name	Harold Arlen
birth name	Hyman Arluck
birth date	February 15, 1905
birth place	Buffalo, New York
death date	April 23, 1986
death place	New York City, New York
spouse	Anya Taranda (1937-1970)
academyawards	Best Original Song1939 ''The Wizard of Oz''for ''Over the Rainbow'' }}

Harold Arlen (February 15, 1905 – April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music, having written over 500 songs, a number of which have become known the world over. In addition to composing the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz'', including the classic 1938 song, "Over the Rainbow,” Arlen is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook. "Over the Rainbow," in fact, was voted the twentieth century's No. 1 song by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA).

Biography

Arlen was born Chaim Arluck, in Buffalo, New York, the child of a Jewish cantor. His twin brother died the next day. He learned the piano as a youth and formed a band as a young man. He achieved some local success as a pianist and singer and moved to New York City in his early 20s. He worked as an accompanist in vaudeville. At this point, he changed his name to Harold Arlen. Between 1926 and about 1934, Arlen appeared occasionally as a band vocalist on records by The Buffalodians, Red Nichols, Joe Venuti, Leo Reisman and Eddie Duchin, usually singing his own compositions.

In 1929, Arlen composed his first well-known song: "Get Happy" (with lyrics by Ted Koehler). Throughout the early and mid-1930s, Arlen and Koehler wrote shows for the Cotton Club, a popular Harlem night club, as well as for Broadway musicals and Hollywood films. Arlen and Koehler's partnership resulted in a number of hit songs, including the familiar standards "Let's Fall in Love" and "Stormy Weather." Arlen continued to perform as a pianist and vocalist with some success, most notably on records with Leo Reisman's society dance orchestra.

Arlen's compositions have always been popular with jazz musicians because of his facility at incorporating a blues feeling into the idiom of the conventional American popular song.

In the mid-1930s, Arlen married, and spent increasing time in California, writing for movie musicals. It was at this time that he began working with lyricist E.Y. "Yip" Harburg. In 1938, the team was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''. The most famous of these is the song "Over the Rainbow" for which they won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song. They also wrote "Down with Love" (featured in the 1937 Broadway show, Hooray for What!), a song later featured in the 2003 movie ''Down with Love''.

Arlen was a longtime friend and former roommate of actor Ray Bolger who would star in ''The Wizard of Oz'', the film for which "Over the Rainbow" was written.

In the 1940s, he teamed up with lyricist Johnny Mercer, and continued to write hit songs like "Blues in the Night", "That Old Black Magic," "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive," "Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home" and "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" .

Arlen composed two defining tunes which bookend Judy Garland's musical persona: as a yearning, innocent girl in "Over the Rainbow" and a world-weary, "chic chanteuse" with "The Man that Got Away".

Harold Arlen timeline

1905 Arlen born in Buffalo, New York

1920 (age 15) He formed his first professional band, Hyman Arluck's Snappy Trio.

1921 (16) Against his parent's wishes he left home.

1923 (18) With his new band - The Southbound Shufflers, performed on the Crystal Beach lake boat "Canadiana" during the summer of 1923.

1924 (19) Performed at Lake Shore Manor during the summer of 1924.

1924 (19) Wrote his first song, collaborating with friend Hyman Cheiffetz to write "My Gal, My Pal". Copyrighting the song as "My Gal, Won't You Please Come Back to Me?" and listed lyrics by Cheiffetz and music by Harold Arluck.

1925 (20) Makes his way to New York City with the group, The Buffalodians, with Arlen playing piano.

1926 (21) Had first published song, collaborating with Dick George to compose "Minor Gaff (Blues Fantasy)" under the name Harold Arluck.

1928 (23) Chaim (Life) (or Hyman) Arluck renames himself Harold Arlen, a name that combined his parents' surnames (his mother's maiden name was Orlin).

1929 (24) Landed a singing and acting role as Cokey Joe in the musical "The Great Day"

1929 (24) Composed his first well known song - (Get Happy) under the name Harold Arlen.

1929 (24) Signed a yearlong song writing contract with the George and Arthur Piantadosi firm.

1930–1934 (25-29) Wrote music for the Cotton Club.

1933 (28) At a party, along with partner Ted Koehler, wrote the major hit song "Stormy Weather"

1933 (28) Billboard heralded Shakespeare as the most prolific playwright in history, and Arlen as the most prolific composer.

1935 (30) Went back to California after being signed by Samuel Goldwyn to write songs for the film "Strike Me Pink"

1937 (32) Married 22-year-old Anya Taranda, a celebrated Powers Agency model and former Earl Carroll and Busby Berkeley showgirl, actress, and one of the Original "Breck Girls."

1938 (33) Hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.

1938 (33) While driving along Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood and stopping in front of Schwab's Drug Store came up with the song "Over the Rainbow"

1941 (36) Wrote "Blues in the Night"

1942 (37) Along with Johnny Mercer, he wrote one of his most famous songs, "That Old Black Magic"

1943 (38) Wrote "My Shining Hour"

1944 (39) While driving with songwriter partner Johnny Mercer came up with the song "Accentuate the Positive".

1945 (40) In a single evening's work in October with Johnny Mercer came up with the song "Come Rain or Come Shine"

1949 (44) Collaborated with Ralph Blane to write the score for "My Blue Heaven".

1950 (45) Worked with old pal Johnny Mercer on the film "The Petty Girl", out of which came the song "Fancy Free".

1951 (46) His wife Anya was institutionalized in a sanitarium for 7 years after repeatedly threatening her husband and others with physical harm.

1952 (47) Teamed up with Dorothy Fields on the film "The Farmer Takes a Wife"

1953 (48) Harold's father, Cantor Samuel Arluck, died.

1954 (49) The Musical "A Star is Born" starring Judy Garland singing the now classic, Harold Arlen and Ira Gershwin collaboration, "The Man That Got Away"

1954 (49) Becomes dangerously ill with a bleeding ulcer and is hospitalized but recovers to work with Truman Capote on the musical ''House of Flowers''.

1956 (51) His mother Celia Arluck dies and Harold doesn't touch music for over a year, mourning her loss.

1962 (56) Wrote the score for the animated musical Gay Purr-ee, lyrics by E.Y. Harburg.

1961–1976 (55-71) Wrote over 50 songs and continued a successful career.

1970 (65) Arlen's wife Anya Taranda dies from a brain tumor. Arlen begins to lose interest in life, withdrawing from friends and family and becoming more reclusive.

1974 (69) Composes theme song for the ABC sitcom ''Paper Moon'', based on a 1973 Peter Bogdanovich film of the same name. [Paper Moon was a hit song in *1933* and gave its name to the movie, not the other way around.]

