Pigeons and doves constitute the bird family Columbidae within the order Columbiformes, which include some 300 species of near passerines. In general terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice, there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the terms "dove" and "pigeon." This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones. Young doves and pigeons are called "squabs."

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks, and have short slender bills with a fleshy cere. The species commonly referred to just as "pigeon" is the Feral Rock Pigeon, common in many cities.

Doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests from sticks and other debris, which may be placed in trees, on ledges or on the ground, depending on species. They lay one or two eggs, and both parents care for the young, which leave the nest after 7 to 28 days. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and plants. Unlike most other birds (but see flamingo), the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk", which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.

Biology

Morphology

Pigeons and doves exhibit considerable variations in size. The largest species are the crowned pigeons of New Guinea, which are nearly turkey-sized, at a weight of 2-4 kilograms (4.4-8.8 lbs.) The smallest are the New World ground-doves of the genus ''Columbina'', which are the same size as a House Sparrow and weigh as little as 22 grams. With a total length of more than 50 centimeters (19 in) and weight of almost a kilo (2 lb), the largest arboreal species is the Marquesan Imperial-pigeon, while the Dwarf Fruit Dove, which may measure as little as 13 centimeters (5.1 in), has a marginally smaller total length than any other species from this family. Smaller species tend to be known as doves, while larger species as pigeons, but there is no taxonomic basis for distinguishing between the two.

Overall, the Columbidae tend to have short bills and legs, small heads on large compact bodies. The wings are large and have low wing loadings; pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31–44% of their body weight) and are amongst the strongest fliers of all birds. They are also highly maneuverable in flight.

The plumage of the family is variable. Granivorous species tend to have dull plumage, with a few exceptions, whereas the frugivorous species have brightly coloured plumage. The ''Ptilinopus'' fruit doves are some of the brightest coloured pigeons, with the three endemic species of Fiji and the Indian Ocean ''Alectroenas'' being amongst the brightest coloured. Pigeons and doves may be sexually monochromatic or dichromatic. In addition to bright colours pigeons may sport crests or other ornamentation.

Like some other birds, the Columbidae have no gall bladder. Some medieval naturalists concluded that they have no gall, which in the medieval theory of the four humours explained the allegedly sweet disposition of doves. In fact, however, they do have gall (as Aristotle already realised), which is secreted directly into the gut.

Distribution and habitat

Pigeons and doves are distributed everywhere on Earth, except for the driest areas of the Sahara Desert, Antarctica and its surrounding islands and the high Arctic. They have colonised most of the world's oceanic islands, reaching eastern Polynesia and the Chatham Islands in the Pacific, Mauritius, the Seychelles and Réunion in the Indian Ocean, and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean.

The family has adapted to most of the habitats available on the planet. The largest number of species are found in tropical forests and woodlands, where they may be arboreal, terrestrial or semi-terrestrial. Various species also inhabit savannas, grasslands, deserts, temperate woodlands and forests, mangrove forests, and even the barren sands and gravels of atolls.

Some species have large natural ranges. The Eared Dove ranges across the entirety of South America from Colombia to Tierra Del Fuego, the Eurasian Collared Dove has a massive (if discontinuous) distribution from Britain across Europe, the Middle East, India, Pakistan and China, and the Laughing Dove across most of sub-Saharan Africa as well as India,Pakistan and the Middle-east. Other species have a tiny restricted distribution; this is most common in island endemics. The Whistling Dove is endemic to the tiny Kadavu Island in Fiji, the Caroline Ground-dove is restricted to two islands, Truk and Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands and the Grenada Dove is restricted to Grenada in the Caribbean. Some continental species also have tiny distributions; for example the Black-banded Fruit Dove is restricted to a small area of the Arnhem Land of Australia, the Somali Pigeon is restricted to a tiny area of northern Somalia, and Moreno's Ground Dove is restricted to the area around Salta and Tucuman in northern Argentina.

The largest range of any species is that of the Rock Pigeon (formerly Rock Dove). The species had a large natural distribution from Britain and Ireland to northern Africa, across Europe, Arabia, Central Asia, India, the Himalayas and up into China and Mongolia. The range of the species increased dramatically upon domestication as the species went feral in cities around the world. The species is currently resident across most of North America, and has established itself in cities and urban areas in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The species is not the only pigeon to have increased its range due to actions of man; several other species have become established outside of their natural range after escaping captivity, and other species have increased their natural ranges due to habitat changes caused by human activities.

