
Term end9	January 3, 1987
Predecessor9	James David Santini (At-large)
Successor9	James Bilbray
Office10	25th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
Governor10	Mike O'Callaghan
Term start10	January 4, 1971
Term end10	January 1975
Predecessor10	Edward Fike
Successor10	Robert Rose
Birth date	December 02, 1939
Birth place	Searchlight, Nevada, United States
Party	Democratic Party
Spouse	Landra Gould
Children	1 daughter4 sons
Alma mater	Southern Utah UniversityUtah State UniversityGeorge Washington University
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)
Signature	Harry Reid Signature.svg
Website	Official site }}

Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada, serving since 1987. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been the Senate Majority Leader since January 2007, having previously served as Minority Leader and Minority and Majority Whip.

Previously, Reid was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Nevada's 1st congressional district, and served in Nevada local and state government as city attorney of Henderson, a state legislator, Lieutenant Governor, and chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission.

Early life

Reid was born in Searchlight, Nevada, the third of the four sons of Inez Orena Jaynes, a laundress, and Harry Vincent Reid, a miner. His paternal grandmother was an Englishwoman immigrant from Darlston, Staffordshire. Reid's boyhood home had no indoor toilet, hot water or telephone. Searchlight had no high school, so Reid boarded with relatives 40 miles away in Henderson, Nevada to attend Basic High School where he played football, and was an amateur boxer. While at Basic High he met future Nevada governor Mike O'Callaghan, who was a teacher there. Reid attended Southern Utah University and graduated from Utah State University. He then went to George Washington University Law School earning a J.D. while working for the United States Capitol Police.

Early political career

State politics

He returned to Nevada after law school and served as Henderson city attorney before being elected to the Nevada Assembly in 1968. In 1970, at age 30, Reid was chosen by O'Callaghan as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada. Reid and his mentor O'Callaghan won the race and Reid served as lieutenant governor from 1971 until 1974, when he ran for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Alan Bible. He lost by fewer than 600 votes to former Governor Paul Laxalt. In 1975, Reid ran for mayor of Las Vegas and lost to Bill Briare.

Reid then served as chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission from 1977 to 1981. When Jack Gordon, (LaToya Jackson's future agent and husband), offered a $12,000 bribe to get Reid to approve new games for casinos, Reid brought in the FBI to tape Gordon's bribery attempt and arrest him. After FBI agents interrupted the transaction as prearranged, Reid lost his temper and began choking Gordon, saying "You son of a bitch, you tried to bribe me!" Gordon was convicted in 1979 and sentenced to six months in prison. In 1981, Reid's wife found a bomb attached to the family station wagon; Reid suspected it was placed by Gordon.

U.S. Representative

Prior to the 1980 Census, Nevada had only a single at-large member in the United States House of Representatives, but population growth in the 1970s resulted in the state picking up a second district. Reid won the Democratic nomination for the 1st district, based in Las Vegas, in 1982, and easily won the general election. He served two terms in the House, from 1983 to 1987.

U.S. Senate

Elections

In 1986, Reid won the Democratic nomination for the seat of retiring two-term incumbent Republican Senator Paul Laxalt. He defeated former at-large Congressman Jim Santini, a Democrat who had turned Republican, in the November election. He coasted to reelection in 1992. However, he barely defeated 1st District Congressman John Ensign in 1998 in the midst of a statewide Republican sweep.

In 2004, Reid won reelection with 61 percent of the vote, gaining the endorsement of several Republicans.

Ensign was elected to Nevada's other Senate seat in 2000. He and Reid have a very good relationship, despite their bruising contest in 1998. The two frequently work together on Nevada issues.

While Reid won the Democratic nomination with 75% of the vote in the June 8 primary, he faced a competitive general election for the 2010 Senate race in Nevada. Reid engaged in a $1 million media campaign to "reintroduce himself" to Nevada's voters. He defeated Republican challenger Sharron Angle in the general election.

