The National Health Service (NHS) is the shared name of three of the four publicly funded healthcare systems in the United Kingdom. They are primarily funded through general taxation rather than requiring insurance payments. They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free at the point of use to residents of the United Kingdom. Only the English NHS is officially called the National Health Service, the others being NHS Scotland and NHS Wales. Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland is called the HSC rather than the NHS. Each system operates independently, and is politically accountable to the relevant government: the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, the Northern Ireland Executive, or the UK government. Combined, the NHS is the world's fifth largest employer, comprising approximately 1.7 million staff.^[1]

Despite their separate funding and administration, there is no discrimination when a resident of one country of the United Kingdom requires treatment in another, although a patient will often be returned to their home area when they are fit to be moved. The financial and administrative consequences are dealt with by the organisations involved and no personal involvement by the patient is required.

Treatment of persons not resident in the United Kingdom is subject to mostly uniform arrangements made by or delegated to the UK Department of Health rather than any individual health service. Foreign nationals always receive treatment free at the time of use for emergencies. Treatment for injuries caused in a road traffic accident has been chargeable since the 1930s but such charges were not generally enforced until the Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999 came into force to direct the charges to the insurers of the vehicles involved; this necessarily involves patients in the charging process even though they are not personally billed for treatment. Foreign nationals also receive free treatment if they have been legally resident in the UK for 12 months, have recently arrived to take up permanent residence, are claiming asylum or have other legal resident status. Citizens of European Economic Area nations, as well as those from countries with which the UK has a reciprocal arrangements, are also entitled to free treatment by using the European Health Insurance Card.^[2][3] Foreign nationals may be subject to an interview to establish their nationality and residence status, which must be resolved before non-emergency treatment can commence. Patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance, or to sign a written undertaking to pay.

See also[link]

• Department of Health (United Kingdom)
• History of the National Health Service (England)
• History of NHS Scotland
• History of NHS Wales
• Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948-2008: A Review of the Historiography," Social History of Medicine, Dec 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 437–460
• Hacker, Jacob S. "The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance: Structure and Sequence in the Development of British, Canadian, and U.S. Medical Policy," Studies in American Political Development, April 1998, Vol. 12 Issue 1, pp 57–130
• Rivett G C From Cradle to Grave - the first 50 years of the NHS. King's Fund, London, 1998
• Stewart, John. "The Political Economy of the British National Health Service, 1945-1975: Opportunities and Constraints," Medical History, Oct 2008, Vol. 52 Issue 4, pp 453–470
• Valier, Helen K. "The Manchester Royal Infirmary, 1945-97: a microcosm of the National Health Service," Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 2005, Vol. 87 Issue 1, pp 167–192
• Webster, Charles. "Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service," Twentieth Century British History, April 1990, Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp 115–151
• Webster, Charles. Health Services since the War. 'Vol. 1:' Problems of Health Care. The National Health Service before 1957 (1988) 479pp

External links[link]

• NHS Choices official website for England's NHS
• NHS Local digital services for NHS staff and the public in the West Midlands
• The first 60 years of the NHS a teaching resource on the NHS in England
• Health Direct blog- NHS news, advice and information on the National Health Service
• Birth of the national Health Service BBC archive collection of programmes and documents
• The NHS at 60, BBC News, 2008
• Celebrating 60 years of the NHS in Scotland

The Right Honourable Andrew Lansley CBE MP
Secretary of State for Health
Incumbent
Assumed office 12 May 2010
Prime Minister	David Cameron
Preceded by	Andy Burnham
Shadow Secretary of State for Health
In office 19 June 2004 – 11 May 2010
Leader	Michael Howard David Cameron
Preceded by	Tim Yeo
Succeeded by	Andy Burnham
Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office
In office 15 June 1999 – 18 September 2001
Leader	William Hague
Preceded by	New position
Succeeded by	Tim Collins
Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire
Incumbent
Assumed office 1 May 1997
Preceded by	Constituency created
Majority	7,838 (13.3%)
Personal details
Born	(1956-12-11) 11 December 1956 (age 55) Hornchurch, Essex, England
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Dr Marilyn Biggs (separated 1997) Sally Low
Children	5
Alma mater	University of Exeter
Religion	Church of England
Website	andrewlansley.co.uk
Nickname(s)	Angela Lansbury[1]

