A fanzine (portmanteau of ''fan'' and ''magazine'' or ''-zine'') is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and first popularized within science fiction fandom, from whom it was adopted by others.

Typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses. Copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment (LoCs), which are then published.

A few fanzines have evolved into professional publications (sometimes known as "prozines"), and many professional writers were first published in fanzines; some continue to contribute to them after establishing a professional reputation. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with "fan magazine", but the latter term most often refers to commercially-produced publications ''for'' (rather than ''by'') fans.

Origin

The origins of amateur fanac "fan" publications are obscure, but can be traced at least back to 19th century literary groups in the United States which formed amateur press associations to publish collections of amateur fiction, poetry and commentary. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students.

As professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a manual typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques (e.g., the spirit duplicator or even the hectograph). Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, so circulation was extremely limited. The use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of desktop publishing and self-publication, there is often little difference between the appearance of a fanzine and a professional magazine.

Genres

Science fiction fanzines

When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, he allowed for a large letter column which printed reader's addresses. By 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive (later shortened to sercon) correspondence. Fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters.

Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient. The first science fiction fanzine, ''The Comet'', was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term "fanzine" was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine ''Detours''. "Fanzines" were distinguished from "prozines," (a term Chauvenet also invented): that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as "fanmags" or "letterzines".

Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and (if they could afford it) multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing. Some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing.

The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce (in theory) up to a hundred copies. Hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the easiest aniline dye to make being purple (technically indigo). The next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the next six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use and could (with a little effort) print in color.

The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades. A second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and (with more than a little effort) print in color. The electronic stencil cutter (shortened to "electrostencil" by most) could add photographs and illustrations to a mimeo stencil. A mimeo'd zine could look terrible or look beautiful, depending more on the skill of the mimeo operator than the quality of the equipment. Only a few fans could afford more professional printers, or the time it took them to print, until photocopying became cheap and ubiquitous in the 1970s. With the advent of computer printers and desktop publishing in the 1980s, fanzines began to look far more professional. The rise of the internet made correspondence cheaper and ''much'' faster, and the world wide web has made publishing a fanzine as simple as coding a web page.

The printing technology affected the style of writing. For example, there were alphanumeric contractions which are actually precursors to "leet-speak". (A well-known example is the "initials" used by Forrest J. Ackerman in his fanzines from the 30s and 40s, namely "4sj". Fans around the world knew Ackerman by three letters "4sj" or even two: "4e" for "Forry.") Fanspeak is rich with abbreviations and concatenations. Where teenagers labored to save typing on ditto masters, they now save keystrokes when text messaging. Ackerman invented nonstoparagraphing as a space-saving measure. When the typist comes to the end of a paragraph, they simply moved the platen down one line.

Never commercial enterprises, most science fiction fanzines were (and many still are) available for "the usual," meaning that a sample issue will be mailed on request; to receive further issues, a reader sends a "letter of comment" (LoC) about the fanzine to the editor. The LoC might be published in the next issue; some fanzines consisted almost exclusively of letter columns, where discussions were conducted in much the same way as they are in internet newsgroups and mailing lists today, though at a relatively glacial pace. Often fanzine editors ("faneds") would simply swap issues with each other, not worrying too much about matching trade for trade, somewhat like being on one another's friends list. Without being closely connected with the rest of fandom, a budding faned could read fanzine reviews in prozines, and fanzines reviewed other fanzines. Recent technology has changed the speed of communication between fans and the technology available, but the basic concepts developed by science fiction fanzines in the 1930s can be seen online today. Blogs – with their threaded comments, personalized illustrations, shorthand in-jokes, wide variety in quality and wider variety of content—follow the structure developed in science fiction fanzines, without (usually) realizing the antecedent.

Since 1937, science fiction fans have formed amateur press associations (APAs); the members contribute to a collective assemblage or bundle that contains contributions from all of them, called apazines and often containing mailing comments. Some APAs are still active, and some are published as virtual "e-zines," distributed on the Internet.

Specific Hugo Awards are given for fanzines, fan writing and fanart.

Media fanzines

Media fanzines were originally merely a sub-genre of SF fanzines, written by science fiction fans already familiar with apazines. The first media fanzine was a ''Star Trek'' zine called ''Spockanalia'' published in September 1967 by long time SF fans (members of the Lunarians), who definitely hoped for Spockanalia to be included in the Hugo ballot for best fanzine. The first two of its five issues were published while the show was still on the air, and included snippets from DC Fontana and Gene Roddenberry and a letter from Leonard Nimoy. Many, many other Star Trek zines followed, then slowly zines appeared for other media sources, such as ''Starsky and Hutch'', ''Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' and ''Blake's 7''. By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available. Although ''Spockanalia'' had a mix of stories and essays, most zines were all fiction. Like SF fanzines, these media zines spanned the gamut of publishing quality from digest-sized mimeos to offset printed masterpieces with four-color covers.

In addition to long and short stories, as well as poetry, many media fanzines included illustrated stories, as well as stand alone art, often featuring portraits of the show or film's principal characters. The art could range from simple sketches, to reproductions of large elaborate works painted in oil or acrylic, though most are created in ink.

In the late 1970s, fiction that included a sexual relationship between two of the male characters of the media source (first Kirk/Spock, then later Starsky/Hutch, Napoleon/Illya, and many others) started to appear in zines. This became known as slash from the '/' mark used in adzines to differentiate a K&S; story (which would have been a Kirk and Spock friendship story) from a K/S story, which would have been one with a romantic or sexual bent between the characters. Slash zines eventually became their own sub-sub-genre; in many fandoms you rarely saw slash and non-slash stories appear in the same zines. By 2000, when web publishing of stories became more popular than zine publishing, thousands of media fanzines had been published; over 500 of them were k/s zines.

