Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations.

Propagation of sound

Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure that propagates through compressible media such as air or water. (Sound can propagate through solids as well, but there are additional modes of propagation). During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.

The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:

A relationship between density and pressure. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.

The propagation is also affected by the motion of the medium itself. For example, sound moving through wind. Independent of the motion of sound through the medium, if the medium is moving, the sound is further transported.

The viscosity of the medium also affects the motion of sound waves. It determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.

When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be refracted (either dispersed or focused).

Perception of sound

The perception of sound in any organism is limited to a certain range of frequencies. For humans, hearing is normally limited to frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz), although these limits are not definite. The upper limit generally decreases with age. Other species have a different range of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz, but are deaf to anything below 40 Hz. As a signal perceived by one of the major senses, sound is used by many species for detecting danger, navigation, predation, and communication. Earth's atmosphere, water, and virtually any physical phenomenon, such as fire, rain, wind, surf, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, marine and terrestrial mammals, have also developed special organs to produce sound. In some species, these produce song and speech. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound. The scientific study of human sound perception is known as psychoacoustics.

Physics of sound

The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

Longitudinal and transverse waves

Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation.

Matter in the medium is periodically displaced by a sound wave, and thus oscillates. The energy carried by the sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra compression (in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement strain (in case of transverse waves) of the matter and the kinetic energy of the oscillations of the medium.

Sound wave properties and characteristics

Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, which are characterized by these generic properties:

Frequency, or its inverse, the period

Wavelength

Wavenumber

Amplitude

Sound pressure

Sound intensity

Speed of sound

Direction

Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a velocity vector; wavenumber and direction are combined as a wave vector.

Transverse waves, also known as shear waves, have the additional property, ''polarization'', and are not a characteristic of sound waves.

Speed of sound

The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. In general, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the elastic modulus (stiffness) of the medium to its density. Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In air at the sea level, the speed of sound is approximately using the formula "v = (331 + 0.6 T) m/s". In fresh water, also at 20 °C, the speed of sound is approximately . In steel, the speed of sound is about . The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive (a second-order anharmonic effect) to the sound amplitude, which means that there are nonlinear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see parametric array).

Acoustics

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical or audio engineer. The application of acoustics can be seen in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries.

Noise

Noise is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal.

Sound pressure level

Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a root mean square (RMS) value. For example, 1 Pa RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm $-\backslash sqrt\{2\}$ Pa) and (1 atm $+\backslash sqrt\{2\}$ Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. Such a tiny (relative to atmospheric) variation in air pressure at an audio frequency is perceived as a deafening sound, and can cause hearing damage, according to the table below.

As the human ear can detect sounds with a wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic decibel scale. The sound pressure level (SPL) or ''L''_p is defined as :$L\_\backslash mathrm\{p\}=10\backslash ,\; \backslash log\_\{10\}\backslash left(\backslash frac^2\}\backslash right)\; =20\backslash ,\; \backslash log\_\{10\}\backslash left(\backslash frac\{p\}\{p\_\backslash mathrm\{ref\}\}\backslash right)\backslash mbox\{\; dB\}\backslash ,$

:where ''p'' is the root-mean-square sound pressure and $p\_\backslash mathrm\{ref\}$ is a reference sound pressure. Commonly used reference sound pressures, defined in the standard ANSI S1.1-1994, are 20 µPa in air and 1 µPa in water. Without a specified reference sound pressure, a value expressed in decibels cannot represent a sound pressure level.

Since the human ear does not have a flat spectral response, sound pressures are often frequency weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has defined several weighting schemes. A-weighting attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels.

Equipment for dealing with sound

Equipment for generating or using sound includes musical instruments, hearing aids, sonar systems and sound reproduction and broadcasting equipment. Many of these use electro-acoustic transducers such as microphones and loudspeakers.

Sound measurement

Decibel, Sone, mel, Phon, Hertz

Sound pressure level, Sound pressure

Particle velocity, Acoustic velocity

Particle displacement, Particle amplitude, Particle acceleration

Sound power, Acoustic power, Sound power level

Sound energy flux

Sound intensity, Acoustic intensity, Sound intensity level

Acoustic impedance, Sound impedance, Characteristic impedance

Speed of sound, Amplitude

See also

Acoustics

Academic Programs in Acoustics

Auditory imagery

Audio bit depth

Audio signal processing

Beat

Diffraction

Doppler effect

Echo

Music

Musical tone

Note

Phonons

Physics of music

Pitch

Psychoacoustics

Resonance

Refraction

Reflection

Reverberation

Signal tone

Sonic weaponry

Sound localization

Soundproofing

Stereo imaging

Structural acoustics

Timbre

Ultrasound

List of unexplained sounds

References

External links

Sounds Amazing; a KS3/4 learning resource for sound and waves

HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing

Introduction to the Physics of Sound

Hearing curves and on-line hearing test

Audio for the 21st Century

Conversion of sound units and levels

Sound calculations

Audio Check: a free collection of audio tests and test tones playable on-line

More Sounds Amazing; a sixth-form learning resource about sound waves

Category:Acoustics Category:Hearing Category:Waves

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Name	Taylor Swift
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Taylor Alison Swift
Birth date	December 13, 1989
Birth place	Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, ganjo, piano, ukulele
Genre	Country pop, pop, country, dance-pop
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, actress
Years active	2006–present
Label	Big Machine
Associated acts	Nathan Chapman, Liz Rose
Website	150pxTaylor Swift's signature }}

Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American country pop singer-songwriter, musician and actress.

In 2006, she released her debut single "Tim McGraw", then her self-titled debut album, which was subsequently certified multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. In November 2008, Swift released her second album, ''Fearless'', and the recording earned Swift four Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, at the 52nd Grammy Awards. ''Fearless'' and ''Taylor Swift'' finished 2008 at number-three and number-six respectively, with sales of 2.1 and 1.5 million. ''Fearless'' topped the ''Billboard'' 200 for 11 non-consecutive weeks. Swift was named ''Artist of the Year'' by ''Billboard'' Magazine in 2009. Swift released her third album ''Speak Now'' on October 25, 2010, which sold 1,047,000 copies in its first week.

In 2008, her albums sold a combined four million copies, making her the best-selling musician of the year in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. ''Forbes'' ranked Swift 2009's 69th-most powerful celebrity with earnings of $18 million, 2010's 12th-most powerful celebrity with earnings of $45 million and 2011's 7th-most powerful celebrity with earnings of $45 million, too. Swift was ranked the 38th Best Artist of the 2000s by ''Billboard''. In January 2010 Nielsen SoundScan listed Swift as the most successful digital artist in music history with over 34.3 million digital tracks sold. On June 2011, renowned site The Boot named Swift and Carrie Underwood ''The Country Royalty'', as they were the only female country artists to be ranked on ''Rolling Stone'' Queens of Pop list. , she has sold over 20 million albums and 34.3 million singles worldwide. She has been listed in the 2012 ''Guinness Book Of World Records'' as the Fastest Selling Digital Album by a Female Artist for her album ''Speak Now'', and Most Simultaneous U.S. Hot 100 Hits by a Female Artist. In 2011, ''Billboard'' named her woman of the year.

Early life

Swift was born on December 13, 1989, in Reading, Pennsylvania, and raised in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. She is the daughter of Andrea Gardner (née Finlay), a homemaker who previously worked in finance, and Scott Kingsley Swift, a stockbroker. Her maternal grandmother, Marjorie Finlay (née Moehlenkamp), was an opera singer. Swift has a younger brother, Austin. She grew up on a Christmas-tree farm.

When Swift was in fourth grade, she won a national poetry contest with a three-page poem, "Monster in My Closet". At the age of ten, a computer repairman showed her how to play three chords on a guitar, sparking her interest in learning the instrument. Afterwards, Swift wrote her first song, "Lucky You". When Swift was 12, she devoted an entire summer to writing a 350-page novel, which remains unpublished. She began writing songs regularly and used it as an outlet to help her with her pain from not fitting in at school. Swift was a victim of bullying, and spent her time writing songs to express her emotions. She also started performing at local karaoke contests, festivals, and fairs.

Swift began to regularly visit Nashville, Tennessee, and work with local songwriters. When she was 14, her family relocated to Nashville. Her first major show was a well-received performance at the Bloomsburg Fair. In Tennessee, Swift attended Hendersonville High School, but was subsequently homeschooled for her junior and senior years. In 2008, she earned her high school diploma.

Swift's greatest musical influence is Shania Twain. Her other influences include LeAnn Rimes, Tina Turner, Dolly Parton, and Swift's grandmother. Although her grandmother was a professional opera singer, Swift's tastes always leaned more toward country music. In her younger years, she developed a love for Patsy Cline and Dolly Parton. She also credits the Dixie Chicks for demonstrating the impact that one can have by "stretching boundaries".