Andrew David Lansley, CBE, MP (born 11 December 1956) is a British politician who has been the Secretary of State for Health since 2010, the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for South Cambridgeshire since the 1997 general election, and was the Shadow Secretary of State for Health from June 2004 until becoming Secretary of State for Health in May 2010. Lansley's Health and Social Care Act 2012 is one of the most controversial plans of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government, resulting in strong opposition from both the Royal College of Nursing and British Medical Association.

Early life[link]

Born in Hornchurch, Essex, Lansley was educated at Brentwood School and the University of Exeter, gaining a BA in politics. During his time at Exeter University, Lansley was elected as President of the Guild of Students (Student Union), as a Broad Left candidate. His father, Thomas, worked in a pathology laboratory and was co-founder of the Council for Professions Supplementary to Medicine and chair of the Institute of Medical Laboratory Scientists.^[2]

Before entering politics, Lansley had "a promising career in the civil service".^[3] Lansley worked for Norman Tebbit for three years as his principal private secretary at the Department of Trade and Industry.^[3] This encompassed the period of the IRA's 1984 Brighton hotel bombing at the Conservative Party Conference in which Tebbit was seriously injured. Lansley and others are praised by Tebbit for their support at that time.

Lansley went on to become more fully involved in politics. In 1990, he was appointed to run the Conservative Research Department. He ran the Conservative campaign for the 1992 General Election, which he describes as one of "his proudest career achievements"^[4] and for which he was awarded a CBE.^[3] He suffered a minor stroke in 1992, initially misdiagnosed as an ear infection,^[3] but made a full recovery save from permanently losing his sense of "fine balance".

Member of Parliament[link]

Lansley sought to enter parliament and was selected for the South Cambridgeshire seat where he was subsequently elected as an MP in 1997. He immediately joined the House of Commons health select committee.^[3]

At the 2001 election he again took on a strategy role as a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party. As part of his duties Shadow Ministers had to clear the timing of their announcements with Lansley. He fitted them into a timetable known as the 'Stalingrid'. The 2001 election was not a success for the Conservative Party and party leader, William Hague, resigned in its wake. Iain Duncan Smith, the new leader, offered Lansley a position after the election but was turned down and, until Michael Howard became leader, Lansley was a backbencher.

He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010.^[5]

Shadow Cabinet[link]

After Howard's election as party leader, Lansley soon returned to the Conservative frontbench. He served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Health. In his post he developed policies centred on using choice to improve the National Health Service, and was author of a chapter in The Future of the NHS.^[6]

Secretary of State for Health[link]

After becoming Prime Minister in May 2010, David Cameron named Lansley as Health Secretary in the Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government.^[7]

Proposed reform[link]

In January 2011, Ministers published the Health and Social Care Bill, detailing planned reforms that will pave the way for GP consortia to take over management of the NHS from Primary Care Trusts. Prime minister David Cameron said "fundamental changes" are needed in the NHS.^[8] But doctors' leaders believe that GPs could simply have taken charge of PCTs instead—and achieved the same results.^[9] The reforms will pave the way for groups of GPs to take control of the NHS budget. The consortia will take charge of about 80% of the funding, and will be in charge of planning and buying everything from community health centres to hospital services. However, some specialist services such as neurosurgery will be provided by the national board. The consortia will take charge from 2013, although pilots are beginning to start.^[9]

In a letter to The Times, BMA chairman Hamish Meldrum, Royal College of Nursing chief executive Peter Carter and the heads of Unison, Unite and others said the speed and scale of the reforms proposed risked undermining the care of patients by putting cost before quality.^[9] Criticism of the reform had been mounting ahead of the publication of the Health and Social Care Bill on 19 January 2011.