Another popular franchise for fanzines was the "Star Wars" saga. By the time the film "The Empire Strikes Back" was released in 1980 Star Wars fanzines had surpassed Star Trek zines in sales. An unfortunate episode in fanzine history occurred in 1981 when Star Wars director George Lucas threatened to sue fanzine publishers who distributed zines featuring the Star Wars characters in sexually explicit stories or art.

Comics and graphic arts fanzines

Comics were mentioned and discussed as early as the late 1930s in the fanzines of science fiction fandom. Famously, the first version of Superman (a bald-headed villain) appeared in the third issue of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's 1933 fanzine ''Science Fiction''. Malcolm Willits and Jim Bradley started ''The Comic Collector's News'', the first comics fanzine, in October, 1947. By 1952, Ted White had mimeographed a four-page pamphlet about Superman, and James Taurasi issued the short-lived ''Fantasy Comics''. In 1953, Bhob Stewart published ''The EC Fan Bulletin'', which launched EC fandom of imitative EC fanzines. A few months later, Stewart, White and Larry Stark produced ''Potrzebie'', planned as a literary journal of critical commentary about EC by Stark. Among the wave of EC fanzines that followed, the best-known was Ron Parker's ''Hoo-Hah!''. After that came fanzines by the followers of Harvey Kurtzman's ''Mad'', ''Trump'' and ''Humbug''. Publishers of these included future underground comics stars like Jay Lynch and Robert Crumb.

In 1960, Richard and Pat Lupoff launched their science fiction and comics fanzine ''Xero''. In the second issue, "The Spawn of M.C. Gaines'" by Ted White was the first in a series of nostalgic, analytical articles about comics by Lupoff, Don Thompson, Bill Blackbeard, Jim Harmon and others under the heading, ''All In Color For A Dime.'' In 1961, Jerry Bails' ''Alter Ego,'' devoted to costumed heroes, became a focal point for superhero comics fandom and is thus sometimes mistakenly cited as the first comics fanzine.

Contacts through these magazines were instrumental in creating the culture of modern comics fandom: conventions, collecting, etc. Much of this, like comics fandom itself, began as part of standard science fiction conventions, but comics fans have developed their own traditions. Comics fanzines often include fan artwork based on existing characters as well as discussion of the history of comics. Through the 1960s and 1970s, comic fanzines followed some general formats, such as the industry news and information magazine (''The Comic Reader'' was one example), interview, history and review-based fanzines, and the fanzines which basically represented independent comic book-format exercises. While perceived quality varied widely, the energy and enthusiasm involved tended to be communicated clearly to the readership, many of who were also fanzine contributors. During the 1970s, many fanzines (''Squa Tront'', as example) also became partly distributed through certain comic book distributors.

At times, the professional comics publishers have made overtures to fandom via 'prozines', in this case fanzine-like magazines put out by the major publishers. ''The Amazing World of DC Comics'' and the Marvel magazine ''FOOM'' began and ceased publication in the 1970s. Priced significantly higher that standard comics of the period (''AWODCC'' was $1.50, ''FOOM'' was 75 cents), each house-organ magazine lasted a brief period of years.

In Britain, there have since 2001 been created a number of fanzines pastiching children's comics of the 1970s and 1980s (e.g. ''Solar Wind'', ''Pony School'', etc.). These adopt a style of storytelling rather than specific characters from their sources, usually with a knowing or ironic twist.

Horror film fanzines

As with comics zines, horror film fanzines grew from related interest within science fiction fan publications. ''Trumpet,'' edited by the late Tom Reamy, was a 1960s SF zine that branched into horror film coverage. Alex Soma's ''Horrors of the Screen,'' Calvin T. Beck's ''Journal of Frankenstein'' (later ''Castle of Frankenstein'') and Gary Svehla’s ''Gore Creatures'' were the first horror fanzines created as more serious alternatives to the popular Forrest J Ackerman 1958 magazine ''Famous Monsters of Filmland.'' ''Gore Creatures'' began in 1961 and continues today as the prozine (turned webzine) ''Midnight Marquee.'' ''Garden Ghouls Gazette'' – a 1960s horror title under the editorship of Dave Keil, then Gary Collins—was later headed by the late Frederick S. Clarke and in 1967 became the respected journal ''Cinefantastique.'' It later became a prozine under journalist-screenwriter Mark A. Altman and has continued as a webzine.

Mark Frank’s ''Photon''—notable for the inclusion of an 8x10 photo in each issue—was another 1960s zine that lasted into the 1980s. Richard Klemensen’s ''Little Shoppe of Horrors'' has a particular focus on "Hammer Horrors" and has been publishing issues on an irregular schedule since 1972.

The Baltimore-based ''Black Oracle'' (1969-1978) from writer-turned-John Waters repertory member George Stover was a small zine that evolved into the larger-format ''Cinemacabre.'' Stover's ''Black Oracle'' partner Bill George published his own short-lived zine ''The Late Show'' (1974-1976; with co-editor Martin Falck), and later became editor of the ''Cinefantastique'' prozine spinoff ''Femme Fatales.'' In the mid-1970s, North Carolina teenager Sam Irvin published the horror/science-fiction fanzine ''Bizarre'' which included his original interviews with U.K. actors and filmmakers; Irvin would later become a producer-director in his own right. ''Japanese Fantasy Film Journal'' (JFFJ) (1968-1983) from Greg Shoemaker covered Toho's ''Godzilla'' and his Asian brethren when no other publications much cared. In 1993, ''G-FAN'' picked up where JFFJ left off, and is approaching its 100th regularly published issue. ''FXRH'' (Special Effects by Ray Harryhausen) (1971-1976) was a specialized zine co-created by future Hollywood FX artist Ernest D. Farino.

