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Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634/13 AH) was the Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his companions and the first Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death..
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Abū Ḥanīfa
Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zuṭā ibn Marzubān (), better known as Imam Abū Ḥanīfah, () (699 — 767 CE / 80 — 148 AH) was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
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Al-Ma'mun
Abū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Māʾmūn ibn Harūn (also spelled Almamon, Al-Maymun and el-Mâmoûn, Arabic ابوجعفر عبدالله المأمون) (September 13, 786 – August 9, 833) (المأمون) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin.
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Al-Mansur
Al-Mansur, Almanzor or '''Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur''' (born: 95 AH; died: 158 AH (born: 714 AD; died: 775 AD); ) was the second Abbasid Caliph from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD - 775 AD) .
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Al-Mu'tasim
'''Abu Ishaq 'Abbas al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun''' (Arabic: أبو إسحاق عباس المعتصم بن هارون ) (794 – January 5, 842) was an Abbasid caliph (833–842). He succeeded his half-brother al-Ma'mun. In Arabian communities, al-Mu'tasim is an example of the magnanimity, because of the famous incident "Wa Mo'atasimah" (وا معتصماه).
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Al-Mu'tazz
'''Al-Mu'tazz''' () (died 869) was the title of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 866 to 869. Placed upon the throne by the Turks, he proved but too apt a pupil of his Turkish masters.He became the caliph at 19 he was the youngest Abbasaid Caliph to assume power. He was surrounded by parties each jealous of the other. At Samarra, the Turks were having problems with the "Westerns" (Berbers and Moors); while the Arabs and Persians at Baghdad, who had supported al-Musta'in, regarded both with equal hatred. Al-Mu'tazz was thus surrounded by people who were ready for plot or treachery whether against each other or against al-Mu'tazz:—a poor justification, however, for the course of betrayal and bloodshed which he, not less than they, pursued.
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Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
'''Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Ibn al-Mu'allim''' for his expertise in philosophical theology (c. 948-1022 CE) was an eminent Twelver Shi'a theologian.
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al-Walid I
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Ali
(, ; 13th Rajab, 24 BH–21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shia Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
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Ali al-Hadi
‘Alī al-Hādī (), also known as ‘Alī an-Naqī was the tenth of the Twelve Imams. He was born ‘Alī ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown, but it is generally accepted that he was born between 827-830 C.E. (2nd Rajab, 212 A.H.-214 A.H.) and he died in 868 C.E.
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Ali al-Sistani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani ( , born August 4, 1930) is the current highest-ranking Twelver Shi'a marja in Iraq, who leads the Hawza of Najaf. He is a Grand Ayatollah and Twelver Shia marja' born in Iran and residing in Iraq since 1951. He is currently the preeminent Shia cleric for Shia in Iraq and around the world as well as an important political figure in post-invasion Iraq.
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Ali ar-Ridha
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā () (commonly known as, ‘Alī ar-Riḍā, Ali Reza) (ca. December 29, 765 - August 23, 818) was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
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Ali Khamenei
Ayatollah Syed Ali Hoseyni Khāmene’i (, , ; born 17 July 1939) is an Iranian politician as the figurehead of the Muslim conservative establishment in Iran and Twelver shi'a marja.
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Ali Naqi Naqvi
Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Naqi Naqvi (Arabic/Persian/Urdu: آية الله العظمی سيد على نقى نقوى) (born 26 December 1905 - 18 May 1988) (26 Rajab 1323 AH - 1 Shawal 1408 AH), also known as Naqqan (), was a mujtahid from Lucknow, India who graduated from Najaf, Iraq. He is famous for his writings in Urdu, including the most famous Shaheed-e-Insaniyat and Tareekh-e-Islam.
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Allama Talib Jauhri
Allama Talib Jauhari ( Talib Johri or Talib Jauhry) is a prominent and distinguished Pakistani Islamic scholar, religious leader, public speaker, Urdu poet and philosopher from the Shi'ite sect of Islam who holds the prestigious position of Zakir-e-Sham-e-Ghariban (speaker of the evening of sorrow & ruined) on GEO TV for year 2007 and Pakistan Television for several years.
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Aqa Hasan
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Fatimah
Fatimah (; ; pronounced ; c. 605 or 615 –632) was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. She is regarded by Muslims as an exemplar for men and women. She remained at her father's side through the difficulties suffered by him at the hands of the Quraysh of Mecca. After migration to Medina, she married Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin, and was mother to four of his children. She died a few months after her father, and was buried in Jannat Al-Baqi' in the city of Medina, although the exact location of her grave is unknown. Most Shias believe that she was injured when defending Ali against the first Caliphate, and that this incident led to her early death.
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Harun al-Rashid
Hārūn al-Rashīd (; properly spelled Harun ar-Rashid; , Aaron the Just, or Aaron the Rightly Guided) (17 March 763 – 24 March 809) was the fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rayy in Iran, close to modern Tehran.
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Hasan al-Askari
Hasan al-‘Askarī () (Eighth of Rabi' al-thani 232 AH – Eighth of Rabi' al-awwal 260 AH; approximately: 1 December 846 – 1 January 874) was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad.His title al-Askari derives from the Arabic word Asker which means military.He was given this title mainly because the country he lived in (Samarra) was a military camp. Hasan al-‘Askarī was 22, when his father was killed. The period of his Imāmate, following his father's death, was six years. Hasan Al-‘Askarī died at the age of 28 in the year, 260 Hijra and was buried in Samarra.Eliash, J. "Ḥasan al- ʿAskarī , Abū Muḥammad Ḥasan b. ʿAlī." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 13 April 2010
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Hasan ibn Ali
Al-Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib () ( born March 1, 625 CE (Ramadhān 15th, 3 AH) – died 669CE (Safar 7th or 28th, 50 AH) aged 47) is an important figure in Islām, the son of Fātimah al-Zahraā (daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and of ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib, Rashidun Caliph and the first Shī‘ah Imām. A member of Ahl al-Bayt (the household of Muhammad) and Ahl al-Kisa, Hasan was a Shī‘ah Imām and one of The Fourteen Infallibles of the Shī‘ah Twelvers. Hasan is also known as Al-Mujtaba and Sibtil Akbar (the elder and the first grandson of Muhammad). Both Sunnis and Shi'ahs regard him as a martyr.
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Husayn ibn Ali
Husayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib () (3rd Sha‘bān 4 AH - 10th Muharram 61 AH; 8 January 626 AD - 10 October 680 AD) was the son of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (final Rashidun Caliph and first Shī‘a Imām) and Fātimah Zahrā (daughter of Muhammad). Husayn is an important figure in Islām as he is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt (the household of Muhammad) and Ahl al-Kisā, as well as being a Shī'ah Imām, and one of The Fourteen Infallibles of Shī'ah Twelvers. He is recognized as the 'Martyr Of Martyrs' by both Sunni and Shia.
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Ibne hasan nonaharvi
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Ja'far al-Sadiq
Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq () (702-765 C.E. or 17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH - 25th Shawwāl 148 AH) is renowned and respected both by Sunni and Shi'a Muslims as a great Islamic personality and academic. The Shi'a Muslim sect even considers him to be the sixth infallible Imam of Shi'a Muslims, or spiritual leader and successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is the Imam recognized by both Ismaili and Twelver Shi'a sects and the dispute over who was to succeed him led to a division within Shi'a Islam.
