Rayonism (or Rayonnism) is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911.

Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed rayonism after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow. The Futurists took speed, technology and modernity as their inspiration, depicting the dynamic character of early 20th century life. They glorified war and the machine age, and favoured the growth of Fascism.

The Rayonists sought an art that floated beyond abstraction, outside of time and space, and to break the barriers between the artist and the public. They derived the name from the use of dynamic rays of contrasting color, representing lines of reflected light — crossing of reflected rays from various objects.

At the 1913 Target exhibition they introduced the style to the public. In their literature they described Rayonism as naturally encompassing all existing styles and forms of the art of the past, as they, like life, are simply points of departure for a Rayonist perception and construction of a picture.

Larionov and Goncharova also wrote:

The style of Rayonnist painting that we advance signifies spatial forms which are obtained arising from the intersection of the reflected rays of various objects, and forms chosen by the artist's will. The ray is depicted provisionally on the surface by a colored line. That which is valuable for the lover of painting finds its maximum expression in a rayonnist picture. The objects that we see in life play no role here, but that which is the essence of painting itself can be shown here best of all--the combination of color, its saturation, the relation of colored masses, depth, texture.

We do not sense the object with our eye, as it is depicted conventionally in pictures and as a result of following this or that device; in fact, we do not sense the object as such. We perceive a sum of rays proceeding from a source of light; these are reflected from the object and enter our field of vision.

Consequently, if we wish to paint literally what we see, then we must paint the sum of rays reflected from the object. But in order to receive the total sum of rays from the desired object, we must select them deliberately -- because together with the rays of the object being perceived, there also fall into our range of vision reflected reflex rays belonging to other nearby objects. Now, if we wish to depict an object exactly as we see it, then we must depict also these reflex rays belonging to other objects -- and then we will depict literally what we see ...

Now, if we concern ourselves not with the objects themselves but with the sums of rays from them, we can build a picture in the following way:

The sum of rays from object A intersects the sum of rays from object B; in the space between them a certain form appears, and this is isolated by the artist's will . . .

Perception, not of the object itself, but of the sum of rays from it, is, by its very nature, much closer to the symbolic surface of the picture than is the object itself. This is almost the same as the mirage which appears in the scorching air of the desert and depicts distant towns, lakes, and oases in the sky (in concrete instances). Rayonism erases the barriers that exist between the picture's surface and nature.

A ray is depicted provisionally on the surface by a colored line

Rayonists not only painted, they also designed theater sets and produced book illustrations.

Although short-lived, Rayonism was a crucial step in the development of Russian abstract art. As Larionov said, it represented the true freeing of art from the former realistic conventions that had oppressed the artistic community.

Electro act "The Rayonists" took their name from the movement.

References[link]

• An essay on the Russian avant-garde by faculty at Northwestern University.
• Russian Painting by Alexander Boguslawski at Rollins College.
• West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Art. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X. 

See also[link]

• Ray tracing (computer graphics)

External links[link]

• Tate Museum - Rayonism
• Chronology of related art fields in th 1910s

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Natalia Goncharova
Natalia in 1910
Born	(1881-06-16)June 16, 1881 Negaevo, Tula Province, Russia
Died	October 17, 1962(1962-10-17) (aged 81) Paris, France
Nationality	Russian
Field	Painting, Costume design, writer, illustrator, set designer
Training	1898 entered Moscow school of Painting, sculpture and architecture as a sculpture student but later changed to painting

Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova (Russian: Ната́лья Серге́евна Гончаро́ва; IPA: [nɐˈtalʲjə sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvnə ɡənt͡ɕɐˈrovə]; June 16, 1881 - October 17, 1962) was a Russian avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism), painter, costume designer, writer, illustrator, and set designer. Her great-aunt was Natalia Pushkina, wife of the poet Alexander Pushkin.

Life and work[link]

Natalia Goncharova was born in Nagaevo village near Tula, Russia in 1881. She studied sculpture at the Moscow Academy of Art, but turned to painting in 1904. She was deeply inspired by the primitive aspects of Russian folk art and attempted to emulate it in her own work while incorporating elements of fauvism and cubism. Together with her husband Mikhail Larionov she first developed Rayonism. They were the main progenitors of the pre-Revolution Russian avant-garde organising the Donkey's Tail exhibition of 1912 and showing with the Der Blaue Reiter in Munich the same year.