Rock & roll music fanzines

By the mid-1960s, several fans active in science fiction and comics fandom recognized a shared interest in rock music, and the rock fanzine was born. Paul Williams and Greg Shaw were two such SF-fans turned rock zine editors. Williams' ''Crawdaddy!'' (1966) and Shaw's two California-based zines, ''Mojo Navigator'' (full title, "''Mojo-Navigator Rock and Roll News''") (1966) and ''Who Put the Bomp'', (1970), are among the most important early rock fanzines.

''Crawdaddy!'' (1966) quickly moved from its fanzine roots to become one of the first rock music "prozines," with paid advertisers and newsstand distribution. ''Bomp'' remained a fanzine, featuring many writers who would later become prominent music journalists, including Lester Bangs, Greil Marcus, Ken Barnes, Ed Ward, Dave Marsh, Mike Saunders and R. Meltzer. ''Bomp'' featured cover art by Jay Kinney and Bill Rotsler, both veterans of SF and Comics fandom. ''Bomp'' was not alone; an August 1970 issue of ''Rolling Stone'' included an article about the explosion of rock fanzines. Other rock fanzines of this period include ''Flash,'' 1972, edited by Mark Shipper, ''Eurock Magazine'' (1973–1993) edited by Archie Patterson and ''Bam Balam,'' written and published by Brian Hogg in East Lothian, Scotland, beginning in 1974, and in the mid-1970s, ''Back Door Man'' and ''denim delinquent''.

In the post-punk era several well-written fanzines emerged that cast an almost academic look at earlier, neglected musical forms, including Mike Stax' ''Ugly Things'', Billy Miller and Miriam Linna's ''Kicks'', Jake Austen's ''Roctober'', Kim Cooper's ''Scram'', P. Edwin Letcher's ''Garage & Beat'', and the UK's ''Shindig!'' and Italy's ''Misty Lane''.

In the 1980s, with the rise of stadium superstars, many home-grown rock fanzines emerged. At the peak of Bruce Springsteen's megastardom following the ''Born in the U.S.A.'' album and Born in the U.S.A. Tour in the mid-1980s, there were no less than five Springsteen fanzines circulating at the same time in the UK alone, and many others elsewhere. Gary Desmond's ''Candy's Room'', coming from Liverpool, was the first in 1980, quickly followed by Dan French's ''Point Blank'', Dave Percival's ''The Fever'', Jeff Matthews' ''Rendezvous'', and Paul Limbrick's ''Jackson Cage''. In the US, ''Backstreets Magazine'' started in Seattle in 1980 and still continues today as a glossy publication, now in communication with Springsteen's management and official website.

In the late 1990s, notorious fanzines and e-zines flourished about electronic and post-rock music. ''Crème Brûlée'' fanzine was one of those that documented post-rock genre and experimental music.

Punk fanzines

The punk subculture in the United Kingdom spearheaded a surge of interest in fanzines as a countercultural alternative to established print media. The first and perhaps still best known UK 'punk zine' was ''Sniffin' Glue'', produced by Deptford punk fan Mark Perry. ''Sniffin' Glue'' ran for 12 photocopied issues; the first issue was produced by Perry immediately following (and in response to) the London debut of The Ramones on July 4, 1976. Other UK fanzines included ''Blam!'', ''Bombsite'', Wool City Rocker, ''Burnt Offering'', ''Chainsaw'', ''New Crimes'', ''Vague'', ''Jamming'', ''Love and Molotov Cocktails'',''To Hell With Poverty'', ''New Youth'', ''Peroxide'', ''ENZK'', ''Juniper beri-beri'', ''Communication Blur'', ''Rox'', ''Grim Humour'', ''Spuno'' and ''Cool Notes''. Of these, Tony Fletcher's ''Jamming'' was the most far reaching, becoming a nationally distributed mainstream magazine for several years before its demise.

In the US, ''Flipside'' and ''Slash'' were important punk zines for the Los Angeles scene, both debuting in 1977. Starting earlier, in 1976, ''Punk'' was published in New York and played a major part in popularizing punk rock (a term coined a few years earlier in ''Creem'') as the term for the music and the bands being written about. Among later titles, ''Maximum RocknRoll'' is a major punk zine, with over 300 issues published. As a result, in part, of the popular and commercial resurgence of punk in the late 1980s and after, with the growing popularity of such bands as Sonic Youth, Nirvana, Fugazi, Bikini Kill, Green Day and The Offspring, a number of other punk zines have appeared, such as ''Punk Planet'', ''Razorcake'', ''Tail Spins'', ''Sobriquet'', ''Profane Existence'' and ''Slug and Lettuce''. The early American punkzine ''Search and Destroy'' eventually became the influential fringe-cultural magazine ''Re/Search''. Some punk fanzines from the 80s, like ''Threatening Society'' are experiencing a second life by placing all past content online for free and adding new content.

Many of the punk zines were printed in small quantities and promoted the local scene. Each copy however, was shared by up to 30 people who would pass it on from friend to friend. They were often cheaply photocopied and many never survived beyond a few issues. Their greatest contribution was in promoting punk music, clothing and lifestyle in their local communities. Punk bands and independent labels often sent records to the zines for review and many of the people who started the zines became critical connections for punk bands on tour. Mark Wilkins, the promotion director for punk/thrash label Mystic Records, had over 450 U.S. fanzines and 150 foreign fanzines he promoted to regularly. He and Mystic Records owner Doug Moody edited ''The Mystic News Newsletter'' which was published quarterly and went into every promo package to fanzines. Wilkins also published the highly successful Los Angeles punk humor zine ''Wild Times'' and when he ran out of funding for the zine syndicated some of the humorous material to over 100 U.S. fanzines under the name of Mystic Mark.