Lansley’s white paper on the NHS has led to him being the subject of an unflattering hip hop track and video written by rapper NxtGen and poet Rob Gee with the chorus "Andrew Lansley, greedy / Andrew Lansley, tosser / the NHS is not for sale, you grey-haired manky codger,"^[10] which was viewed over 500,000 times on YouTube in its first year online^[11] and was picked up as one of the theme tunes to the anti cuts movement and spawned several placards at the March for the Alternative in March 2011.^[11][12] The video, partly paid for by Unison^[13] features NxtGen rapping about Lansley's proposed GP commissioning policy, his relation to the expenses scandal and the controversial donation he received from private health company Care UK.^[11] Lansley has responded with the statement he was "impressed that he's managed to get lyrics about GP commissioning into a rap", but "We will never privatise the NHS".^[10]

Following the widespread criticism, on 4 April 2011, the Government announced a "pause" in the progress of the Health and Social Care Bill to allow the government to 'listen, reflect and improve' the proposals.^[14][15]

On 13 April 2011, 96% of 497 delegates at the Royal College of Nursing conference backed a motion of no confidence questioning Andrew Lansley's handling of NHS reforms in England.^[16] Later that day, Lansley met with 65 nurses at the same conference, and apologized by saying "I am sorry if what I'm setting out to do hasn't communicated itself."^[16]

Controversies[link]

Conflict of interest[link]

While in opposition as health spokesman, Andrew Lansley accepted a donation of £21,000 from John Nash, the chairman of private healthcare provider Care UK and founder of the private equity fund Sovereign Capital, which owns several other private healthcare companies, to help fund his private office, leading to allegations of a conflict of interest.^[17] Such companies stand to be the biggest beneficiaries of Conservative policies to increase the use of private health providers within the NHS.^[18]

Andrew Lansley's wife, Sally Low, is the managing director of Low Associates. Sally Low denies that Low Associates is involved in lobbying, preferring to describe its activities as providing "strategic advice" to clients. Low Associates helps people prepare before they give evidence to committees of MPs, and Sally Low has given speeches on improving lobbying skills, in which she said that lobbyists should “establish positive relationships with decision-makers before you need their help”. Clients of Low Associates personnel in their previous careers have included the pharmaceutical companies SmithKline Beecham, Unilever and Procter & Gamble.^[19]

Recession[link]

Andrew Lansley wrote a blog entry on the Conservative Party website on 25 November 2008, which claimed the "good things" from a recession included people being able to spend more time with their families.^[20] He was later forced to apologise.^[21]

Parliamentary expenses[link]

In the Parliamentary expenses scandal in 2009, Lansley was accused of 'flipping', or redesignating, his second home, after claiming for renovation of a rural cottage prior to selling it. It is claimed that he then 'flipped' his second home designation to a London flat, and claimed thousands of pounds for furniture. Lansley responded to the claims by stating that his claims were "within the rules".^[22]

Health Video Message[link]

Andrew Lansley faced criticism recently^[23] when he appeared on a video played at NHS patients bedside in England, the continuous loop video was played to patients on the Hospedia system. When asked by Tom Blenkinsop, Lansley claimed he received no payment, and there was no cost to the taxpayer.^[24]

Health policy[link]

Lansley has also courted controversy by putting fast food companies such as McDonald's, KFC and processed food and drink manufacturers such as PepsiCo, Kellogg's, Unilever, Mars and Diageo at the heart of writing government policy on obesity, alcohol and diet-related disease, said by campaign groups to be the equivalent of handing smoking policy over to the tobacco industry.^[25][26]

On 20 February 2012, Lansley was heckled by a British pensioner.^[27][28]

In popular culture[link]