Music career

2000–2005: musical beginnings

At age 11, Swift made her first trip to Nashville, hoping to obtain a record deal by distributing a demo tape of her singing with karaoke songs. She gave a copy to every label in town, but was rejected. After Swift returned to Pennsylvania, she was asked to sing at the US Open tennis tournament, where her rendition of the national anthem received much attention.

When Swift was 15, she rejected RCA Records because the company wanted to keep her on an artist development deal. After performing at Nashville's songwriters' venue, The Bluebird Café, she caught the attention of Scott Borchetta, who signed her to his newly formed record label, Big Machine Records. At age 14, she became the youngest staff songwriter ever hired by the Sony/ATV Tree publishing house.

2006–2008: ''Taylor Swift''

Swift released her debut single, "Tim McGraw", in mid-2006, reaching No.6 on ''Billboard'' magazine's Hot Country Songs chart. Her self-titled debut album was later released on October 24, 2006. Debuting high on the ''Billboard'' 200, the album sold 39,000 copies during its first week. It peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums and No.5 on the ''Billboard'' 200. Her debut album spent eight consecutive weeks at the top of the Top Country Albums charts and remained at the top for 24 out of 91 weeks. The only other country artists this decade to achieve the number-one sales position for 20 weeks or more are The Dixie Chicks and Carrie Underwood. The music video for "Tim McGraw" won Swift an award for Breakthrough Video of the Year at the 2007 CMT Music Awards. Her pursuit of country music stardom was the subject of "GAC Short Cuts", a part-documentary, part-music-video series airing since the summer of 2006. On May 15, 2007, Swift performed "Tim McGraw" at the Academy of Country Music Awards. Swift has been an opening act for Tim McGraw and Faith Hill on their Soul2Soul 2007 tour. She has opened in the past for George Strait, Brad Paisley and Rascal Flatts as well. The second single from the ''Taylor Swift'' album, "Teardrops on My Guitar", was released February 24, 2007. In mid-2007, the song peaked at No.2 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart and No.33 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The song was re-released with a pop remix that brought "Teardrops on My Guitar" to No.13 on the Hot 100 and No.11 on the Pop 100. In October 2007, Swift was awarded Songwriter/Artist of the Year by the Nashville Songwriters Assn. Intl., making her the youngest artist ever to win the award. Her third song off her debut album, "Our Song" spent six weeks at No.1 on the Country charts, peaked at No.16 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and rose to No.24 on the ''Billboard'' Pop 100. Swift recorded a holiday album, ''Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection,'' which was released exclusively at Target in late 2007. Swift was nominated for a 2008 Grammy Award in the category of Best New Artist, but lost to Amy Winehouse. Swift's successful single, "Picture to Burn", was the fourth single from her debut album. The song debuted and soon peaked at No.3 on the Billboard Country chart in spring 2008. left|upright|thumb|Swift performing at Yahoo HQ in 2007 "Should've Said No" became Swift's second No.1 single. In Summer 2008, Swift released ''Beautiful Eyes'', an EP sold exclusively at Wal-Mart. In its first week of release, the album sold 45,000 copies, debuting at No.1 on ''Billboard'''s Top Country Albums chart and No.9 on the ''Billboard'' 200. With her self-titled debut album sitting at No.2 during the same week, Swift became the first artist since 1997 to hold the Top 2 positions of the Top Country Albums chart. In October 2008, Swift performed a duet with best selling rock band Def Leppard in a taped show in Nashville, Tennessee, and their collaboration was up for both Performance of the Year and Wide Open Country Video of the Year at the CMT Music Awards in 2009.

2008–2010: ''Fearless'' and MTV VMA incident

Swift's second studio album, ''Fearless'', was released in the United States on November 11, 2008. The album debuted at No.1 on the ''Billboard'' 200 Album Chart. Its sales of 592,304 were the highest debut of any country artist in 2008. This is also the largest opening U.S. sales week in 2008 by a female artist in all genres of music, and the fourth biggest overall behind Lil Wayne, AC/DC and Coldplay. Its lead single "Love Story" became a hit on both the country and pop charts. During the first week of release, more than 129,000 of Swift's sales were sold digitally. This gives Swift the best online start for any country album in history. It also makes Swift the fourth biggest week for a digital album since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking them in 2004. Through its eighth week of release, ''Fearless'' has sold more than 338,467 downloads, making it the bestselling country album in digital history. In second place is Swift's debut ''Taylor Swift'' with sales of 236,046 downloads as of April 18, 2009. In its debut week, seven songs in total on ''Fearless'' were charted on ''Billboard'' Hot 100, tying Swift with Miley Cyrus for the most by a female artist in a single week. With "White Horse" charted at #13, this gave Swift her sixth top 20 debut of 2008, a calendar year record for any artist in the history of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Of the 13 tracks on ''Fearless'', 11 have already spent time on the Hot 100. "Change", a song from the album, was selected as part of a soundtrack supporting Team USA's efforts in the 2008 Summer Olympics. The song was also featured as part of the soundtrack of NBC's broadcast package of the Olympics. The lead single from the album, "Love Story", was released on September 12, 2008. The Fearless album includes the "Love Story" music video which is based on ''Romeo and Juliet''. The song has reached No.2 on iTunes Store Top Downloaded Songs and No.4 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Fifteen weeks after being added to pop radio, "Love Story" also became the first country crossover recording to hit number one on the Nielsen BDS CHR/Top 40 chart in the 16-year-history of the list, as well as number one on the Mediabase Top 40 Chart. The second single from ''Fearless'', "White Horse", was released on December 8, 2008. The music video for the song premiered on CMT on February 7, 2009. Though it missed the No.1 spot on Billboard's Hot Country Songs as of the week April 11, 2009, "White Horse" claimed the No.1 spot atop the USA Today/Country Aircheck chart (powered by Mediabase) in that week. "Forever & Always", another song from the album, was based on Swift's relationship with singer Joe Jonas. She was the first artist in the history of Nielsen SoundScan to have two different albums in the Top 10 on the year end album chart. It also was the first album by a female artist in country music history to log eight weeks at No.1 on The ''Billboard'' 200. In mid-January 2009, Swift became the first country artist to top the 2 million mark in paid downloads with three different songs. Swift is ''Billboard'''s Top Country Artist and Hot Country Songwriter of 2008; she is also country music's best-selling artist of 2008. Swift ranked seventh on Nielsen SoundScan Canada's top-10 selling artists across all genres in 2008. ''Fearless'' and ''Taylor Swift'' took the No.1 and No.2 slots on 2008 Year-End Canadian Country Albums Chart. Swift sang the Star-Spangled Banner at game three of the World Series in Philadelphia on October 25, 2008. In January 2009, Swift announced her North American Fearless Tour planned for 52 cities in 38 states and provinces in the US and Canada over the span of 6 months. The tour kicked off April 23 in Evansville, Indiana. In the same month, Swift made her first musical guest appearance on ''Saturday Night Live''. On February 8, 2009, Swift performed her song "Fifteen" with Miley Cyrus at the 51st Grammy Awards. As of the week ending February 8, 2009, Swift's single "Love Story" became the country song with the most paid downloads in history. Since the release of Swift's second album, ''Fearless'', she has released one new song "Crazier" for the soundtrack of the feature film ''Hannah Montana: The Movie''. At the 44th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards, Swift picked up Album of the Year honors as a performer and producer for ''Fearless''. Swift is the youngest artist in history to win the ACM ''Album of the Year'' award. The Academy lauded her for career achievements including selling more albums in 2008 than any other artist in any genre of music, the breakthrough success of her debut album, and the worldwide crossover success of her No.1 single "Love Story". The Academy also cited Swift's contribution to helping country music attract a younger audience. As of late April 2009, Swift has sold more than 14 million downloads, as well as three Gold Mobile Ringtones. On April 28, 2009, Swift gave a free, private concert to students at Bishop Ireton High School, a small Catholic school in Alexandria, Virginia after the school won a national "TXT 2 WIN" contest from Verizon Wireless. The students sent over 19,000 text messages to Verizon during a roughly one month long contest. Swift played for about an hour during the school's field day, an annual day-long recess with games and activities. On October 8, 2009 Swift's official website announced that her sold-out Fearless Tour would return to North America for 37 additional dates in 2010.