Diet

Seeds and fruit form the major component of the diet of pigeons and doves. In fact, the family can be divided into the seed eating or granivorous species (subfamily Columbinae) and the fruit eating or frugivorous species (the other four subfamilies). The granivorous typically feed on seed found on the ground, whereas the species that feed on fruit and mast tend to feed in trees. There are morphological adaptations that can be used to distinguish between the two groups, granivorous species tend to have thick walls in the gizzards, whereas the frugivores tend to have thin walls. In addition fruit eating species have short intestines whereas those that eat seeds have longer ones. Frugivores are capable of clinging to branches and even hang upside down to reach fruit.

In addition to fruit and seeds a number of other food items are taken by many species. Some species, particularly the ground-doves and quail-doves take a large number of prey items such as insects and worms. One species, the Atoll Fruit Dove is specialised in taking insect and reptile prey. Snails, moths and other insects are taken by White-crowned Pigeons, Orange Doves and Ruddy Ground Doves.

Evolutionary speculations

This family is a highly coherent group with no members showing obvious links with other bird families, or ''vice versa''. The dodo and solitaires are clearly related, as discussed below, but equally lacking in obvious links with other bird families. The limited fossil record also consists only of unequivocal Columbidae species. Links to the sandgrouse and parrots have been suggested, but resemblances to the first group are due to convergent evolution and the second depend on the parrot-like features of the Tooth-billed Pigeon. However, the distinctive features of that bird seem to have arisen from its specialized diet rather than a real relationship to the parrots.

The family is usually divided into five subfamilies, but this is probably inaccurate. For example, the American ground and quail doves which are usually placed in the Columbinae seem to be two distinct subfamilies. The order presented here follows Baptista ''et al.'' (1997) with some updates (Johnson & Clayton 2000, Johnson ''et al.'' 2001, Shapiro ''et al.'' 2002).

The arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analysis of different DNA sequences yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. This ambiguity, probably caused by long branch attraction, seems to confirm that the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group.

As the Dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the 3 small subfamilies mentioned above with the fruit doves and -pigeons (including the Nicobar Pigeon), they are here included as a subfamily Raphinae, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships.

Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record. No truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus ''Gerandia'' has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France, but while it was long believed to be a pigeon it is more likely a sandgrouse. Fragmentary remains of a probably "ptilinopine" Early Miocene pigeon were found in the Bannockburn Formation of New Zealand and described as ''Rupephaps''; ''"Columba" prattae'' from roughly contemporary deposits of Florida is nowadays tentatively separated in ''Arenicolumba'', but its distinctness from ''Patagioenas'' needs to be more firmly established. Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts.

Genera

A list of all the species, sortable by common and scientific name, is at list of Columbidae species

Family Columbidae

Subfamily Columbinae – typical pigeons & doves

* Genus ''Columba'' including ''Aplopelia'' – Old World pigeons (33-34 living species, 2-3 recently extinct)

Genus ''Streptopelia'' including ''Stigmatopelia'' and ''Nesoenas'' – turtledoves (14-18 living species)

* Genus ''Patagioenas'' – American pigeons; formerly in ''Columba'' (17 species)

* Genus ''Ectopistes'' – Passenger Pigeon; formerly Leptotilinae (extinct; 1914)

* Genus ''Macropygia'' (10 species)

* Genus ''Reinwardtoena'' (3 species)

* Genus ''Turacoena'' (2 species)

Subfamily N.N. – Bronzewings and relatives

* Genus ''Turtur'' – African wood-doves (5 species; tentatively placed here)

* Genus ''Oena'' – Namaqua Dove (tentatively placed here)

* Genus ''Chalcophaps'' (2 species)

* Genus ''Henicophaps'' (2 species)

* Genus ''Phaps'' (3 species)

* Genus ''Ocyphaps'' – Crested Pigeon

* Genus ''Geophaps'' (3 species)

* Genus ''Petrophassa'' – rock-pigeons (2 species)

* Genus ''Geopelia'' (3–5 species)

Subfamily Leptotilinae – Zenaidine and quail-doves

* Genus ''Zenaida'' (7 species)

* Genus ''Leptotila'' (11 species)

* Genus ''Geotrygon'' – quail-doves (16 species)

* Genus ''Starnoenas'' – Blue-headed Quail-dove

Subfamily Columbininae – American ground doves

* Genus ''Columbina'' (7 species)

* Genus ''Claravis'' (3 species)

* Genus ''Metriopelia'' (4 species)

* Genus ''Scardafella'' – possibly belongs into ''Columbina'' (2 species)

* Genus ''Uropelia'' – Long-tailed Ground Dove

Subfamily N.N. – Indopacific ground doves

* Genus ''Gallicolumba'' (16-17 living species, 3-4 recently extinct)

* Genus ''Trugon'' – Thick-billed Ground Pigeon

Subfamily Otidiphabinae – Pheasant Pigeon

* Genus ''Otidiphaps'' – Pheasant Pigeon

Subfamily Didunculinae – Tooth-billed Pigeon

* Genus ''Didunculus'' – Tooth-billed Pigeon

Subfamily Gourinae – crowned pigeons

* Genus ''Goura'' (3 species)