1986 (81) Harold Arlen dies in New York City and is interred next to his wife at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

Works for Broadway

''Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1930'' (1930) – revue – contributing composer

''You Said It'' (1931) – musical – composer

''Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1932'' (1932) – revue – co-composer and co-lyricist with Ted Koehler

''Americana'' (1932) – revue – contributing composer

''George White's Music Hall Varieties (1933) – revue – co-composer

''Life Begins at 8:40'' (1934) – revue – composer

''The Show is On'' (1936) – revue – contributing composer

''Hooray for What!'' (1937) – musical – composer

''Bloomer Girl'' (1944) – musical – composer

''St. Louis Woman'' (1946) – musical – composer

''House of Flowers'' (1954) – musical – composer and co-lyricist

''Mr. Imperium'' (1951) – movie musical – featured composer

''Jamaica'' (1957) – musical – composer – Tony nomination for Best Musical

''Saratoga'' (1959) – musical – composer

Major songs

"A Sleepin' Bee" – lyrics by Harold Arlen and Truman Capote

"Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"As Long as I Live" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"Blues in the Night" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"Come Rain or Come Shine" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"For Every Man There's a Woman" – lyrics by Leo Robin

"Get Happy" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"Down with Love" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"Happiness is a Thing Called Joe" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"Hit the Road to Dreamland" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"Hooray for Love" – lyrics by Leo Robin

"I Could Go On Singing" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"If I Only Had a Brain" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"If I Only Had a Heart" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"I Had Myself A True Love" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"I Gotta Right to Sing the Blues" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"Ill Wind" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"It Was Written in the Stars" – lyrics by Leo Robin

"I've Got the World on a String" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"It's Only a Paper Moon" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg, Billy Rose

"Last Night When We Were Young" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"Let's Fall in Love" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"Let's Take a Walk Around the Block" – lyrics by Ira Gershwin and E.Y. Harburg

"Like A Straw In The Wind"

"Lydia the Tattooed Lady" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"My Shining Hour" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer; theme song of NBC detective series ''Meet McGraw'' starring Frank Lovejoy

"Out of This World" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"Over the Rainbow" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"Right As The Rain" – lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

"Sing My Heart" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"So Long, Big Time!" – lyrics by Dory Langdon (recorded in Finland by Carola)

"Stormy Weather" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

"That Old Black Magic" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"The Man That Got Away" – lyrics by Ira Gershwin

"This Time the Dream's on Me" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer

"When the Sun Comes Out" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

References

Films

2003 – ''Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen''. Directed by Larry Weinstein.

External links

Official web site for Harold Arlen

Barbra Streisand on two.">"Harold Sings Arlen (with a Friend)", 1966 Columbia Records album featuring Arlen singing 10 of his songs, and dueting with Barbra Streisand on two.

Category:1905 births Category:1986 deaths Category:American musical theatre composers Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songwriters Category:Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery Category:Jewish American composers and songwriters Category:People from Buffalo, New York Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:Vaudeville performers

ca:Harold Arlen de:Harold Arlen es:Harold Arlen fr:Harold Arlen id:Harold Arlen it:Harold Arlen he:הרולד ארלן pl:Harold Arlen pt:Harold Arlen ru:Арлен, Гарольд fi:Harold Arlen sv:Harold Arlen

Name	Judy Garland'''
Birth name	Frances Ethel Gumm
Birth date	June 10, 1922
Birth place	Grand Rapids, Minnesota, U.S.
Death date	June 22, 1969
Death place	Chelsea, London, England, UK
Cause death	Drug Overdose
Occupation	Actress, singer
Years active
Spouse
Children	}}

Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress and singer. Through a career that spanned 45 of her 47 years and for her renowned contralto vocal range, she attained international stardom as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist and on the concert stage. Respected for her versatility, she received a Juvenile Academy Award, won a Golden Globe Award, as well as Grammy Awards and a Special Tony Award. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in ''A Star is Born'' and for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 1961 film, ''Judgment at Nuremberg''.

At 39 years of age, she was the youngest recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the motion picture industry.

After appearing in vaudeville with her two older sisters, Garland was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. There she made more than two dozen films, including nine with Mickey Rooney and the 1939 film with which she would be most identified, ''The Wizard of Oz''. After 15 years, she was released from the studio but gained renewed success through record-breaking concert appearances, including a return to acting beginning with critically acclaimed performances.

Despite her professional triumphs, Garland battled personal problems throughout her life. Insecure about her appearance, her feelings were compounded by film executives who told her she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by financial instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce. She died of an accidental drug overdose at the age of 47, leaving children Liza Minnelli, Lorna Luft, and Joey Luft.

In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the ten greatest female stars in the history of American cinema.

Early life

Born Frances Ethel Gumm in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, Garland was the youngest child of Francis Avent "Frank" Gumm (March 20, 1886 – November 17, 1935) and Ethel Marion Milne (November 17, 1893 – January 5, 1953). Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theatre that featured vaudeville acts.

Garland's ancestry on both sides of her family can be traced back to the early colonial days of the United States. Her father was descended from the Marable family of Virginia, her grandfather a Milne from Aberdeen (as she told an audience on May 29, 1951 in Edinburgh), and her mother from Patrick Fitzpatrick, who emigrated to America in the 1770s from Smithtown, County Meath, Ireland.

Named after both her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, "Baby" (as she was called by her parents and sisters) shared her family's flair for song and dance. Her first appearance came at the age of two-and-a-half when she joined her two older sisters, Mary Jane "Suzy/Suzanne" Gumm (1915–64) and Dorothy Virginia "Jimmie" Gumm (1917–77), on the stage of her father's movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of "Jingle Bells". Accompanied by their mother on piano, The Gumm Sisters performed at there for the next few years. Following rumors that Frank Gumm had made sexual advances toward male ushers there, the family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926. Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel, acting as their manager, began working to get her daughters into motion pictures. Garland graduated from Antelope Valley High School shortly after.

Early career

The Gumm Sisters

In 1928, The Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin, proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe. They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show. It was through the Meglin Kiddies that they made their film debut, in a 1929 short subject called ''The Big Revue''. This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year, ''A Holiday in Storyland'' (featuring Garland's first on-screen solo) and ''The Wedding of Jack and Jill''. They next appeared together in ''Bubbles''. Their final on-screen appearance came in 1935, in another short entitled ''La Fiesta de Santa Barbara''.

In 1934, the trio, who by then had been touring the vaudeville circuit as "The Gumm Sisters" for many years, performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel. He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after "Gumm" was met with laughter from the audience. "The Garland Sisters" was chosen, and Frances changed her name to "Judy" soon after, inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song.

Several stories persist regarding the origin of the name "Garland". One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombard's character Lily Garland in the film ''Twentieth Century'' which was then playing at the Oriental; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland. Garland's daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio "looked prettier than a garland of flowers". Another variation surfaced when he was a guest on Garland's television show in 1963. He claimed that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word "garland," and it stuck in his mind.

At any rate, by late 1934 the "Gumm Sisters" had changed their name to the "Garland Sisters." They were broken up in August 1935, however, Suzanne Garland flew to Reno, Nevada, and married musician Lee Kahn, a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge, Lake Tahoe.