Scheduled to perform on September 13, 2009, Swift attended the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. This was her first VMA performance, where she became the first country music artist to win an MTV Video Music Award. During the show, as Swift was on stage accepting the award for Best Female Video for "You Belong with Me," singer/rapper Kanye West came on stage and took the microphone from Swift, saying that Beyoncé's video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", nominated for the same award, was "one of the best videos of all time," an action that caused the many audience members to boo West. He handed the microphone back to a stunned and reportedly upset Swift, who did not finish her acceptance speech. When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. Following the awards show, West apologized for his verbal outburst in a blog entry (which was subsequently removed). He was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and even by President Barack Obama who called West a "jackass" in an "off the record" comment. He later posted a second apology on his blog and made his first public apology one day after the incident on the debut episode of ''The Jay Leno Show''. On September 15, 2009, Swift talked about the matter on ''The View'', where she said she was at first excited to see West on stage and then disappointed once he acted out. She said West had not spoken to her following the incident. Following her appearance on ''The View'', West contacted her to apologize personally; Swift said she accepted his apology. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, West seemed to recant a bit of his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as "selfless" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. Swift would later perform a song at the 2010 VMA called "Innocent" which is about the incident and in the song she absolves West of his actions. On November 11, 2009, Swift became the youngest artist ever to win the Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the year, and is one of only six women to win the Country Music Association's highest honor. On the chart week of November 14, 2009, Swift set a record for the most songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 by a female artist at the same time with eight singles from the re-release of her 2008 album ''Fearless'' namely five debut new songs in the top 30: "Jump Then Fall" at #10, "Untouchable" at #19, "The Other Side of the Door" at #22, "Superstar" at No.27 and "Come in With the Rain" at No.30 and three already-charted songs that were released as singles—"You Belong with Me" (#14), "Forever & Always" which re-entered the chart at #34, and "Fifteen" (#46). In addition, the song "Two Is Better Than One" by Boys Like Girls which features Swift, debuted at No.80 in the same issue. This gives Swift six debuts in one week, the biggest number of debuts by any female artist of all time. It also lifts the number of her simultaneously-charting songs to nine, setting another record for the biggest number of charting songs by the same female artist in the same week. When "Fifteen" reached No.38 on the chart week of November 21, 2009, Swift became the female artist with the most Top 40 singles this decade, surpassing Beyoncé. "Fifteen" became Swift's twentieth Top 40 single overall. "Two Is Better Than One" by Boys Like Girls and John Mayer's "Half of My Heart" both featured Swift, peaking at No.40 and No.25 respectively. The two songs are her 21st and 22nd Top 40 singles. ''Fearless'' was the best-selling album of 2009 in the US with more than 3.2 millions copies sold in that year. Swift claimed both the No.1 and No.2 positions atop Nielsen's BDS Top 10 Most Played Songs chart (all genres), with "You Belong With Me" and "Love Story," respectively. She also topped the all format 2009 Top 10 Artist Airplay chart with over 1.29 million song detections, and the Top 10 Artist Internet Streams chart with more than 46 million song plays.

2010–present: ''Speak Now''

Swift released the track "Today Was a Fairytale" as a digital download on iTunes on January 19, 2010. The song was featured on the soundtrack for the film ''Valentine's Day'', in which she made her feature-film acting debut. The song debuted on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at No. 2, becoming her sixth Top 10 and 23rd Top 40 single on that chart. According to Nielsen SoundScan, with sales of "Today Was a Fairytale" more than 325,000 in its first week, Swift has broken the record for first-week download sales by a female artist. The song also debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, making it Swift's first number one hit in Canada. In February 2010, Swift brought her Fearless Tour to 5 cities in Australia. Opening acts included Gloriana. In mid-July 2010, ''Billboard'' revealed that Swift's new album is called ''Speak Now''. It was released on October 25, 2010. She has written the album completely by herself in Arkansas, New York, Boston and Nashville with Nathan Chapman serving as co-producer. On Wednesday, August 4, 2010, the lead single from the album, "Mine," was leaked onto the internet. Big Machine Records decided to rush the release of the song to counteract the leak. Swift appeared at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010. In 2011, Swift visited Singapore as the first stop of the Asian leg of her first world tour. Hong Kong is the last stop of the Speak Now World Tour and Swift will begin the European and American leg afterwards. Swift's first live album, ''Speak Now World Tour: Live'', featuring all seventeen performances from the North American leg of her concert tour, is scheduled for a November 21, 2011 release. Many dates on the Speak Now World Tour were cancelled due to Swift suffering from bronchitis and was told she is unable to perform. Swift sold approximately 4,470,000 albums in the US in 2010 (more than any other artist) and sold 9.9 million digital tracks. She was ranked second on ''Rolling Stone'''s lists of Top 16 "Queen Of Pops" of the decade. Swift appeared on the ''Hamish & Andy'' show where she performed a new song called "Chaperone Dads", which is dedicated to a select group of her fans. The week following the release of her "Sparks Fly" video Swift jumped from nineteen to ten on the ''Billboard'''s Social 50. Swift has revealed that she has already written 25 songs for an untitled follow-up album to ''Speak Now'', set to release in the later part of 2012. She commented on them, "They’re sad. If I'm being honest."

On December 23, 2011, Taylor announced via Twitter, "Something I've been VERY excited about for a VERY long time is going to be happening VERY soon." Several hours later, Taylor announced that she is featured on ''The Hunger Games'' Official Movie Soundtrack. Her song, entitled "Safe & Sound", was the first track released from the album. The song was co-written by The Civil Wars, who also co-recorded the song with Taylor. On January 8, 2012, Taylor was elected the fifth top artist (fourth female top artist) of all-time with the best-selling digital music tracks. Taylor has sold 41,821,000 million digital tracks as of the end of 2011 according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Songwriting style

Swift's lyrics are highly autobiographical; she has said that "If you listen to my albums, it’s like reading my diary." For example, the song "Forever & Always" was inspired by her relationship with Joe Jonas, while the song "Hey Stephen" was written about a boy whom she toured with in the past. "Fifteen" was written about her freshman year of high school. It has been said that her lyrics "can be tinged with acid: the quiet loner girl getting one over on the cheerleaders, or a caustic payback for the boy who dumped her." She has also indicated that she tries to write so her fans can relate to the lyrics, saying "My goal is to never write songs that my fans can't relate to." She parodied her confrontational style of songwriting during her appearance on ''Saturday Night Live''; during her opening monologue, she performed an original song that featured lines such as "You might think I'd bring up Joe, that guy who broke up with me on the phone/ Hey, Joe, I'm doing real well, tonight I'm hosting 'SNL'" referring to her highly publicized relationship with Joe Jonas.

The intensely personal nature of the songs has drawn her attention in the music industry. Swift once said, "I thought people might find them hard to relate to, but it turned out that the more personal my songs were, the more closely people could relate to them." Due to the autobiographical nature of her songs, some fans have researched the songs' origins. Swift once said, "Every single one of the guys that I’ve written songs about has been tracked down on MySpace by my fans." ''The New York Times'' described Swift as "one of pop's finest songwriters, country’s foremost pragmatist and more in touch with her inner life than most adults".

Other work

Acting

In 2008, Swift made her acting debut in Brad Paisley's music video "Online". In that same year Swift filmed a documentary for MTV entitled ''MTV's Once Upon a Prom'' and a documentary with Def Leppard for CMT entitled ''CMT Crossroads'', which premiered on November 7, 2008. Swift collaborated with the Jonas Brothers in their 3D Concert Film, ''Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience''. The film was released on February 27, 2009 in North America and brought in $12.7 million on its opening weekend. Swift made her primetime television acting debut on CBS's ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' "Turn, Turn, Turn" as Haley Jones on March 5, 2009 in the U.S. and Canada. The episode was watched by 20.8 million viewers. Swift made a cameo appearance in Kellie Pickler's music video "Best Days of Your Life". Swift also appeared in ''Hannah Montana: The Movie'' credited as herself. The film was released on April 10, 2009 in North America. The television show Dateline NBC showcased an hour on Swift on May 31, 2009. The episode titled ''Dateline NBC: On Tour With Taylor Swift'' included scenes from her tour bus, concert footage, and rehearsals. Swift both hosted and performed as the musical guest for the November 7, 2009 episode of ''Saturday Night Live''. In 2010, Swift made her feature film acting debut as Felicia in the film ''Valentine's Day''. For this role she won the Teen Choice Award for Movie Female Breakout. She has been cast to voice the role of Audrey in the animated film ''The Lorax'', set to be released in 2012. In January 2012, Swift was offered the role of Eponine in the film adaptation of the musical, ''Les Misérables''.