"Andrew Lansley Rap" by MC Nxt Gen and Rob Gee has garnered over a half million views since its publication. It was written in response to Andrew Lansley's controverisal Health and Social Care Act 2012, which will see the complete removal of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), and more control of financial budgets given to GPs.^[29]

Personal life[link]

Lansley's wealth is estimated at £700,000, as of 2009.^[30]

In 1997 Lansley left his first wife, Dr Marilyn Biggs, with whom he had three children. He has two children with his second wife Sally Low.^[31] He is a member of the Church of England.^[32]

Interests[link]

At a business conference Lansley's wife advised attendees to “establish positive relationships with decision-makers". Although staff members of Low Associates, the PR firm she runs, had food and drug companies among their clients before joining Low Associates, the firm denies it has any clients in the health sector.^[33]

Food advertisers[link]

Until December 2009, Lansley received £134 an hour from a firm of advertisers that represents clients such as Walkers Crisps, McDonalds, Unilever, Mars and Pizza Hut; Private Eye suggests a link between these activities and Lansley's desire to see a more lightly regulated food industry.^[34] The same publication suggested a similar link to a Department of Health report on red meat in which the only products listed in the report found to contain suitable amounts of red meat to merit a "Good" rating were a McDonald's Big Mac, and a Peperami (manufactured by Unilever).

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Andrew Lansley

• Andrew Lansley CBE MP official constituency website
• Profile at the Conservative Party
• Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
• Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
• Current session contributions in Parliament at Hansard
• Electoral history and profile at The Guardian
• Voting record at PublicWhip.org
• Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou.com
• Profile at Westminster Parliamentary Record
• Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
• Articles authored at Journalisted
• Andrew Lansley collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• The Future of the NHS

v t e Cameron cabinet (list) Cameron · Clegg Alexander · Cable · Clarke · Davey · Duncan Smith · Gillan · Gove · Greening · Hague · Hammond · Hunt · Lansley · May · Mitchell · Moore · Osborne · Paterson · Pickles · Spelman · Strathclyde · Warsi Also attending: Letwin · Maude · McLoughlin · Willetts · Young When on agenda: Grieve Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement · Coalition government

v t e Cabinet of Prime Minister David Cameron (since 2010)   Cabinet Prime Minister First Lord of the Treasury Minister for the Civil Service David Cameron (2010–present) Deputy Prime Minister Lord President of the Council Nick Clegg (2010–present) First Secretary of State Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs William Hague (2010–present) Lord Chancellor Secretary of State for Justice Kenneth Clarke (2010–present) Secretary of State for the Home Department Minister for Women and Equality Theresa May (2010–present) Secretary of State for Defence Liam Fox (2010–2011) · Philip Hammond (2011–present) Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Vince Cable (2010–present) Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Iain Duncan Smith (2010–present) Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne (2010–2012) · Ed Davey (2012–present) Secretary of State for Health Andrew Lansley (2010–present) Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove (2010–present) Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles (2010–present) Secretary of State for Transport Philip Hammond (2010–2011) · Justine Greening (2011–present) Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Caroline Spelman (2010–present) Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne (2010–present) Secretary of State for International Development Andrew Mitchell (2010–present) Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Owen Paterson (2010–present) Secretary of State for Scotland Danny Alexander (2010) · Michael Moore (2010–present) Secretary of State for Wales Cheryl Gillan (2010–present) Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport Jeremy Hunt (2010–present)   Also attending Cabinet meetings Minister for the Cabinet Office Paymaster General Francis Maude (2010–present) Minister of State for Policy Paymaster General Oliver Letwin (2010–present) Minister of State for Universities and Science David Willetts (2010–present) Leader of the House of Commons Lord Privy Seal Sir George Young (2010–present) Chief Whip in the House of Commons Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Patrick McLoughlin (2010–present)   Parliament Leader of the House of Commons Lord Privy Seal Sir George Young, 6th Baronet (2010–present) Leader of the House of Lords Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde (2010–present) Government Chief Whip Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Patrick McLoughlin (2010–present) Deputy Chief Whip Treasurer of the Household John Randall (2010–present) Deputy Chief Whip Comptroller of the Household Liberal Democrats Chief Whip Alistair Carmichael (2010–present) Whip Vice-Chamberlain of the Household Mark Francois (2010–present) Assistant Whips Philip Dunne (2010–present) Stephen Crabb (2010–present) Robert Goodwill (2010–present) Shailesh Vara (2010–present) Bill Wiggin (2010–present) Chloe Smith (2010–2011) - Greg Hands (2011–present) Mark Hunter (2010–present) Norman Lamb (2010–2012) - Jenny Willott (2012–present) Chief Whip Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms Joyce Anelay, Baroness Anelay of St Johns (2010–present) Deputy Chief Whip Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard David Shutt, Baron Shutt of Greetland (2010–present) Whips Lords and Baronesses in Waiting John Attlee, 3rd Earl Attlee (2010–present) John Astor, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever (2010–present) Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley Lindsay Northover, Baroness Northover (2010–present) Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings (2010–present) John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Holbeach (2010–2011) - Tina Stowell, Baroness Stowell of Beeston (2011–present) Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma (2010–present) William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire (2010–present)