Signed at MGM

In 1935, Garland was signed to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, supposedly without a screen test, though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier. It did not know what to do with her, as at age 13 she was older than the traditional child star but too young for adult roles. Her physical appearance created a dilemma for MGM. At only , her "cute" or "girl next door" looks did not exemplify the more glamorous persona required of leading ladies of the time. She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance. "Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner, Lana Turner, Elizabeth Taylor, real beauties," said Charles Walters, who directed her in a number of films. "Judy was the big money-maker at the time, a big success, but she was the ugly duckling ...I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time. I think it lasted forever, really." Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B. Mayer, who referred to her as his "little hunchback". During her early years at the studio, she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the "girl-next-door" image that was created for her. She was made to wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized disks to reshape her nose. She performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical short ''Every Sunday''. The film contrasted her alto vocal range and swing style with Durbin's operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for the pair, as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster. Mayer finally decided to keep both actresses, but by that time Durbin's option had lapsed and she was signed by Universal Studios.

On November 16, 1935, in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the ''Shell Chateau Hour,'' Garland learned that her father, who had been hospitalized with meningitis, had taken a turn for the worse. Frank Gumm died the following morning, on November 17, leaving her devastated. Her song for the ''Shell Chateau Hour'' was her first professional rendition of "Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart", a song which would become a standard in many of her concerts.

Garland next came to the attention of studio executives by singing a special arrangement of "You Made Me Love You" to Clark Gable at a birthday party held by the studio for the actor; her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza ''Broadway Melody of 1938'' (1937), in which she sang it to a photograph of him.

MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of "backyard musicals". The duo first appeared together in the 1937 B movie ''Thoroughbreds Don't Cry''. They became a sensation, and teamed up again in ''Love Finds Andy Hardy''. She would eventually star with him in nine films.

To keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another, Garland, Rooney, and other young performers were constantly given amphetamines, as well as barbiturates to take before going to bed. For Garland, this regular dose of drugs led to addiction and a lifelong struggle, and contributed to her eventual demise. She later resented the hectic schedule and felt that her youth had been stolen from her by MGM. Despite successful film and recording careers, several awards, critical praise, and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide, she was plagued throughout her life with self-doubt and required constant reassurance that she was talented and attractive.

''The Wizard of Oz''

In 1938, at age 16, Garland was cast as Dorothy Gale in ''The Wizard of Oz'' (1939), a film based on the children's book by L. Frank Baum. In this film, she sang the song for which she would forever be identified, "Over the Rainbow". Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted her from the start, studio chief Mayer tried first to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox. Her services were denied and Garland was cast. She was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part, but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming. Her breasts were bound with tape and she was made to wear a special corset to flatten out her curves and make her appear younger; her blue gingham dress was also chosen for its blurring effect on her figure.

Shooting commenced on October 13, 1938, and was completed on March 16, 1939, with a final cost of more than US$2 million. From the conclusion of filming, MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of ''Babes in Arms''. She and Mickey Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour, culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater, which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars.

On November 17, 1939, Garland's mother, Ethel, married William P. Gillmore in Yuma, Arizona. It was the fourth anniversary of her first husband's death.

''The Wizard of Oz'' was a tremendous critical success, though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million coupled with the lower revenue generated by children's tickets meant that the film did not make a profit until it was rereleased in the 1940s. At the 1940 Academy Awards ceremony, Garland received an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939, including ''The Wizard of Oz'' and ''Babes in Arms''. Following this recognition, she became one of MGM's most bankable stars.

Stardom as an adult

In 1940, she starred in three films: ''Andy Hardy Meets Debutante'', ''Strike Up the Band'', and ''Little Nellie Kelly''. In the latter, she played her first adult role, a dual role of both mother and daughter. ''Little Nellie Kelly'' was purchased from George M. Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance. The role was a challenge for her, requiring the use of an accent, her first adult kiss, and the only death scene of her career. The success of these three films, and a further three films in 1941, secured her position at MGM as a major property. During this time Garland experienced her first serious adult romances. The first was with the band leader Artie Shaw. She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner. Another failed relationship (and her first failed marriage) included an abortion her mother and husband persuaded her to have in order to continue working. She was noticeably thinner in her next film, ''For Me and My Gal'', alongside Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance. She was top billed over the credits for the first time, and effectively made the transition from teenage star to adult actress.

At the age of 21, she was given the "glamour treatment" in ''Presenting Lily Mars'', in which she was dressed in "grown-up" gowns. Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion. However, no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs, she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the "girl next door" image that had been created for her.

One of Garland's most successful films for MGM was ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' (1944), in which she introduced three standards: "The Trolley Song", "The Boy Next Door", and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct this movie, and he requested that makeup artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to her for the picture. Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways, including extending and reshaping her eyebrows, changing her hairline, modifying her lip line, and removing her nose discs. She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM.

''The Clock'' (1945) was her first straight dramatic film, opposite Robert Walker. Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit, most movie fans expected her to sing. It would be many years before she acted again in a non-singing dramatic role.

Garland's other famous films of the 1940s include ''The Harvey Girls'' (1946), in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe", and ''The Pirate'' (1948).'''

Leaving MGM

During filming for ''The Pirate'' in April 1947, Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanitarium. She was able to complete filming, but in July she undertook her first suicide attempt, making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass. During this period, she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts Following her work on ''The Pirate'', she completed three more films for MGM: ''Easter Parade'' (in which she danced with Fred Astaire), ''In the Good Old Summertime'', and her final film with MGM, ''Summer Stock''.

Because of her mental condition, Garland was unable to complete a series of films. During the filming of ''The Barkleys of Broadway'', she was taking prescription sleeping medication along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine. These, in combination with migraine headaches, led her to miss several shooting days in a row. After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four-to-five-day increments with extended rest periods between, MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on July 18, 1948. She was replaced by Ginger Rogers.

Garland was cast in the film adaptation of ''Annie Get Your Gun'' in the title role of Annie Oakley. She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman, anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years, and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley. She began arriving late to the set, and sometimes failed to appear. She was suspended from the picture on May 10, 1949, and was replaced by Betty Hutton.

Garland was next cast in the film ''Royal Wedding'' with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950. She again failed to report to the set on multiple occasions, and the studio suspended her contract on June 17, 1950. She was replaced by Jane Powell. Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal, she slightly grazed her neck with a broken water glass, requiring only a Band-Aid, but at the time, the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat. "All I could see ahead was more confusion," Garland later said of this suicide attempt. "I wanted to black out the future as well as the past. I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me."

Later career

Renewed stardom on the stage

In October 1951, Garland opened in a vaudeville-style, two-a-day engagement at Broadway's newly refurbished Palace Theatre. Her 19-week engagement exceeded all previous records for the theater, and was described as "one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history". Garland was honored for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville with a Special Tony Award.

Garland's personal and professional achievements during this time were marred by the actions of her mother, Ethel. In May 1952, at the height of her comeback, Ethel was featured in a ''Los Angeles Mirror'' story in which she revealed that while Garland was making a small fortune at the Palace, Ethel was working a desk job at Douglas Aircraft Company for $61 a week. They had been estranged for years, with Garland characterizing her mother as "no good for anything except to create chaos and fear" and accusing her of mismanaging and misappropriating her salary from the earliest days of her career. Garland's sister Virginia denied this, stating "Mama never took a dime from Judy." On January 5, 1953, Ethel was found dead in the Douglas Aircraft parking lot.