Subfamily N.N. ("Treroninae") – green and fruit doves and imperial pigeons

* Genus ''Ducula'' – imperial-pigeons (36 species)

* Genus ''Lopholaimus'' – Topknot Pigeon

* Genus ''Hemiphaga'' (2 species)

* Genus ''Cryptophaps'' – Sombre Pigeon

* Genus ''Gymnophaps'' – mountain-pigeons (3 species)

* Genus ''Ptilinopus'' – fruit doves (some 50 living species, 1-2 recently extinct)

* Genus ''Natunaornis'' – Viti Levu Giant Pigeon (prehistoric)

* Genus ''Drepanoptila'' – Cloven-feathered Dove

* Genus ''Alectroenas'' – blue pigeons (3 living species)

Subfamily Raphinae – didines

* Genus ''Raphus'' – Dodo (extinct; late 17th century)

* Genus ''Pezophaps'' – Rodrigues Solitaire (extinct; c.1730)

Placement unresolved

* Genus ''Caloenas'' – Nicobar Pigeon

* Genus ''Treron'' – green pigeons (23 species)

* Genus ''Phapitreron'' – brown doves (3 species)

* Genus ''Leucosarcia'' – Wonga Pigeon

* Genus ''Microgoura'' – Choiseul Crested Pigeon (extinct; early 20th century)

* Genus ''Dysmoropelia'' – Saint Helena Dove (extinct)

* Genus ''Bountyphaps'' - Henderson Island Archaic Pigeon (prehistoric)

Relationship with humans

As food

Several species of pigeon and dove are used as food, and probably any could be; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat. In Europe the Wood Pigeon is commonly shot as a game bird, while Rock Pigeons were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for their meat-bearing qualities. Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management contains recipes for roast pigeon and pigeon pie, a popular inexpensive food in Victorian industrial Britain.

The extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was at least partly due to shooting for use as food. According to the Tanakh, doves are kosher, and they are the only birds that may be used for a korban. Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a korban.

Military

The pigeon has contributed to both World War I and II, notably by the Australian, French, German, American, and UK forces. 32 Pigeons have been decorated with the Dickin Medal for war contributions, including Commando, G.I. Joe, Paddy, and William of Orange.

A grand ceremony was held in Buckingham Palace to commemorate a platoon of pigeons that braved the battlefields of Normandy to deliver vital plans to Allied forces on the fringes of Germany. Three of the actual birds that received the medals are on show in the London Military Museum so that well wishers can pay their respects.

Domestication

The Rock Pigeon has been domesticated for hundreds of years. It has been bred into several varieties kept by hobbyists, of which the best known is the homing pigeon or racing homer. Other popular breeds are tumbling pigeons such as the Birmingham Roller and fancy varieties that are bred for certain physical characteristics, such as large feathers on the feet or fan-shaped tails. Domesticated Rock Pigeons are also bred as Carrier pigeons, used for thousands of years to carry brief written messages, and Release Doves used in ceremonies.

In religion

In the Hebrew Bible, doves or young pigeons are acceptable burnt offerings for those who can't afford a more expensive animal. In the book of Genesis, Noah sent out a dove after the great flood in order to determine how far the floodwaters had receded. Dove is also a term of endearment in the Song of Songs and elsewhere.

Jesus's parents sacrifice doves on his behalf after his circumcision.(Luke 2:24) Later the Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus at his baptism like a dove (Matthew 3:16), and subsequently the dove became a common Christian symbol of the Holy Spirit.

In Islam, doves and the pigeon clan in general are respected and favoured because they are believed to have assisted the final prophet of Islam, Muhammad, in distracting his enemies outside the cave of Thaw'r in the great Hijra.

Threats and conservation

While many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, many other species have declined in numbers and some have become threatened or even succumbed to extinction. Amongst the 10 species that have become extinct since 1600 (the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions) are two of the most famous extinct species, the Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon. The Passenger Pigeon was exceptional for a number of reasons, along with being the only pigeon species to have gone extinct in modern times that was not an island species. It was once the most numerous species of bird on Earth. Its former numbers are difficult to estimate but one ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, estimated that one flock he observed contained over two billion birds. The decline of the species was abrupt; in 1871 a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds, yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914. Although habitat loss was a contributing factor, the species is thought to have been massively overhunted, being used as food for slaves and, later, the poor in the United States throughout the 19th century.