Cover model and recognition

Swift has been featured on the cover of a number of magazines. She has been a cover girl for ''Blender'', for which she was one of two country artists during the magazine’s fifteen year run to be a cover subject. She was included in ''People'''s annual "100 Most Beautiful People" 2008, 2009, and 2010 lists. Additionally, she was named number fifty-seven on ''Maxim's'' sexiest women of 2008, number fifty on the 2009 list and number thirty-one on the 2010 list. ''CosmoGirl'' voted Swift as the "2008 Girl of the Year". Swift was named by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine as one of "The RS 100: Agents of Change". She was nominated as a candidate for ''TIME''s "2009 The Time 100 Finalists" list, which is determined by online voting. ''People'' magazine named Swift one of 25 Most Intriguing People of 2009.

Merchandise

Jakks Pacific released a celebrity doll of Swift in late 2008. Swift has been the face of L.E.I. Jeans (Life Energy Intelligence) since 2008. Swift and the L.e.i. Clothing Line made a deal to create a line based on Swift's style of dressing, which will appear in Wal-Mart in the coming months. However, Swift said she does not want to be called a designer. Instead, she says she will inspire the clothing company's dress line based on her own style. "I don't look at it like I'm branching out as a designer... It's not the Taylor Swift designer line." In 2009, Swift became the National Hockey League's newest celebrity spokesperson. She appears in commercials for the Nashville Predators.

In May 2009, Swift filed a lawsuit (kept sealed until August 2010) against numerous sellers of unauthorized counterfeit merchandise bearing her name, likeness, and trademarks, where she demanded a trial by jury, sought a judgement for compensatory damages, punitive damages, three times the actual damages sustained, and statutory damages, and sought for recovery of her attorney's fees and prejudgement interest. Nashville's U.S. District Court granted an injunction and judgment against the sellers, who had been identified at Swift's concerts in several states. The court ordered merchandise seized from the defendants to be destroyed. On July 15, 2011, Swift's official website announced that she had partnered with Elizabeth Arden to launch a fragrance, which is to be released in October 2011. The fragrance's name, "Wonderstruck", is a reference to the song "Enchanted" featured on her ''Speak Now'' album. Swift is also working with American Greetings, Inc.

Philanthropy

On September 21, 2007, Swift helped launch a campaign to protect children from online predators. She has teamed up with Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen to combat internet sex crimes. The year-long campaign, in partnership with the Tennessee Association of Chiefs of Police, will distribute Internet safety information and materials to parents and students across the state. In early 2008, Swift donated the pink Chevy pick-up truck given to her by her record label to the children’s charity, the ''Victory Junction Gang''; in June 2008, Swift donated all the proceeds from her merchandise sales at the 2008 Country Music Festival to Red Cross, the ''Nashville Area Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund'' and the ''National American Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund''.

Swift donated $100,000 to the Red Cross in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to help the victims of the Iowa flood of 2008. Swift has teamed up with Sound Matters to make listeners aware of listening "responsibly". Swift supports @15, a teen-led social change platform underwritten by Best Buy to give teens opportunities to direct the company's philanthropy through the newly-created @15 Fund. Swift's song, "Fifteen", is featured in this campaign. Swift lent her support to the Victorian Bushfire Appeal by joining the lineup at Sydney's Sound Relief concert, reportedly making the biggest contribution of any artist playing at Sound Relief to the Australian Red Cross. Swift donated her prom dress, which raised $1,200 for charity, to DonateMyDress.org. On November 20, 2009 after a live performance on BBC's Children in Need night Swift announced to Sir Terry Wogan she would donate £13,000 of her own money to the cause.

On December 13, Swift's own birthday, she donated $250,000 to various schools around the country which she had either attended or been involved with. Swift has donated a pair of her shoes – a gently-worn pair of black Betsey Johnson heels with her autograph on the sole – to the Wish Upon a Hero Foundation's Hero in Heels fundraiser for auction to raise money to benefit women with cancer.

In response to the May 2010 Tennessee floods, Swift donated $500,000 during a flood relief telethon hosted by WSMV, a Nashville television station.

On May 23, 2011, Taylor Swift transformed what was to have been the final dress rehearsal for the North American leg of her Speak Now tour into a benefit concert for victims of recent tornadoes in the United States southeast region. The concert in Nashville drew more than 13,000 people and raised more than $750,000 from proceeds from ticket sales, merchandise and other facets of the show. The benefit concert for tornado relief was subsequently honored at the 2011 Do Something Awards. In July 2011, Swift further aided to the cause by donating $250,000 to Alabama football coach Nick Saban's charity Nick's Kids to aid in the tornado relief efforts of West Alabama.

Personal life

In addition to her relationship with Joe Jonas, which ended in October 2008, Swift's dating history has included other celebrities: Taylor Lautner, for three months in 2009; and Jake Gyllenhaal, from late 2010 to early 2011. Swift has also been romantically linked to John Mayer. There has been speculation that the songs "Dear John" and "The Story of Us" from her album ''Speak Now'' are about Mayer. In October 2011, she revealed to Ellen Degeneres on her show ''Ellen'' that, "I don't even have, like, kind of a boyfriend. I don't have someone that I'm texting that is a guy that someday might be my boyfriend. There's like nothing going on right now."

In November 2011, Taylor adopted a Scottish fold kitten. She named her Meredith after the character Meredith Grey from the popular ABC drama ''Grey's Anatomy''. The kitten appeared in the official music video for Taylor's song ''Ours'' alongside Taylor and ''Friday Night Lights'' star Zach Gilford.

Filmography

>

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2007		Herself	Guest; Episode: Season 2 Finale
2008	''CMT Crossroads''	Herself	Episode: "Taylor Swift and Def Leppard"
2009	''Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience''	Herself
2009	''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Haley Jones
2009	''Hannah Montana: The Movie''	Herself	Cameo
2009	''Saturday Night Live''	Herself	Host/Musical Guest
2009		Herself	Guest; Episode: Week 6 results
2010		Felicia	Movie acting debut
2010	''Taylor Swift: Journey to Fearless''	Herself	Main Role
2010		Herself	Guest; Episode: 200th episode
2012	''''	Audrey
2012	''Bruno the Robot''	Various

Discography

Albums

''Taylor Swift'' (2006)

''Fearless'' (2008)

''Speak Now'' (2010)

Awards and nominations

Tours

Fearless Tour (2009–10)

Speak Now World Tour (2011–2012)

References

External links

Category:1989 births Category:American child singers Category:American country banjoists Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American female guitarists Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American pianists Category:American pop singers Category:American television actors Category:Big Machine Records artists Category:Child pop musicians Category:English-language singers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Pennsylvania Category:People from Reading, Pennsylvania Category:People from Wyomissing, Pennsylvania Category:Ukulele players

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name	Adrian Borland
background	solo_singer
birth name	Adrian Kelvin Borland
alias	Joachim Pimento
birth date	December 06, 1957
death date	April 26, 1999
origin	London, England
instrument	Guitar, keyboard, vocals
genre	Post-Punk, Alternative rock, New Wave, Indie
occupation	Musician
years active	1976–1999
label	Red Sun, Play It Again Sam, Resolve, Earth
associated acts	The Outsiders, The Sound, Adrian Borland & the Citizens, The Witch Trials, Second Layer, Honolulu Mountain Daffodils
website	www.brittleheaven.com }}

Adrian Borland (6 December 1957 – 26 April 1999) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer, best known as the lead singer of post-punk band The Sound (1979–87). Following a substantial solo career spanning five albums he succumbed to the symptoms of schizoid-affective disorder and committed suicide in April 1999.

Early career

Adrian Kelvin Borland was born in England in 1957, the son of Bob and Win Borland, an English teacher. At primary school the young Adrian Borland was already friends with future Sound bassist (and Second Layer collaborator) Graham "Green" Bailey, and would meet Steve Budd, closely involved with his band "The Sound" in their early years, in his early teens. Budd would later recall, "We met when we were both 14. He was the only other kid I knew with an electric guitar. Even at 14 you could see he was a genius.". His first band, the Wimbledon-based punk rock trio ''The Outsiders'', was formed with Borland at its nucleus, manning vocals and guitar. Bob Lawrence was on bass, and Adrian 'Jan' Janes manned the drums. Their debut LP, ''Calling On Youth'', was self-released on their Raw Edge label, and became the first UK self-released punk album and won them their first unfavourable reviews: "apple-cheeked Ade has a complexion that would turn a Devon milkmaid green with envy", reported the NME. An EP that November, ''One To Infinity'', was labelled as "Tuneless, gormless, gutless" (again by the NME) but was praised elsewhere. It was followed by a second album ''Close Up'' in 1979. This received better (but cautious) reviews from the press.