The Donkey's Tail was conceived as an intentional break from European art influence and the establishment of an independent Russian school of modern art. However, the influence of Russian Futurism is much in evidence in Goncharova's later paintings. Initially preoccupied with icon painting and the primitivism of ethnic Russian folk-art, Goncharova became famous in Russia for her Futurist work such as The Cyclist and her later Rayonist works. As leaders of the Moscow Futurists, they organised provocative lecture evenings in the same vein as their Italian counterparts. Goncharova was also involved with graphic design - writing and illustrating a book in Futurist style.

Goncharova was a member of the Der Blaue Reiter avant-garde group from its founding in 1911. In 1915, she began to design ballet costumes and sets in Geneva. Her designs for the ballet Liturgy: Six Winged Seraph,Angel, St. Andrew, St. Mark, Nativity etc. were started in 1915. The Liturgy was commissioned by Diaghilev with Goncharova, Léonide Massine and Igor Stravinsky. She moved to Paris in 1921 where she designed a number of stage sets of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. She also shows at the Salon d'Automne in 1921, and participates regularly at the Salon des Tuileries and the Salon des Indépendants. She became a French citizen in 1939.

Goncharova died in Paris, in 1962.

Her work is held in

• the Museum of Modern Art.^[1]
• the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa^[2]
• the Tate^[3]
• The Israel Museum^[4]

• 

  Self-portrait (1907)

• 

  Women with rakes (1907)

• 

  Khorovod (1910)

• 

  Cyclist (1913)

Legacy[link]

Portrait of Natalia Goncharova by Mikhail Larionov (1915)

On June 18, 2007 Goncharova's 1909 painting Picking Apples was auctioned at Christie's for $9.8 million, setting a record for any female artist.^[5]

In November 2007, Bluebells, (1909), brought £3.1 million ($6.2 million).^[6]

The record was updated a year later, when Goncharova's 1912 still-life The Flowers (formerly part of Guillaume Apollinaire's collection) sold for $10.8 million.^[7]

The copyright in the Estate of Natalia Goncharova is administered by ADAGP, Paris.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Information on Goncharova
• Natalia Goncharova Website
• "The Art of Natalia Goncharova", Grinnell College

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Russian artists
Bryullov Aivazovsky Shishkin Kramskoi Repin Faberge Vasnetsov Vrubel Levitan Serov Kandinsky Roerich Malevich Chagall Mukhina Lissitzky

This is a list of artists of the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities. This list also includes those who were born in Russia but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country and/or worked there for a significant period of time.

For the full plain list of Russian artists on Wikipedia, see Category:Russian artists.

See also: List of Russian architects, List of Russian inventors, List of Russian explorers, List of Russian language writers, Russian culture

Alphabetical list[link]

A[link]

Portrait	Person
	Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900)  Russian Empire seascape and landscape painter, portraitist (portrait by Alexey Tyranov, 1847)	The Ninth Wave, 1850	Storm, 1886	Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships, 1892
	Fedor Alekseev (1753–1824)  Russian Empire cityscape and landscape painter	Red Square in Moscow, 1801	The Foundling Hospital in Moscow	The view of Nikolaev
	Nikolay Anokhin (1966–)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation still life and landscape painter	In the old house of Rakitins, 1998	A village, 2006	Chronos, 2007
80px	Evgenia Antipova (1917–2009)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation portrait, genre, and still life painter	A Girl from Pereslavl, 1964	A Midday, 1982	Still life, 1964
	Mark Antokolski (1843–1902)  Russian Empire sculptor (portrait by Ilya Repin)	Ivan the Terrible, 1871	Nestor the Chronicler, 1890	Yermak Timofeyevich
	Aleksei Antropov (1716–1795) Tsardom of Russia  Russian Empire painter, portraitist (self-portrait, 1784)	Ataman Krasnoschekov, 1761	Catherine II, 1760s	Unknown lady, 1760s
	Ivan Argunov (1729–1802)  Russian Empire painter, portraitist (self-portrait, end of 1750s)	Catherine II, 1762	Kalmyk girl Annushka, 1767	Unknown peasant girl, 1784

B[link]