The Dodo, and its extinction, was more typical of the extinctions of pigeons in the past. Like many species that colonize remote islands with few predators it lost much of its anti-predator behaviour, along with its ability to fly. The arrival of people, along with a suite of other introduced species such as rats, pigs and cats, quickly spelt the end for this species and all the other island forms that have become extinct.

Around 59 species of pigeon and dove are threatened with extinction today, this is 19% of all species. Most of these are tropical and live on islands. All of the species threatened today are threatened by introduced predators, habitat loss and hunting, or a combination of these factors. In some cases they may be extinct in the wild, as is the Socorro Dove of Socorro Island, Mexico, which was driven to the extinction by habitat loss and introduced feral cats. In some areas a lack of knowledge means that the true status of a species is unknown; the Negros Fruit Dove has not been seen since 1953 and may or may not be extinct, and the Polynesian Ground-dove is classified as critically endangered as it is unknown whether it survives or not on remote islands in the far west of the Pacific Ocean.

Various conservation techniques are employed to prevent these extinctions. These include laws and regulations to control hunting pressure, the establishment of protected areas to prevent further habitat loss, the establishment of captive populations for reintroduction back into the wild (''ex situ'' conservation) and the translocation of individuals to suitable habitat to create additional populations.

See also

Alphabetical species list

Gamasoidosis

War pigeon, Peace dove

Doves as symbols

== References ==

Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Order Columbiformes. ''In:'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): ''Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9

Blechman, Andrew, ''Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World's Most Revered and Reviled Bird'' (Grove Press 2007) ISBN 978-0-8021-4328-0

Gibbs, Barnes and Cox, ''Pigeons and Doves'' (Pica Press 2001) ISBN 1-873403-60-7

Johnson, Kevin P. & Clayton, Dale H. (2000): Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Contain Similar Phylogenetic. Signal for Pigeons and Doves (Aves: Columbiformes). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 14(1): 141–151. PDF fulltext

Johnson, Kevin P.; de Kort, Selvino; Dinwoodey, Karen, Mateman, A. C.; ten Cate, Carel; Lessells, C. M. & Clayton, Dale H. (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera ''Streptopelia'' and ''Columba''. Auk 118(4): 874-887. PDF fulltext

Shapiro, Beth; Sibthorpe, Dean; Rambaut, Andrew; Austin, Jeremy; Wragg, Graham M.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Lee, Patricia L. M. & Cooper, Alan (2002): Flight of the Dodo. ''Science'' 295: 1683. (HTML abstract) Supplementary information

Footnotes

External links

Columbidae.org.uk Conservation of pigeons and doves

Dove videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Dove sounds

Category:Bird families Category:Columbidae Category:Game birds Category:Heraldic birds Category:National symbols of Cyprus Category:National symbols of Fiji Category:National symbols of Guinea Category:National symbols of Tonga Category:Peace symbols

ace:Mirahpati af:Duif am:ርግብ ang:Culfre ar:حمام (طير) an:Columbidae arc:ܝܘܢܐ ast:Palomba gn:Pykasu ay:Kitula az:Göyərçinlər bn:কবুতর zh-min-nan:Hún-chiáu be:Галубіныя be-x-old:Галубовыя bs:Golubovi br:Columbidae bg:Гълъбови ca:Colúmbid cs:Holubovití cy:Colomen da:Due de:Tauben nv:Hasbídí et:Tuvilased el:Περιστέρι es:Columbidae eo:Kolombedoj eu:Uso fa:کبوتر hif:Kabutar fo:Dúgva fr:Columbidae ga:Colm gd:Calman gl:Pomba gu:કબૂતર ko:비둘기 hi:कबूतर hr:Golubovi io:Kolombo id:Columbidae is:Dúfur it:Columbidae he:יוניים jv:Dara ht:Pijon la:Columba (avis) lv:Baloži lt:Karveliniai hu:Galambfélék ml:പ്രാവ് mr:कपोताद्य mn:Тагтаа my:ခို nl:Duiven (vogels) nds-nl:Duve (voegel) ne:ढुकुर ja:鳩 frr:Düüwen no:Duer nn:Duefamilien oc:Colomb pnb:کگی ps:کوتره pcd:Columbidae pl:Gołębiowate pt:Columbidae ro:Columbiformes qu:Urpi ru:Голубиные sc:Columbidae sco:Doo simple:Dove sl:Golobi sr:Голубови (породица) sh:Golub fi:Kyyhkyt sv:Duvor tl:Kalapati ta:புறா te:పావురము th:วงศ์นกเขา tr:Güvercingiller uk:Голубові vi:Họ Bồ câu war:Sarapati zea:Duven en tortels bat-smg:Balondis (paukštis) zh:鸠鸽科

name	Doves
background	group_or_band
origin	Manchester, England
genre	Alternative rock, indie rock, new prog, post-Britpop, space rock, experimental rock
years active	1998–present (On Hiatus)
label	Heavenly
website
associated acts	Sub Sub
current members	Jez WilliamsJimi GoodwinAndy Williams
past members	}}

Doves are an English alternative indie rock band, originating from Wilmslow. The band comprises brothers Jez Williams (guitar, vocals) and Andy Williams (drums, vocals), and Jimi Goodwin (bass, vocals, guitar). The members started working seriously together after meeting at The Haçienda in Manchester. Doves' unofficial fourth member is Martin Rebelski, who plays keyboards. To date, the band has released four critically acclaimed and commercially successful studio albums, and their first career-spanning compilation album ''The Places Between: The Best of Doves'' was released in April 2010.