Leadership

From 1999 to 2005, Reid served as Senate Democratic Whip, as minority whip from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2003 to 2005, then as majority whip from 2001 to 2003 (except for a brief period from January–May 2001). From 2001 to 2003, he served as chairman of the Senate Ethics Committee.

Reid succeeded Tom Daschle as minority leader in 2005 and became majority leader after the 2006 elections. He was re-elected majority leader without opposition by the Democratic caucus on November 18, 2008, winning all 57 votes.

Committee memberships

Select Committee on Intelligence (''Ex officio'')

Political positions

Reid has scored a lifetime conservative rating of 19% from the American Conservative Union (ACU), and a 2008 liberal rating of 70% from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA). Other independent ratings include a 29% rating in 2003 from NARAL, the abortion pro-choice group, and a 57% rating from Planned Parenthood in 2006.

Reid has spearheaded several initiatives while in Congress. In 2006, Reid co-sponsored the "Prevention First Amendment" with Hillary Clinton, which would fund abortion prevention efforts, such as giving women broader access to contraception; however the bill faced Republican opposition and failed. In January 2007, Reid brought a Senate ethics reform bill to a vote to bar congressional members from accepting gifts, meals, and trips from lobbyists and organizations employing them, as well as barring Senators from borrowing corporate jets for travel and compelling them to disclose the names of sponsors, or authors, of bills and specific projects. The bill passed 96–2. In the 111th Congress, Reid shepherded the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through the Senate.

Regarding specific issues, Reid believes that ''Roe vs. Wade'' should be overturned and in 1999, he voted against an amendment that explicitly expressed support for ''Roe v. Wade''. He has stated that he believes in a restricted right to abortion, stating that "abortions should be legal only when the pregnancy resulted from incest, rape, or when the life of the woman is endangered." He has also voted several times to ban the "intact dilation and evacuation" or "partial-birth abortion" procedure. Reid has supported embryonic stem cell research.

Regarding same-sex marriage, Reid has stated he believes "...marriage should be between a man and a woman." He voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act but against the Federal Marriage Amendment.

In regard to local issues, Reid has firmly opposed the proposed Yucca Mountain federal nuclear waste repository in Nevada. Reid has opposed the legalization of online poker in the past, but has more recently changed his position, a move that some have argued was influenced by "the hundreds of thousands of dollars Las Vegas casinos contributed to his re-election campaign".

Reid called immigration reform one of his top priorities for the 110th Congress. He supports the DREAM Act the (Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act), which would allow certain U.S. high school grads who had arrived in the U.S. illegally as children, conditional legal status so they could attend college or enlist in the military. They could then obtain permanent legal residency after completing two years of military service or two years of college. In June 2009, Reid announced his intention to enact a new guest worker program as part of a comprehensive immigration reform bill.

Reid has supported the use of force in the Middle East but in September 2007 he called for a drastic change in strategy. In January 1991 he voted to authorize the first Gulf War. quoting John F. Kennedy's 1963 State of the Union speech on the Senate floor, saying "the mere absence of war is not Peace." He also voted in support of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In March 2007 he voted in favor of "redeploying U.S. troops out of Iraq by March 2008", and later that year, he said, "As long as we follow [President Bush's] path in Iraq, the war is lost."

Reid has also advocated the outlawing of prostitution in Nevada, an unpopular position within the state.

Criticism

Over the years Reid has been criticized at times by both sides of the political aisle. Liberal critics have argued that Reid was not doing enough to end the American military presence in Iraq, and that he allowed Senate Republicans to create a 60-vote bar for passage of bills without a Democratic fillibuster.

Reid has also been criticized for several potentially self-enriching tactics. In 2005, Reid earmarked a spending bill to provide for building a bridge between Nevada and Arizona that would make land he owned more valuable. Reid called funding for construction of a bridge over the Colorado River, among other projects, "incredibly good news for Nevada" in a news release after passage of the 2005 transportation bill. He owned of land several miles from the proposed bridge site in Arizona. The bridge could add value to his real estate investment. A year later it was reported that Reid had used campaign donations to pay for $3,300 in Christmas gifts to the staff at the condominium where he resides; federal election law prohibits candidates from using political donations for personal use. Reid's staff stated that his attorneys had approved use of the funds in this manner, but that he nonetheless would personally reimburse his campaign for the expenses. Those reports notwithstanding, the conservative group Citizens United announced it had filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission to investigate the matter.