In the UK ''Fracture'' and ''Reason To Believe'' were significant fanzines in the early 2000s, but both ended in late 2003. ''Rancid News'' filled the gap left by these two zines for a short while. On its tenth issue ''Rancid News'' changed its name to ''Last Hours'' with 7 issues published under this title before going on hiatus. ''Last Hours'' still operates as a webzine though with more focus on the anti-authoritarian movement than its original title. There are many smaller fanzines in existence throughout the UK that focus on punk.

In Perugia, Italy, ''Mazquerade'' ran from 1979 - 1981

Mod fanzines

In the United Kingdom, the 1979 Mod revival brought with it a burst of fresh creativity from fanzines, and for the next decade, the youth subculture inspired the production of dozens of independent publications. The most successful of the first wave was ''Maximum Speed'', which successfully captured the frenetic world of a mod revival scene that was propelling bands like Secret Affair, Purple Hearts and The Chords into the UK charts. After the genre had started to go out of fashion with mainstream audiences in 1981, the mod revival scene went underground and successfully reinvented itself through a series of clubs, bands and fanzines that breathed fresh life into the genre, culminating in another burst of creative acceptance in 1985. This success was largely driven by the network of underground fanzines, the most important and far reaching of which were ''Extraordinary Sensations'', produced by future radio DJ Eddie Piller, and ''Shadows & Reflections'', published by future national magazine editor Chris Hunt. The latter in particular pushed back the boundaries of fanzine production, producing glossy, professionally written and printed publications at a time (1983–86) when most fanzines were produced via photocopier and letraset.

Local music fanzines

In the UK, there were also fanzines that covered the local music scene in a particular town or city. Mainly prevalent in the 70s and 80s, all music styles were covered, whether the bands were playing rock, punk, metal, futurist, ska or dance. Featured were local gig reviews and articles that were below the radar of the mainstream music press. They were produced using the technology of the time, i.e. typewriter and Letraset. Examples include ''Bombsite Fanzine'' (Liverpool 1977), Wool City Rocker (Bradford 1979 - 1982), ''City Fun'' (Manchester), 1984, ''Spuno'' (Bath 1980) and ''Town Hall Steps'' (Bolton) and more recently ''mono'' (fanzine), (Bradford) with many more across the country.

Role-playing-game fanzines

Another sizable group of fanzines arose in role-playing game (RPG) fandom, where fanzines allowed people to publish their ideas and views on specific games and their role-playing campaigns. Role-playing fanzines allowed people to communicate in the 1970s and 1980s with complete editorial control in the hands of the players, as opposed to the game publishers. These early RPG fanzines were generally typed, sold mostly in an A5 format (in the UK) and were usually illustrated with abysmal or indifferent artwork.

A fanzine community developed and was based on sale to a reading public and exchanges by editor/publishers. Many of the pioneers of RPG zinedom got their start in, or remain part of, science fiction fandom. This is also true of the small but still active board game fandom scene, the most prolific subset of which is centered around play-by-mail Diplomacy.

Wargaming fanzines

Several fanzines exist within the hobby of wargaming. Among them is ''Charge!'', a leading international fanzine exclusively for miniature wargaming enthusiasts for the American Civil War period. Other fanzines support Warhammer and other popular rules sets.

Sport fanzines

The first association football fanzine is regarded as being Foul, a publication that ran between 1972 and 1976. In the UK, most Premier League or Football League football clubs have one or more fanzines which supplement, oppose and complement the club's official magazine or matchday programme. A reasonably priced 'zine has a guaranteed audience, as is the culture of passion in being a football fan. The longest running fanzine is ''The City Gent'', produced by supporters of Bradford City FC, which first went on sale at Valley Parade in November 1984 and is now in its 26th season. Following close on its heels was Nike, Inc. which was first released in 1989. At the time it was not the first of its kind with ''Terrace Talk'' (York City) and ''Wanderers Worldwide'' (Bolton Wanderers) having already been established but since disappeared. In 1985 the emergent ''When Saturday Comes'' (a fanzine without a specific club focus that was subsequently launched as a mainstream magazine) promoted a 'fanzine movement' that gave birth to many more club titles during the late 80's which was something of a glory period for fanzines. Much of the energy that was put into football fanzines subsequently went into the development of supporters' websites. Examples of other UK football fanzines include ''A Love Supreme'', ''TOOFIF'', ''4000 Holes'' and ''War of the Monster Trucks'' (a Sheffield Wednesday fanzine named after a local TV station elected not to show the final scenes of an unlikely cup victory).

Fanzines are not exclusive to the top tiers of football however, with Northern Counties East League side Scarborough Athletic FC having a fanzine titled ''Abandon Chip!'', a pun based on both the perilous situation of predecessor club Scarborough FC and that club's sponsors, McCain.

And also away from the world of Football there are a number of established fanzines, for example Rugby League has such notable publications as ''Who The Hell Was St. George Anyway?'' (the world's longest-running Rugby League fanzine, by supporters of Doncaster RLFC) and ''Scarlet Turkey'' of National League One club Salford City Reds. The fanzine movement has even spread to the United States, where ice hockey fans in Chicago and St. Louis have produced several popular fanzines, including ''Blue Line Magazine'' and ''The Committed Indian'' for the Chicago Blackhawks, along with ''Game Night Revue'' and ''St Louis Game Time'' for the St. Louis Blues.