v t e Secretaries of State for Health of the United Kingdom Ministers of Health Christopher Addison · Alfred Mond · Arthur Griffith-Boscawen · Neville Chamberlain · William Joynson-Hicks · John Wheatley · Neville Chamberlain · Arthur Greenwood · Neville Chamberlain · Edward Hilton Young · Kingsley Wood · Walter Elliot · Malcolm MacDonald · Ernest Brown · Henry Willink · Aneurin Bevan · Hilary Marquand · Harry Crookshank · Iain Macleod · Robin Turton · Dennis Vosper · Derek Walker-Smith · Enoch Powell · Anthony Barber · Kenneth Robinson Secretaries of State for Social Services Richard Crossman · Sir Keith Joseph · Barbara Castle · David Ennals · Patrick Jenkin · Norman Fowler · John Moore Secretaries of State for Health Kenneth Clarke · William Waldegrave · Virginia Bottomley · Stephen Dorrell · Frank Dobson · Alan Milburn · John Reid · Patricia Hewitt · Alan Johnson · Andy Burnham · Andrew Lansley

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2011)

Devra Lee Davis is an American epidemiologist and writer. She was born on June 7th, 1946, in Washington, DC^[1], the daughter of Harry B. and Jean Langer Davis, and was raised in Donora and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Her career has spanned all areas of academia, public policy, and scientific research^[2]. While Senior Advisor to the Assistant Secretary for Health in the Department of Health and Human Services, she counseled leading officials in the United States, United Nations, European Environment Agency, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, and World Bank^[2].

She has also authored more than 190 publications in books and journals ranging from the Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association to Scientific American and the New York Times and blogs in Freakonomics for the New York Times, Huffington Post and elsewhere^[2].

Education[link]

Davis graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School and later received a B.S. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1967^[1]. A former Scholar in Residence at the National Academy of Sciences, she completed her Ph.D. in science studies at the University of Chicago as a Danforth Fellow, and an M.P.H. at Johns Hopkins University as a National Cancer Institute post-doctoral fellow^[1].

Professional life[link]

From 1970 to 1976 she was assistant professor of sociology at Queens College of the City University of New York. Beginning in 1982 she was a faculty associate at Johns Hopkins University, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health^[1].

She served as a visiting professor at University of Missouri in 1983; Municipal Institute, Barcelona, Spain, in 1985^[1]; Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, Department of Community Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, in 1988^[1]; and visiting scholar at Hebrew University, School of Public Health, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine in 1989^[1].

