Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Group	Cuban American''Cubano estadounidense''
Poptime	1,785,547 0.6% of the total US population (2010)
Popplace	Predominantly in Miami, Tampa Bay Area, Northern New Jersey, New York. Growing populations in California, Texas and Georgia.
Langs	Spanish and American English
Rels	Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related	Spaniards Italians Portuguese HispanicsAfro-CubanJewish CubanChinese Cuban }}

A Cuban American () is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the fourth-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry (predominantly Spanish) as a percentage but not in numbers.

Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. However Miami, Florida, with a Cuban population of 837,985 in its environs, stands out as the most prominent Cuban American community, in part because of its proximity to Cuba. It is followed by the Tampa Bay Area and North Jersey, particularly Union City and West New York. With a population of 141,250, the New York metropolitan area is the largest Cuban community outside of Florida.

Immigration

Early migrations

Prior to the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, all of Florida and Louisiana were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba (Captain General being the Spanish title equivalent to the British colonial Governor). Consequently, Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when St. Augustine, Florida was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, and hundreds of Spanish-Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life. Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule.

Key West and Tampa, Florida

In the mid-to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing disruptions as Cubans sought independence from Spanish colonial rule. Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as "La Bayamesa", the Cuban national anthem.

In 1885, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa, Florida to escape labor strife. Ybor City was designed as a modified company town, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba. West Tampa, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly. Between these communities, the Tampa Bay area's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.

Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence. Inspired by revolutionaries such as Jose Martí, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of ''Cuba Libre''. After the Spanish-American War, some Cubans returned to their native land, but many chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island.

Other early waves

Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900–1959). Most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts), but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties.

Post-Castro Revolution

Political upheaval in Cuba created new waves of Cuban immigrants to the U.S. In 1959, after the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro, a large Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. From 1960 to 1979, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left Cuba and began a new life in the United States. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States initially came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes. Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14,000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U.S. Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible. This program was called Operation Peter Pan (Operacion Pedro Pan). When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes, orphanages or boarding schools until their parents could leave Cuba. In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the United States Congress passed the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.3 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for public assistance, Medicare, free English courses, scholarships, and low-interest college loans. Some banks even pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living, Miami, Florida and Union City, New Jersey (dubbed "Little Havana-on-the Hudson") were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban American culture. Union City had the opportunities offered by the embroidery industry. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s. It was not until the mass exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination. Westchester, Florida within Miami-Dade County, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by Hialeah, Florida in second. In 2010, Hialeah, Florida was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the U.S., followed by Westchester, Florida in second.

Communities like Miami, Tampa, and Union City, which Cuban-Americans have made their home, have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making.

1980s

Another large wave (an estimated 125,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts. Most of the "Marielitos" were people wanting to escape from communism, and have succeeded in establishing their roots in the US. Fidel Castro sent some 20 thousand criminals directly from Cuban prisons, as well as mentally ill persons from Cuban mental institutions, with the alleged double purpose of cleaning up Cuban society and poisoning the USA. Those people were labeled "unadmissible" by the US government, and with time, through many negotiations, have been returned to Cuba.

Mid-1990s to 2000s

Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "Wet Foot, Dry Foot" policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; many landed on Isla Mujeres. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas-Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston; this has caused Houston's Cuban American community to increase in size.The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans immigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the Department of Homeland Security had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.

Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues. By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.

Immigration policy

Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "wet feet, dry feet policy". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy still affords Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S. This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latin citizens and residents in the United States, adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans as well as Latinos lived in all 50 states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that fewer immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S. born Cuban Americans moved out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of Elián González, the 6-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba, after the boy's mother died trying to bring him to the United States. On April 22, 2000, INS agents took Elián González to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C. From there, his father took him back to Cuba.

Assimilation

Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.

Since the 1980s, Cuban Americans have moved out of "Little Havana" and "Hialeah" to the suburbs of Miami, such as Kendall, as well in the more affluent Coral Gables and Miami Lakes.

Many new South and Central Americans, along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida (Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Tampa Bay and West Palm Beach) and dispersed throughout the nation.

Cuban Americans live in all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico, which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s, and Cuban American population growth is found in California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Texas, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.