Portrait	Person
	Léon Bakst (1866–1924)  Russian Empire  France painter, stage and costume designer (self-portrait, 1893)	Zinaida Gippius, 1906	Terror Antiquus, 1908	Costume of Cléopâtre for Ida Rubinstein, 1909
	Maria Bashkirtseva (1858–1884)  Russian Empire  France paintress (self-portrait, 1880)	The Studio, 1881	Autumn, 1883	The Meeting, 1884
90px	Nikolai Baskakov (1918–1993)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation portrait, genre, and landscape painter	Lenin in Kremlin, 1960	Istanbul, 1968	Cool summer, 1978
	Alexandre Benois (1870–1960)  Russian Empire  France painter, stage designer (portrait by Leon Bakst, 1898)	Illustration to Pushkin's Bronze Horseman, 1904	Set for Stravinsky's Petrushka, 1911	At the German Quarter, 1911
	Ivan Bilibin (1876–1942)  Russian Empire  France painter, illustrator, stage designer (portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1901)	Set for the The Golden Cockerel, 1909	Ivan Tsarevich catching the Firebird's feather, 1899	Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber
	Nikolai Bogdanov-Belsky (1868–1945)  Russian Empire  Latvia realist painter (self-portrait, 1915)	Reading a letter, 1892	Counting in their heads, 1895	Nikolay Yusupov, 1911
	Victor Borisov-Musatov (1870–1905)  Russian Empire symbolist painter (self-portrait with sister, 1898)	Spring, 1898-1901	Daphnis and Chloe, 1901	The Pool, 1902
	Vladimir Borovikovsky (1757–1825)  Russian Empire painter, portraitist (portrait by Bugaevsky-Blagodatny, a pupil of Borovikovsky)	Catherine II in Tsarskoe Selo, 1794	Maria Lopukhina, 1797	Pavel I, 1800
	Osip Braz (1873–1936)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union  France painter, portraitist	Portrait of Anton Chekhov, 1898	Zena, 1907	Portrait of painter Sergey Ivanov, 1903
	Alexander Briullov (1798–1877)  Russian Empire (French descent) neoclassical architect and painter, portraitist (self-portrait, 1830)	Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome, 1823-1826	E.M. Lvova, 1830s	Natalia Pushkina, 1831
	Karl Briullov (1799–1852)  Russian Empire (French descent) neoclassical painter (self-portrait, 1848)	Italian midday, 1827	A horse rideress, 1832	The Last Day of Pompeii, 1830-33
	Alexey Brodovitch (1898–1971)  Russian Empire  United States painter, illustrator, graphic designer, photographer	An ad for Athélia	The Bal Banal poster in Paris	Drawings done at Manhattan State Hospital
	Feodor Bruni (1799–1875)  Italy  Russian Empire neoclassical painter (self-portrait, 1810s)	Maenad giving drink to Cupid, 1828	Z.A.Volkonskaya dressed as Tancredi, 1820s	Christ

C[link]

Portrait	Person
	Marc Chagall (1887–1985)  Russian Empire  France (Jewish descent) painter, illustrator, stained glass artist, stage designer, ceramics and tapestries designer (portrait by Yehuda Pen)	File:Image-Chagall Fiddler.jpg The Fiddler, 1912	Windows of St. Stephen's church, Mainz, Germany, 1978
	Nikolay Chekhov (1858–1889)  Russian Empire painter, illustrator	Portrait of Anton Chekhov	The Party at Sokolniki	The Young Widow at the Grave of Her Husband
	Mihail Chemiakin (1943–)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation  United States  France sculptor, painter, stage designer	Monument to Victims of Political Repressions
	Pavel Chistyakov (1832–1919)  Russian Empire painter, arts teacher (portrait by Chistyakov's pupil Ilya Repin)	Sophia of Lithuania at the Wedding of Vasily the Blind, 1861	Giovannina sitting by the window	Patriarch Hermogenes refuses to bless the Poles
	Peter Clodt (1805—1867)  Russian Empire (Baltic German descent) sculptor	The 3rd group of Anichkov Bridge, Saint Petersburg	Ivan Krylov in Summer Garden, Saint Petersburg	Nicholas I on Isaac's Square, Saint Petersburg

D[link]