''A Star Is Born''

In 1954, Garland filmed a musical remake of the 1937 film ''A Star is Born'' for Warner Bros. She and her third husband, Sid Luft, through their production company, Transcona Enterprises, produced the film while Warner Bros. supplied the funds, production facilities, and crew. Directed by George Cukor and costarring James Mason, it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself. As shooting progressed, however, she began making the same pleas of illness which she had so often made during her final films at MGM. Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros. head Jack Warner. Principal photography wrapped on March 17, 1954. At Luft's suggestion, the "Born in a Trunk" medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukor's objections, who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas. It was completed on July 29.

Upon its September 29 world premiere, the film was met with tremendous critical and popular acclaim. Before release it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner; theater operators, concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six, pressured the studio to make additional reductions. About 30 minutes of footage was cut, sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers. ''A Star is Born'' ended up losing money, and the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize. Transcona made no more films with Warner.

Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and, in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards, was generally expected to be the winner. She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son, Joseph Luft, so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to televise her anticipated acceptance speech. The Oscar was won, however, by Grace Kelly for ''The Country Girl'' (1954). The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage. Garland even made jokes about the incident on her television series, saying "...and nobody said good-bye." Groucho Marx sent her a telegram after the awards ceremony, declaring her loss "the biggest robbery since Brinks". To this day, it is still considered to be one of the biggest upsets in the history of the Academy Awards and generally felt that she should have rightly won the Oscar and her performance far exceeded Kelly's. ''TIME'' magazine labeled her performance as "just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history". Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role.

Garland's films after ''A Star Is Born'' included ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' (1961) (for which she was Oscar-and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress), the animated feature ''Gay Purr-ee'' (1962), and ''A Child Is Waiting'' (1963) with Burt Lancaster. Her final film, ''I Could Go On Singing'' (1963), costarring Dirk Bogarde, mirrored her own life with its story of a world famous singing star. Her last screen performance of a song was the prophetic ''I Could Go on Singing'' at the end of the film.

Television, concerts, and Carnegie Hall

Beginning in 1955, Garland appeared in a number of television specials. The first, the 1955 debut episode of ''Ford Star Jubilee'', was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph, scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating. She signed a three-year, $300,000 contract with the network. Only one additional special, a live concert edition of ''General Electric Theater'', was broadcast in 1956 before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials. In 1956, Garland performed four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week, making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas. Despite a brief bout of laryngitis, her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week. Later that year she returned to the Palace Theatre, site of her two-a-day triumph. She opened in September, once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim.

In November 1959 Garland was hospitalized, diagnosed with acute hepatitis. Over the next few weeks several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until, still weak, she was released from the hospital in January 1960. She was told by doctors that she likely had five years or less to live, and that even if she did survive she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again. She initially felt "greatly relieved" at the diagnosis. "The pressure was off me for the first time in my life." However, she successfully recovered over the next several months and, in August of that year, returned to the stage of the Palladium. She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England.

Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on April 23, 1961, was a considerable highlight, called by many "the greatest night in show business history". The two-record ''Judy at Carnegie Hall'' was certified gold, charting for 95 weeks on ''Billboard'', including 13 weeks at number one. The album won four Grammy Awards including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year. The album has never been out of print.

In 1961, Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent, Freddie Fields, and negotiated a new round of specials. The first, entitled ''The Judy Garland Show'', aired in 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. Following this success, CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own, also to be called ''The Judy Garland Show'', which was deemed at the time in the press to be "the biggest talent deal in TV history". Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series, in the early 1960s she was in a financially precarious situation. Garland was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service, having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952, and the financial failure of ''A Star is Born'' meant that she received nothing from that investment. A successful run on television was intended to secure her financial future.

Following a third special, ''Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet'', Garland's weekly series debuted September 29, 1963. ''The Judy Garland Show'' was critically praised, but for a variety of reasons (including being placed in the time slot opposite ''Bonanza'' on NBC) the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes. Despite its short run, the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards. The demise of the series was personally and financially devastating for Garland, who never fully recovered from its failure.

Final years

With the demise of her television series, Garland returned to the stage. Most notably, she performed at the London Palladium with her then 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964. The concert, which was also filmed for British television network ITV, was one of her final appearances at the venue. She made guest appearances on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'', ''The Tonight Show'', ''The Hollywood Palace'', and ''The Merv Griffin Show'', guest-hosting an episode of the last one.

A 1964 tour of Australia was largely disastrous. Garland's first concert in Sydney, held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the crowds who wanted to see her, went well and received positive reviews. Her second performance, in Melbourne, started an hour late. The crowd of 7,000, angered by her tardiness and believing her to be drunk, booed and heckled her, and she fled the stage after just 45 minutes. She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as "brutish". A second concert in Sydney was uneventful but the Melbourne appearance garnered her significant bad press. Some of that bad press was deflected by the announcement of a near fatal episode of pleurisy.

In February 1967, Garland had been cast as Helen Lawson in ''Valley of the Dolls'' for 20th Century Fox. The character of Neely O'Hara in the book by Jacqueline Susann was rumored to have been based on her. The role of O'Hara in the film was played by Patty Duke. During the filming, she missed rehearsals and was fired in April. She was replaced by Susan Hayward. Her prerecording of the song "I'll Plant My Own Tree" survived, along with her wardrobe tests.

Returning to the stage, Garland made her last appearances at New York's Palace Theatre in July, a 16-show tour, performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft. She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour, which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in ''Valley of the Dolls.''

Marriages

David Rose

Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose, and, on her 18th birthday, he gave her an engagement ring. The studio intervened because he was still married at the time to the actress and singer Martha Raye. They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce from her to become final, and were wed on July 27, 1941. Garland, who had aborted her pregnancy by him in 1942, agreed to a trial separation in January 1943, and they divorced in 1944.

Vincente Minnelli

During the filming of ''Meet Me in St. Louis'', after some initial conflict between them, Garland and Vincente Minnelli entered a relationship together. They were married June 15, 1945, and on March 12, 1946, daughter Liza was born. In 1951, they divorced.

Sid Luft

She engaged Sid Luft as her manager the same year. He arranged a four-month concert tour of the United Kingdom, where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. It included her first appearances at the renowned London Palladium, for a four-week stand in April. Although some in the British press chided her before her opening for being "too plump", she received rave reviews and the ovation was described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard.

Garland and Luft were married on June 8, 1952, in Hollister, California, and she gave birth to their first child, Lorna, on November 21 and her third one, Joey, on March 29 1955

Garland sued Luft for divorce in 1963, claiming "cruelty" as the grounds. She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had attempted to take their children from her by force. She had filed for divorce more than once previously, including as early as 1956.

Mark Herron

Garland's fourth marriage was to tour promoter Mark Herron. They announced that their marriage had taken place aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong; however, she was not legally divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed. It became final on May 19, 1965, but she and Herron did not legally marry until November 14, 1965 and then separated six months later.