There are also a number of fanzines to be found in Ireland of which Shelbourne's ''Red Inc.'' is the longest running.

Recent developments

In recent years the traditional paper zine has begun to give way to the webzine (or "e-zine") that is easier to produce and uses the potential of the Internet to reach an ever larger, possibly global, audience. Nonetheless, printed fanzines are still produced, either out of preference for the format or to reach people who do not have convenient Web access. Online versions of approximately 200 science fiction fanzines will be found at Bill Burns' eFanzines web site, along with links to other SF fanzine sites.

See also

Alt.zines

Amateur press association

British small press comics

Desktop publishing

Dōjinshi

Fandom

Hugo Award for Best Fanzine

Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine

Literature

Minicomic Co-ops (The United Fanzine Organization)

Minicomics

Printing

Publishing

Science fiction fandom

Weblog

ZineWiki

References

Schelly, Bill. ''The Golden Age of Comic Fandom''. Introduction by Roy Thomas. Seattle, WA: Hamster Press, 1995.

Lupoff, Dick [Richard A.] and Don Thompson, eds. ''All in Color for a Dime''. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1970.

External links

How the fanzine refused to die

Citations for "fanzine" collected by the Oxford English Dictionary

Origins of the amateur press associations

Historic science fiction fanzines at Fanac.org

Current and archived science fiction fanzines at eFanzines.com

An article by critic Roger Ebert describing his involvement with science fiction fanzines in the 1950s.

An interview with Bomp! publisher Greg Shaw discussing his experience as a teenage SF fanzine and rock zine publisher, and the evolution of zines through the '90s.

The Underground Comix movement began as a network of fanzines.

Ink Stains (column on comics fanzines of the 60s, 70s and 80s)

M. Horvat Fanzine Collection at the U. of Iowa

Fanlore includes an extensive resource of media fanzines including table of contents, awards and covers

Zinelibrary Italy

Football-Fanzinelibrary worldwide from Germany

Category:Fandom * Category:Zines

bg:Фензин ca:Fanzine cs:Fanzin da:Fanzine de:Fanzine el:Φανζίν es:Fanzine eo:Fanzino fr:Fanzine fur:Fanzine gl:Fanzine ko:팬 잡지 hr:Fanzin it:Fanzine he:פנזין lt:Fenzinas ms:Fanzine nl:Fanzine no:Fanzine pl:Zin (czasopismo) pt:Fanzine ru:Фэнзин sr:Fanzin sh:Fanzin fi:Fanzine sv:Fanzine th:แฟนซีน tr:Fanzin

Coordinates	42°33′″N0°33′″N
Name	Dick Lucas
Occupation	Vocalist of Subhumans
Nationality	}}

Dick Lucas is the British vocalist of the 1980s British anarcho-punk rock band Subhumans, whom he joined in September 1980, as well as the ska-punk band Citizen Fish, joined in 1990. Before that he had been vocalist in The Mental, from March 1979 to August 1980. Lucas' lyrical content ranged from his outrage and defiance at a system that had, in his perception, betrayed him to philosophical ruminations on the nature of conformity, group-think and the individual's place in society.

With the breakup of Subhumans in the mid 1980s came another band, Culture Shock, from 1986, followed by a short silence from Lucas, after which he formed Citizen Fish, a punk-ska group – currently featuring Subhumans bass player Phil on guitar, the newly added Silas on drums (presently replacing original member Trotsky), and long-time collaborator Jasper on bass guitar. Other side projects in recording and performance have included The Bungalow Band, The Clutton Brothers, a spoken word–stand-up poetry act, and playing keyboards with friends, Plymouth UK punk band, and The Bus Station Loonies.

Lucas' later writing has proven to be less politically oriented, and heavier on social awareness, stressing understanding between people, and active communication. During early 2010 he contributed a spoken piece about the 7 July 2005 London bombings for Global Parasite's song, "Seven Seven".

Lucas also appeared in the movie, "Punk's Not Dead" where he discussed his views on punk rock and other philosophical views.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:British male singers Category:Anarcho-punk musicians Category:English punk rock singers Category:English anarchists

Coordinates	42°33′″N0°33′″N
name	Carol Alt
birth name	Carol Ann Alt
birth date	December 01, 1960
birth place	Flushing, Queens, New York, United States
height
haircolor	Brown
eyecolor	Blue
nickname	The Face
measurements	34B-25-34
weight
dress size	(US) 6 ; (EU) 36
shoesize	(US) 9.5 ; (EU) 41
occupation	Actress/Model
yearsactive	1983-present
website	http://www.carolalt.com/
spouse	}}

Carol Ann Alt (born December 1, 1960) is an American model and actress.

Biography

Early life

Alt was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, the daughter of Muriel, an airline employee and model, and Anthony Alt, a fire chief. She was noticed waiting tables in her hometown of East Williston, New York. When she was 18, she decided to try modeling as a summer job to save money for college. She is of German, Belgian and Irish descent.

Career

Alt's first big break in modeling was in 1980, when she was featured on the cover of ''Harper's Bazaar'' magazine, but she gained real fame in 1982 when she was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. During the 1980s she appeared on over 500 magazine covers, becoming one the most famous models of her era. Alt was referred to as "The Face" by ''Life Magazine''. During the height of her popularity, she was the face of ad campaigns for Diet Pepsi, General Motors, Cover Girl Cosmetics, Noxzema, Hanes and numerous others. She was the first model to produce her own posters and calendars. As the eighties were winding down, Alt switched from fashion modeling to acting.