History

Formation, Sub Sub: 1985–1998

The formation of Doves can be traced back to when the Williams brothers and Goodwin met at Wilmslow High School at age 15. At the time, Jimi Goodwin was playing lead guitar in a band called The Risk; the other members were Joe Roberts (vocals and Rhodes keyboard), Steve Green (rhythm guitar), Dermot Ahern (bass guitar), Jimi's cousin Pat Goodwin (drums; after Simon Pitt, the original drummer, left the band) and managed by Tim Mulryan, who was said to have also managed the infamous "Macc Lads." The Risk used to practice at Handforth Youth Club and met with some moderate success, mainly playing in Manchester pubs and at The Gallery (Peter Street), The Boardwalk (Little Peter Street), and The International (Anson Road in Rusholme). They also played at The Tunnel Club, Greenwich and at SoapAid. A 5-song demo entitled ''Take Five'' was recorded at Spirit studios in Manchester.

Meanwhile, back in 1981, Andy and Jez Williams formed a band with schoolmate and bass player Tim Whiteley, recording and gigging from the age of 12 onwards. Various line-ups followed, as well as a brief TV appearance in 1986. Then, in 1988, Jez Williams and Whiteley became members of Metro Trinity, a Manchester indie band, with Jonny Male (latterly of Republica), and released a ''Debris'' flexi disc (Manchester indie fanzine) with the Inspiral Carpets. Managed by Warwick Embery, Donavan and the Bay City Rover's manager, Metro Trinity played a number of gigs including The Boardwalk and The Haçienda. They also released an EP called ''Die Young'' on Cafeteria Records, whose cover accidentally read "''Die Yoing''" by mistake, which was recorded in Brixton with drummer Colin Rocks, who was eventually replaced by Andy Williams due to Rocks' other commitments. Jimi Goodwin, Joe Roberts and Whiteley also played together in another band until Joe Roberts signed to London Records.

After meeting again at The Haçienda in 1989, the Williams brothers and Jimi Goodwin formed Sub Sub, releasing their first single "Space Face" in 1991, and then in 1993 they released "Ain't No Love (Ain't No Use)," which reached #3 in the UK Singles Chart. On the Williams twins' birthday in February 1996, the band's Ancoats studio caught fire and burned down, leading the band members to abandon their previous dance-oriented style and start afresh as alternative rock band Doves in 1998.

Of the threesome's change of direction, Jez Williams has said: "We were faced with a really black and white decision: throw the towel in or carry on. And if you're going to carry on, you've got to put everything into it to justify it, because before that you've lost everything. That was quite a liberating feeling, actually."

Doves: 1998–present

The band released three EPs in 1998 and 1999 on Casino Records, a subsidiary of Rob Gretton's Rob's Records, which established the group's new sound and met with a warm critical response. Their debut album ''Lost Souls'' in April 2000 was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize, which they lost to fellow Mancunian and former collaborator Badly Drawn Boy.

Doves' second album ''The Last Broadcast'' was released two years later, reaching #1 on the UK Albums Chart, and was again nominated for the Mercury Music Prize. The album's first single "There Goes the Fear" became the band's highest-charting single to date, reaching #3 on the UK Singles Chart despite only being released for one day before it was deleted. The album's second single "Pounding" reached #21 on the Singles Chart and was used in the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics ''With Glowing Hearts/Des Plus Brilliants Exploits'' advertisement campaign and in pre-event intros.

In 2003, the band released a B-sides compilation, ''Lost Sides'', and a DVD entitled ''Where We're Calling From''. The DVD included all of their music videos to date, as well as incidental videos played before the start of their ''Lost Souls'' and ''The Last Broadcast'' tours. Also on the DVD was a live concert video of the band's gig at Cornwall's Eden Project, recorded in Summer 2002, as well as documentary videos about Doves as well as Sub Sub.