Mickey Deans

By early 1969, Garland's health had deteriorated. She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969. She married her fifth and final husband, Mickey Deans, at Chelsea Register Office, London, on March 15, 1969, her divorce from Herron having been finalized on February 11.

Death

On June 22 1969, Garland was found dead by Deans in the bathroom of their rented house in Chelsea, London. At the subsequent inquest, coroner Gavin Thursdon stated that the cause of death was "an incautious self-overdosage" of barbiturates; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules. Thursdon stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and that there was no evidence to suggest she had committed suicide. Her autopsy showed that there was no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in there, which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time, rather than in one dose. Her death certificate stated that her death had been "accidental." Even so, a British specialist who had attended her said she had been living on borrowed time due to cirrhosis of the liver. She had turned 47 just 12 days prior to her death. Her ''Wizard of Oz'' costar Ray Bolger commented at her funeral, "She just plain wore out." An estimated 20,000 people lined up for hours at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel to view her body. James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral, which was an Episcopalian service led by the Rev. Peter A. Delaney of Marylebone Church, London, who had officiated at her marriage to Deans. She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York.

Legacy

Garland's legacy as a performer and a personality has endured long after her death. The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time. She has been the subject of over two dozen biographies since her death, including the well-received ''Me and My Shadows: A Family Memoir'' by her daughter, Lorna Luft, whose memoir was later adapted into the multiple award-winning television miniseries, ''Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows'', which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses portraying her (Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis). English actress Tracie Bennett portrayed Garland to critical acclaim in a dramatization of her eventual decline and months preceding her death in a play titled ''End of the Rainbow'' at London's Trafalgar Studios. Both the play and Bennett received Laurence Olivier Award nominations.

Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. These include "Over the Rainbow", which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Songs" list. Four more Garland songs are featured on the list: "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (#76), "Get Happy" (#61), "The Trolley Song" (#26), and "The Man That Got Away" (#11). She has twice been honored on U.S. postage stamps, in 1989 (as Dorothy) and again in 2006 (as Vicki Lester from ''A Star Is Born''). She is mentioned in the 1998 horror film ''I Still Know What You Did Last Summer'' when the hotel clerk is explaining the history of the hotel in the Bahamas where the film takes place.

Gay icon

Garland always had a large base of fans in the gay community and has become a gay icon. Reasons often given for her standing, especially among gay men, are admiration of her ability as a performer, the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in America during the height of her fame and her value as a camp figure. When asked about how she felt about being a gay icon, she responded, "I couldn't care less. I sing to people."

Some have also suggested a connection between the date of Garland's death and funeral on June 27, 1969 and the Stonewall riots, the flashpoint of the modern Gay Liberation movement, which started in the early hours of June 28.

Filmography and performances

Film and TV portrayals

Garland has been portrayed in film by:

Andrea McArdle in ''Rainbow'' (1978)

Tammy Blanchard (young Judy) and Judy Davis (older Judy) in ''Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows'' (2001)

Elizabeth Karsell in ''James Dean'' (2001)

Anne Hathaway is set to play Garland in a biopic titled ''Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland'' which is in production and is set to be released in either 2012 or 2013.

Garland has also been impersonated in several TV shows as well.

Discography

Awards

See also

List of Judy Garland biographies

Notes

References

Bianco, David. ''Gay Essentials: Facts For Your Gay Brain''. Alyson Publications. Los Angeles, 1999. ISBN 1-55583-508-2.

Clarke, Gerald (2001). ''Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland''. New York, Random House. ISBN 0-375-50378-1.

DiOrio, Jr., Al. ''Little Girl Lost: The Life and Hard Times of Judy Garland''. Manor Books. New York, 1973.

Duberman, Martin (1993). ''Stonewall''. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-525-93602-5.

Edwards, Anne. ''Judy Garland''. Simon & Schuster. New York, 1975. ISBN 0-671-80228-3 (paperback edition).

Finch, Christopher. ''Rainbow: The Stormy Life of Judy Garland''. Ballantine Books. 1975. ISBN 0-345-25173-3 (paperback edition).

Frank, Gerold. ''Judy''. Harper & Row. New York, 1975. ISBN 0-06-011337-5.

Juneau, James. ''Judy Garland: A Pyramid Illustrated History of the Movies''. Pyramid Publications. 1974, New York. ISBN 0-515-03482-7.

Luft, Lorna. ''Me and My Shadows: A Family Memoir''. Simon & Schuster. New York, 1999. ISBN 0-283-06320-3.

Sanders, Coyne Steven. ''Rainbow's End: The Judy Garland Show''. Zebra Books. 1990 ISBN 0-8217-3708-2 (paperback edition).

Seaman, Barbara. ''Lovely Me: The Life of Jacqueline Susann''. Seven Stories Press. 1996, New York. ISBN 0-9658770-6-X (1996 edition).

Shipman, David. ''Judy Garland: The Secret Life of an American Legend''. Hyperion. New York, 1992. ISBN 0-7868-8026-0 (paperback edition).

Steiger, Brad (1969). ''Judy Garland''. New York, Ace Books.

Wayne, Jane Ellen (2003). ''The Golden Girls of MGM''. New York, Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1303-8.

External links

Judy Garland at TV Guide

The Judy Room Celebrating the life and career of Judy Garland

The Judy Garland Birthplace and Museum in Grand Rapids, MN

The Judy Garland Club official international fan club

American Masters special">''Judy Garland: By Myself'' – American Masters special

Judy Garland's Film "The Wizard of Oz" Film site on Judy and Oz

Judy Garland at The Biography Channel

Category:1922 births Category:1969 deaths Category:People from Grand Rapids, Minnesota Category:Academy Juvenile Award winners Category:Accidental deaths in England Category:Actors from Minnesota Category:University High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni Category:American people of English descent Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American contraltos Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American voice actors Category:American musicians of English descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American radio personalities Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Decca Records artists Category:Drug-related deaths in England Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Tony Award winners Category:Traditional pop music singers Category:Vaudeville performers Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:Real people associated with Oz

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name	Martha Raye
birthname	Margy Reed
birth date	August 27, 1916
birth place	Butte, Montana, U.S.
death date	October 19, 1994
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
yearsactive	1934–1985
occupation	Actress/Singer/Comedienne
spouse	Bud Westmore (1937-1938)David Rose (1938-1941)Neal Lang (1941-1944)Nick Condos (1944-1953)Edward T. Begley (1954-1956)Robert O'Shea (1956-1960)Mark Harris (1991-1994) }}

Martha Raye (August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994) was an American comic actress and standards singer who performed in movies, and later on television. She was honored in 1969 with an Academy Award as the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient for her volunteer efforts and services to the troops.

Early years

Raye's life as a singer and comedy performer began very early in her childhood. She was born at St. James Hospital, in Butte, Montana as Margy Reed, where her Irish immigrant parents, Peter F. Reed and Maybelle Hooper, were performing at a local vaudeville theatre as "Reed and Hooper". Two days after Martha was born, her mother was already back on stage, and Martha first appeared in their act when she was three years old. She performed with her brother, Bud, and soon the two children became such a highlight that the act was renamed "Margie and Bud." Some show business insiders speculated that the Judy Garland song from ''A Star Is Born'', "I was born in a trunk in the Princess Theater in Pocatello, Idaho" was inspired by Raye's beginnings.