Since 1986 she has been in a variety of movies, many of which were Italian productions. Her success in the US market has been limited. In 2004, she had a starring role in a Canadian movie ''Snakehead Terror''. She also played "Karen Oldham" in the TV adaptation of Peter Benchley's "''Amazon''" (1999). She has also had a few minor television roles, including one episode of Wings and a voice role in an episode of ''King of the Hill''.

She has more recently returned to her modeling roots and taken on a number of model/spokesperson projects, including becoming a consultant with the "''Le Mirador''" skin-care line and appearing on late night TV infomercials. Alt has written two books, promoting her own raw food diet plans. She has been the cover girl for ''travelgirl magazine'' both in 2004 and 2008. After refusing to pose nude her entire career and turning down numerous offers from Playboy Magazine, Alt finally appeared on the cover and in a nude pictorial in Playboy's December 2008 issue. She placed #5 on askmen.com's list of "Top 10 Models Of All Time", behind only Kathy Ireland, Christie Brinkley, Gisele Bündchen and Cindy Crawford.

In 2006, Carol Alt was honored as Grand Marshal at the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City, the largest celebration of German-American Friendship in the United States. She was greeted by thousands of fans alongside Fifth Avenue.

Alt was a contestant on NBC's 2008 ''The Celebrity Apprentice'', with Donald Trump, competing for her charity, the Tony Alt Memorial Foundation, which raises funds for scholarships that will allow young adults to continue their studies. She ended up in third place before being fired, but was brought back for the final task of the show and was chosen by finalist Piers Morgan to help him to become the Celebrity Apprentice.

Alt was spoofed in the ''Family Guy'' episode, "The Man with Two Brians".

She starred in the Italian TV series ''Caterina e le sue figlie 2'' and in the TV movie ''Piper'', both were aired on Canale5 in 2007. In 2009, she was one of the contestants of the Italian version of ''Dancing with the Stars'' (Rai Uno). She's also filming a new Italian TV series called ''Piper - The series'', a spin-off of the successful TV movie of the same title broadcast on Canale5.

In 2008, Carol founded Raw Essentials, by Carol Alt, a skin care and beauty products line with her partners Philip Masiello and Steven Krane. The line is featured on Shopnbc as well as The Shopping Channel in Canada.

Personal life

Alt was married to former New York Rangers player Ron Greschner from 1983 to 1996. While married she had a 4-years lasting affair with Brazilian Formula1 star Ayrton Senna, up until his death in 1994. As of November, 2008, the former couple are in court, with Alt suing her ex-husband with claims that he failed to divide the profits of an investment the couple made while still married.

Films

''I miei primi quarant'anni'' (English-language title -''My First Forty Years'') (1987, by Carlo Vanzina), about the life of countess Marina Punturieri, with Elliott Gould and Jean Rochefort.

''Bye Bye Baby'' (1988)

''Via Montenapoleone'' (1986)

''I miei primi quarant'anni'' (1987)

''La più bella del reame'' (1989)

''Mortacci'' (1989)

''Donna d'onore'' (1990)

Beyond Justice (1990) Co-starred with Rutger Hauer, Elliott Gould and Omar Sharif

''Un piede in paradiso'' (1991)

''Miliardi'' (1991)

''Anni 90 - Parte II'' (1993)

''Thunder in paradise'' (1994)

''Private Parts'' (1997)

''Revelation'' (1999)

''Snakehead Terror'' (2004)

''Signs of the Cross'' (2005)

''Piper'' (2007)

''Caterina e le sue figlie 2'' (2007)

Bibliography

References

External links

Carol Alt's official website

Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) contestants Category:Hofstra University alumni Category:Actors from New York Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:People from North Hempstead, New York

bg:Керъл Алт de:Carol Alt es:Carol Alt fr:Carol Alt it:Carol Alt pl:Carol Alt

Coordinates	42°33′″N0°33′″N
name	Chad Gray
background	solo_singer
alias	Kud, Chüd, Helvis
born	October 16, 1971Decatur, IL, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Heavy metal
occupation	Vocalist, Songwriter, Musician
years active	1996–present
label	EpicNo Name RecordingsBullygoat Records
associated acts	Mudvayne, Hellyeah, Bloodsimple
website	www.mudvayne.comwww.hellyeahrocks.com
notable instruments	}}

Chad Gray (born October 16, 1971 in Decatur, Illinois, US), is the lead vocalist for the American heavy metal bands Mudvayne and Hellyeah.

Personal life

Gray is the son of Dan and Mitzi Gray of Edgewater, Florida. In Hellyeah's DVD, ''Below the Belt'', he talks of how his grandmother, Betty Rau, raised him and would bring him to perform in choir.

He quit his factory job that paid $40,000 a year to move to Peoria, Illinois and formed Mudvayne.

In 2005, Gray's grandmother died after battling cancer for several years. That same year he married Kelli Olson; the couple has a home in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

Gray dedicated the Hellyeah song "Thank You" to his grandmother and also wrote Mudvayne's "Death Blooms" about her illness.

Gray is known both for his clean singing and trademark screams and growls. He occasionally performs on stage in gothic styled make-up.

Gray has made several guest appearances with other bands, including on the songs "Monsters" by V Shape Mind, "Falling Backwards" by Bloodsimple and "Miracle" by Nonpoint.