More recently, there has been substantial growth of new Cuban-American communities in places like Hazleton, Pennsylvania; Raleigh, North Carolina; Austin, Texas; La Puente, California; Lancaster, California and Palmdale, California; Palm Desert, California; Union City, California and Fremont, California in the San Francisco Bay Area; and a number of counties in Nevada such as Clark.

Recently small increases of Cuban Americans were in Appleton, Wisconsin; Sterling, Illinois; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Henderson, Nevada; and the Seattle Metropolitan area of Washington state.

Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout by transforming Miami from a beach retirement community into a modern city with a younger demographic base with a distinct Caribbean flavor.

U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry

The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are (the top 24 of which are in Miami): #Westchester, Florida 65.69% #Hialeah, Florida 62.12% #Coral Terrace, Florida 61.87% #West Miami, Florida 61.61% #University Park, Florida 59.80% #Olympia Heights, Florida 57.65% #Tamiami, Florida 56.63% #Hialeah Gardens, Florida 54.31% #Medley, Florida 51.91% #Sweetwater, Florida 49.92% #Palm Springs North, Florida 43.59% #Miami Lakes, Florida 42.28% #Kendale Lakes, Florida 38.58% #Fountainbleau, Florida 37.29% #Miami, Florida 34.14% #Miami Springs, Florida 31.83% #Richmond West, Florida 29.30% #Coral Gables, Florida 28.72% #Virginia Gardens, Florida 26.11% #South Miami Heights, Florida 25.70% #Kendall, Florida 21.31% #Miami Beach, Florida 20.51% #Surfside, Florida 20.15% #Country Club, Florida 19.97% #West New York, New Jersey 19.64%

U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba

''For total 101 communities, see the reference given.'' Top 20 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are (all of which are located within Miami): #Westchester, FL 55.8% #Hialeah, FL 53.5% #Coral Terrace, FL 51.9% #West Miami, FL 50.5% #South Westside, FL 48.3% #University Park, FL 48.1% #Hialeah Gardens, FL 47.5% #Medley, FL 46.0% #Tamiami, FL 45.7% #Olympia Heights, FL 45.2% #Sweetwater, FL 45.2% #Westwood Lakes, FL 44.9% #Sunset, FL 32.7% #Fountainbleau, FL 32.3% #North Westside, FL 30.4% #Miami, FL 30.3% #Miami Lakes, FL 30.1% #Palm Springs North, FL 29.8% #Kendale Lakes, FL 28.9% #Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL 24.3%

Cuban American culture

Political beliefs

US citizens of Cuban descent tend to be significantly more politically conservative than other Hispanic groups in the United States and form a major voting block for the Republican Party (GOP) in the state of Florida. Many Cuban Americans fled the island to escape the political and economic repression that they experienced under the Fidel Castro's communist government. As such, they tend to identify with the strong anti-communist stance of the Republican Party. The so-called "Cuban-American Lobby" exercises a greatly disproportionate role in U.S. politics and foreign policy, influencing presidential elections directly in one of the most important "swing" states, and foreign policy in Washington by virtually ensuring that the United States economic embargo against Cuba is maintained at the expense of improved relations with other Latin American and Caribbean countries. The power of the Cuban-American Lobby, reinforced by representatives from Florida and New Jersey in the U.S. Congress, and well-placed Cuban-Americans in all branches of the federal government and both major political parties, is arguably second only to that of the so-called Jewish lobby. In terms of its influence relative to the population of U.S. citizens of Cuban-American heritage, the Cuban-American lobby is the most powerful in U.S. foreign policy.

However there has been a noticeable change since the 2008 elections, in which Democrat Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban American vote in Florida. According to Bendixen's exit polls, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban American voters 65 or older backed McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama. This shows that the younger Cuban-American generation has shifted to becoming more liberal.

The failed Bay of Pigs invasion, and its association with John F. Kennedy, left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party. Many Cuban Americans believe that Kennedy deliberately denied Cuban exiles air support, leading to a rout by Castro forces. The trauma of this event has led to speculation about possible Cuban-American involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy. Ronald Reagan, on the other hand, is particularly popular in the Cuban exile community (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan)..