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Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
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Jābir ibn Hayyān
Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān (), () (born c. 721 in Tous–died c. 815 in Kufa) was a prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. He is considered by some to be the "father of chemistry." His ethnic background is not clear; although some sources state that he was an Arab
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Kalbe Abid
Maulana Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi (مولانا سيد كلب عابد نقوى) was a mujtahid from Lucknow, India who preached Shia Islam and came from a family of scholars known as "Khandaan-e-Ijtehad", notably Syed Dildar Ali Nasirabadi, also known as Ghufran Ma'ab. His father was Syed Kalbe Hussain and grandfather Syed Aqa Hasan. His son, Syed Kalbe Jawad is also a scholar and the chief of the Shia population in Lucknow, India. He died in 1986 after being involved in a car crash while on his way to read a majlis. His final 10 set of majlises which he read in Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab in 1986 has been entitled "Majlis-e-Azeem".
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Kalbe Jawad
Hujjat al-Islam Imam-e-Juma Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawad Naqvi (مولانا سيد كلب جواد نقوى) is a Shi'a scholar(Maulana) from Lucknow, India.
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Malik ibn Anas
'''Mālik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn 'Āmr al-Asbahi (Arabic مالك بن أنس''') (c. 711 – 795) (93 AH – 179 AH ) is known as "Imam Malik," the "Sheikh of Islam", the "Proof of the Community," and "Imam of the Abode of Emigration." He was one of the most highly respected scholars of fiqh in Sunni Islam. Imam Shafi, who was one of Malik's students for nine years and a scholarly giant in his own right, stated, "when scholars are mentioned, Malik is like the star among them." The Maliki Madhab, named after Malik, is one of the four schools of jurisprudence that are followed by Sunni Muslims to this day.
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Muawiyah I
Muawiyah I (; 602–680) was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. In Sunni Islam, he is perceived as having his life divided in two parts. During his first part, he was as one of the staunchest enemies of Muhammad and of Islam. After all, after the Battle of Badr, Muawiya was the heir-apparent to the pagan throne of Mecca, which was occupied by his father Abu Sufyan and mother Hind. After the defeat of his family, following the fall of Mecca in 8 AH, Muawiya converted to Islam and hence is regarded within Sunni Islam as a Sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. This is where the second part of Muawiyah's life sarts. Also he was Katib Al-waḥi (scribe) – he later became a member of the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.
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Muhammad
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (; ; also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed) (ca. 570/571 Mecca[مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632), was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of , the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet as taught by the . Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets. He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action. In Michael H. Hart's The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Muhammad is described as the most influential person in history. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms.
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Muhammad al-Baqir
Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir () (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH) was the Fifth Imām to the Twelver Shī‘ah and Fourth Imām to the Ismā‘īlī Shī‘ah. His father was the previous Imām, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn, and his mother was Fatimah bint al-Hasan. He is highly respected by Shia Muslims for his religious knowledge and Islamic scholarship.
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Muhammad al-Mahdi
Hujjat al-Mahdī () also known as Hujjat ibn al-Hasan (approximately July 29, 869 – ? believed by twelvers to be in Occultation) is the individual believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Māhdī, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams. Twelver Shī‘a believe that al-Māhdī was born in 869 and did not die but rather was hidden by God (this is referred to as the Occultation) and will later emerge with Jesus in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. He assumed the Imamate at 5 years of age. Sunnīs and other Shī‘ah schools do not consider ibn-al-Hasan to be the Mahdī , though the mainstream sect Twelvers do.
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Muhsin al-Hakim
'''Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhsin al-Tabataba'i al-Hakim''' (1889-1970) () was born into a family, the Tabatabai, renowned for its scholarship. He was always in the forefront to defend Islam and Muslims. He became the sole Marja in 1961 after the death of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Husayn Borujerdi. His son Abdul Aziz al-Hakim was the leader of SIIC the largest political party in Iraq.
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Mulla Sadra
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī also called Mulla Sadrā (; also spelt Molla Sadra, Mollasadra or '''Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin''' ;) (c. 1571–1641) was a Persian Shia Islamic philosopher, theologian and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century.
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Musa al-Kadhim
Mūsá ibn Ja‘far al-Kāżim / al-Kādhim () (November 6, 745 AD - September 1, 799 // Safar 7, 128 AH – Rajab 25, 183 AH) was the seventh of the Twelve Imams. He was the son of the sixth Imam, and his mother was Hamidah Khātūn, a student and former slave of African descent. His wife Najmah was also a former slave purchased and freed by Hamidah, his mother.
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Musa al-Sadr
For the Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, see Mūsá al-Kāżim
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Najmul Millat
' Najm-ul-Millat Shamsh-ul-Ulema Ayatollah Maulana Syed Najmul Hasan Al-Mujtahid (مولانا سيد نجم الحسن) popularly known as Najmul Millat or Najmul Ulama' (25 May 1863 to 18 April 1938) was a top Faqih (Islamic jurist), and trained several Ulama such as Maulana Syed Sibte Hasan Naqvi, Maulana Hafiz Farmaan Ali (translator of Quran into Urdu), Syed Maulana Mohd Haroon, Syed Maulana Mohd Dawood, Maulana Hafiz Kifayat Hussain, Maulana Syed Adeel Akhtar, and Maulana Mufti Jaffer Hussain. They all did Mumtazul Afazil from Jamia Nazmia.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
' () (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah, Baghdad), better known as ' (; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian"Tusi, Nasir al-Din al-." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 December 2007 . polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Arab-Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
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Philip Sherrard
Philip Sherrard (September 23, 1922 — May 30, 1995) was a British author, translator, and philosopher. His work includes important translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. A pioneer of Modern Greek studies in England, he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known in the English-speaking world. He was also a prolific writer on theological and philosophical themes, addressing the origins of the social and spiritual crisis he believed was occurring in the developed world, and specifically exploring modern attitudes towards the environment from a Christian perspective.
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Rashidun
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs who established the Rashidun Caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).
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Ruhollah Khomeini
Sayyed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini (, ; 24 September 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.
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Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (), full name: Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi (), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah () was a prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief.
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Syed Hamidul Hasan
Syed Hamidul Hasan is a Shia alim of Lucknow, India. He has been giving religious lectures in India and abroad, especially during the Muslim month of Muharram, for the last 30 years. He is also the current principal of Jamia Nazmia.
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Syed Kalbe Hussain
Maulana Syed Kalbe Hussain Naqvi (مولانا سيد كلب حسين نقوى) nicknamed "Kabban" was a mujtahid from Lucknow, India who preached Twelver Shi'a Islam and came from a family of scholars known as "Khandaan-e-Ijtehad", notably Syed Dildar Ali Nasirabadi, also known as Ghufran Ma'ab. His father was Maulana Syed Aqa Hasan. Originally Kalbe Gharana
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Umar
Umar (, c. 586–590 CE 7 November 644), also known as Omar, was the Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his companions and the second Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death for 10 years.
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Uthman ibn Affan
Usman ibn ‘Affān or ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān (Arabic: ) (c. 579 – July 17, 656) was one of the sahaba (companions of Islamic prophet Muhammad). An early convert to Islam, he played a major role in early Islamic history, most notably as the third Caliph of the Rashidun Empire, Prophet's son-in-law and the compilation of the Qur'an.
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Wasil ibn Ata
Wasil ibn Ata (700–748) () was a Muslim theologian, and by many accounts is considered to be the founder of the Mutazilite school of Islamic thought.