Discography

Mudvayne

''Kill, I Oughtta'' (1997)

''L.D. 50'' (2000)

''The Beginning of All Things to End'' (November 20, 2001)

''The End of All Things to Come'' (2002)

''Lost and Found'' (2005)

''The New Game'' (2008)

''Mudvayne'' (2009)

Hellyeah

''Hellyeah'' (2007)

''Stampede'' (2010)

References

Category:1971 births Category:People from Decatur, Illinois Category:People from Klamath Falls, Oregon Category:American heavy metal singers Category:Mudvayne members Category:Hellyeah members Category:Living people

cs:Chad Gray de:Chad Gray es:Chad Gray fr:Chad Gray it:Chad Gray nl:Chad Gray ja:チャド・グレイ pl:Chad Gray pt:Chad Gray ru:Грей, Чед tr:Chad Gray

Coordinates	42°33′″N0°33′″N
Name	Trey Songz
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Tremaine Aldon Neverson
Alias
Born	November 28, 1984Petersburg, Virginia, United States
Instrument	Vocals, keyboards, sampler
Genre	R&B;, Hip-hop
Occupation	Singer–songwriter, record producer, actor
Years active	2004–present
Label	Atlantic, Songbook
Associated acts	Drake, Troy Taylor, Twista, Juvenile, Bun B, Rick Ross, Plies
Website	www.treysongz.com }}

Tremaine "Trey" Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984), better known by his stage name Trey Songz, is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor. His debut album, ''I Gotta Make It'', was released in 2005, while his second album, ''Trey Day'', was released in 2007. His third album, ''Ready'', was released in 2009 while his fourth studio album, ''Passion, Pain & Pleasure'', was released on September 14, 2010.

Life and career

1984–2004: Early life

Songz was born Tremaine Aldon Neverson on November 28, 1984, in Petersburg, Virginia. Raised as a military brat, Songz did not have aspirations to have a musical career as a child due to his shyness, saying "Singing wasn't a reality for me, until other people started noticing I sounded good." He recognized his vocal abilities at the age of 14 in 1998. Reluctant to sing, he began performing with encouragement by friends and family in high school. Record producer Troy Taylor discovered Songz during a talent show in 2000, which led him to signing a recording contract with Atlantic Records in 2002. After graduating from high school in 2002, Songz moved to New Jersey to begin recording his debut album, though recording didn't actually begin until 2003.

2004–2006: ''I Gotta Make It''

While recording his debut album in 2004, Songz released multiple mixtapes under the alias ''Prince of Virginia''. One of the mixtapes featured an "answer track" to R. Kelly's "Trapped in the Closet", entitled "Open the Closet". The song gave Trey some notoriety. His debut album, ''I Gotta Make It'' was released on July 26, 2005. It debuted at #20 on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 40,000 copies in its first week of sales. It has sold 300,000 records in the US, but was never certified by the RIAA. Songz's debut single, ''Gotta Make It'', featuring Twista, was released in March 2005 and reached #87 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and #21 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs. It garnered success in the R&B;/urban community but failed to make a mark in mainstream music. The album's second and final single, ''Gotta Go'', was released in July 2005 and reached #67 on the Hot 100 and #11 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming even more successful than his debut single in the R&B;/urban community and in the mainstream community. After promotion for his debut concluded, he was featured on the lead single from Twista's fifth album, ''The Day After''. The single, "Girl Tonite", reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming a huge hit.

2007–2008: ''Trey Day''

In mid-2006, Songz began work on a follow-up album to his debut with longtime collaborator Troy Taylor and also employed hitmakers Bryan-Michael Cox, Danja, Stargate (production team) and R. Kelly to help create the album. Trey aimed for the album to be more mainstream-oriented than his debut album. His second studio album, ''Trey Day'', was released on October 2, 2007. The album reached #11 on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 73,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold 400,000 records in the US, becoming his second album not to be certified by the RIAA. The album was going to be released on May 8, 2007, but was continually delayed in order for a successful single to precede the album, as the lead single failed to impact charts. His second album was preceded by the lead single, "Wonder Woman", which was released in February 2007. It reached #54 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but failed to impact the Hot 100. Because of the single's failure, his second album was delayed from May 2007 to October 2007. The album's second single, "Can't Help but Wait", was released in August 2007 and was released to promote his second album and the film ''Step Up 2 the Streets'' soundtrack as a single for it. The single reached #14 on the Hot 100, and #2 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It became Songz's first Top 20 hit on the Hot 100, and helped to boost his second album's sales. The single was also nominated for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance at the 2008 50th Grammy Awards. The third single from the album, "Last Time", was released in January 2008 and reached #69 on the Hot 100, and #9 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The fourth and final single from the album, "Missin' You", was released in May 2008, but failed to chart completely. In mid-2008, Songz was nominated for a BET Award for Best Male R&B; Artist but didn't win the award.

2009–2010: ''Ready''