A series of investigative reports in the ''Los Angeles Times'' suggested that Reid had introduced legislation and imposed pressure on regulatory agencies to advance the business interests of his close friend Harvey Whittemore, a Nevada attorney-lobbyist who contributed heavily to Reid's campaigns and leadership fund and who employed Reid's son Leif as his personal attorney. With Reid's help, Whittemore was able to proceed with construction of a $30 billion planned golf course development, Coyote Springs, a project heavily criticized by environmental groups for reasons including its projected effects on several endangered species.

In 2006, the National Republican Senatorial Committee attempted to associate Reid with the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal by pointing out he had "received more than $50,000 from four tribes with gaming interests between 2001 and 2004 after they hired Abramoff". Reid denied any wrongdoing, and media reported that the Center for Responsive Politics, a non-partisan research group, had produced an analysis showing a general increase in the amount and number of contributions by Indian tribes since the late 1990s.

Reid apologized on January 9, 2010, for racially tinged comments he had made when Obama was campaigning for president. In private conversations, Reid had remarked that Obama could win the Presidency because the country was ready to embrace a black presidential candidate, especially one such as Obama — to whom he referred as being "light-skinned" and "with no Negro dialect, unless he wanted to have one". These comments had been recently revealed by journalists Mark Halperin and John Heilemann in ''Game Change'', their book about the 2008 election. In addition to his public apology, Reid called Obama to apologize; Obama accepted his apology, stating that as far as he was concerned, the book was closed on the incident. RNC Chairman Michael Steele and Senators John Cornyn and Jon Kyl called on Reid to resign his leadership position in the Senate, citing Majority Leader Trent Lott resigning because of a statement relating to race. However, multiple experts said there was virtually no chance of such a thing happening. DNC Chairman Tim Kaine and Senators Dianne Feinstein and Jack Reed expressed support for Reid and confidence he would retain his leadership position, and another senior Democrat indicated Reid has "produced supportive statements from key African American leaders in the Congress and civil rights community".

In August 2010, Harry Reid spoke in front of National Council of La Raza: "''I don't know how anyone of Hispanic heritage could be a Republican, OK. Do I need to say more? '' ". The following day, Dr. Manny Alvarez and Republican Senator Marco Rubio, both of Hispanic descent, spoke out against Reid's remarks.

Cultural and political image

Part of Harry Reid's confrontation with Frank Rosenthal while chair of the Nevada Gaming Commission is reenacted in the 1995 movie ''Casino''. Reid had a role in the movie ''Traffic'' (2000), in which he played himself. He appeared along with Senator Sam Brownback and then Senator Barack Obama in the 2007 documentary film ''Sand and Sorrow'', which details the genocide in Sudan.

Reid was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 2001.

An October 2007 ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'' favorability poll indicated 51% of Nevadans viewed Reid unfavorably, with 32% indicating favorability, although in May 2007 Reid had a 46% favorable rating versus a 42% unfavorable one. A December 2007 ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'' job approval poll showed 42% of Nevadans rating Reid "poor", 41% "excellent or good", and 16% "only fair". A November 2009 Rasmussen poll, showed that 25% of polled voters had a favorable opinion of Reid, while 47% viewed him unfavorably.

Family and personal life

In 1959, Reid married his high school sweetheart, Landra Gould. They have five children, a daughter and four sons. Their eldest son, Rory Reid, is an elected Commissioner for Clark County, Nevada, and 2010 Democratic nominee in the election for Governor of Nevada. Another son recently ran for municipal office in Cottonwood Heights, Utah.