It was after this album that important changes took place that would decide the band's future: Lawrence left to be replaced by Borland's old friend Graham 'Greene' Bailey, and Adrian Janes' departure to go to college allowed Geoffrey Cummant-Wood (the band's manager), to suggest 28 year-old Mike Dudley in his stead. The Outsiders trio became ''The Sound'', a quartet, with the arrival of Bi Marshall (real name Benita Biltoo), an acquaintance of Bailey's and the band from around 1977. From this point on he would become critically acclaimed, if never a household name. The Sound's second album, ''From The Lion's Mouth'' was even more enthusiatically received, selling over 100,000 units worldwide. Borland's personal productivity was enhanced even more with two collaborations that year, one with Jello Biafra in "The Witch Trials" and another with Sound bassist Grahem Bailey in "Second Layer", which spawned the electronic album ''World of Rubber''. The Sound were caught on a downcurve, however, the following year with the release of ''All Fall Down'' (1982), an experimental and bitter album that represented the band's resfusal to make more commercial music in order to satisfy their label (Korova, a Warner Bros. subsidiary). Korova responded by dropping them, while the music press rapidly disowned them; a Sounds review called the album "virtually worthless". The Sound never recovered from this setback, although they did release a mini album (''Shock of Daylight''), a live album (''In The Hothouse'') and two further albums (''Heads and Hearts'' and ''Thunder Up'') over the next five years. These were all released on small independent labels, and never reversed the band's vanishing profile.

Although it is unclear as to when Borland was diagnosed with his condition, from 1985 onwards the symptoms of his depression became more and more apparent. His problems would manifest themselves in many of the songs on The Sound's final album, ''Thunder Up'', as well as in the schizophrenic layout of the piece; while the initial tracks deal with confronting issues (for example ''"Acceleration Group"'', ''"Barria Alta"'') the second half proceeds at an entirely different tangent, becoming either tortuous (''"Shot Up And Shut Down"''), frenetic (''"I Give You Pain"'') or mournful (''"You've Got A way"''). The touring for ''Thunder Up'' culminated in disaster for the band when Borland left halfway through a set at Zoetermeer, Netherlands. It would be the last Sound gig. Dudley described the breakup in 2004:

{{blockquote|"We had decided the three of us, Colvin, Graham and myself, to tell Adrian that the Sound needed a break and that he should get some rest and some help, and that in the meantime we would go off and look at other things...but when it came down to it I sat there and listened to the others say “Yes, Adrian. No, Adrian” to Adrian, who wanted despite everything to go on, and I just said at that point “I’m leaving the band”, my intention being that the band would come to an end there and then, forcing Adrian into the position where he would get some rest, for his sake." }} The band continued without Mike Dudley into 1988, but soon collapsed. The Big Takeover lamented that it was "Like an old friend losing a long fight with a disease". Borland would later blame himself for the breakup of The Sound.

After The Sound: 1988–1999

Early solo career

While his former bandmates discontinued their musical careers, Borland moved to the Netherlands in 1988 in order to found yet another band, after initially going there on holiday and to meet his manager (Rob Acda) . ''Adrian Borland and The Citizens'' was formed there, taking advantage of the popularity of The Sound on the continent, and the relative inexpense of venues in the Low Countries. Musically, this was a period of unprecedented collaboration for Borland; for instance, he worked (albeit under the pseudonym "Joachim Pimento") with the Honolulu Mountain Daffodils right up until their final release ''Psychic Hit List Victim'' in 1991 .

In 1989 ''Adrian Borland and The Citizens'' released ''Alexandria'', a huge departure musically from ''Thunder Up'' and featuring four backing vocalists, bass, cello, clarinet, drums and kettle drums, piano, saxophone, harmonica, tambourine, viola, violin and guitar. Some continuity was provided by former Sound bandmate Colvin 'Max' Mayers collaborating by reprising his role of keyboardist, while Nick Robbins again engineered and co-produced the album with Borland. The album featured much calmer, lighter tracks than those on ''Thunder Up'', such as ''"Light The Sky"'' and ''"Rogue Beauty"''. As always, some tracks deal with Borland's own precarious emotional state, such as ''"No Ethereal"'' and ''"Deep Deep Blue"''. In an interview with Melody Maker the same year, Borland said of the title:

{{blockquote|"I think The Sound suffered from this image of being blunt and straightforward and hitting you in the face with what we wanted to say, right from "who the hell makes those missiles?" So I wanted something more vague, something almost without reason."}}

The album, however, suffered from poor sales, selling an estimated 10,000 copies on the continent and a mere 1000 in England. Borland attributed this to poor distribution. Although Borland expressed an interest in re-forming his old band, The Sound never re-formed: bassist Graham Bailey moved to the United States in the early 90s; keyboardist Max died on Boxing Day 1993 from an AIDs-related illness; and an undisclosed antagonism had caused an irreparable rift between Borland and drummer Mike Dudley. Speaking of a possible reformation in 1992, Borland said:

{{blockquote|"it's my fault 'cos I started this rumour at an Iggy or Kraftwerk gig earlier this year, it's definitely not happening, for a start the person who probably won't do it is the drummer. But even Graham & Max have gone off the idea now. Graham & I are going to do something in the future, but we're so busy you know? When I'm not busy he's busy, we never find the right moment." }}

1992 saw the release of ''Brittle Heaven'', which would later lend its name to the (now official) Adrian Borland website. With a menagerie of 14 songs with little difference in style to those of his previous release, the real difference now lay in the composition of ''the Citizens'', which was by now almost exclusively Dutch. Don Victor now co-produced with Borland. The album benefits from lavish investment in production, although this puts it in a similar position to The Sound's ''Heads & Hearts'' album in that it is much more polished than Borland's other solo material. Critical reception ranged from the noncomittal to welcoming; Allmusic described it as 'one hour of finely woven tapestry, of gorgeous music', albeit 'Not quite as good as 1989's ''Alexandria''', handing it three stars out of five, while David Cavanagh gave it four, praising the atmosphere of 'a strange, dizzy optimism' pervading the album. As one critic argued: '[Borland's] reflective writing remains as good as ever', and The Big Takeover went further, proclaiming it 'inspired'.

With some critical endorsement Borland continued to work on new material throughout the year. At some point in 1992 he traveled to Amsterdam to record a session with Victor Heeremans, re-recorded and released many years later as the posthumous ''The Amsterdam Tapes'' album. Recorded in a crossover point in his career, it represents a shift in both musical and mental directions: while tracks like ''"Ordinary Angel"'' show some continuity with the tone of ''Brittle Heaven'', the forcefulness of tracks such as ''"Fast Blue World"'', ''"Darkest Heart"'' and ''"Via Satellite"'' clearly preclude Borland's later, harder style as seen on ''5:00AM'' and ''Harmony and Destruction''. On the other hand, the acoustic-based fragility of tracks such as ''"Happen''" and ''"White Room"'' represents a more immediate turn to lighter, less ambitious music -the latter would be re-recorded to feature on the 1994 album ''Beautiful Ammunition''.

Around this time also Borland began working on music production; he produced albums by Felt, Into Paradise and Waiting Sound.

Mid-nineties

In 1994 Borland returned to the UK to record his third album, ''Beautiful Ammunition'', at the Acton Survival Studios on Resolve Records. Whether because of meagre investment or because of his desire to explore a more acoustic sound, the new album displayed a simpler format, largely devoid of any discernible concept: "Beautiful Ammunition" is very simply put together, only acoustic guitar, synthesiser and a few drum machines. Everything is very basic, which I like", Borland said later. One notable change from ''Brittle Heaven'' is presence of dark, introspective songs, particularly ''"Lone Late Nighter"'' and ''"White Room"'', emphasised somewhat by the empty, lonely musical framework. This is not to say, however, that more confident tracks are banished from the album: ''"Reunited States of Love"'' and ''"Someone Will Love You Today"'' are perfect examples of this, and yet still exemplify in their tentativeness a decisive split from ''Brittle Heaven''-era songs. Critical reception was as muted as always, and mixed where evident; Big Takeover complained that it was 'too light and airy', but vaguely appraised the work as 'finely honed and pleasant'.

The following year, 1995, was to be an important year for Borland; not only was the album ''Cinematic'' written and released, but his work with Carlo van Putten, Claudia Uman, Florian Brattman and David Maria Gramse in The White Rose Transmission came to fruition, with the side-project's self-titled debut appearing that year. They would continue to perform intermittently throughout the 1990s, Borland being a major contributor.