Raye continued performing from that point on and even attended the Professional Children's School in New York City, but she received so little formal schooling, getting only as far as the fifth grade, that she often had to have scripts and other written documents read to her by others.

Career

In the early 1930s, Raye was a band vocalist with the Paul Ash and Boris Morros orchestras. She made her first film appearance in 1934 in a band short titled ''A Nite in the Nite Club''. In 1936, she was signed for comic roles by Paramount Pictures, and made her first picture for Paramount. Her first feature film was ''Rhythm on the Range'' with crooner Bing Crosby. From 1936-39, covering 39 shows, she was a featured cast member on Al Jolson's weekly CBS radio show, "The Lifebuoy Program” aka “Cafe Trocadero.” In addition to comedy, Martha sang both solos and duets with Jolson. Over the next 26 years, she would eventually appear with many of the leading comics of her day, including Joe E. Brown, Bob Hope, W. C. Fields, Abbott and Costello, Charlie Chaplin, and Jimmy Durante. She joined the USO soon after the US entered World War II.

Martha Raye was known for the size of her mouth, which appeared large in proportion to the rest of her face, thus earning her the nickname The Big Mouth. She later referred to this in a series of commercials for Polident denture cleaner in the 1980s: "So take it from The Big Mouth: new Polident Green gets tough stains clean!" Her mouth would come to relegate her motion picture work to largely supporting comic parts, and was often made up in such a way that it appeared even larger than it already was. In the Warner Brothers cartoon ''The Woods are Full of Cuckoos'', she is caricatured as a jazzy scat-singing donkey named ''Moutha Bray''.

USO

During World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, she travelled extensively to entertain the American troops, even though she had a lifelong fear of flying.

In October 1966, she went to Soc Trang, Vietnam, to entertain the troops at the base which was the home base of the 121st Aviation company, the Soc Trang Tigers, the gunship platoon, The Vikings and the 336th Aviation company. Shortly after her arrival, both units were called out on a mission to extract supposed POWs from an area nearby. Raye decided to hold her troupe of entertainers there until the mission was completed so that all of the servicemen could watch her show. She often served as a nurse while on these trips.

During that time, a serviceman flying a "Huey Slick" helicopter carrying troops recalls that his ship received combat damage to the extent that he had to return to base at Soc Trang:

I was the pilot of that "slick" which had received major damage to the tail-rotor drive shaft from a lucky enemy rifle shot. The maintenance team at the staging area inspected and determined that a one-time flight back to base camp would be okay but grounded the aircraft after that.

Upon arriving back at Soc Trang, I informed Martha (she came right up to us and asked how things were going) that we had a gunship down in the combat area and additional efforts were being made to extract the crew. I don't recall if we had received word of the death of the pilot at that time. Martha stated that she and her troupe would remain until everyone returned from the mission.

As there were no replacements, the servicemen could not return to the mission. While the servicemen waited, Raye played poker with them and helped to keep everyone's spirits up.

I enjoyed playing cards with Martha but regretted it somewhat. It appears that she had plenty of practice playing poker with GIs during her USO service in multiple wars. But I still love her for who she was and what she did.

When the mission was completed, which had resulted in the loss of a helicopter, gunship and a Viking pilot, there was also an officer, the Major who was in command of the Vikings who had been wounded when the ship went down. He was flying pilot position but was not in control of the ship when the command pilot, a Warrant Officer, was shot. When he and the two remaining crewmen were returned to Soc Trang, Raye volunteered to assist the doctor in treating the wounded flyer. When all had been completed, Raye waited until everybody was available and then put on her show. Everyone involved appreciated her as an outstanding trouper and a caring person. During the Vietnam War, she was made an honorary Green Beret because she visited United States Army Special Forces in Vietnam without fanfare, and she helped out when things got bad in Special Forces A-Camps. As a result, she came to be known affectionately by the Green Berets as "Colonel Maggie."

On November 2, 1993, Martha Raye was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President Bill Clinton, for her service to her country. The citation reads:

"A talented performer whose career spans the better part of a century, Martha Raye has delighted audiences and uplifted spirits around the globe. She brought her tremendous comedic and musical skills to her work in film, stage, and television, helping to shape American entertainment. the great courage, kindness, and patriotism she showed in her many tours during World War II, the Korean Conflict, and the Vietnam Conflict earned her the nickname "Colonel Maggie." The American people honor Martha Raye, a woman who has tirelessly used her gifts to benefit the lives of her fellow Americans."

TV career

Raye was an early television star when that medium was very young; for a while she had her own program, ''The Martha Raye Show'' (1954–1956) in which she was the lead and her awkward boyfriend was portrayed by retired middleweight boxer Rocky Graziano. The writer and producer was future ''The Phil Silvers Show'' creator Nat Hiken. Other stars who appeared on her show included Zsa Zsa Gabor, Cesar Romero and Broadway dancer Wayne Lamb. She also appeared on other TV shows in the 1950s, such as ''What's My Line?''. Following the demise of her TV variety show, the breakup of her fifth marriage, and a series of other personal and health problems, she attempted suicide with sleeping pills on August 14, 1956. Well wishers gave her a St. Christopher's medal, a St. Genesius medal and a Star of David. After her recovery, she wore these faithfully, although she was neither Roman Catholic nor Jewish. At the end of her TV programs, she would also thank the nuns at The Sisters of St. Francis Hospital in Miami, Florida, where she recovered. She would always say, "Goodnight, Sisters" as a sign of appreciation and gratitude. Later, Raye served as the television spokesperson for Polident denture cleanser, principally during the 1970s and 1980s.

Later career

In 1970, she portrayed Boss Witch, the "Queen of all Witch-dom" in the feature film ''Pufnstuf'' for Sid and Marty Krofft. This led to her being cast as villainess Benita Bizarre in ''The Bugaloos'' (1970), which the Kroffts produced the same year.

She often appeared as a guest on other programs, particularly ones that often had older performers as guest stars, such as ABC's ''The Love Boat'' and on variety programs, including the short-lived ''The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show'', also on ABC. She also appeared for two years as Mel Sharples' mother, Carrie, on the CBS sitcom ''Alice''. She made guest appearances or did cameo roles in such series as ''Murder, She Wrote'' on CBS and ''The Andy Williams Show'' and ''McMillan & Wife'', both on NBC. She appeared again as housekeeper Agatha for the 6 episode run of the retooled ''McMillan''.

Personal life

Raye's personal life was complex and emotionally tumultuous. She was married seven times.

She was married to Hamilton "Buddy" Westmore from May 30, 1937 until September 1937, filing for divorce on the basis of extreme cruelty; to conductor and composer, David Rose from October 8, 1938 to May 19, 1941; to Neal Lang from May 25, 1941 to February 3, 1944; to Nick Condos from February 22, 1944 to June 17, 1953 which resulted in the birth of her only child Melodye Raye Condos on July 26, 1944; to Edward T. Begley from April 21, 1954 to October 6, 1956; to Robert O'Shea from November 7, 1956 to December 1, 1960; and to Mark Harris from September 25, 1991 until her death in 1994.