Reid (who was raised agnostic) and his wife (who was born to Jewish immigrant parents and grew up in Henderson), converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon or LDS Church) while Reid was a college student. In a 2001 interview he said, "I think it is much easier to be a good member of the Church and a Democrat than a good member of the Church and a Republican." He went on to say that the Democrats' emphasis on helping others, as opposed to what he considers Republican dogma to the contrary, is the reason he's a Democrat. He delivered a speech at Brigham Young University to about 20,000 students on October 9, 2007, in which he expressed his opinion that Democratic values mirror Mormon values. Several Republican Mormons in Utah have contested his faith because of his politics, such as his statements that the church's backing of California's Proposition 8 wasted resources.

References

External links

Senator Harry Reid ''official U.S. Senate website''

Senator Harry Reid ''official campaign website''

Tough Reid, Eve Fairbanks, ''The New Republic'', April 15, 2009

{{U.S. Senator box| state=Nevada| class=3| before=Paul Laxalt| after=Incumbent| years=January 3, 1987-| alongside=Chic Hecht, Richard Bryan, John Ensign, Dean Heller}}

Category:1939 births Category:American federal police officers Category:American Latter Day Saints Category:Converts to Mormonism Category:Democratic Party United States Senators Category:Gambling regulators Category:George Washington University Law School alumni Category:Lieutenant Governors of Nevada Category:Living people Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nevada Category:Nevada Democrats Category:Nevada lawyers Category:People from Searchlight, Nevada Category:Southern Utah University alumni Category:United States Senators from Nevada Category:Utah State University alumni

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Birthname	Elizabeth Herring
Office	Special Advisor for the United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
President	Barack Obama
Term start	September 17, 2010
Term end	August 1, 2011
Successor	Raj Date
Office2	1st Chairman of the Congressional Oversight Panel
Term start2	November 25, 2008
Term end2	November 15, 2010
Deputy2	Damon Silvers
Successor2	Ted Kaufman
Appointer2	Harry Reid
Order3	Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law, Harvard Law School
Term start3	1995
birth date	June 22, 1949
birth place	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
residence	Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
alma mater	University of Houston, Rutgers School of Law—Newark
spouse	Bruce Mann
children	Amelia Warren Tyagi, Alexander Warren
profession	Lawyer, Law school professor, Appointed official
religion	Methodist, fmr. Sunday School teacher
website	Harvard Law, Elizabeth for MA Exploratory Committee }}

Elizabeth Warren (born Elizabeth Herring; June 22, 1949) is an American attorney and law professor. She served as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. She is also the Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where she has taught contract law, bankruptcy, and commercial law. In the wake of the 2008-2011 financial crisis, she became the chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the U.S. banking bailout (formally known as the Troubled Assets Relief Program). She long advocated for the creation of a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 21, 2010. As the special advisor she worked on implementation of the CFPB.

On May 24, 2010, ''Time'' magazine called Warren, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chairman Sheila Bair, and Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro the "New Sheriffs of Wall Street" in a cover story. On September 17, 2010, she was named a special adviser by President Obama to oversee the development of the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The position included the responsibility of recommending a director for this new entity. She was not chosen for the post, with Obama instead nominating Richard Cordray, prior to congressional approval. On August 18, 2011, she launched an exploratory committee for the Massachusetts United States Senate seat currently held by Scott Brown.

Personal life

Elizabeth Warren was born Elizabeth Herring in Oklahoma City, the daughter of Pauline and Donald Herring. At 16, she became a state champion debater. At 19, she married Jim Warren, and transferred from George Washington University to the University of Houston. She earned a B.S. in 1970. Warren went on to study law at the Rutgers School of Law–Newark, where she served as an editor of the Rutgers Law Review, and was one of two female summer associates at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft's Wall Street office. She received her Juris Doctor in 1976. After law school, Warren worked from home, writing wills and doing real estate closings for walk-in clients. She divorced Warren in 1978, and later married Bruce Mann.