''Cinematic'' was a stablemate of ''Beautiful Ammunition'' in that it was also created in the Survival Studios and under the Resolve label, yet demonstrated a further evolution in Borland's musical career. Despite being in a similar situation as regards funding, ''Cinematic'' benefited from much better, integrated production as well as punchy tracks such as ''"Bright White Light"''. With the psychological opener ''"Dreamfuel"'' a dream-like atmosphere pervaded the album, establishing itself in indolent, moody tracks like ''"Cinematic"'' and ''"When Can I Be Me?"''. It was, overall, a more coherent attempt than its predecessor, but -predictably- did not win over the public. Critical reception, however, was even more welcoming. With an Allmusic.com ranking of 4 stars the album was lauded:

Allmusic.com entry for Cinematic]}}

Simon Heavisides stated: 'Isn't it great when your old favourites don't let you down?...[it] leaves you with the feeling at the end that you want to hear the whole damn thing over again." Mitch Myers wrote in 1997: 'Everybody is a star, but Borland's cinematic life is well worth watching.' Glenn McDonald, however, offered up a less enthusiastic summation: 'The music had an impressive sweep to it, but the production seemed to me to emphasize the mechanical repetitiveness of the arrangements'. The album also lent its name to ''Cinematic Overview'' the following year, a compilation album of Borland's work stretching all the way back to the mid seventies.

Also in 1996 the newly-formed Renascent Records label reissued Sound records ''Heads & Hearts'' (with ''Shock of Daylight'') and ''In The Hothouse'', complete with new packaging, and liner notes by Borland himself.

Later years

Borland's last release during his lifetime was the album ''5:00AM''. A switch to ''Earth Records'' and a slight change of crew -Tim Smith of Cardiacs now co-produced with Borland - were the only ostensible differences between the new work and ''Cinematic''. However, the money invested in the album allowed for much better production, a direct result of which was the recording and inclusion of ''"Baby Moon"'', a song which Borland had held onto since 1993 but did not want to waste 'on a lo-fi production' . The songs are generally punchier and more radio-friendly, such as opener ''"Stray Bullets"'', ''"City Speed"'' and ''"Redemption's Knees"'', but containing powerful, dark, indolent tracks which, at this point, Borland had made his solo trademark: ''"Vampiric"'' is arguably the best example of this in all of his discography. The album is also representative of earlier work in that it does not fail to neglect his mental state, dealing with it in an optimistic, confrontational fashion in ''"Over The Under"'': 'Under this roof, under the sky/I want to live, at least I'm going to try/But I'm over the under now'. That song would prove to be Borland's last single release. The critical reception was, perhaps, the best of any in his lifetime. Glenn McDonald produced the following glowing review: {{blockquote|"5:00am turns out to sound exactly the way I wanted Cinematic to. Borland's voice, when he sings like he means it, is a glorious amalgam of Burgess, Ian McNabb, Ian McCulloch, Mike Peters, Jim Kerr and Then Jerico's Mark Shaw, the breathy intimacy that for me misfired on Cinematic here filling, elegantly, the roll that hoarse fervor played in his singing with the Sound." }}

Allmusic.com list the album at 3 stars, but give no explanation. Borland himself was excited by ''5:00AM'', and was keen to draw lines between it and his most successful period: '"5:00 A.M" takes up, where "Thunder Up" - which was the last Sound album - left off...It's still the same person, who writes the songs, only a little bit less in love with himself and more worldview orientated.".

Before attending to what would become his last solo recordings, Borland wrote twelve of the fourteen tracks on The White Rose Transmission's second release, ''500 Miles of Desert'', recording them with the band between November 1998 and January 1999 and producing the album himself. Borland was proud of the work, and said so in his last public writing, dated March 18, 1999:

{{blockquote|"Everybody involved worked hard but enjoyed themselves immensely and the end result is better than any of us expected. It's hard to be objective but I' II just say the final mastered slice of silver has rarely left my CD player." }}

Death

By 1999 Borland had lived with severe depression for about 14 years. He had still been denied commercial success or widespread popularity outside of continental Europe, and he had tried to commit suicide at least three times, the third (according to his mother Win Borland) when he jumped in front of a car. He had also developed a drinking problem.

His plans for that year were staggering. Not content with merely anticipating the release of ''500 Miles of Desert'' he expressed the intention to record a sixth solo album with ''Heads & Hearts'' producer Wally Brill, a tour of Europe that June to promote the WRT album, a further tour later in the year to promote the new solo release, and 'a 12 song acoustic record with Wally Brill using percussion, trumpet, violin, viola and atmospheric electric guitar' for 2000. Meanwhile the remastering of several The Sound recordings, created at the very start of their career in 1976/77, was underway by Wally Brill. The finished product, ''Propaganda'', was released by Renascent and featured linernotes by Borland, like all previous releases . It would be officially released on the 26th of April - the very day Borland would commit suicide. Of the plans drawn up by Borland over the winter, only his solo album was undertaken. It was recorded at The Premises, London over a number of months, although Borland himself recorded guide vocals and guitar in the space of about a fortnight. After this point his disposition changed. In a letter he wrote to his parents shortly before his death he expressed fear at being sectioned in Springfield mental hospital . 'He was returning home distraught and anxious...he had ignored the medical advice to pace himself', his mother, Win Borland, wrote. At evidence given at Westminster Coroner's Court it was revealed that he had visited an ex-girlfriend in the days before his death and that his condition had worsened thereafter. The Wimbledon Guardian reported:

{{blockquote|"She said: "His thoughts were coming out loud and at one point he said there's always the railway line". She called 999 but by the time police arrived he had disappeared and was reported as a high risk missing person.

That night Mr Borland turned up at Kennington Police Station claiming he was being chased. Later he rang his mother to say he was in a curry house in Kennington. She alerted police and following a series of phone calls and hold-ups he was eventually dropped off at his mother's home at around 3.15 am by officers who described his state of mind as "lucid"." }}

The night of the 25th Borland slipped away to Wimbledon Station. In the early hours of the 26th horrified commuters watched as Borland committed suicide by throwing himself under a train. He was 41 years of age, and was interred at the Merton & Sutton Joint Cemetery, London. In an account given by drummer Mike Dudley his funeral was attended by his parents, Bob Lawrence and Adrian Janes of The Outsiders, original Sound keyboardist Bi Marshall, early Sound manager Steve Budd and Wally Brill, co-producer of ''Heads & Hearts'' and ''Harmony and Destruction'', among a multitude of others.

Legacy

Although ''500 Miles of Desert'' was released to minimal critical acclaim (but with three stars on Allmusic.com and four stars on eMusic.com ) Borland's work has enjoyed an appreciative critical reception and a lasting fanbase, with sites such as brittleheaven.com and renascent.co.uk providing an online outlet for information and sales. In the Millennium a book of anecdotes written by his friend and colleagues was compiled and published, entitled "Book of Happy Memories'', after the ''Brittle Heaven'' song ''"Box of Happy Memories"''. 2001 saw in a tribute album, titled ''In Passing - A Tribute To Adrian Borland and The Sound'' , as well as Renascent reissues of Sound albums ''Jeopardy'', ''From The Lion's Mouth'' and ''All Fall Down'' . 2002 saw the release of ''Harmony & Destruction'', the remnants of his sixth solo album patched up by Wally Brill and the session musicians. The BBC recordings of Sound sessions from the 1980s were released with linernotes by Mike Dudley in 2004. 2006 saw ''The Amsterdam Tapes'', a demo album from 1992 that was rejected by his label also remastered and rerecorded by his friends; a band of them grouped together later that year under the moniker 'The Sound of Adrian Borland' in order to promote it. That same year five live albums, collectively known as ''The Dutch Radio Recordings'', were released by Renascent. These garnered overwhelmingly positive reviews . His collaborative project with Graham Bailey in Second Layer was also resurrected in 2009 by Red Sun Records; their 1981 album ''World of Rubber'' was remastered and expanded and received fan support.

Musical style

Influences

Borland's initial influences can be traced through his work with The Outsiders into punk bands of the 70s, such as the Sex Pistols. However, it is clear that he had a broader appreciation for other forms of rock parallel to this; his admiration for The Stooges and Iggy Pop was reaffirmed on several occasions . Other influences included The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, Jim Morrison and Joy Division and David Bowie. In terms of admiration for contemporaries, mid-show interview in 1984, he cited New Order, Soft Cell and Eurythmics . His favourite bands from the eighties were The Waterboys and Talk Talk. He also lauded Ride in the early 90s.