Political representation

There are now four Cuban-American members of the United States House of Representatives: David Rivera, Mario Diaz-Balart, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Albio Sires and two senators (Bob Menendez of New Jersey and Marco Rubio of Florida) in the United States Senate. The former Secretary of Commerce, Carlos M. Gutierrez, is also a Cuban-American and Mel Martinez represented Florida in the US Senate from 2004 to 2009. Lincoln Diaz-Balart represented Florida in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2011.

Cuban American Marco Rubio was the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 2006 until 2009, and became a US Senator in 2010.

Eduardo Aguirre served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban-Americans have also served other high profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu.

Cuban-Americans also serve in high ranking judicial positions as well. Danny Boggs is the current chief judge of United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and Raoul G. Cantero, III, served as a Florida Supreme Court justice until stepping down in 2008.

Food

Cuban food is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are ''arroz con pollo'' (chicken and rice), ''pan con bistec'' (steak sandwich), ''platanos maduros'' (sweet plantains), ''lechon asado'' (pork), ''yuca'' (cassava root), ''flan'', ''batido de mamey'' (mamey milkshake), papayas, and guava paste.

A common lunch staple is the Cuban sandwich (sometimes called a ''mixto'' sandwich), which is built on Cuban bread and was created and standardized among cigar workers who traveled between Cuba and Florida (especially Ybor City) around the turn of the 20th century

Cuban versions of pizza contains bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that has been sauteed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.

Beverages

Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened, with a sugar foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup.

A common soft drink is Materva, a Cuban soda made of yerba mate. Jupiña, Ironbeer and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks which originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami.

Demographics

{|class="sort wikitable sortable" style="float:right; style="font-size: 95%" |- !colspan=6|Official Immigration to the U.S |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Year ofImmigration ! style="background:#efefef;" | White ! style="background:#efefef;" | Black ! style="background:#efefef;" | Other ! style="background:#efefef;" | Asian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Number |- | 1959-64 ||93.3||1.2||5.3||0.2||144,732 |- | 1965-74 ||87.7||2.0||9.1||0.2||247,726 |- | 1975-79||82.6||4.0||13.3||0.1||29,508 |- | 1980||80.9||5.3||13.7||0.1||94,095 |- | 1981-89||85.7||3.1||10.9||0.3||77,835 |- | 1990-93||84.7||3.2||11.9||0.2||60,244 |- | 1994–2000||85.8||3.7||10.4||0.7||174,437 |- | Total||87.2||2.9||9.6||0.2||828,577 |- !colspan=6|Race by Cuban national Origin, 2000 |- !colspan=3|Country of Origin ! White ! Black ! Other |- !colspan=3| Cuba||85.0%||3.6%||7.1% |- !colspan=3|Total: 1,241,685||1,055,432||44,700||88,159 |}

The ancestry of Cuban Americans comes primarily from Spain.

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Much of Haiti's white population (French) migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 18th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine. There was also a significant influx of Jews, especially between the World Wars, from many countries, including Sephardi Jews from Turkey and Ashkenazi Jews from Poland, Germany and Russia. Other Europeans that have contributed slightly include Italians, Germans, Swedes, and Hungarians. Many Chinese also settled Cuba as contract laborers and they formerly boast the largest Chinatown in Western Hemisphere as most Chinese Cubans left for Florida.

US Census and ACS

In the most recent census in 2000 there were 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, both native and foreign born and represented 3.5% of all Hispanics in the US. About 85% of Cuban Americans identify themselves as being White, mostly Spanish, which is the highest proportion of all other major Hispanic groups. In Florida, Cuban Americans have cultural ties with the state's large Spanish American or European Spanish community. In the 2007 ACS, there were 1,611,478 Americans with national origins in Cuba. 983,147 were born abroad in Cuba, 628,331 were U.S born and of the 1.6 million, 415,212 were ''not'' a U.S citizen.

Economics

The median household income for Cuban Americans is $36,671, a figure higher than all other Hispanic groups, but lower than for non-Hispanic whites.

In contrast, US-born Cuban Americans have a higher median income than even non-Hispanic whites, $50,000 as compared to $48,000 for non-Hispanic whites.