She joined Harvard Law School in 1992 as the Robert Braucher Visiting Professor of Commercial Law. Prior to Harvard, she was the William A. Schnader Professor of Commercial Law at University of Pennsylvania School of Law and also taught at the University of Texas School of Law, University of Houston Law Center, University of Michigan and Rutgers School of Law—Newark.

From 2005-2008, Warren and her law students wrote a blog called Warren Reports, part of Josh Marshall's TPMCafe.

Warren appeared in the documentary film ''Maxed Out'' in 2006, has appeared several times on ''Dr. Phil'' to talk about money and families, has been a guest on ''The Daily Show'', is interviewed frequently on cable news networks, appears in Michael Moore's ''Capitalism: A Love Story'', has appeared on the ''Charlie Rose'' talk show, and has appeared on the ''Real Time With Bill Maher'' talk show. She has also appeared on the PBS show ''NOW''.

Warren is a member of the FDIC's Committee on Economic Inclusion and the Executive Council of the National Bankruptcy Conference. She is the former Vice-President of the American Law Institute and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She served as the Chief Adviser to the National Bankruptcy Review Commission.

Warren is married to Bruce Mann, a legal historian and law professor also at Harvard Law School. She has a daughter, Amelia Warren Tyagi, with whom she has coauthored two books and several articles, and a son, Alexander Warren. She has taught Sunday School and cites Methodist founder John Wesley as an inspiration.

Popular works

In addition to writing more than 100 scholarly articles and six academic books, Warren has written several best-selling books, including ''All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan'' (ISBN 978-0-7432-6988-9), coauthored with her daughter, Amelia Tyagi.

Warren is also the co-author (with Tyagi) of ''The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke'' (Basic, 2003) (ISBN 978-0-465-09090-7). Warren and Tyagi point out that a fully employed worker today earns less inflation-adjusted income than a fully employed worker did 30 years ago. To increase their income, families have sent a second parent into the workforce. Although families spend less today on clothing, appliances, and other consumption, the costs of core expenses like mortgages, health care, transportation, child care, and taxes have increased dramatically. The result is that, even with two income earners, families no longer save and have incurred greater and greater debt.

In an article in the ''New York Times'', Jeff Madrick said of Warren's book:

}}

In an article in ''Time'' magazine by Maryanna Murray Buechner, "Parent Trap" (subtitled "Want to go bust? Have a kid. Educate same. Why the middle class never had it so bad"), Buechner said of Warren's book:

}}

In 2005, Dr. David Himmelstein and Warren published a study on bankruptcy and medical bills, which claimed that half of all families filing for bankruptcy did so in the aftermath of a serious medical problem. The finding was particularly noteworthy because 75% of those who fit that description had medical insurance. This study was widely cited in academic studies and policy debates, though some have questioned the study's methods and offered alternative interpretations of the data.

TARP oversight

On November 14, 2008, Warren was appointed by United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to chair the five-member Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the implementation of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. The Panel releases monthly oversight reports that evaluate the government bailout and related programs.

The Panel's monthly reports under Warren's leadership covered foreclosure mitigation, consumer and small business lending, commercial real estate, AIG, bank stress tests, the impact of TARP on the financial markets, government guarantees, the automotive industry, and many other topics. The Panel has also released special reports on financial regulatory reform and farm loans. For each report, Warren released a video on the Congressional Oversight Panel's website explaining key findings. All reports and videos are available at cop.senate.gov.

In her role as Chair of the Panel, Warren testified many times before House and Senate committees on financial issues.

In an interview at Newsweek, December 7, 2009, titled "Reining in, and Reigning Over, Wall Street" Elizabeth Warren was asked: "''Congress is trying to reform financial regulation, and it can get a little abstract. Where should people focus?''"

She responded:

On July 29, 2011, she left her role with the agency to return to academic life at Harvard Law School. Her departing address indicated how she first became involved: }}

United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2012

Warren set up an exploratory committee to challenge Scott Brown in his reelection bid for United States Senate.

Recognition

Warren was named one of ''Time Magazine'''s 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2009 and 2010.