Mark Harris

Raye's marriage to Harris in a Las Vegas ceremony made headlines in 1991, partly because Raye was 75 and Harris was 42, and partly because the two had known each other for less than a month. Harris was also bisexual. They remained married until her death in 1994. At that time, Harris received the bulk of Martha Raye's estate, including her home in Bel Air, California. Raye's will left nothing to her only daughter from a previous marriage, Melodye Condos, from whom Raye was estranged at the time of her death. On April 23, 2008, Harris was interviewed on ''The Howard Stern Show'' and revealed that he had spent all but $100,000 of the money left to him in Raye's will, from an estimated $3 million. He also revealed that he had suffered two heart attacks and was living in New York with one of his adult daughters. Before her death, with Harris's support, Raye sued Bette Midler and the producers of the movie ''For The Boys'' in the early 1990s, claiming that the film was based on Martha's extensive experience as a much-loved entertainer of US troops during three wars. She lost the case when the judge after hearing evidence on both sides decided that Raye did not have a case.

Death

Raye's final years were spent dealing with ongoing health problems. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease and had lost both legs in 1993 due to circulatory problems. She died of pneumonia on October 19, 1994, after a long history of cardiovascular disease. Raye was 78 years of age, and residing in Los Angeles at the time of her death.

In appreciation of her work with the USO during World War II and subsequent wars, special consideration was given to bury her in Arlington National Cemetery upon her death. However, at her request, she was ultimately buried with full military honors in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. She is the only woman buried in the SF (Special Forces) cemetery at Ft. Bragg. She was an honorary Colonel in the Marines and an honorary Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army.

Raye has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for motion pictures, located at 6251 Hollywood Blvd., and for television, located at 6547 Hollywood Blvd.

Filmography

Film

''A Nite in a Nite Club'' (1934)

''Rhythm on the Range'' (1936)

''The Big Broadcast of 1937'' (1936)

''Hideaway Girl'' (1936)

''College Holiday'' (1936)

''Cinema Circus'' (1937)

''Waikiki Wedding'' (1937)

''Mountain Music'' (1937)

''Artists & Models'' (1937)

''Double or Nothing'' (1937)

''The Big Broadcast of 1938'' (1938)

''College Swing'' (1938)

''Tropic Holiday'' (1938)

''Give Me a Sailor'' (1938)

''Never Say Die'' (1939)

''$1000 a Touchdown'' (1939)

''The Farmer's Daughter'' (1940)

''The Boys from Syracuse'' (1940)

''Navy Blues'' (1941)

''Keep 'Em Flying'' (1941)

''Hellzapoppin''' (1941)

''Four Jills in a Jeep'' (1944)

''Pin Up Girl'' (1944)

''Monsieur Verdoux'' (1947)

''Billy Rose's Jumbo'' (1962)

''No Substitute for Victory'' (1970) (documentary)

''The Phynx'' (1970)

''Pufnstuf'' (1970)

''The Concorde ... Airport '79'' (1979)

Television

''Four Star Revue'' (host from 1951–1953)

''The Martha Raye Show'' (1954–1956)

''Club Oasis'' (1957-1958)

''The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show'', episode "Circus", December 8, 1962

''The Judy Garland Show (1964)

''The Hollywood Palace, April 2, 1966

''The Carol Burnett Show'' (1969)

''The Bugaloos'' (1970–1972)

''Twas the Night Before Christmas'' (1977)

''Skinflint: A Country Christmas Carol'' (1979)

''The Gossip Columnist'' (1980)

''Pippin: His Life and Times'' (1981)

''Alice (cast member from 1982–1984)

''Murder, She Wrote'', episode "Armed Response" (1985)

''Alice in Wonderland'' (1985)

References

External links

''All Star Revue'' episode guide at Classic TV Info.

''The Martha Raye Show'' episode guide at Classic TV Info.

Martha's Bio (from ALICE Website)

Colonel Maggie

Story of Raye

Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American pop singers Category:American television actors Category:American musicians of Irish descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Actors from Montana Category:People from Butte, Montana Category:Torch singers Category:Traditional pop music singers Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Women comedians Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:American stage actors Category:20th-century actors Category:1916 births Category:1994 deaths

de:Martha Raye es:Martha Raye fr:Martha Raye pl:Martha Raye sh:Martha Raye fi:Martha Raye

name	Diahann Carroll
birth name	Carol Diahann Johnson
birth date	July 17, 1935
birth place	Bronx, New York, U.S.
spouse	Vic Damone (1987-96)Robert DeLeon (1975-77)Fredde Glusman (1973-73)Monte Kay (1956-63)
years active	1954–present
occupation	Actress/Singer
website	http://diahanncarroll.net }}

Diahann Carroll (, born July 17, 1935, in New York, New York) is an American actress and singer.

Having appeared in some of the earliest major studio films to feature black casts such as ''Carmen Jones'' and ''Porgy and Bess'', she starred in 1968's ''Julia'', one of the first series on American television to star a black woman in a non-stereotypical role. Later she created the role of Dominique Deveraux on the popular prime time soap opera, ''Dynasty''.

She is the recipient of numerous stage and screen awards and nominations. Carroll has been married four times and became the mother of a daughter in 1960. She is a breast cancer survivor and activist.

Early years

Carroll was born Carol Diahann Johnson in The Bronx, New York, to John Johnson of Aiken, South Carolina and Mabel Faulk of Bladenboro, North Carolina. When Carroll was an infant, the family moved to Harlem where she grew up. She attended Music & Art High School, along with schoolmate Billy Dee Williams.

Career

At the age of 18, Carroll got her big break when she appeared as a contestant on the Dumont Television Network program, ''Chance of a Lifetime''. On the show which aired Friday, January 8, 1954, Carroll took the $1,000 top prize on the strength of her rendition of the Kern/Hammerstein song, "Why Was I Born?" She went on to win the following two weeks. Engagements at Manhattan's Café Society and Latin Quarter nightclubs soon followed.

Carroll's film debut was a supporting role in ''Carmen Jones'' (1954) as a friend of the sultry lead character. She then starred in the Broadway musical, ''House of Flowers''. In 1959, she played Clara in the film version of Gershwin's ''Porgy and Bess'', but her character's singing parts were dubbed by opera singer Loulie Jean Norman. In 1962 she won the Tony Award for best actress (a first for a black woman) for the role of Barbara Woodruff in the Samuel A. Taylor and Richard Rodgers musical ''No Strings''. In 1974, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for ''Claudine''.

Carroll is best known for her title role in the 1968 television series ''Julia'', which made her the first African American actress to star in her own television series where she did not play a domestic worker. She was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1969, and won the Golden Globe Award for ''Best Actress In A Television Series''” in 1968. Her first Emmy nomination had come in 1963 for ''Naked City''. Some of her other earlier work included appearances on shows hosted by Jack Paar, Merv Griffin, Johnny Carson, Judy Garland and Ed Sullivan, and on ''The Hollywood Palace'' variety show.