Popular themes

Borland's earliest lyrics with The Sound showed a tendency toward introspection, even before their music was really influenced by Joy Division . The song ''"Words Fail Me"'', was the earliest clear example of this. Many songs simply portray general themes of urban squalor, and political lyrics such as ''"Cost of Living"'', ''"Music Business"'' and the track ''"Missiles"'', which would reach infamy when included on their debut release, ''Jeopardy''. The songs on Jeopardy would largely reflect inward tensions rather than political ones: a curious compromise is reached on ''"Unwritten Law"'', an attack on religious dogma surrounding suicide: 'A hand is a hand/A knife is a knife/Blood is blood/And life is life'. ''From The Lion's Mouth'' would also contain another reference to religion with ''"Judgement"''. Political songs would be largely absent from most further releases; only ''"Golden Soldiers"'' ("And I will drink to those who sacrifice and die for me/So I could be so golden") and ''"Shot Up And Shot Down"'' ("Most of England is sleeping in the sun/But not me") suggest political topics. In his solo work there are more stark examples, such as ''"Beneath The Big Wheel"'' and ''"The Other Side of The World"'' on ''Alexandria'' and the quasi-religious song ''"Station of The Cross"'' on ''Beautiful Ammunition''. As Borland's condition got worse in the latter half on the 90s political themes were dropped as introspective ones once more took precedent.

While Borland denied that music helped him (he claimed it "doesn't make any difference" in an interview in 1992 ), after his death his mother wrote that they were at least a cathartic form of therapy and "helped him to come to terms with his problems" . Thus it is that we can frequently infer from the body of work he left what his state of mind may have been at various stages of his life. The ''Jeopardy'' opener ''"I Can't Escape Myself"'' would project Borland's dissatisfaction with himself, and serves as an early example of his more depressive lyrics. ''"Fatal Flaw"'', from the generally more confident album ''From The Lion's Mouth'' explores mental weakness, a theme repeated more frequently on ''All Fall Down'' in the schizophrenic ''"Party of The Mind"'' and ''"As Feeling Dies"''; on ''Heads & Hearts'' the crazed ''"Whirlpool"'' and ''"Burning Part of Me"''; on ''"Thunder Up"'' the whole second half of the album. In his solo career songs such as ''"Deep Deep Blue"'', ''"Lonely Late Nighter"'' and ''"Stranger In The Soul"'' parallel Borland's suffering with his condition - by ''"Harmony & Destruction"'' it is merely easier to pick out upbeat songs from the multitude of depressed ones.

''"Night Versus Day"'', a Jeopardy song that had also been part of the Propaganda sessions, is an example of Borland's fascination with dichotomy and the themes of light and dark, which were usually used as a metaphor for the polarizing effects of his condition. ''"New Dark Age"'' and ''"Winter"'' both link the night with fear or slowness. The most obvious Sound song with this idea is ''"You've Got A Way"'', the closing track on ''Thunder Up'': "You've got a way/To shoot my night right through with the light of day". It is noteworthy that Borland's first solo single was ''"Light The Sky"'', the lyrics of which ae echoed in ''"Shadow of Your Grace"'': "You lit up my life and work/It was falling into place". The dichotomy is reversed on the ''5:00am'' track ''Vampiric'': "Before the dawn draws its first breath/Before the Sun destroys what's left/Of us". The album title should also be noted for being the time that dawn usually rises around the equinox. The theme of night and day is brought in as a central concept on the album ''Harmony & Destruction'': the bright opener is ''"Solar"'', for instance, while ''"Startime"'' and ''"Heart Goes Down Like The Sun"'' are dark-named songs about depression. It may be significant that in ''"Last Train Out of Shatterville"'', which may be an act of suicide ideation, describes a train pulling out "in the cold morning light", and describes a previous suicide attempt as happening "last dawn as you slipped from curb to bonnet". The final track ''"Living On The Edge of God"'' contains the lyric "Strip me down, expose the man/Not a pretty sight in the morning light".

Trivia

Once claimed his favorite song of all time was The Waterboys' "The Whole Of The Moon".

The B-movie ''Psychomania'' from 1971 is said to have been a favorite of his.

Once stated that The Smiths 'are shit'. During his time with The Outsiders he played on stage with Iggy Pop.

Mark Burgess' song ''"Adrian Be"'' is dedicated to him.

To commemorate his death ten years on, the Facebook group for Adrian Borland organised an 'event', and wrote condolences. In addition, members created an unofficial tribute album.

Played guitar left-handed.

Discography

The Outsiders albums

''Calling On Youth'' (1977) Raw Edge

''Close Up'' (1978) Raw Edge

Second Layer albums

''World of Rubber'' (1981) Cherry Red (reissued 2009, Pop One)

The Sound albums

''Jeopardy'' (1980) Korova (reissued 2001, Renascent)

''From The Lion's Mouth'' (1981) Korova (reissued 2001, Renascent)

''All Fall Down'' (1982) WEA Records (reissued 2002, Renascent)

''Heads & Hearts'' (1985) Statik (reissued 1996 with ''Shock of Daylight'', Renascent)

''In The Hothouse'' (1985) Statik (reissued 1996, Renascent)

''Thunder Up'' (1987) PIAS

Solo albums

''Alexandria'' (1989) PIAS

''Brittle Heaven'' (1992) PIAS

''Beautiful Ammunition'' (1994) Resolve

''Cinematic'' (1995) Resolve

''5:00 AM'' (1997) Earth

''The Last Days Of The Rain Machine'' (2000) Red Sun (Posthumous)

''Harmony & Destruction'' (2002) Red Sun (Posthumous)

''The Amsterdam Tapes'' (2006) Pop One (Posthumous)

Compilations

''Counting The Days'' (1986) Statik

''Second Layer'' (1987) LD Records

''Vital Years'' (1993) Gift of Life

''Cinematic Overview'' (1995) Setanta

''Propaganda'' (1999) Renascent

''BBC Recordings'' (2004) Renascent

''The Dutch Radio Recordings, vol 1-5'' (2006) Renascent

Singles and EPs

''One to Infinity'' 7" EP (1977) Raw Edge

''Physical World'' 7" EP (1979) Tortch

''Flesh as Property'' EP (1979) Tortch

''State of Emergency'' EP (1980) Tortch

"Heyday" Single (1980) Korova

''Live Instinct'' Maxi (1981) WEA Records BV

"Sense of Purpose" Single (1981) Korova

"Hot House" Single (1982) Korova

"Party of the Mind" Single (1982) WEA Records BV

"Mining dor Heart" Flexi (1983) Vinyl Magazine

"Counting The Days" Single (1984) Statik

"Golden Soldiers" Single (1984) Victoria

''Shock of Daylight'' Mini-album (1984) Statik

"Temperature Drop" Single (1985) Statik

"Under You" Single (1985) Statik

"Hand of Love" Single (1987) PIAS

"Iron Years" Single (1987) PIAS

''Light the Sky'' (1989) PIAS

''Beneath the Big Wheel'' (1989) PIAS

''All the Words'' (1992) PIAS

''Over the Under'' (1997) Earth

References

External links

Official website

Renascent Sound site

Category:1957 births Category:1999 deaths Category:English punk rock guitarists Category:English male singers Category:English songwriters Category:Musicians who committed suicide Category:English record producers Category:Suicides by jumping in front of a train Category:Suicides in London Category:People with bipolar disorder

de:Adrian Borland fr:Adrian Borland nl:Adrian Borland fi:Adrian Borland

name	Cosmic Gate
background	group_or_band
origin	Krefeld, Germany
genre	Trance, Progressive Trance
years active	1999–present
label	Electrola (early years), Black Hole Recordings
website	Official Website
current members	Claus Terhoeven (Nic Chagall)Stefan Bossems (DJ Bossi) }}

Cosmic Gate is a German trance duo made up of Claus Terhoeven (born 1972, aka Nic Chagall) and Stefan Bossems (born 1967, aka DJ Bossi). Both from Krefeld in Germany. On October 28, 2009, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, with Ultra Records artist Cosmic Gate placed #19, 43 spots above the group's ranking the year before. For the 2010 ''DJ Magazine'' Top 100 DJ Poll, Cosmic Gate moved to #24.

History

Formed in 1999, Cosmic Gate's first single was "Exploration of Space", followed by "The Drums" ,"Mental Atmosphere" and their "Somewhere over the Rainbow" remix using samples from the film, "The Wizard of Oz". However, Cosmic Gate did not become well known until their single "Fire Wire" was released in the UK in 2001.

Cosmic Gate have made many remixes for artists such as DJ Tiësto (Urban Train), Ferry Corsten (Punk), Blank & Jones (DFF), Israel Kamakawiwo'ole (Somewhere Over The Rainbow), Svenson & Gielen (Answer the Question) and Vanessa-Mae (White Bird).

Over the past few years, Cosmic Gate's sound has developed and moved away from the harder edge trance through to their current, more subtle yet still driving energetic music style.

Discography

Albums

''Rhythm & Drums'' (2001)

''No More Sleep'' (2002)

''Earth Mover'' (2006)

''Sign of the Times'' (2009)

''Sign of the Times (Deluxe Edition)'' (2010)

''Back 2 The Future'' (2011)

Singles / EPs

"The Drums" (1999)

"Mental Atmosphere" (1999)

"Somewhere Over the Rainbow" (2000)

"Exploration of Space" (2000) #29 UK

"Fire Wire" (2001) #9 UK

"Back To Earth" / "Hardcore" (2002)

"The Truth" (2002)

"The Wave" / "Raging" (featuring Jan Johnston) (2002) #48 UK

"Human Beings" (2003)

"Different Concept" (2004)

"I Feel Wonderful" (featuring Jan Johnston) (2005)

"Tomorrow" (2004)

"Should Have Known" (featuring Tiff Lacey) (2006)

"Analog Feel" (2007)

"Body Of Conflict" (featuring Denise Rivera) (2007)

"Millenium" (2007)

"A Day That Fades" (featuring Roxanne Emery) (2008)

"Not Enough Time" (featuring Emma Hewitt) (2009)

"Sign Of The Times" / "F.A.V" (2009)

"Flatline" (featuring Kyler England) (2009)

"Under Your Spell" (featuring Aruna) (2009)

"Barra" (2010)

"London Rain" (2010)

"Exploration Of Space (Remixes)" (2010)

"Back To Earth (Remixes)" (2010)

"The Drums (Remixes)" (2010)

"Fire Wire (Remixes)" (2010)

"Raging (Remixes)" (2011)

"The Theme" (2011)

DJ mixes

''Technics DJ Set Volume Three'' (2001)

''Techno Club Vol. 14 - Talla 2XLC Welcomes Cosmic Gate'' (2001)

''3AM Rush'' (2002)

''Bitte Ein Beat! - Beat 3'' (2002)

''Back 2 Back'' (2003)

''MaxiMal In The Mix Vol. 5'' (2003)

''Back 2 Back Vol. 2'' (2005)

''Hard NRG 7'' (2005)

''Back 2 Back 3'' (2007)

''Privilege Ibiza'' (2009)

''Back 2 Back 4'' (2010)

Remixes

Sash! - Adelante (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

U96 - Das Boot 2001 (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

Green Court - Follow Me (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

Green Court - Follow Me (Cosmic Gate Edit) 1999

Miss Shiva - Dreams (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

Beam vs. Cyrus & The Joker - Launch In Progress (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

Bossi - To The Sky (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999

Taucher - Science Fiction (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000

Der Verfall - Der Mussolini (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000

E Nomine - E Nomine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000

Aquagen - Lovemachine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000

Balloon - Monstersound (Cosmic Gate Mix) 2000

Beam & Yanou - Sound Of Love (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000

Talla 2XLC - World In My Eyes (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Blank & Jones - DJs, Fans & Freaks (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Safri Duo - Samb-Adagio (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Vanessa-Mae - White Bird (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Green Court - Inside Your Gates (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Tiësto - Urban Train (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

George Acosta - World In My Eyes (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001

Ferry Corsten - Punk (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

Rank 1 - Awakening (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

4 Strings - Diving (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

DuMonde - God Music (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

Sioux - Pho (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

Svenson & Gielen - Answer the Question (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002

Age of Love - The Age of Love (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2004

Beam - Amun (Cosmic Gate Mix) 2004

C.Y.B - Now (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2005

64 Bit - Virtual Discotech 1.0 (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2005

Armin van Buuren vs. Rank 1 - This World Is Watching Me (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007

Kirsty Hawkshaw Meets Tenishia - Outsiders (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007

Tiësto feat. JES - Everything (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007

Cosmic Gate - Body Conflict (Cosmic Gate Club Mix) 2007

Vincent De Moor - Fly Away (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007

Messler - Prepare (Cosmic Gate B2B3 Edit) 2007

Cosmic Gate - Fire Wire (Cosmic Gate B2B3 Reconstruction) 2007

Veracocha - Carte Blanche (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008

OceanLab - Sirens of the Sea (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008

Deadmau5 - Clockwork (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008

Armin van Buuren feat. Cathy Burton - Rain (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

John O'Callaghan feat. Sarah Howells - Find Yourself (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

Fabio XB & Ronnie Play feat. Gabriel Cage - Inside Of You (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

Paul Van Dyk feat. John McDaid - Home (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

Markus Schulz pres. Dakota - Sin City (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

Kyau & Albert - I Love You (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

JES - Lovesong (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009

James Horner & Leona Lewis - I See You [ Avatar Main Theme ] (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2010

Andrew Bennett feat. Sir Adrian - Run Till U Shine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2010

Cosmic Gate - Exploration Of Space (Cosmic Gate's Back 2 The Future Remix) 2010

Cosmic Gate - Fire Wire (Cosmic Gate's Back 2 The Future Remix) 2010

Markus Schulz - Away (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2011

Robbie Rivera - Departures (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2011

Ferry Corsten - Punk (Cosmic Gate Essential Rework)2011

References

External links

Official Site

TranceSound interview with Cosmic Gate, December 2010

Category:German DJs Category:German electronic music groups Category:German dance music groups Category:German trance music groups Category:German musical groups Category:Remixers

bg:Космик гейт cs:Cosmic Gate da:Cosmic Gate de:Cosmic Gate es:Cosmic Gate fr:Cosmic Gate it:Cosmic Gate ka:Cosmic Gate lt:Cosmic Gate nl:Cosmic Gate no:Cosmic Gate pl:Cosmic Gate pt:Cosmic Gate ru:Cosmic Gate sk:Cosmic Gate sl:Cosmic Gate

name	Emma Hewitt
background	solo_singer
birth name	Emma Louise Hewitt
born	Geelong, Australia
instrument	Vocals
genre	Electronic dance, Vocal trance, Rock
occupation	Singer-songwriter, Lead vocalist, Session vocalist
years active	2002–present
label	Rising/Nervous, Maelstrom/Black Hole, Aropa/Armada, Euphonic, Garuda, Dance Therapy, Tone Diary, Ultra
associated acts	Missing Hours
website
notable instruments	}}

Emma Louise Hewitt (born 28 April in Geelong, Australia) is a singer-songwriter and trance vocalist who lives in Amsterdam.

Biography

Although Emma Hewitt had a musical background in rock music, she released her debut single in 2007 in the field of progressive house. "Carry Me Away" was a collaboration with British DJ Chris Lake. The single reached number 11 in the Spanish singles charts as well as number 12 in Finland. The single was a total of 50 weeks in the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay charts in the United States and reached number 1 in December 2007.

After the success of her first single, she has worked with several trance artists such as Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, Dash Berlin and Ronski Speed. The single "Waiting", which she published with Dash Berlin in 2009, was ranked 25th in the Belgian singles charts. In Armin van Buurens popular radio show A State of Trance the single was elected by the audience with 2109 votes to the second best song of the year 2009. At the International Dance Music Awards 2010 "Waiting" was awarded as best ''HiNRG/Euro Track''. She was nominated twice in the category ''Best Trance Track'' with "Waiting" and "Not Enough Time".

Hewitt is also lead singer of the Australian rock band Missing Hours, with whom she released the eponymous debut album in October 2008. The band that she formed with her brother Anthony is currently no longer active, because both now live in Europe and are now working as songwriters of electronic dance music.

Discography

As Missing Hours

2008: Missing Hours

As Emma Hewitt

2012: Debut Artist Album (Armada)

Collaborations

2007: Chris Lake feat. Emma Hewitt – Carry Me Away (Hot Dance Airplay #1, Global Dance Tracks #28)

2009: Cosmic Gate feat. Emma Hewitt – Not Enough Time

2009: Serge Devant feat. Emma Hewitt – Take Me With You

2009: Dash Berlin feat. Emma Hewitt – Waiting

2010: Ronski Speed pres. Sun Decade feat. Emma Hewitt – Lasting Light

2010: Marcus Schössow & Reeves feat. Emma Hewitt – Light

2010: Gareth Emery with Emma Hewitt – I Will Be the Same

2010: Lange feat. Emma Hewitt – Live Forever

2011: Dash Berlin feat. Emma Hewitt – Disarm Yourself

2011: Allure feat. Emma Hewitt – No Goodbyes

2011: Allure feat. Emma Hewitt – Stay Forever

External links

Official website

Missing Hours

References

Category:Singer-songwriters Category:Trance singers Category:Australian musicians Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

de:Emma Hewitt