She is formerly the director of the Center for Environmental Oncology of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute^[2]; the multidisciplinary center includes experts in medicine, basic research, engineering and public policy, who developed cutting-edge studies to identify the causes of cancer and propose policies to reduce the risks of the disease.

Other professional activities[link]

A member of both the American Colleges of Toxicology and of Epidemiology^[2], Dr. Davis is also a Visiting Professor in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York City^[1]. In addition, she was a Visiting Scientist of the Strang Cornell Cancer Prevention Center of the Rockefeller University in 1994^[1].

She served as a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the U.S. National Toxicology Program, 1983-86^[2].

Female health[link]

Davis was Scientific Advisor to the Women's Environment and Development Organization in 1995^[1]. Davis was also a founding member of the International Breast Cancer Prevention Collaborative Research Group^[1], an organization dedicated to exploring the causes of breast cancer.

Environment[link]

She currently serves on the Board of the Climate Institute^[1], and the Coalition of Organizations on the Environment and Jewish Life^[1], and the Earthfire Institute, and is a scientific adviser to the UK registered charity MobileWise.^[3] She occasionally discusses avoidable environmental health hazards on national and local programming with NPR, Fox News, CNN, ABC, PBS, BBC^[2]. She also served as a Lead Author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—the group awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with the Honorable Al Gore^[2].

President Clinton appointed the Honorable Dr. Davis to the newly established Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, an independent executive branch agency that investigates, prevents, and mitigates chemical accidents, where she served from 1994–99^[2].

Awards[link]

She was honored by the Betty Ford Comprehensive Cancer Center and the American Cancer Society with the Breast Cancer Awareness Award, commended by the Director of the National Cancer Institute for Outstanding Service, and appointed a Global Environmental advisor to Newsweek Magazine^[2].

The recipient of a Women’s Leadership Exchange Compass Award, presented by OPEN: The Small Business Network from American Express, for breaking the paradigms of how women are perceived, Dr. Davis received the first Lisa Zhang Environmental Award from the United Nations in July 2008^[2].

In June 2009, Dr. Davis was honored with the Artemis Award presented by the Euro-American Women's Council and the Greek Foreign Ministry in recognition of her outstanding contributions to science and public health policy^[2].

Private Life[link]

Davis married Richard D. Morgenstern on October 19, 1975. They have two children.

Publications[link]

Her book When Smoke Ran Like Water, which begins with the tale of the Donora Smog of 1948, was a finalist for the National Book Award in 2002^[1][2]. Davis's second book, The Secret History of the War on Cancer was published by Basic Books in October 2007^[1].

Her new book, Disconnect, debuted in September 2010. It discusses the dangers of modern cell phone use and the ways in which the cell phone industry has gone to lengths to cover these up.

Publications include:

• Trends in Cancer Mortality in Industrial Countries (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences), New York Academy of Sciences, 1990^[1]
• Urban Air Pollution Risks to Children: A Global Environmental Health Indicator, World Resources Institute, 1999^[1]
• When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception And the Battle Against Pollution, Diane Publishing Company, 2002
• The Secret History of the War on Cancer, Basic Books, 2007^[1]
• Disconnect: The Truth About Cell Phone Radiation, What the Industry Has Done to Hide It, and How to Protect Your Family, Dutton Adult, 2010

Listening[link]

• Fresh Air interview, October 4, 2007
• Writer's Voice interview, January, 2008
• TVO (Ontario) interview, October 3, 2008. Length: 26:54

Mainstream Media References[link]

• "Cell-Phone Safety: What the FCC Didn't Test". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2027523,00.html. Retrieved 2011-01-26. 

External links[link]

• http://www.epidemiology.pitt.edu/davis.asp - Devra Davis at the Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
• http://www.environmentalhealthtrust.org/ - Environmental Health Trust, a web site maintained by the Devra Lee Davis Charitable Foundation

Reading[link]

Source: Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2004. PEN (Permanent Entry Number): 0000154775.

References[link]