Portrait	Person
	Vasily Demut-Malinovsky (1779–1846)  Russian Empire neoclassical sculptor	Vladimir the Great in Kiev (with Peter Clodt)	The Chariot of Victory on the Triumphal Arch of General Staff Building, Saint Petersburg	The Chariot of Victory on the Narva Triumphal Gates, Saint Petersburg
	Alexander Deyneka (1899–1969)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union social realist painter, graphic artist, sculptor	Ceiling mosaic at Mayakovskaya, Moscow metro	Ceiling mosaic at Mayakovskaya, Moscow metro	Ceiling mosaic at Mayakovskaya, Moscow metro
	Dionisy (c. 1440–1502) Grand Duchy of Moscow medieval frescoe and icon-painter	Hodegetria of Smolensk	Christ's Harrowing of Hell	Metropolitan Peter
	Julia Dolgorukova (b.1962)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation russian painter	Mount Sober, 1990	Aksinyino, church, 1981	Red sea, 2006

E[link]

Portrait	Person
	Stepan Erzia (1876–1959)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union  Argentina Art Nouveau sculptor, woodcut artist (a lithography by an Argentinian artist)	Moses	Leda
	Mikhail Evstafiev (1963–)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation avante-garde painter, writer, photographer	Village under a dream sky	A photo of circus Chimes act (directed by Valentin Gneushev)	The sky over the city where we were happy, 2006

F[link]

Portrait	Person
	Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920)  Russian Empire (French descent) jeweler	Memory of Azov Egg, 1891	Bouquet of Lilles Clock Egg, 1899	Moscow Kremlin egg, 1906
	Étienne Maurice Falconet (1716–1791)  Kingdom of France  Russian Empire Rococo sculptor	Milo of Croton, 1754	Cupid menacing, 1757	Bronze Horseman, 1782
	Vladimir Favorsky (1886–1964)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union graphic designer, woodcut illustrator, stage designer, painter (1920s photo)	Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, woodcut, 1919	Ex libris of Pavel Florensky, engraving, 1922	Fyodor Dostoyevsky, woodcut, 1929
	Konstantin Flavitsky (1830–1866)  Russian Empire neoclassical painter (portrait by Fyodor Bronnikov, 1866)	Pharaoh's daughter finding baby Moses	Children of Jacob sell their brother Joseph, 1855	Princess Tarakanova, 1864
	Pavel Fedotov (1815–1852)  Russian Empire realist painter	Breakfast of an Aristocrate	Encore, again Encore!	Young widow, 1851

G[link]

Portrait	Person
	Naum Gabo (1890–1977)  Russian Empire  Germany  United Kingdom constructivist sculptor, kinetic artist	Fountain by St Thomas' Hospital, London	Gestileerde bloem, a sculpture in Rotterdam
	Nikolai Galakhov (born 1928)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation landscape painter	July on the Volga River, 1983	Sunny day in Kem town, 1985	Karelian birches, 1985
	Nikolai Ge (1831–1894)  Russian Empire history painter, realist, portraitist (portrait by Nikolai Yaroshenko)	Peter the Great interrogating Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof Palace, 1871	Leo Tolstoy, 1882	Head of Jesus, 1893
	Mikhail Gerasimov (1907–1970)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union archaeologist, anthropologist, forensic sculptor	File:Rudaki reconstruction.jpg Reconstruction of Rudaki, 1937	Reconstruction of Yaroslav I the Wise, 1938	Reconstruction of Tamerlane
	Feofan Grek (c. 1340 – c. 1410)  Byzantine Empire Grand Duchy of Moscow medieval frescoe and icon-painter	St. Makarios of Egypt frescoe	Our Lady of the Don	Transfiguration of Jesus, 1408
	Elena Guro (1877–1913)  Russian Empire futurist painter	Portrait of Mikhail Matyushin, 1903	Little Deer, 1908/09

H[link]

Portrait	Person
	Alexei Harlamov (1840–1925)  Russian Empire  France painter, portraitist	A Russian Beauty	Literary Pursuits of a Young Lady	The Flower Girls
	Viktor Hartmann (1834–1873)  Russian Empire (Volga German descent) painter, ornamentist, architect, Russian Revival style artist	Plan for a City Gate in Kiev	Paris Catacombs	Naval Russia's pavilion at the 1873 World Fair, design

I[link]