In late 2008, Trey began work on his third studio album with Bryan-Michael Cox, Sean Garrett, Stargate and Troy Taylor and aimed for the record to be more mature than his first two. Before releasing his third album, Songz released a mixtape titled ''Anticipation'' in June 2009 through his blog, which featured songs from his third album. Another mixtape from Trey was released in the summer of 2009, called ''Genesis''. ''Genesis'' was a collection of Trey Songz's first recordings when he was fifteen years old and was released to show his fans the dedication that he had to making a record when he was young. Trey released his third studio album, ''Ready'', on August 31, 2009. The album reached #3 on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 131,000 copies in its first week. These are his best first week sales to date and the album was his first to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200. The album has since sold over 800,000 records in the US, earning a Gold certification from the RIAA in February 2010, becoming his first album to be certified by the RIAA. The lead single from the album, "I Need a Girl", was released in April 2009 and reached #5 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop songs chart and #59 on the Hot 100, becoming an R&B;/urban hit but not a mainstream hit. A promotional single, "Successful", featuring rapper Drake, was released in June 2009 and reached #17 on the Hot 100, becoming Songz's third Top 20 hit. The single also served as the second and final single from Drake's EP, ''So Far Gone''. The second official single from his third album, "LOL Smiley Face", featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em and Gucci Mane, was released in August 2009 and reached #51 on the Hot 100 and #12 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third single from the album, "I Invented Sex", featuring Drake, was released in October 2009 and reached #42 on the Hot 100 but #1 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming his first single to top that chart. Like the first two singles from the album, it achieved success in the R&B;/urban community but only some mainstream success. charted within the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and topped the R&B; chart. The fourth single from the album, "Say Aah", featuring rapper Fabolous, was released in January 2010 and reached #9 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The single has become Trey's highest charting single on the Hot 100 and one of his most successful singles on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The fifth and final single from the album, "Neighbors Know My Name", was released in February 2010 and reached #43 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart. A sixth single, "Yo Side of the Bed", was going to be released in June 2010, but its release was canceled due to unknown reasons. A music video, featuring singer Keri Hilson, was filmed and released, however. Songz was also the opening act for Jay-Z on his Jay-Z Fall Tour in late 2009. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B; Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2010, but lost to Beyoncé's ''I Am... Sasha Fierce''. On April 1, 2010, he recorded an episode of MTV Unplugged, which aired on April 26, 2010. A documentary-series about Trey, ''Trey Songz: My Moment'', began in June 2010 to positive reviews and high ratings. The 10-part series will end in August 2010 and follows Trey during his time as opening act on Jay-Z's Jay-Z Fall Tour in late 2009.

2010–2011: ''Passion, Pain & Pleasure''

Songz's fourth studio album, ''Passion, Pain & Pleasure'', was released on September 14, 2010. Trey began work on the album in early 2010 with Sean Garrett, Troy Taylor and Stargate and has stated that the album will be his most personal to date. The album was completed in July 2010. The album's lead single, "Bottoms Up", featuring female rapper Nicki Minaj, was released on July 27, 2010 and has reached number twenty-four on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart and was shared enough on Facebook to appear as a trending video on ItsTrending. Its video was filmed on July 31, 2010 and is pending release. Trey also filmed the video for the album's second single, "Can't Be Friends", on August 1, 2010. "Can't Be Friends" was released as the album's second single in August 2010. Songz embarked on the ''Passion, Pain & Pleasure Tour'' on August 6, 2010 with singer Monica. The tour is his first headlining tour to date and consists of shows in venues that seat 3,000 to 5,000 people. Songz also contributed the song "Already Taken" to the ''Step Up 3D'' soundtrack, which was released on July 27, 2010. He filmed a video for the song, which was released in July 2010. The leading lady in the video is former girlfriend and professional dancer Helen Gedlu. Songz appeared at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. Songz performed at BET Awards 2011 which broadcasted on June 26, 2011.

In July 2011, he was cast in ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 3D'' as Ryan, the male lead role.

2011-Present: Chapter 5

On August 18th, 2011, It was announced Songz will be working on his fifth studio titled ''Chapter 5''. In a interview Trey said The album, which will act as the follow-up to ‘Passion, Pain, & Pleasure’, is said to be nearing completion. He also carried on to say "It’s my sixth year in the game so I’ve been here for a while now. You can expect the best me you’ve ever heard. I don’t have any release dates in mind right now but I’m just making music and enjoying myself in the studio and having fun. When I get to a place where I feel comfortable saying a date or all of that, people will definitely know. I have a few dream collaborations on that album that I want, but they say if you blow out your candle and make a wish you can’t tell people what you ask for or it won’t come true."

Discography

''I Gotta Make It'' (2005)

''Trey Day'' (2007)

''Ready'' (2009)

''Passion, Pain & Pleasure'' (2010)

''Chapter 5'' (TBA)

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" !style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Year !style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Title !style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Role !style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Notes |- |2008 |''Queen of Media'' |DJ I.V. |film |- |2009 |''Lincoln Heights'' |Himself |Episode: "Relative Unknown" |- |2010 |''Preacher's Kid (film)'' |small role |- |2010 |''When I Was 17'' |Himself |Interview-like show, about what he did when he was 17 |- |2010 |''Trey Songz: My Moment'' |Himself |Interview-Documentary show, following him around on tour with Jay-Z. |}

Awards and nominations

{|class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Result |- |rowspan="3"|2008 |BET Award for Best Male R&B; Artist | |- |Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance for "Can't Help but Wait" | |- |Ozone Award for Best R&B; Artist | |- |rowspan="1"|2009 |Soul Train Awards for Best Collaboration "Successful" | |- |rowspan="5"|2010 |Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B; Album for "Ready" | |- |BET Award for Best Male R&B; Artist | |- |BET Award for Best Collaboration for "Say Ahh" w/ Fabolous | |- |BET Award for Best Collaboration for "Successful" w/ Drake | |- |BET Award for Viewer's Choice for "Say Ahh" w/ Fabolous | |- |rowspan="2"|2011 |BET Award for Best Male R&B; Artist | |- |BET Award for Coca-Cola's Viewer's Choice for "Bottom's Up" | |}

References

External links

Official website

Category:1984 births Category:African American actors Category:African American musicians Category:African American singers Category:American actors Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American tenors Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Living people Category:Military brats Category:People from Petersburg, Virginia Category:Musicians from Virginia

de:Trey Songz es:Trey Songz fr:Trey Songz hr:Trey Songz it:Trey Songz he:טריי סונגז sw:Trey Songz mk:Треј Сонгз nl:Trey Songz ja:トレイ・ソングス no:Trey Songz pl:Trey Songz pt:Trey Songz simple:Trey Songz fi:Trey Songz sv:Trey Songz tr:Trey Songz zh:崔·颂