Doves recorded ''Some Cities'', their third studio album, away from urban influences, and in cottages tucked away in the countryside of Snowdonia, Darlington, and around Loch Ness. "Lyrically, the theme of cities and towns and change started cropping up a lot... which was strange because we were recording and writing in the countryside, but it started taking this real urban shape," said Jimi Goodwin. ''Some Cities'' was released in February 2005 and went straight to #1 in the UK Albums Chart, aided by some of the strongest reviews they had received to date. The album was preceded by the single "Black and White Town," which reached #6 on the Singles Chart. On 18 June 2005, the band opened for U2 at Twickenham Stadium in London. They also supported Oasis at the City of Manchester Stadium on their triumphant return to Manchester, and Coldplay at the Reebok Stadium in Bolton, both during their respective 2005 tours.

The band's fourth album, ''Kingdom of Rust'', was released in April 2009. Prior to the new release, Doves offered a free download of the album's lead track "Jetstream" on their website. On 27 January 2009 the band announced a week's worth of tour dates from 12–19 March, in which new album tracks made their debuts. The eleven songs on the album were described by Jez Williams as "schizophrenic, but... also strangely cohesive." Worldwide tours, including multiple tours of the United Kingdom, United States and Canada, followed the album's release. On 12 July 2009 the band appeared on the Radio 1 stage at T in the Park and the festival Latitude in Southwold. They also appeared with the London Bulgarian Choir as part of the BBC Electric Proms series in October 2009.

The band's first career-spanning best-of compilation, entitled ''The Places Between: The Best of Doves'' was released on 5 April 2010.

Following an interview with Jez Williams for ''Hot Press'' that Doves will go on an indefinite hiatus, on 24 March 2010, Andy Williams posted the following on the official Doves forum in response to the interview and rumours:

An interview with the band regarding their history and Jodrell Bank performance was posted on ''The Guardian'''s website on 4 April 2010. Doves toured the UK throughout May 2010, and performed at the Isle of Wight Festival 2010. The band will take a break from recording, according to an interview with ''The Daily Record''. Jimi Goodwin stated: "It's nice just to have a bit of breathing space... We just wanted to get off that whole album-tour-album-tour treadmill. None of us are ready to face going into the studio for another two years. This is wiping the slate clean, we have nothing else in the vaults now. That is it. Whatever we do from now on will be a new start."

Goodwin also revealed that he's hoping to collaborate with friend and Elbow lead singer Guy Garvey after talking about recording songs together for years. "There are a couple of tracks that we have passed back and forwards to each other but it's having the time. We keep trying to get our diaries together, who knows if it will ever get released. I'm just waiting to see what might happen."

Discography

''Lost Souls'' (2000)

''The Last Broadcast'' (2002)

''Some Cities'' (2005)

''Kingdom of Rust'' (2009)

References

External links

Doves' official website

Category:English rock music groups Category:Musical groups from Manchester Category:Musical groups from Cheshire Category:Heavenly Records artists Category:Musical groups established in 1998 Category:English alternative rock groups Category:People from Wilmslow

bg:Давс de:Doves es:Doves fr:Doves it:Doves ja:ダヴズ pl:Doves pt:Doves ru:Doves simple:Doves (band) sk:Doves fi:Doves sv:Doves zh:鴿子樂團

name	The Dove Shack
background	group_or_band
origin	Long Beach, California, U.S.
genre	G-funk, West coast hip hop
years active	1994–2006
label	G-Funk/Def Jam
associated acts	Warren G2Pac Snoop Dogg
past members	Bo-Roc 2Scoops C-Knight
notable instruments	}}

The Dove Shack was a G-Funk group from Long Beach. Consisting of C-Knight, Bo-Roc and 2Scoops, the group made their debut with the song "This Is the Shack" on Warren G's album ''Regulate...G Funk Era''. Under the same name they released their first album back in 1995 with the substantial hit single "Summertime in the LBC" featuring Arnita Porter. They later contributed to a few compilations, and released ''Reality's Got Me Tied Up'' in 2006.

Discography

Albums

Year	Title	Chart positions
! Billboard 200	Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums>Top R&B;/Hip hop albums
1995	''This Is the Shack''
2006

Singles

{|class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2"|Song ! colspan="3"|Chart position ! rowspan="2"|Album |- ! Billboard Hot 100 ! Hot rap singles ! Hot R&B;/Hip hop singles |- |rowspan="3"|1995 | "Summertime in the LBC" |align="center"| #54 |align="center"| #11 |align="center"| #37 |rowspan="3"|''This Is the Shack'' |- | "We Funk (the G Funk)" |align="center"| - |align="center"| #44 |align="center"| - |- | "Bomb Drop" |align="center"| - |align="center"| - |align="center"| - |}