In December 2009, the ''Boston Globe'' named Warren the Bostonian of the Year.

The ''National Law Journal'' has repeatedly named her as one of the fifty most influential female lawyers, and she has been recognized for her work by ''SmartMoney'' magazine, ''Money magazine'', and Law Dragon.

In 2009, the Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts honored her with the Lelia J. Robinson Award.

Warren has been recognized for her dynamic teaching style. In 2009, Warren became the first professor in Harvard's history to win the law school's teaching award twice. The Sacks-Freund Teaching Award was voted on by the graduating class in honor of "her teaching ability, openness to student concerns, and contributions to student life at Harvard." Warren also has won awards from her students at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Michigan, and the University of Houston Law Center.

On August 13, 2010, a rap video by the Main Street Brigade was put on YouTube in an effort to encourage President Obama to nominate Elizabeth Warren as the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

On May 27, 2011, Warren delivered the commencement address for the graduating class of 2011 at the Rutgers School of Law - Newark. She was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree and was conferred membership into the Order of the Coif.

Publications

;Selected articles

'Bankruptcy Policy' (1987) 54(3) The University of Chicago Law Review 775-814

'The Untenable Case for Repeal of Chapter 11' (1992) 102(2) The Yale Law Journal 437-479 73

'Bankruptcy Policymaking in an Imperfect World (1993) 92(2) Michigan Law Review 336-387

'The Bankruptcy Crisis' (1997–1998) 73 Indiana Law Journal 1079

'Principled Approach to Consumer Bankruptcy' (1997) 71 American Bankruptcy Law Journal 483

'Financial Characteristics of Businesses in Bankruptcy' (1999) Am. Bankr. L.J. 499 (with JL Westbrook)

'Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy' (2005) SSRN (with DU Himmelstein, D Thorne and SJ Woolhandler)

'The Success of Chapter 11: A Challenge to the Critics' (2009) 107 Michigan Law Review 603 (with JL Westbrook)

'Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study,' (2008) American Journal of Medicine (with DU Himmelstein, D Thorne and SJ Woolhandler)

;Books

Notes

External links

Elizabeth Warren at Harvard Law School

*Bibliography

Elizabeth for MA Exploratory Committee website

Elizabeth Warren collected news and commentary at ''Salon.com''

;Interviews and articles

Generation, Gap, and interview with Elizabeth Warrn in ''Guernica Magazine''

Elizabeth Warren: a tough sheriff in finance's Wild West, ''The Daily Telegraph''

Warren Winning Means You Won't Sell It If You Can't Explain It, Bloomberg

In fight over credit rules, she wields a plan, ''Boston Globe''

The TARP Queen: Why we should all bow before Elizabeth Warren (even if you've never heard of her), Slate

Bank Buster, Mother Jones

The Debt Crusader: Inspired by Dr. Phil, Harvard's Elizabeth Warren has gone to D.C. to change the way America borrows, Newsweek

Elizabeth Warren on the Economy, NOW on PBS

Video: Elizabeth Warren, New Yorker, Nov. 16, 2009

Interview with Yahoo! Finance, Oct. 16, 2009

Voices of Power Video: Elizabeth Warren, Washington Post, Oct. 8, 2009

Interview with Elizabeth Warren from Frontline

Elizabeth Warren on NPR link to full interview for show of 2009-05-08

UCTV programs with Elizabeth Warren

*The Coming Collapse of the Middle Class: Higher Risks, Lower Rewards, and a Shrinking Safety Net

*Conversations with History: Law, Politics, and the Coming Collapse of the Middle Class with Elizabeth Warren

Warren Reports at TPM Cafe

Warren says Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is Obama’s "Strongest Financial Reform" - video report by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:American academics Category:American Methodists Category:American economics writers Category:American female lawyers Category:American finance and investment writers Category:Harvard Law School faculty Category:Obama Administration personnel Category:People from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Category:Rutgers School of Law–Newark alumni Category:University of Houston alumni Category:University of Michigan faculty Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty

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