In 1984, Carroll joined the nighttime soap opera ''Dynasty'' as the jetsetter Dominique Deveraux, half-sister of Blake Carrington played by actor John Forsythe. Her high profile role on ''Dynasty'' also reunited her with actor Billy Dee Williams, who briefly played her onscreen husband Brady Lloyd. Carroll remained on the show until 1987, simultaneously making several appearances on its short-lived spinoff, ''The Colbys''.

She received her third Emmy nomination in 1989 for the recurring role of Marion Gilbert in ''A Different World''. In 2006, she appeared in the television medical drama ''Grey's Anatomy'' as Jane Burke, the demanding mother of Dr. Preston Burke.

She appeared as Nana in 2010 Lifetime Movies "At Risk" and "The Front", movie adaptations of two Patricia Cornwell novels.

Carroll starred as the crazed silent movie star Norma Desmond in the Canadian production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical version of the classic film ''Sunset Boulevard.''

In December 2008, Carroll was cast in USA Network’s series ''White Collar'' as June, the savvy widow who rents out her guest room to Neal Caffrey.

Carroll was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docudrama entitled, 1 a Minute, released in 2010.

Personal life

Carroll has had four marriages, the first of which, with the record producer Monte Kay, produced a daughter, Suzanne Kay Bamford (born September 9, 1960), who became a freelance media journalist.

In 1973, Carroll surprised the press by marrying Las Vegas boutique owner Fred Glusman. She and British television host and producer David Frost had been dating at the time, and were actually engaged. Several weeks later, she filed for divorce, charging Glusman with physical abuse. In 1975, she married Robert DeLeon, a managing editor of ''Jet'' magazine. She was widowed two years later when DeLeon was killed in a car crash. Carroll's fourth and last marriage was to singer Vic Damone in 1987. The union, which Carroll admitted was turbulent, saw a legal separation in 1991, a reconciliation, and finally divorce in 1996.

As a breast cancer activist and survivor, she invited a camera crew into her treatment room for a national broadcast special to draw attention to the disease.

Work

Television

''Chance of a Lifetime'' (1954) (four consecutive weeks as a contestant)

''The Red Skelton Hour'' (1954)

''Peter Gunn'' (1960) as Dina Wright in episode "Sing a Song of Murder"

''The Man in the Moon'' (1960)

''The Garry Moore Show'' (1960) (Recurring for several weeks)

''Naked City'' (1962) as Ruby Jay in episode "A Horse Has a Big Head -- Let Him Worry!"

''The Eleventh Hour'' (1963) as Stella Young in episode "And God Created Vanity"

''Frank Sinatra-A Man And His Music Television Special'' (1968)

''Julia'' (1968–71)

''The Star Wars Holiday Special'' (1978) as Mermeia Holographic Wow

''Dynasty'' (cast member from 1984–87)

''The Colbys'' (recurring guest star 1985-86)

''From the Dead of Night'' (1989)

''A Different World'' (1989–93)

''Murder in Black and White'' (1990)

''Sunday in Paris'' (1991)

''Lonesome Dove: The Series'' (1994–1995)

''A Perry Mason Mystery: The Case of the Lethal Lifestyle'' (1994)

''The Sweetest Gift'' (1998)

''Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years'' (1999)

''Jackie's Back'' (1999)

''The Courage to Love'' (2000)

''Sally Hemings: An American Scandal'' (2000) (miniseries)

''Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story'' (2000)

''The Court'' (2002) (canceled after 6 episodes)

''Soul Food'' (2003–2004)

''Grey's Anatomy'' (2006–2007)

''White Collar'' (2009- )

Filmography

''Carmen Jones'' (1954)

''Porgy and Bess'' (1959)

''Goodbye Again'' (1961)

''Paris Blues'' (1961)

''Hurry Sundown'' (1967)

''The Split'' (1968)

''Claudine'' (1974)

''Sister, Sister'' (1982)

''The Five Heartbeats'' (1991)

''Color Adjustment'' (1992 (documentary)

''Eve's Bayou'' (1997)

''Over The River...Life of Lydia Maria Child, Abolitionist for Freedom'' (2008) (documentary) (narrator)

Discography

''Diahann Carroll Sings Harold Arlen Songs'' (1957)

''Best Beat Forward'' (1958)

''The Persian Room Presents Diahann Carroll'' (1959)

''Porgy and Bess'' (1959) (with the Andre Previn Trio)

''Diahann Carroll and the Andre Previn Trio'' (1960)

''Fun Life'' (1961)

''Showstopper!'' (1962)

''The Fabulous Diahann Carroll'' (1963)

''A You're Adorable: Love Songs for Children'' (1967)

''Nobody Sees Me Cry'' (1967)

''Diahann Carroll'' (1974)

''A Tribute to Ethel Waters'' (1978)

''The Time of My Life'' (1997)

Theater

''House of Flowers'' (December 30, 1954 - May 21, 1955) (Broadway)

''No Strings'' (March 15, 1962 - August 3, 1963) (Broadway)

''Same Time, Next Year'' (1977) (Los Angeles)

''Agnes of God'' (March 30, 1982 - September 4, 1983) (replacement for Elizabeth Ashley starting in spring of 1983)

''Love Letters'' (1990) (Los Angeles)

''Sunset Boulevard'' (1995–1996) (Toronto)

Awards and nominations

;Awards

1962 Tony Award for Best Actress – ''No Strings''

1968 Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female – ''Julia''

;Nominations

1969 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – ''Julia''

1963 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role – ''Naked City''

1970 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Television Series – ''Julia''

1975 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Motion Picture – ''Claudine''

1975 Academy Award for Best Actress – ''Claudine''

1989 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series – ''A Different World''

1992 Women in Film Crystal Award. 1998 Women in Film Lucy Award

1999 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance in a Children's Special/Series – ''The Sweetest Gift''

2000 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Mini-Series/Television Movie – ''Having a Say: The Delany Sisters' 1st 100 Years''

2005 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Series – ''Soul Food''

2008 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series – ''Grey's Anatomy''

References

External links

Diahann Carroll official website

The HistoryMakers Biography

Diahann Carroll at Discogs

Diahann Carroll's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:African American actors Category:American female singers Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni Category:Actors from New York City Category:People from Harlem Category:Tony Award winners Category:RCA Victor artists Category:African American television actors

de:Diahann Carroll fr:Diahann Carroll he:דיאן קארול it:Diahann Carroll nl:Diahann Carroll pl:Diahann Carroll pt:Diahann Carroll ru:Дайан Кэрролл sr:Дајен Керол sh:Diahann Carroll tl:Diahann Carroll

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise. Also, " The Man is coming" is a term used to frighten small children who are misbehaving.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me"; Jonathan Larson's ''Rent'', William Burroughs's novel ''Naked Lunch'', and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in ''U.S. News and World Report'', had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine ''Easyriders'' which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Absentee landlord

Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). ''Random House Dictionary of American Slang''. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex