{{unit of length |m= 0.9144 |accuracy=3 }}

A yard (abbreviation: yd) is a unit of length in several different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. It is equal to 3 feet or 36 inches. Under an agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the yard, known as the "international yard" in the United States, was legally defined to be exactly 0.9144 metre. Prior to that date, the legal definition of the yard when expressed in terms of metric units, varied slightly from country to country.

Equivalence to other units of length

1 international yard is equal to:

3 feet (1 foot is a third of a yard)

36 inches

0.9144 metre (1 metre is equal to about 1.0936 international yards)

The early yard was divided by the binary method into two, four, eight, and sixteen parts called the half-yard, span (unit), finger (unit), and nail (unit). Two yards are a fathom.

Historical origin

The yard derives its name from the word for a straight branch or rod, although the precise origin of the measure is not definitely known. Some believe it derived from the double cubit, or that it originated from cubic measure, others from its near equivalents, like the length of a stride or pace. One postulate was that the yard was derived from the girth of a person's waist, while another claim held that the measure was invented by Henry I of England as being the distance between the tip of his nose and the end of his thumb.

It was first defined in law by Edward I of England in 1305. and again by Edward III of England in 1353. Edward I's law stated "''It is ordained that three grains of barley, dry and round, make an inch; 12 inches make a foot; 3 feet make an "ulna"; 5½ ulne make a perch; and 40 perches in length and 4 perches in breadth make an acre''". It goes on to make reference to "''the Iron Ulna of our Lord the King [that] contains 3 feet and no more''".

Watson is of the opinion that the purpose of Edward I's legislation was to unify the measures of land and shorter units of length into a single system of measure and the the words "3 feet and no more" were added to ensure the perch and chain were the same throughout the kingdom; the "iron ulna of ... the King" being nothing more that the mechanism by which this unification was achieved. He dismisses as "childish" the suggestion that the original yard was the length of the king's arm.

In the mid-18th century Graham compared the standard yard of the Royal Society to other existing standards. These were a "long-disused" standard made in the time of Henry VIII, and a brass yard and a brass ell from the time of Queen Elizabeth and still in current use, held at the Exchequer; a brass yard and a brass ell at the Guildhall; and a brass yard presented to the Clock-Makers' Company by the Exchequer in 1671. The Exchequer yard was taken as "true"; the variation was found to be + to - of an inch, and an additional graduation for the Exchequer yard was made on the Royal Society's standard. In 1758 the legislature required the construction of a standard yard, which was made from the Royal Society's standard and was deposited with the clerk of the House of Commons; it was divided into feet, one of the feet into inches, and one of the inches into tenths. A copy of it, but with upright cheeks between which other measuring rods could be placed, was made for the Exchequer for commercial use.

Following Royal Society investigations by John Playfair, Hyde Wollaston and John Warner in 1814 a committee of parliament proposed defining the standard yard based upon the length of a seconds pendulum. This was enacted in 1824. This is 39.1392 inches, and can be derived from the number of beats (86,400) between two meridians of the sun. The temperature compensated pendulum was to be held in a vacuum at sea level in Greenwich, London to give the length of the standard yard. However, a new physical ''Imperial Standard Yard'' was authorised by the Weights and Measures Act 1878, and was the legal standard in the United Kingdom until 1964. The "United Kingdom primary standard of the yard" (the old "Imperial Standard Yard") was measured as  meters in May 1963, one part in 300,000 shorter than the international yard that became the new legal standard, and was found to be shortening at a rate of about one part per million every 23 years.

Current use

The yard is used as the standard unit of field-length measurement in American,Canadian,Association football,, Cricket and in some countries for Golf hole measurement.

There are corresponding units of area and volume, the square yard and cubic yard respectively, and these are sometimes referred to simply as "yards" when no ambiguity is possible. For example, an American or Canadian concrete mixer marked with a capacity of "11 yards" or "1.5 yards", where cubic yards are obviously referred to.

Yards are also used in road signs on roads in the United Kingdom and the United States to specify short distances.

See also

Anthropic units

English units

Guz, the yard of the Middle East

Imperial units

United States customary units

Vara

References

Category:Units of length Category:Imperial units Category:Customary units in the United States Category:Human-based units of measure

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Name	Jasmine Villegas
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Jasmine Marie Villegas
Alias	Jasmine V, Jaz, Jazzy, Jas
Born	December 7, 1993 (age 17)
Origin	San Jose, CA
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, actress
Instruments	voices, vocals
Years active	2005–present
Label	Epic Records
Genre	R&B;, pop, soul
Website	http://www.jasminevmusic.com }}

Jasmine Marie Villegas also known as Jasmine V is an American teen R&B;, pop and soul singer. She has Filipino and Mexican heritage. After many years of pursuing a career in music she was recently signed to Sony Music. In September 2010 she joined the second leg of Justin Bieber's My World Tour as an opening act. All These Boys is the first single of her album, which was released in 19 October 2010 on iTunes. The release of her debut album is forthcoming.

Filmography

Guest starring appearances

!Year ! Michael's Band ''Threat Matrix'' ''Stuff by Hilary Duff'' ''The Nine (TV series) ''That's So Raven''

Show !! Episode !! Role !! Notes
2003	''My Wife and Kids''	|	Rachel	Guest appearance
2004	|	Extremist Makeover	Daughter 1#	Guest appearance
2004	|		Girl	Commercial
2006	The Nine'' ||	Outsiders	Tiffany	Guest appearance
2007	|	Teacher's Pet	Patty	Guest appearance

Music video appearances

!Year ! ''How to Deal'' by Frankie J ''I Own This'' by Jasmine V ''Serious'' by Jasmine V ''Baby (Justin Bieber song) ''Eenie Meenie'' by Sean Kingston and Justin Bieber ''All These Boys'' by Jasmine V ''Natural'' by Jasmine V ''Jealous'' by Jasmine V ''My Girl'' (Remix) by Mindless Behavior ft. Ciara, Tyga & Lil Twist ''Work'' by Jasmine V

Song !! Role !! Notes
2004	''Jesus Walks'' by Kanye West	Angel
2005	|		Cameo
2009	|	Herself	Main role
2010	|	Herself	Main role
2010	Baby'' by Justin Bieber ||	Bieber's love interest	Main role
2010	|	Girl at party	Cameo
2011	|	Herself	Main role
2011	|	Herself	Main role
2011	|	Herself	Main role
2011	|	Herself	Cameo
2011	|	Herself	Main role

Live TV/Pay-per-view appearances

Singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" before the following boxing matches:

* Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Márquez boxing match on 3/15/2008 in Las Vegas

* Manny Pacquiao vs. David Díaz (boxer)|David Diaz boxing match on 6/28/2008 in Las Vegas

* Miguel Cotto vs. Antonio Margarito boxing match on 7/26/2008 in Las Vegas

* Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Joel Casamayor boxing match on 9/13/2008 in Las Vegas

* Manny Pacquiao vs. Ricky Hatton boxing match on 5/2/2009 in Las Vegas.

Discography

Studio albums

(2011) TBA

Released Singles

2010: "Serious"

2010: "All These Boys"

2010: "Jealous"

2010: "Werk"

Songs

All These Boys

Because I Said So

Boys Don't Cry

Candy

Cool Girl

First Crush

Hate That I Love You

Hello ft. Ryan Leslie

Hot Like Fire

I Found You

I Own This

If U Only Knew

Jealous

Just A Friend

Just You And Me ft. Brandon Kane

Kiss Me Thru The Phone ft. Scooter Smiff

Let Him Go

Live Your Dreams

Natural

Promise Ring

Remember My Name

Serious

So Silly ft. Tyga

Time

To The Yard

Why Can't We Be Friends ft. Sean Kingston

Werk

You Chose Mine

References

External links

Jasmine Villegas at Youtube

Jasmine Villegas at Youtube Vevo

Jasmine Villegas at IMBd

Category:Living people Category:American musicians of Mexican descent Category:American musicians of Filipino descent Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:Hispanic and Latino American people Category:1993 births

ca:Jasmine Villegas de:Jasmine Villegas es:Jasmine Villegas fr:Jasmine Villegas hr:Jasmine Villegas it:Jasmine Villegas hu:Jasmine Villegas ms:Jasmine Villegas pl:Jasmine Villegas pt:Jasmine Villegas sv:Jasmine Villegas tr:Jasmine Villegas

{{infobox football biography | name	Cristian Villagra | image

Cristian Villagra (born 27 December 1985 in Morteros) is an Argentine football left back who plays for FC Metalist Kharkiv.

Villagra began his career with Rosario Central in 2005, his form bringing him to the attention of River Plate. During the 2007 January transfer window Villagra was signed by River as part of deal that also saw Juan Ojeda and Marco Rubén switch from Central to River.

Villagra was called up to the national team for a friendly against Scotland November 19, 2008.

Titles

!Season	!Club	!Title
2007-08 in Argentine football#Torneo Clausura .28.22Closing.22 Tournament.29	Clausura 2008	Club Atlético River Plate>River Plate

External links

Player profile on the River Plate website Argentine Primera statistics

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:People from Córdoba Province (Argentina) Category:Argentine footballers Category:Argentine expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine Category:Association football wingers Category:Primera División Argentina players Category:Rosario Central footballers Category:River Plate footballers Category:FC Metalist Kharkiv players

de:Cristian Villagra es:Cristian Villagra it:Cristian Villagra he:כריסטיאן ויז'אגרה ja:クリスティアン・ビジャグラ pl:Cristian Villagra pt:Cristian Villagra ru:Вильягра, Кристиан sv:Cristian Villagra uk:Крістіан Вільягра

honorific-prefix	The Right Honourable
name	John Burns
order1	President of the Local Government Board
term start1	10 December 1905
term end1	11 February 1914
monarch1	Edward VII George V
primeminister1	Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman H. H. Asquith
predecessor1	Gerald Balfour
successor1	Herbert Samuel
order2	President of the Board of Trade
term start2	11 February 1914
term end2	5 August 1914
monarch2	George V
primeminister2	H. H. Asquith
predecessor2	Sydney Buxton
successor2	Walter Runciman
birth place	Vauxhall, London
nationality	English
citizenship	United Kingdom
alma mater	None
spouse	}}

John Elliot Burns (20 October 1858 – 24 January 1943) was an English trade unionist and politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly associated with London politics. He was a socialist and then a Liberal Member of Parliament and Minister. He was anti-alcohol and a keen sportsman. After retiring from politics, he developed an expertise in London history and coined the phrase "The Thames is liquid history".

Early life

Burns was born in Vauxhall, the son of Alexander Burns, a Scottish engineer, and attended a national school in Battersea until he was ten years old. He then had a succession of jobs until he was fourteen years old and started a seven year apprenticeship to an engineer at Millbank and continued his education at night-schools. He read extensively, especially the works of Robert Owen, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Paine and William Cobbett. A French fellow-worker, Victor Delahaye, who had been present during the Paris Commune introduced him to socialist ideas, and Burns claimed that he was converted because he found the arguments of J. S Mill against it to be insufficient. He was ruled out as a try hard. He began practising outdoor speaking, with the advantage of exceptional physical strength and a strong voice.

In 1878 he was arrested and held overnight for addressing an open-air demonstration on Clapham Common. He worked at his trade in various parts of England, having joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1879. In 1881 he formed a branch of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in Battersea. He worked on board ship, and went for a year to the West African coast at the mouth of the Niger as a foreman engineer for the United Africa Company. He disapproved of treatment of Africans and spent his earnings on a six months' tour to study political and economic conditions in France, Germany and Austria.

Radical politics

Burns delivered a speech at the Industrial Remuneration Conference in 1884 which attracted considerable attention, and in that year he was elected to the Social Democratic Federation's executive council. He stood for Parliament in the 1885 General Election at Nottingham West but was unsuccessful. A year later, he took part in a London demonstration against unemployment which resulted in the West End riots when the windows of the Carlton Club and other London clubs were broken, where he encouraged rioters to loot bakeries. He was arrested and later acquitted at the Old Bailey of charges of conspiracy and sedition. He was arrested again the following year on 13 November 1887 for resisting police attempts to break up an unlicenced meeting in Trafalgar Square. The demonstration against coercion in Ireland ended in the 'Bloody Sunday' clashes; Burns was imprisoned for six weeks.

In August 1889 Burns played a major part in the London Dock Strike. By this time he had left the SDF and, with fellow socialist Tom Mann, was focusing on trade union activity as a leader of the New Unionist movement. With other London radicals such as Ben Tillett, Will Crooks and John Benn, Burns ('The Man with the Red Flag') helped win the dispute. He was still working at his trade in Hoe's printing machine works and was an active member of the executive of the Amalgamated Engineers' Union.

In 1889 he became a Progressive member of the first London County Council in which he was supported by his constituents, who subscribed an allowance of £2 a week. He devoted his efforts against private (but not government) monopolies and introduced a motion in 1892 that all contracts for the County Council should be paid at trade union rates and carried out under trade union conditions. As a local politician, Burns is particularly noted for his role in the creation of Battersea's Latchmere Estate, the first municipal housing estate built using a council's own direct labour force, officially opened in 1903. He was connected with the Trades Union Congresses until 1895.

Parliamentary career

In 1892, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Battersea as an Independent Labour Party member and held his seat until 1918, although he changed his parliamentary allegiance in that time. He displayed fervent Parliamentary opposition to the Second Boer War (1900). Burns became well known as an independent Radical, but while fellow socialist Keir Hardie argued for the formation of a new political party, Burns remained aligned with the Liberal Party. In December 1905 Campbell-Bannerman included him in the cabinet as President of the Local Government Board, the second workingman (after Henry Broadhurst) to serve as a government minister. Burns remained proud of his working class roots, declaring to the Commons in a speech in 1901: "I am not ashamed to say that I am the son of a washerwoman". He received praise for his administrative policy and for refusing to adopt some of the extreme proposals of the Labour Party, and was retained in the government after H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister in 1908. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1905.

In 1914 Burns was appointed President of the Board of Trade, but after the start of the First World War, he resigned from the government in protest and left political life in 1918.

Interests

Burns was a non-drinker and enthusiast for sporting activity. He was a long-time lover of cricket, being a regular at the Oval and Lords, and sustained severe injuries being hit in the face while watching a cricket match in 1894.

In 1919 he was left an annuity of £1000 by Andrew Carnegie which left him financially independent and he spent the rest of his life devoted to his interests in books, London history and cricket. As a book collector, he created a very large private library, much of which he left to University of London Library. He developed an acknowledged expertise in the history of London, and in 1929, when an American compared the River Thames unfavourably with the Mississippi, he responded "The St Lawrence is water, the Mississippi is muddy water, but the Thames is liquid history”.

A collection of his papers is held at the University of London library, and embraces many of his political interests, including universal adult suffrage, working hours and conditions, employment, pensions, poor laws, temperance, social conditions, local government, South African labour, and the Boer War.

He died aged 84 and was buried in St Mary's Cemetery, Battersea Rise. His connections with Battersea are recalled by the naming of a local school and a housing estate after him, and one of the Woolwich Ferry vessels also carries his name.

References

External links

{{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Battersea | years = 1892–1918 }}

Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies Category:Liberal-Labour (UK) MPs Category:English trade unionists Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the London County Council Category:Social Democratic Federation members Category:1858 births Category:1943 deaths Category:UK MPs 1892–1895 Category:UK MPs 1895–1900 Category:UK MPs 1900–1906 Category:UK MPs 1906–1910 Category:UK MPs 1910 Category:UK MPs 1910–1918 Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:Progressive Party (London) politicians fr:John Burns no:John Burns pl:John Burns sv:John Burns