References

Category:G-funk Category:American hip hop groups Category:Crips Category:People from California Category:West Coast hip hop groups Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles, California

fr:The Dove Shack

name	Ferlin Husky
background	solo_singer
birth name	Ferlin Eugene Husky
alias	Terry Preston, Simon Crum
birth date	December 03, 1925
death date	March 17, 2011
origin	Cantwell,Missouri, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Country
occupation	Singer
years active	1945–2011
label	Capitol Records (1953–1972)ABC Records (1972–1975)
website	FerlinHusky.com }}

Ferlin Eugene Husky (December 3, 1925March 17, 2011) was an early American country music singer who was equally adept at the genres of traditional honky honk, ballads, spoken recitations, and rockabilly pop tunes. He had two dozen Top 20 hits in the ''Billboard'' country charts between 1953–1975; his versatility and matinee-idol looks propelling a seven-decade entertainment career.

In the 1950s and 60s, Husky's hits included "Gone" and "Wings of a Dove", each reaching No. 1 on the country charts. He also created a comic outspoken hayseed character, Simon Crum; and recorded under the stage name Terry Preston from 1948–1953.

In 2010, Husky was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Biography

Husky was born in Cantwell, a community of east Desloge, Missouri. His mother named him Furland, but his name was misspelled on his birth certificate. Husky grew up on a farm near Flat River and attended school in Irondale. He learned guitar from an uncle. After dropping out of high school, Husky moved to St. Louis, where he worked as a truck driver and steel mill worker while performing in honky tonks at night.

During World War II, Husky served as a United States Merchant Marine for five years, entertaining troops on transport ships. His Crum character evolved from stories he told at the time about a Missouri neighbor named Simon Crump. His website states that his ship participated in the D-Day invasion of Cherbourg.

After the war, Husky continued to develop the Crum character while working as a disc jockey in Missouri and then Bakersfield, California in the late 1940s. He began using the moniker Terry Preston at the suggestion of Smiley Burnette, who claimed Ferlin Husky would never work on a marquee. As a honky tonk singer, Husky signed with Capitol Records in 1953 under the guidance of Cliffie Stone, also the manager for Tennessee Ernie Ford. With Capitol Records, he returned to using his given name. A few singles failed before "A Dear John Letter" with Jean Shepard became a No. 1 hit. The followup was called "Forgive Me John".

In 1955, Husky had a solo hit with "I Feel Better All Over (More Than Anywheres Else)"/"Little Tom". As Simon Crum, he signed a separate contract with Capitol Records and began releasing records, the biggest of which was 1959's "Country Music is Here to Stay" (No. 2 for three weeks).

In the late 1950s, Husky had a long string of hits, including the No. 1 "Gone" in 1957 (he first recorded "Gone" as Terry Preston in 1952, but the earlier version lacked the strings and backup singers of the newly-emerging Nashville sound). "Gone" was a crossover success, also reaching No. 4 on the pop music chart. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The song's popularity led to a stint as a summer replacement host in 1957 on CBS-TV's ''Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts''.

He then began an acting career, appearing on ''Kraft Television Theatre'', and portraying himself in the 1957 film ''Mr. Rock & Roll'' (his website states he had bit parts in 18 films, including with Zsa Zsa Gabor and Mamie Van Doren). Bob Ferguson's "Wings of a Dove" became his biggest hit in 1960, topping the country charts for ten weeks and attaining No. 12 on the pop chart. Husky was also known for his ability to mimic other popular country singers, including Tennessee Ernie Ford and Kitty Wells.

Although he did not have more chart-toppers, he charted three dozen hits between 1961 and 1972, with the biggest being "Once" (1967) and "Just for You" (1968). In late 1972, after over 20 years with Capitol, Husky signed with ABC Records, where he scored several Top 40 hits into 1975, with the biggest being the Top 20 "Rosie Cries a Lot" (1973). Husky briefly retired in 1977 following heart surgery but resumed touring. He remained a popular concert draw, performing at the Grand Ole Opry and elsewhere. He was married four times and for the last 6 years of his life lived with his long time love, Leona Williams (former wife of Merle Haggard).

Husky suffered from cardiopathy for many years and was hospitalized several times since the late 1970s, including for heart surgery in 2005 and blood clots in his legs in 2007. He was admitted to St. John's Hospital in Springfield, Missouri on April 19, 2009 with congestive heart failure and pneumonia. On July 15, 2009 his spokesman said he was recuperating at home after being released from a Nashville hospital. As recently as 2009, he lived in Vienna, Missouri.

On February 23, 2010, the Country Music Association announced his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame. He was heralded for his vocal and comic prowess—and "all around showmanship"—that left a legacy as "one of the best entertainers country music has ever produced".

On January 16, 2011, Husky was honored at West St. Francois County High School in Leadwood, Missouri where local singers and the high school choir sang some of his hits. Husky also donated several items of memorabilia, including his Country Music Hall of Fame award, to the city of Leadwood. They will be permanently stored at the high school.

On March 8, 2011 Husky was hospitalized again after several days of not feeling well. By the weekend he had improved and was preparing to move out of the coronary care unit, but on March 17, Husky died at his daughter's home in Westmoreland, Tennessee of congestive heart failure.

His interment was in Hendersonville, Tennessee's cemetery Memory Gardens.

Honors

Husky was one of the first country singers to get a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (for recording) at 6675 Hollywood Blvd.

The street that runs through the city park in Leadwood, Missouri is named for him.

Discography

Albums

! Year	! Album	Top Country Albums>US Country	! Label
1956	''Songs of the Home and Heart''
1957	''Boulevard of Broken Dreams''
1958	''Sittin' on a Rainbow''
	''Born to Lose''
''Ferlin Husky''
	''Easy Livin'''
''Ferlin's Favorites''
''"Gone"''
	''Walkin' and a Hummin'''
''Memories of Home''
1962	''Some of My Favorites''
	''The Unpredictable Simon Crum''
''The Heart and Soul of Ferlin Husky''
''The Hits of Ferlin Husky''
1964	''By Request''
1965	''True True Lovin'''
	''Ferlin Husky Sings the Songs of Music City, U.S.A.''
''I Could Sing All Night''
	''What Am I Gonna Do Now?''
''Christmas All Year Long''
	''Just for You'' (and the Hush Puppies)
''Where No One Stands Alone''
''White Fences and Evergreen Trees''
	''The Best of Ferlin Husky''
''That's Why I Love You So Much''
	''Your Love Is Heavenly Sunshine''
''Green Green Grass of Home''
''Your Sweet Love Lifted Me''
1971	''One More Time''
1972	''Just Plain Lonely''
	''True True Lovin'''
''Sweet Honky Tonk''
	''Freckles and Polliwag Days''
''Champagne Ladies and Blue Ribbon Babies''
1975	''Foster and Rice Songbook''

Singles

Year	Single	Chart Positions			Album
		! width="45"	! width="45"	CAN Country
	"A Dear John Letter" (w/ Jean Shepard)
"Forgive Me John" (w/ Jean Shepard)
	"I Feel Better All Over (More Than Anywhere's Else)"
"Little Tom"
"Cuzz Yore So Sweet" (as Simon Crum)				''The Unpredictable Simon Crum''
"I'll Baby Sit with You" (w/ His Hush Puppies)				single only
"A Fallen Star"
"Prize Possession"
	"I Will"
"Country Music Is Here to Stay" (as Simon Crum)				''The Unpredictable Simon Crum''
	"My Reason for Living"				''"Gone"''
"Draggin' the River"
"Black Sheep"
1960
1961	"Willow Tree"
	"The Waltz You Saved for Me"				''Some of My Favorites''
"Somebody Save Me"
"Stand Up"
"It Was You"
1964	"Timber I'm Falling"				''By Request''
	"True True Lovin'"				''True True Lovin'''
"Money Greases the Wheels"				''Ferlin Husky Sings the Songs of Music City, U.S.A.''
	"I Could Sing All Night"
"I Hear Little Rock Calling"
	"Once"
"What Am I Gonna Do Now"				''What Am I Gonna Do Now?''
"You Pushed Me Too Far"
	"Just for You"
"I Promised You the World"				single only
"White Fences and Evergreen Trees"
	"Flat River, MO"
"That's Why I Love You So Much"				''That's Why I Love You So Much''
"Every Step of the Way"
	"Heavenly Sunshine"
"Your Sweet Love Lifted Me"
	"Sweet Misery"
"One More Time"
"Open Up the Book (And Take a Look)"				single only
	"Just Plain Lonely"				''Just Plain Lonely''
"How Could You Be Anything But Love"				single only
	"True True Lovin'" (re-recording)				''True True Lovin'''
"Between Me and Blue"
"Baby's Blue"
"Rosie Cries a Lot"
	"Freckles and Polliwog Days"
"A Room for a Boy...Never Used"
	"Champagne Ladies and Blue Ribbon Babies"
"Burning"
"An Old Memory (Got in My Eye)"
"She's Not Yours Anymore"

Notes

References

Roy, Don. (1998). "Ferlin Husky". In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music''. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 252. (Birth year listed as 1927).

External links

Official website

Simon Crum website

Category:1925 births Category:2011 deaths Category:People from Saint Francois County, Missouri Category:American country singers Category:American male singers Category:American sailors Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:Grand Ole Opry members Category:Four Star Records artists Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Apex Records artists Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Tennessee Category:Bakersfield sound

cs:Ferlin Husky de:Ferlin Husky ru:Хаски, Ферлин