Portrait	Person
	Alexander Ivanov (1806–1858)  Russian Empire neoclassical painter (portrait by Sergey Postnikov)	Apollo	The Appearance of Christ to Mary Magdalene, 1834-36	The Appearance of Christ before the People, 1836—57
	Sergei Ivanov (1864–1910)  Russian Empire history painter, realist, graphic artist, illustrator (portrait by O.E. Braz, 1909)	Living of East Slavs	Monomachos' Princely Congress at Uvetichi	At the Southern Border of Muscovy
	Anton Ivanov-Goluboy (1818–1863)  Russian Empire neoclassical landscape painter	Italian peasants	Fishing Vessels off a Jetty, Kostroma, 1839	Gorge

J[link]

Portrait	Person
	Valery Jacobi (1834–1902)  Russian Empire neoclassical and realist painter	Serene holiday of a beggar, 1860	Prisoners Stopping Place, 1861	Jesters at the Court of Empress Anna, 1872
	Alexandre Jacovleff (1887–1938)  Russian Empire  France neoclassical painter, draughtsman, designer, etcher (self-portrait Arlecchino and Pierrot,1914)	Feodor Chaliapin as Don Quichotte, 1916	Kabuki dancer	Afghans

K[link]

Portrait	Personbr /> France
	Ilya Kabakov (1933–)  Soviet Union  United States conceptual installation artist, painter, illustrator	Installation in Münster, Germany	The fallen Chandelier in Zürich, Switzerland	Wordless, on the German-Dutch border
	Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944)  Russian Empire  Germany  France abstractionist painter	File:Kandinsky-Blue Rider.jpg Der Blaue Reiter, 1903	File:Wassily Kandinsky - Munich-Schwabing with the Church of St. Ursula.jpg Munich-Schwabing with the Church of St. Ursula, 1908	File:Kandinsky WWI.jpg Composition VII, 1913
80px	Mikhail Kaneev (1923–1983)  Soviet Union cityscape and landscape painter	Kotelnichesky bridge, 1976	Pskov town, 1979	Novgorod the Great, 1979
	Nikolay Kasatkin (1859–1930)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union realist painter	Rival Ladies, 1890	Miner girl, 1894	Who?, 1897
	Ivan Khrutsky (1810–1885)  Russian Empire (Polish descent) still life and genre painter, portraitist (self-portrait, 1883)	Flowers and fruits	Portrait of a boy	Still life, 1839
	Orest Kiprensky (1782–1836)  Russian Empire romantic painter, portraitist (self-portrait, 1828)	Yevgraf Davydov, 1809	Vasily Zhukovsky, 1815	Alexander Pushkin, 1827
	Vyacheslav Klykov (1939–2006)  Soviet Union  Russian Federation monument sculptor	A bell-tower in Prokhorovka, monument to the Battle of Kursk
	Sergey Konenkov (1874–1971)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union sculptor (portrait by Pavel Korin)	Kore, 1912	Bather, 1917	The Poor, 1917
	Pavel Korin (1892–1967)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union history painter, portraitist, art restorer (1932 photo)	Alexander Nevsky, 1932, on 1967 post mark	Artwork on Komsomolskaya station of Moscow metro, 1952
	Konstantin Korovin (1861–1932)  Russian Empire  France impressionist painter (portrait by Valentin Serov, 1891)	Two Ladies On a Terrace, 1911	Pier in Gurzuf, 1914	Feodor Chaliapin, 1915
	Mikhail Kozlovsky (1753–1802)  Russian Empire neoclassical sculptor	Cupids, a draft	Alexander Suvorov as Mars, Saint Petersburg, 1799—1801	Samson fountain in Peterhof Palace, 1800-02
	Ivan Kramskoi (1837–1887)  Russian Empire painter, portraitist, arts critic (self-portrait)	Christ in the desert, 1872	Unknown Woman, 1883	Alexander III, 1886
	Arkhip Kuindzhi (1842–1910)  Russian Empire (Greek descent) landscape painter (portrait by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1869)	The Ladoga Lake, 1873	A birch grove, 1879	Elbrus, 1890-1895
	Boris Kustodiev (1878–1927)  Russian Empire  Soviet Union painter, stage designer (self-portrait, 1912)	The Merchant's Wife, 1918	Bolshevik, 1920	Russian Venus, 1926