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Yazid I
Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān (born 645; died 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one by heredity), ruling for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. The period of Yazid's rule is thought of as a disaster for Muslims and his rule is still remembered by many, especially Shia Muslims. His period witnessed the massacre of Kerbala, losses in North Africa, and a loss of supremacy at sea. During this period, the spoilation and profanation of the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah by his forces occurred.
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Yousef Sanei
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Zayn al-Abidin
‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn () (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712) is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth Shī‘ah Imām (the third Imām according to the Ṭayyibī [Bohra] Ismā‘ilī). His mother was Shahrbānū and his father was Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī. His brothers include ‘Alī al-Aṣghar ibn Ḥusayn and ‘Alī al-Akbar ibn Ḥusayn. He is known as Zayn al-Abidīn "Beauty/Best of the Worshippers". He is also referred to as Imām al-Sajjad "the Prostrating Imām" and Sayyid as-Sājjadīna wa r-Rāki‘īn "Leader of Those who Prostrate and Bow".
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Damascus
Damascus ( , commonly known as الشام ash-Shām also known as the "City of Jasmin" ) is the capital of Syria as well as one of the country's 14 governorates. The Damascus Governorate is ruled by a governor appointed by the Minister of Interior. In addition to being widely known as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant.
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Hasan al-Askari
Hasan al-‘Askarī () (Eighth of Rabi' al-thani 232 AH – Eighth of Rabi' al-awwal 260 AH; approximately: 1 December 846 – 1 January 874) was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad.His title al-Askari derives from the Arabic word Asker which means military.He was given this title mainly because the country he lived in (Samarra) was a military camp. Hasan al-‘Askarī was 22, when his father was killed. The period of his Imāmate, following his father's death, was six years. Hasan Al-‘Askarī died at the age of 28 in the year, 260 Hijra and was buried in Samarra.Eliash, J. "Ḥasan al- ʿAskarī , Abū Muḥammad Ḥasan b. ʿAlī." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 13 April 2010
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Imam Reza shrine
Imām Reza shrine () in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Kadhimiya
al-Kāżimiyyah ( al-Kāżimiyyah; alternatively, al-Kāżimayn), is a town located in what is now a northern neighbourhood of Baghdad, Iraq about five kilometres from the city center. Al-Kāżimiyyah is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad.
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Karbala
:Note: When the word "Karbala" is used in the context of Muslim history or culture, it almost invariably refers to the events around the Battle of Karbala in which Husayn ibn ‘Alī was slain, not the city that stands there today.
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Kufa
Kufa (Arabic, ) is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.
http://wn.com/Kufa -
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
http://wn.com/Kuwait -
Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
http://wn.com/Lebanon -
Mashad
http://wn.com/Mashad -
Mashhad
Mashhad ( from , ‹Mašhad›, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census.
http://wn.com/Mashhad -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Medina
Medina (; , , or المدينة ; also transliterated as Madinah; officially al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah (the radiant city)) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of the Al Madinah Province. It is the second holiest city in Islam, and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and it is historically significant for being his home after the Hijrah.
http://wn.com/Medina -
Najaf
Najaf (; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is one of the holiest cities of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
http://wn.com/Najaf -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Samarra
Sāmarrā () is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an estimated population of 348,700.
http://wn.com/Samarra -
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
Tabriz
Tabriz (, ) is the most populated city in Iranian Azerbaijan, it is fourth largest city in Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quri River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former capitals, and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty. The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history. Tabriz is located in a valley to the north of the long ridge of the volcanic cone of Sahand, south of the Eynali mountain. The valley opens out into a plain that slopes gently down to the northern end of Lake Urmia, 60 km to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers the city is considered a summer resort.
http://wn.com/Tabriz -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
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Shia Exposed - Real Shia Twelvers Beliefs Part 1of6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 06 Dec 2011
- Author: t20worldcuplivematch
The Turban, revealing the real beliefs of the shia. How the masses are being manipulated by the ayat ash-shayateen (shia leaders). What really goes on behind the closed doors. Shia beatings and crying. Shia kufr. Shia shirk. Download full CD www.karbala-tv.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Exposed__Real_Shia_Twelvers_Beliefs_Part_1of6
Ahmadinejad-Twelvers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 28 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: comnsenseproductions
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Are the Imams Sinless part 7 flagoftawheed.com idcuk.org
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 14 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Apr 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Are the Imams Sinless part 7 flagoftawheed.com idcuk.org
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Are_the_Imams_Sinless_part_7_flagoftawheedcom_idcukorg
Shia Exposed - Real Shia Twelvers Beliefs Part 2of6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Dec 2011
- Author: t20worldcuplivematch
The Turban, revealing the real beliefs of the shia. How the masses are being manipulated by the ayat ash-shayateen (shia leaders). What really goes on behind the closed doors. Shia beatings and crying. Shia kufr. Shia shirk. Download full CD www.karbala-tv.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Exposed__Real_Shia_Twelvers_Beliefs_Part_2of6
Shia Exposed - Real Shia Twelvers Beliefs Part 4of6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Aug 2010
- Author: t20worldcuplivematch
The Turban, revealing the real beliefs of the shia. How the masses are being manipulated by the ayat ash-shayateen (shia leaders). What really goes on behind the closed doors. Shia beatings and crying. Shia kufr. Shia shirk. Download full CD www.karbala-tv.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Exposed__Real_Shia_Twelvers_Beliefs_Part_4of6
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 6 - The Black and White turbans of the Shi'ite Scholars
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 13 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 6 - The Balck and White turbans of the Shi'ite Scholars ahlussunnah wahhabi salafiyyah salafi kitabullah sunnah shaykh abdurahman ad-dimashqia majlisi khomeini ahlulbayt islam truth ithna ashari
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_6__The_Black_and_White_turbans_of_the_Shi'ite_Scholars
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Khidr is a prophet part8 - flagoftawheed.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Published: 15 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 13 Dec 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Khidr is a prophet part8 - flagoftawheed.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Khidr_is_a_prophet_part8__flagoftawheedcom
Shia Exposed - Real Shia Twelvers Beliefs Part 5of6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Oct 2011
- Author: t20worldcuplivematch
The Turban, revealing the real beliefs of the shia. How the masses are being manipulated by the ayat ash-shayateen (shia leaders). What really goes on behind the closed doors. Shia beatings and crying. Shia kufr. Shia shirk. Download full CD www.karbala-tv.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Exposed__Real_Shia_Twelvers_Beliefs_Part_5of6
anjuman sajjadiya (twelvers)kopaganj Mau UP India.
Sahebe byaz.Shahid raza,Hefazat husain,Dr.Salman Hyder and collegues.at event of Shab-e-Aashoor. Kopaganj Mau UPIndia.to contact for recite Nohas at your place,mail to..(raza.majid@yahoo.com) or contact to Anjuman.
http://wn.com/anjuman_sajjadiya_twelverskopaganj_Mau_UP_India
Shia Exposed - Real Shia Twelvers Beliefs Part 6of6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: t20worldcuplivematch
The Turban, revealing the real beliefs of the shia. How the masses are being manipulated by the ayat ash-shayateen (shia leaders). What really goes on behind the closed doors. Shia beatings and crying. Shia kufr. Shia shirk. Download full CD www.karbala-tv.com
http://wn.com/Shia_Exposed__Real_Shia_Twelvers_Beliefs_Part_6of6
Shia Raafidah Twelver Sect - part 18 - The Body of Hussain - Zam Zam Turbah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Published: 17 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Nov 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelver_Sect__part_18__The_Body_of_Hussain__Zam_Zam_Turbah
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 11 - The Quran is changed according to Shia Scholars
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Published: 16 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Sep 2010
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_11__The_Quran_is_changed_according_to_Shia_Scholars
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 15 -The Yemen al-Houthi Twelvers Head
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:34
- Published: 17 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Nov 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_15_-The_Yemen_al-Houthi_Twelvers_Head
Algorithm March w Twelvers :D
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:23
- Published: 29 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: sixstepsdown
A bunch of crazy 312'08 people doing the Algorithm March and watch C screw up HAHAHA OMG. :X
http://wn.com/Algorithm_March_w_Twelvers_D
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 14 - The Magicians in Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Published: 16 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Apr 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_14__The_Magicians_in_Iran
AN EXPOSITION OF SHI'AH TWELVERS Abdur Rahman dimashqiah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Published: 14 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Dec 2011
- Author: nevertrustherkuffar
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect- Part 12 - Imam Mahdi will Execute Abu Bakr & Umar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Published: 16 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 19 Aug 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect_Part_12__Imam_Mahdi_will_Execute_Abu_Bakr_Umar
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - part 17 - Hizb ut-Tahrir praise Khomeinis book of Kufr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Published: 17 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 25 Dec 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__part_17__Hizb_ut-Tahrir_praise_Khomeinis_book_of_Kufr
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 09 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Nov 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Rejectors_of_Abu_Bakr_and_Umar__Shyakh_Abdurahman_ad-Dimashqia
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 16 -"The Shi'ite 12 Imams have control over everything!"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Published: 17 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Nov 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_16_-The_Shi'ite_12_Imams_have_control_over_everything!
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Part 4 Shia Holy Book supports Sahabah S. ad-Dimashqia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 10 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 12 May 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Part_4_Shia_Holy_Book_supports_Sahabah_S_ad-Dimashqia
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - You Wahhabis? Part 2 flagoftawheed & islamic dawah cenntre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Published: 10 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__You_Wahhabis?_Part_2_flagoftawheed_islamic_dawah_cenntre
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Ali gave Abu Bakr the Khilafah - Shaykh ad-Dimashqia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Published: 10 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Aug 2011
- Author: flagoftawheed
Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia sunnah islam quran hadith salafiyyah kitab firqatun najiah zaydee hussain hassan karbala iran iraq Shia Raafidah Twelvers Sect - Rejectors of Abu Bakr and Umar - Shyakh Abdurahman ad-Dimashqia
http://wn.com/Shia_Raafidah_Twelvers_Sect__Ali_gave_Abu_Bakr_the_Khilafah__Shaykh_ad-Dimashqia
![The Shāh Abdol Azīm Shrine (Persian: شاه عبد العظيم), located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of: ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī[1] (aka. Shah Abdol Azim). Shah Abdol Azim was a fifth generation descendant of Hasan ibn ‘Alī[1] and a companion of Muhammad al-Taqī.[1] He was entombed here after his death in the 9th century.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/24/14/e5f8a93ebf0eeeee3cbecd2a7e98_medium.jpg "The Shāh Abdol Azīm Shrine (Persian: شاه عبد العظيم), located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of: ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī[1] (aka. Shah Abdol Azim). Shah Abdol Azim was a fifth generation descendant of Hasan ibn ‘Alī[1] and a companion of Muhammad al-Taqī.[1] He was entombed here after his death in the 9th century.")
![The Shāh Abdol Azīm Shrine (Persian: شاه عبد العظيم), located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of: ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī[1] (aka. Shah Abdol Azim). Shah Abdol Azim was a fifth generation descendant of Hasan ibn ‘Alī[1] and a companion of Muhammad al-Taqī.[1] He was entombed here after his death in the 9th century. Adjacent to the shrine, within the complex, include the mausolea of Imamzadeh Tahir (son of the fourth Shī‘ah Imam Imām Sajjad), and Imamzadeh Hamzeh (brother of the eig](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/73/62/2077ed16c6b6485d2dd3ffad878b_medium.jpg "The Shāh Abdol Azīm Shrine (Persian: شاه عبد العظيم), located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of: ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī[1] (aka. Shah Abdol Azim). Shah Abdol Azim was a fifth generation descendant of Hasan ibn ‘Alī[1] and a companion of Muhammad al-Taqī.[1] He was entombed here after his death in the 9th century. Adjacent to the shrine, within the complex, include the mausolea of Imamzadeh Tahir (son of the fourth Shī‘ah Imam Imām Sajjad), and Imamzadeh Hamzeh (brother of the eig")
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/8d/74/53f982771ef8170e9275cc0d17bf_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/8f/07/8ad46f5713959ed5f9efc179e944_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/eb/c3/b3eaa07c545496e0414e77090ef5_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/82/59/7e2a7ee24e25bae2dbec403c52e7_medium.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20111227063658/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/2d/77/47062830b15ecd7bf39d82a919bc_medium.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
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The Examiner
There is an explanation why all diplomatic efforts to persuade Iran to abandon its nuclear ambitions have failed. The fact that the Shiite culture has no respect for women and our Secretary of State is a female (Hillary Clinton) makes it very difficult to negotiate with irrationality rooted in...
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Tehran's Leaders Insist on Israel's Destruction to Spur Messianic Figure's Appearance, 'Radical Islam' Author Explains, as America Approaches 10th Anniversary of 9/11...
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Twelver or Imami Shīa Islam (Athnā‘ashariyyah or Ithnā‘ashariyyah, ) is the largest branch of Shī‘ī (Shi'a) Islam. Adherents of Twelver Shī‘ism are commonly referred to as Twelvers, which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imāms and their belief that the Mahdi will be none other than the returned Twelfth Imam that disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation. Approximately 85% of Shī‘a are Twelvers, and the term Shi'a Muslim as commonly used in English usually refers to Twelver Shī‘a Muslims only.
The Shī‘ah (or Shi'a) is commonly used as a synonym for "Twelvers" since this branch comprises the majority group of Shī‘ī Islam.
Ja‘farī refers to Twelvers to the exclusion of the Ismā‘īlī ("Seveners") and Zaydī ("Fivers"). This term refers to the majority Twelver school of jurisprudence (a minority school, the Akhbarī, also exists). It is attributed to Ja'far al-Sadiq, who the Twelvers consider to be their Sixth Imām. The founders of the Sunni Hanafi and Maliki schools of jurisprudence narrated hadith from Ja'far al-Sadiq.
Imāmī is a reference to the Twelver belief in the infallibility of the Imāms. Though the Ismā‘īlī also accept the concept of Imāms, this term is used specifically for the Twelvers.
Tawhid (Oneness): The Oneness of God
ʻAdālah (Justice): The Justice of God
Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (that is, a perfect system of how to live in "peace" ("submission to God")).
Imāmah (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
Qiyāmah (The Day of Judgment): God will raise mankind for Judgment - the Day of Resurrection
Branches of Religion (Furū al-Dīn)
Salat (Prayer) — meaning "connection", establish the five daily prayers, called namāz in Persian and Urdu
Sawm (fast) — fasting during the holy month of Ramadhan, called rūzeh in Persian
Zakat (Poor-rate) – charity. Zakat means "to purify".
Khums ("Fifth" of one's savings) – tax
Hajj (Pilgrimage) – performing the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Jihād (Struggle) – struggling to please God. The greater, internal Jihad is the struggle against the evil within one's soul in every aspect of life, called jihād akbār. The lesser, or external, jihad is the struggle against the evil of one's environment in every aspect of life, called jihād asghār. This is not to be mistaken with the common modern misconception that this means "Holy War". Writing the truth (jihād bil qalam "struggle of the pen") and speaking truth in front of an oppressor are also forms of jihād.
ʻAmr bil-Maʻrūf – commanding what is good
An-Nahy ʻana l-Munkar – forbidding what is evil
Tawalla – loving the Ahl al-Bayt and their followers
Tabarra – dissociating oneself from the enemies of the Ahlu l-Bayt
Abu al-Hassanأبو الحسن |Amir al-Mu'minin(Commander of the Faithful)
Birinci Ali |600–661
23–40 |The first Imam and the rightful successor of the Prophet of all Shia; however, the Sunnis acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph as well. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him. |Mecca, Saudi Arabia |Assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite in Kufa, who slashed him with a poisoned sword. Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq. |- |2 |Hasan ibn Aliالحسن بن علي
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Mujtaba
Ikinci Ali |624–680 ----3–50 |He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of peace treaty with Muawiyah I, he relinquished control of Iraq following a reign of seven months. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, He was poisoned by his wife in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the orders of the Caliph Muawiyah. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |3 |Husayn ibn Aliالحسین بن علي
Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله |Sayed al-Shuhada
Ūçüncü Ali |626–680 ----4–61 |He was a grandson of Muhammad. Husayn opposed the validity of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were later martyred in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a central ritual in Shia identity. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Martyred and then beheaded at the Battle of Karbala. Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq. |- |4 |Ali ibn al-Hussein(Zayn al-Abidin)علي بن الحسین
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Sajjad, Zain al-Abedin ----Dorduncu Ali |658-9 – 712 ----38–95 |Author of prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet." |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to most Shia scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |5 |Muhammad ibn Ali(Muhammad al-Baqir)محمد بن علي
Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر |al-Baqir al-Ulum (splitting open knowledge) ----Besinci Ali | 677–732 ----57–114 |Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, teaching many students during his tenure. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to some Shia scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |6 |Ja'far ibn Muhammad(Ja'far al-Sadiq)جعفر بن محمد
Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله |al-Sadiq (the Trustworthy) ----Altinci Ali | 702–765 ----83–148 |Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the Theology of Shia. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Abū Ḥanīfa and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |7 |Musa ibn Ja'far(Musa al-Kadhim)موسی بن جعفر
Abu al-Hassan Iأبو الحسن الاول |al-Kazim ----Yedinci Ali |744–799 ----128–183 |Leader of the Shia community during the schism of Ismaili and other branches after the death of the former Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Imprisoned and poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad. |- |8 |Ali ibn Musa(Ali ar-Ridha)علي بن موسی
Abu al-Hassan IIأبو الحسن الثانی |al-Rida, Reza ----Sekizinci Ali |765–817 ----148–203 |Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Mashhad, Iran on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Buried in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashad. |- |9 |Muhammad ibn Ali(Muhammad al-Taqi)محمد بن علي
Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر |al-Taqi, al-Jawad ----Dokuzuncu Ali |810–835 ----195–220 |Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad. |- |10 |Ali ibn Muhammad(Ali al-Hadi)علي بن محمد
Abu al-Hassan IIIأبو الحسن الثالث |al-Hadi, al-Naqi ----Onuncu Ali |827–868 ----212–254 |Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows. |Surayya, a village near Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Samarra, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz. Buried in the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. |- |11 |Hassan ibn Ali(Hasan al-Askari)الحسن بن علي
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Askari ----Onbirinci Ali |846–874 ----232–260 |For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shi'ite population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq. Buried in Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. |- |12 |Muhammad ibn al-Hassan(Muhammad al-Mahdi)محمد بن الحسن
Abu al-Qasimأبو القاسم |al-Mahdi, al-Qa'im, Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah ----Onikinci Ali |868–unknown ----255–unknown |According to Twelver doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with Christ. He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the earth with justice and peace. |Samarra, Iraq |According to Shia doctrine, he has been living in The Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills it. |- |} Arabic text:
:*
Romanization:
:*
English rendering:
:* [I testify that] there is no god (ilah) worthy of worship but Allah and [I testify that] Muhammad is messenger of Allah.
In usage the occurrences of ʾašhadu ʾan "I testify that" are very often omitted.
Sunni often pray two Raka'ah Nafl after Dhuhr, Maghrib and Isha'a.
According to Shia Muslims, these are to be performed in sets of two raka'ah each.
Prayed daily by Muhammad (Sunnis).
Mustahab (praiseworthy) to do everyday (Shias). Wajib (almost to the level of obligatory) (Hanifiyyah). Sunnah Mu'akkadah (voluntary but highly stressed) (Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali).
Replaced by Jumu'ah on Fridays, which consists of two raka'ah.
According to Abū Ḥanīfa, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes twice its height (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr)." For the rest of Imams, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes equal to its length (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr)." Asr ends as the sun begins to set.
According to Shia Muslims, 'Asr prayer and 'Ishaa prayer have no set times but are performed from mid-day. Zuhr and 'Asr prayers must be performed before sunset, and the time for 'Asr prayer starts after Zuhr has been performed. Maghrib and 'Ishaa prayers must be performed before midnight, and the time for 'Ishaa prayer can start after Maghrib has been performed, as long as no more light remains in the western sky signifying the arrival of the true night.
According to Shia Muslims, this prayer is termed nawafil.
During prayer, it is the Jaʻfarī view that it is preferable to prostrate on earth, leaves that are not edible or wood, as these three things are considered purest by Muhammad in Hadith specifically mentioning Tayammum. Hence many Shīʻa use a small tablet of soil (a mixture of earth and water, and often taken from the ground of a holy site) or wood during their daily prayers upon which they prostrate.
"spoils of war" or "war booty"
gain or profit
Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, starts on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The Mourning of Muharram or Remembrance of Muharram and Ashurah (عاشوراء) for Shia commemorates Imam Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom in the Battle of Karbala. Imam Husayn was grandson of Muhammad, who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah,the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one by heredity).One group of Sunni Scholars have deemed Yazeed to be a kaafir(e.g. Sunni Scholar Ibn Jauzi in Wafa al-Wafa), another has stated he was a fasiq (transgressor), a fajir (one that commits debauchery) and a drunkard.Yazeed considered nikah (marriage) with mothers and sisters to be permissible and drank alcohol". Ashurah is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of Muharram. Sunnis also commemorates Imam Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom, but little different from Shi'as.
Arba'een (Arabic word for forty(40)) commemorates on 40th day of Imam Husain's martydom( 40th day is a auspious day for any deceased as per Islam)remembering the suffering of Imam Husayn and his household, the women and children. After Husayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (Damascus, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arba'een occurs on the 20th of Safar, 40 days after Ashurah.
Milad al-Nabi, Muhammad's birth date, is celebrated by the Shia on the 17th of Rabi' al-awwal, which coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.
Mid-Sha'aban is the birth date of the 12th and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. It is celebrated by Twelvers on the 15th of Sha'aban. Many Shia fast on this day to show gratitude.
Eid al-Ghadeer celebrates Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's imamate before a multitude of Muslims. Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Al-Mubahila celebrates a meeting between the Ahl al-Bayt (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from Najran. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Mulla Sadra
Muhammad Baqir Majlisi
Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
Al-Shaykh al-Saduq
Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Shaykh Tusi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Al-Hilli
Shaheed-e-Saalis Qazi Syed Nurullah Shustari
Saheb-e-Abaqat Maulana Syed Mir Hamid Hussain Musavi - Author of Abaqatul Anwar
Nasir-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Nasir Hussain Musavi Abaqati
Saeed-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Mohammad Saeed Musavi Abaqati
Jawad-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Ali Jawad Al-Husaini (Banaras) Mu'aasir wa ham-jama'at Saheb-e-Abaqat.
Allama Mufi Syed Mohammad Abbas al-Musavi al-Shustari al-Jazairi (1809–1889)
Allama Mufi Syed Ahmad Ali al-Musavi al-Shustari al-Jazairi (d.1969)
Najmul Ulama Maulana Syed Najmul Hasan (1863–1938)
Tajul Ulama Maulana Syed Mohammad Zaki
Ayatollah Syed Abul Hasan Rizvi
Baqir-ul-Uloom Maulana Syed Mohammad
Maulana Syed Mohammad Jafar Rizvi - Maulana Jaffu (1931–2010)
Nadirat-uz-Zaman Maulana Syed Ibne Hasan Nonaharvi
Maulana Syed Dildar Ali Naseerabadi - Ghufran Maab
Sultan-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Mohammad - Rizwan Maab
Syed-ul-Ulama" Maulana Syed Hussain - Aleenmakan''
Mumtaz-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Mohammad Taqi - Jannat Maab
Syed-ul-Ulama Syed Mohammad Ibrahim - Firdosmakan
Syed-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi - Maulana Naqqan
"Malaaz-ul-Ulama" Maulana Syed Hasan Naqvi
Zubdat-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Aqa Hasan Naqvi
Umdat-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Kalbe Hussain Naqvi - Maulana Kabban
Aqa-e-Shariat Sifwat-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi
Sadr-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Baqir Naqvi Ijtihadi
Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi Puya Yazdi (1899–1963)
Maulana Syed Mohammad Shabbar Rudaulvi
Mohsin-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Mohsin Nawab Rizvi (1911–1969)
Zafar-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Zafarul Hasan Rizvi (d. 1983)
Allama Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi (1938–2000)
Iftikhar-ul-Ulama Maulana Saadat Husain Khan
Ayatollah Mufi Syed Tayyab Agha al-Musavi al-Shustari al-Jazairi
Ameer-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Hamidul Hasan
Sarkar-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Mohammad Shakir Naqvi Amrohvi
Maulana Syed Mohammad Taqi Rizvi - Taqi mian
Sardar-ul-Ulama Maulana Syed Ghulam Hussain Raza Agha
Rooh-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Ali Nasir Saeed Abaqati - Agha Roohi
Aftab-e-Shariat Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawad
Hakeem-e-Millat Maulana Dr Syed Kalbe Sadiq
Maulana Mahmoodul Hasan Khan
Shamim-ul-Millat Maulana Syed Shamimul Hasan Rizvi
Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei (deceased)
Ruhollah Khomeini (deceased)
Morteza Motahhari (deceased)
Hossein-Ali Montazeri (deceased)
Ali Khamenei
Hossein Vahid Khorasani
Mohammad-Taqi Bahjat Foumani (deceased)
Naser Makarem Shirazi
Hossein Noori Hamedani
Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani
Jawad Tabrizi
Yousef Sanei
Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi
Ali al-Sistani
Bashir Hussain Najafi
Mohammad Saeed Al-Hakim
Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad
Muhsin al-Hakim (deceased)
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei (deceased)
Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (deceased)
Musa al-Sadr (disappeared)
Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah(deceased)
Sayyed Abdul Hussain Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi
Sayyed Jafar Murtadha al-Amili
Ayatollah Sayyed Fadhil al-Hussaini al-Milani
Sayyed Mohammed Musawi
Sayyed Mohammad Saeed Musawi al-Khalkhali
Sheikh Ali Alemi
Allama mufti syed Naseer-ul-Ijtehadi
Abdul-Kareem Mushtak
Allama Irfan Haider Abdi(dec)
Maulana Ismail Devbandi(dec)
Maulana Jawwad Husain (dec)
Maulana Najm-ui-Hasan Karawi(dec)
Allama Talib Jauhri
Allama Rasheed Turrabi(dec)
Muhammad Hussain Najafi
Persecution of Shia Muslims
Bada'
Ismailism
A brief introduction of Twelve Imams
A Brief History Of The Lives Of The Twelve Imams a chapter of Shi'a Islam (book) by Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
The Twelve Imams Taken From "A Shi'ite Anthology" by Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
A Short History of the Lives of The Twelve Imams
Ithna 'Ashariyah An article by Encyclopædia Britannica online
al-Islam.org - Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
Twelver Media Source
Imamia Mission Shia Organisation in United Kingdom
Twelvers share many tenets of Shī‘ism with related sects, such as the belief in Imāms, but the Ismā‘īlī and Zaydī Shī‘ī sects each believe in a different number of Imāms and for the most part, a different path of succession regarding the Imāmate. They also differ in the role and overall definition of an Imām.
The Twelver faith is predominantly found in Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq, and Lebanon. Alevis in Turkey also regard themselves as Twelvers, but hold significantly different beliefs from mainstream Twelver Shiites.”. The Twelver faith also forms a large minority in India. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
Alternate names
The Twelvers are also known by other names, each connoting some aspect of the faith.
Overview
Twelvers believe that the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law ‘Alī are the best source of knowledge about the Qur'an and Islam, the most trusted carriers and protectors of Muḥammad's Sunnah (traditions) and the most worthy of emulation.In particular, Twelvers recognize the succession of ‘Alī, Muḥammad's cousin, son-in-law and the first man to accept Islam (second only to Muḥammad's wife Khadījah), the male head of the Ahl al-Bayt or "people of the [Prophet's] house" and the father of Muḥammad's only bloodline) as opposed to that of the caliphate recognized by Sunni Muslims. Twelvers also believe that ‘Alī was appointed successor by Muḥammad's direct order on many occasions, and that he is therefore the rightful leader of the Muslim faith.
Although ‘Alī is widely accepted by Muslims in general to be the third successor to the Caliphate after Abu Bakr, for the Shī‘ah, however, he is the first divinely sanctioned "Imām," or divinely appointed spiritual leader after the Prophet Muḥammad. The seminal event in Shī‘ah history is the martyrdom in 680 CE of ‘Alī's son Husayn, who led an uprising against the, illegitimate to them, caliph. For the Shī‘ah, Husayn came to symbolize resistance to tyranny.
Regardless of the dispute about the Caliphate, Twelvers recognize the religious authority of the Twelve Imams, also called Khalīfah Ilāhi.
Theology
Sharī'ah: Religious law
The Ja'farī derive their Sharia, or religious law, from the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The difference between Sunni and Shīʻa Sharia results from a Shīʻa belief that Muhammad assigned ʻAlī to be the first ruler and the leader after him (the Khalifa or steward). Moreover, according to Shīʻa, an Imam or a Caliph can not be democratically elected and has to be nominated by God. Sunnis believe that their Caliphs were popular and had greater vote so they were made caliphs. This difference resulted in the Shīʻa: # Following hadith from Muħammad and his descendants the 12 Imāms. # Not accepting the "examples", verdicts, and ahādīth of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman ibn Affan (who are considered by Sunnīs to be the first three Caliphs). # Attributing the concept of the masūm "infallibility" to the Twelve Imāms or The Fourteen Infallibles (including Muhammad and his daughter Fatimah) and accepting the examples and verdicts of this special group.
Main doctrines
Twelvers believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, as do Sunnis, but categorize them differently. Twelver beliefs include the following:Principles of Faith (Usūl al-Dīn)
The concept of Imams
The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad, in the Twelver or Ithna Ashariya branch of Shia Islam. According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with justice, but also is able to keep and interpret the Sharia and its esoteric meaning. The prophet and imams' words and deeds are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.
It is believed in Shi'a Islam that 'Aql, a divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the prophets and imams and gave them esoteric knowledge, called Hikmah, and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees. Although the Imam was not the recipient of a divine revelation, but has close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the imam in turn guides the people. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide is a fundamental belief in Shi'i Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.
According to Twelvers, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first Imam of this line, and in the Twelvers' view, the rightful successor to the Prophet of Islam, followed by male descendants of Muhammad(also known as Hasnain's) through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali. The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding.
List of Imams
{|class="wikitable" width="98%" style="background:#ffffff;" |- style="border-bottom:3px solid #CCCCFF" ! Number !! Name(Full/Kunya) !! Title(Arabic/Turkish)!! Birth–Death(CE/AH)!! Importance !! Birthplace (present day country) !! Place of death and burial |- |1 |Ali ibn Abu Talibعلي بن أبي طالبAbu al-Hassanأبو الحسن |Amir al-Mu'minin(Commander of the Faithful)
Birinci Ali |600–661
23–40 |The first Imam and the rightful successor of the Prophet of all Shia; however, the Sunnis acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph as well. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him. |Mecca, Saudi Arabia |Assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite in Kufa, who slashed him with a poisoned sword. Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq. |- |2 |Hasan ibn Aliالحسن بن علي
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Mujtaba
Ikinci Ali |624–680 ----3–50 |He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of peace treaty with Muawiyah I, he relinquished control of Iraq following a reign of seven months. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, He was poisoned by his wife in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the orders of the Caliph Muawiyah. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |3 |Husayn ibn Aliالحسین بن علي
Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله |Sayed al-Shuhada
Ūçüncü Ali |626–680 ----4–61 |He was a grandson of Muhammad. Husayn opposed the validity of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were later martyred in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a central ritual in Shia identity. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Martyred and then beheaded at the Battle of Karbala. Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq. |- |4 |Ali ibn al-Hussein(Zayn al-Abidin)علي بن الحسین
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Sajjad, Zain al-Abedin ----Dorduncu Ali |658-9 – 712 ----38–95 |Author of prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet." |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to most Shia scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |5 |Muhammad ibn Ali(Muhammad al-Baqir)محمد بن علي
Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر |al-Baqir al-Ulum (splitting open knowledge) ----Besinci Ali | 677–732 ----57–114 |Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, teaching many students during his tenure. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to some Shia scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |6 |Ja'far ibn Muhammad(Ja'far al-Sadiq)جعفر بن محمد
Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله |al-Sadiq (the Trustworthy) ----Altinci Ali | 702–765 ----83–148 |Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the Theology of Shia. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Abū Ḥanīfa and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |- |7 |Musa ibn Ja'far(Musa al-Kadhim)موسی بن جعفر
Abu al-Hassan Iأبو الحسن الاول |al-Kazim ----Yedinci Ali |744–799 ----128–183 |Leader of the Shia community during the schism of Ismaili and other branches after the death of the former Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Imprisoned and poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad. |- |8 |Ali ibn Musa(Ali ar-Ridha)علي بن موسی
Abu al-Hassan IIأبو الحسن الثانی |al-Rida, Reza ----Sekizinci Ali |765–817 ----148–203 |Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Mashhad, Iran on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Buried in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashad. |- |9 |Muhammad ibn Ali(Muhammad al-Taqi)محمد بن علي
Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر |al-Taqi, al-Jawad ----Dokuzuncu Ali |810–835 ----195–220 |Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad. |- |10 |Ali ibn Muhammad(Ali al-Hadi)علي بن محمد
Abu al-Hassan IIIأبو الحسن الثالث |al-Hadi, al-Naqi ----Onuncu Ali |827–868 ----212–254 |Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows. |Surayya, a village near Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Samarra, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz. Buried in the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. |- |11 |Hassan ibn Ali(Hasan al-Askari)الحسن بن علي
Abu Muhammadأبو محمد |al-Askari ----Onbirinci Ali |846–874 ----232–260 |For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shi'ite population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power. |Medina, Saudi Arabia |According to Shia, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq. Buried in Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. |- |12 |Muhammad ibn al-Hassan(Muhammad al-Mahdi)محمد بن الحسن
Abu al-Qasimأبو القاسم |al-Mahdi, al-Qa'im, Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah ----Onikinci Ali |868–unknown ----255–unknown |According to Twelver doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with Christ. He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the earth with justice and peace. |Samarra, Iraq |According to Shia doctrine, he has been living in The Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills it. |- |}
The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible. It is an important aspect of Shia theology that they are not prophets (nabi) nor messengers (rasul), but instead carry out Muhammad's message. While Sunni Muslims view all religions and groups that accept prophets or messengers after Muhammad to be heathen or heretical, Shi'a Muslims do consider the Imams to be higher in rank than all the prophets and messengers except Muhammad.
The role of Imam al-Mahdi
In Twelver eschatology, Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn ʻAlī, or al-Mahdi (مهدي transliteration: Mahdī, also Mehdi, "Guided One"), is the twelfth Imam and the Mahdi, the ultimate savior of mankind and prophesied redeemer of Islam. Twelvers believe that the Mahdi has been hidden by God (referred to as The Occultation) and will later emerge to change the world into a perfect and just Islamic society alongside Jesus (Isa) before the Yaum al-Qiyamah (literally "Day of the Resurrection" or "Day of the Standing").Other Shi'a schools, such as Zaidi, Ismaili and Bohra, adhere to different Imam successions and, along with some Sunnis, do not consider Muhammad ibn Hasan the Mahdi.
Comparative jurisprudence: Twelver–Sunni
(This list is not exhaustive nor representative of the Sunni/Shia dispute on religious jurisprudence)
Shahada: Declaration of faith
Another rendering current among some English-speaking Muslims, but without a historical tradition, is "(I bear witness that) there is none worthy of worship except God, and (I testify that) Muhammad is the messenger of God." This version relies on a translation of (ilah) as being "worthy of worship", something which is correctly said in Arabic but does not translate well into English syntax.
Twelvers, along with Sunnis, agree that a single honest recitation of the shahādah in Arabic is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools.
A vast majority of Twelvers often add ʻAlīyun waliyu l-Lāh (علي ولي الله "Ali is the vicegerent of God") at the end of the Shahādah. This testifies that ʻAlī is also the Leader of the Believers along with God and Muhammad, proof of which Shi'a theologians find in the Qur'an.
Though this form of the Shahādah is recited daily by other Shīʻa sects such as the Nizari Ismailis, Twelvers view it as Mustahabb (recommended), but not Wajib (obligatory).
Taqlid: Accepting a scholar's verdict
Salat / Namaz: Prayer
There are minor differences between Sunnis and Shīʻa in how the prayer ritual is performed. During the purification ritual in preparation for prayer (which consists of washing the face, arms, feet, etc. and saying of some prayers), the Shīʻa view wiping the feet with wet hands as sufficient, as opposed to some of the Sunnis who consider complete washing of the feet necessary. Also, Shīʻa do not use their fingers to clean inside the ears during the ablution ritual. A prerequisite for purification is that one has to be clean before performing the purification ritual.
| Name | Prescribed time period (waqt) | Voluntary before fard | Fard/Obligatory | Voluntary after fard | |||
| Sunni | Shi'a | Sunni | Shi'a | ||||
| Fajr (فجر) | Dawn to sunrise | 2 Raka'ah | 2 Raka'ah | 2 Raka'ah | - | - | |
| Dhuhr (ظهر) | After true noon until Asr | 4 Raka'ah | 4 Raka'ah | 4 Raka'ah | 2 Raka'ah | - | |
| Asr (عصر) | See footnote | 4 Raka'ah | 4 Raka'ah | 4 Raka'ah | - | - | |
| Maghrib (مغرب) | After sunset until dusk | 3 Raka'ah | 3 Raka'ah | 4 Raka'ah | |||
| Isha'a (عشاء) | Dusk until dawn | 2 Raka'ah | - | 4 Raka'ah | |||
;Notes
In the Jaʻfarī view, the hands are to be left hanging straight down the side during the standing position of the prayer, while the Sunni schools of thought (except for the majority of Malikis) hold that they should be folded. The Jaʻfarī consider the five daily prayers to be compulsory, though the Jaʻfarī consider it acceptable to pray the second and third prayer, and the fourth and fifth prayer, one after the other during the parts of the day where they believe the timings for these prayers to overlap. The other three Sunni schools allow this consolidation of daily prayers only while travelling or under some other constraint.
Khums: One-fifth tax
Khums (خمس) is the Arabic word for one fifth (1/5). In Islamic legal terminology, it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person acquires as wealth, and which must be paid as an Islamic tax". The items eligible for khums are referred to as Ghanima (الْغَنيمَة) in the Quran. The Arabic word Ghanima has two meaningsThe Sunni translate this word exclusively as "war booty" or "spoils of war". The Twelvers hold the view that the word Ghanima has two meanings as mentioned above, the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the Islamic banking term al-ghunm bil-ghurm meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk".
Also, in a famous supplication, the supplication after the noon prayer, the person asks God to bestow on him His favors, one of those favors which the person asks is the benefit or gain from every act of righteousness, the word used here is al-ghanima (وَالْغَنيمَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ بِر ) this is in accordance with the second meaning of the word.
Mut'ah: Temporary marriage
Nikāḥ al-Mut‘ah, Nikah el Mut'a (, also Nikah Mut‘ah literally, "marriage of pleasure"), or sighah, is a fixed-time marriage which, according to the Usuli Shia schools of Shari‘a (Islamic law), is a marriage with a preset duration, after which the marriage is automatically dissolved. It has many conditions that can be considered as pre-requisite, similar to that of permanent marriage. It is the second form of Islamic marriage (Nikah). However, it is regarded as haram (prohibited) by Sunnis. This is a highly controversial fiqh topic; Sunnis and Shi‘a hold diametrically opposed views on its permissibility, however see Nikah Misyar which is prohibited by shias.
Calendar
Twelver Shi'a, celebrate the following annual holidays:The following holidays are observed by Twelvers Shi'as, unless otherwise noted:
Martyrdom of Imam Husayn
The death of the grandson of Muhammad and the son of Ali, Husayn ibn Ali on the Tenth of Muharram - known as Ashura - plays a significant role in Twelver theology. This day is annually commemorated with grief and sorrow; some participate in ritual beating of their chests, as some believe this is a form of expressing the helplessness that comes from a practical inability to have helped Husayn and his small troop of 72 family and supporters. Some hit themselves as a form of emotional and love for the ahlulbayt and their sacrifice and martyrdom. In most nations with significant Shia populations, one can observe large crowds in processions grieving over Husayn's death. The events of Ashura tell a story of a leader fighting against an oppressive tyrant, Yazid, whom seized power and had committed atrocities against the people of the empire that he had inherited.
Notable scholars
Historical
Contemporary
India
DeceasedCurrent
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
United Kingdom
Pakistan
Guardianship of the Jurisprudent
Traditionally Twelver Shi'a Muslims consider ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib and the subsequent further eleven Imams not only religious guides but political leaders, based on a crucial hadith where Muhammad passes on his power to command Muslims to Ali. Since the last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into "occultation" in 939 and is not expected back until end times, this left Shi'a without religiously sanctioned governance. In contrast, the Ismaili Imams did successfully gain political power with the Fatimid Caliphate. After the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate Ismaili Shi'asm started to lean towards secular thought.The first Shi'a regime, the Safavid dynasty in Iran, propagated the Twelver faith, made Twelver's law the law of the land, and patronized Twelver scholarship. For this, Twelver ulema "crafted a new theory of government" which held that while "not truly legitimate", the Safavid monarchy would be "blessed as the most desirable form of government during the period of awaiting" for Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth imam.
In general, the Shi'a adhere to one of three approaches towards the state: either full participation in government, i.e. attempting to influence policies by becoming active in politics, or passive cooperation with it, i.e. minimal participation, or else most commonly, mere toleration of it, i.e. remaining aloof from it. Historically, Zaidi and Ismaili Shi'a imams functioned as both religious and political leaders, but later after the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate the Ismaili imamate became a secular institution. In general, Twelver Shi'a historically remained secular.
This changed with Iranian Revolution where the Twelver Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters established a new theory of governance for the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is based on Khomeini's theory of guardianship of the Islamic jurist as rule of the Islamic jurist, and jurists as "legatees" of Muhammad.
While not all Twelver Shi'a accept this theory, it is uniquely Twelver and the basis of the constitution of Iran, the largest Shi'a Muslim country, where the Supreme Leader must be an Islamic jurist.
Criticism
See also
Footnotes
More References
# The book "Durr-e-Mansoor dar Halaat-e-Ulama-e-Zangipur" # The book "MATLA-e-ANWAR" (By Maulana Murtaza Husain Sadrul-Afazil) # The book "KHURSHEED-e-KHAWAR" (By Maulan Saeed Akhtar Gopalpuri) # The thesis on "Life of Jawad-ul-Ulama" research work of Dr.Inayet Ali (Aligarh Muslim University) # The booklet "Haqnuma" published Jamia-Imania,Banaras.
References
External links
Category:Shi'a Islam Category:Twelvers
ar:شيعة اثنا عشرية ca:Imamisme cs:Isná ašaríja de:Imamiten es:Imamíes eo:Dekduimamismo fa:شیعه دوازدهامامی fr:Chiisme duodécimain id:Dua Belas Imam it:Duodecimani he:התריסריים ms:Imamiyyah/Ja'fariyyah nl:Jafari (sjiisme) ja:十二イマーム派 no:Tolver-sekten pl:Imamizm pt:Xiismo duodecimano ru:Шииты-двунадесятники simple:Twelvers sr:Дванаестници fi:Kaksitoistašiialaisuus sv:Imamiterna tt:Шигый-уникечеләр tr:Oniki İmam uk:Імаміти zh:十二伊玛目派This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