Education

25% of Cuban Americans have a college education, about twice the average of all other Hispanic groups with Dominican Americans trailing by a close 22%, and lower than that of non-Hispanic whites, of which 30% are college graduates.

However, 39% of US-born Cuban Americans have a college degree or higher, as compared to only 30% of non-Hispanic whites.

Religion

Being of primarily Spanish extraction, most Cuban Americans are Roman Catholic, but some Cubans practice African traditional religions (such as Santeria or Ifá), which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion. However, there are many Protestant (primarily Pentecostal) with small numbers of syncretist, nonreligious or tiny communities of Muslim and Jewish Cuban Americans.

See also

Cubans

List of Cuban Americans

Cuban British

White Cuban

Spanish American

Afro-Cuban

Hispanos

White Hispanic

White Latin American

Afro Latin American

Hyphenated American

Cuba-United States relations

History of Ybor City

Cuban exile

U.S. embargo against Cuba

Diaspora politics in the United States

References and further reading

Miguel A. De La Torre, "La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami," University of California Press, 2003.

External links

Immigration Law and the Racialization of Latina/Latino

Cuban Americans can go Home More Easily Under Obama Rules by William E. Gibson, ''Los Angeles Times'', March 15, 2009

Long Islanders of Cuban Descent see Glimmer of Hope by Zachary Dowdy, ''Newsday'', April 13, 2009

Cuban American Travel to Cuba on the Rise by Marc Frank, ''Reuters'', May 6, 2009

Expats Flock to Cuba as U.S. Reforms Spark A Party by Andres Schipani, ''The Observer'', May 31, 2009

The Cuban Heritage Collection at The University of Miami

Cubans in Miami, an historical perspective

Category:Ethnic groups in the United States Category:Cuba – United States relations

de:Kubanoamerikaner es:Cubano-estadounidense eo:Kuba usonano it:Cubano-statunitensi fi:Amerikankuubalaiset

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Sen Dog
background	solo_singer
birth name	Senen Reyes
alias	Sen Dog
born	November 20, 1965Pinar del Rio, Cuba
origin	Los Angeles, California
genre	Hip hop, rap rock, West Coast hip hop
occupation	Rapper
years active	1986 to present
label	ColumbiaRuffhouseSonySuburban Noize Records
associated acts	Cypress Hill, Kottonmouth Kings, SX-10, Rage Against The Machine
notable instruments	}}

Sen Dog (born Senen Reyes) is a Cuban-American rapper, and member of rap group Cypress Hill. He is the older brother of fellow rapper Mellow Man Ace.

Sen Dog has been developing his own solo career in addition to his work with Cypress Hill. Along with his brother Mellow Man Ace, he formed the duo "The Reyes Brothers" and in October 2006 released the album "Ghetto Therapy." In addition to his work with Cypress Hill and Mellow Man Ace, he headlines the rap rock band SX-10.

Biography

Sen Dog is a member of the popular rap group Cypress Hill. With Cypress Hill, Sen Dog has accomplished such things as having top ten records and a #1 album. Some of the most well known songs that Sen Dog performs with Cypress Hill are “How I Could Just Kill a Man, “Rap Superstar, and “Insane In the Brain.”

In the late 1990s Sen Dog took a leave of absence from Cypress Hill to develop a new rock/rap band called SX-10. Sen Dog wanted the band to have a funk sound with Latin influences. SX-10 released an album in 2000 called “Mad Dog American.” In 1996, Sen Dog performed "Quien Es Ese Negro (Who's This Black Dude)" with Mellow Man Ace, MC Skeey, Mr. Rico, and DJ Rif for the AIDS benefit album ''Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin'' produced by the Red Hot Organization.

On September 30, 2008 Sen Dog released his first solo album. The title of the album is “Diary of a Mad Dog.” The album was released seventeen years after the release of the first Cypress Hill album. In an interview with HipHopDX Sen Dog discussed how he felt that he had more control and could talk about personal aspects of his life with this album. Sen Dog said, “With Cypress, I never really felt that comfortable to put personal aspects of my life into the music. It feels good to have the opportunity to be the quarterback, if you want to call it that, in the studio, and be creative. I definitely found that I had more in me than I thought I did.” Sen Dog stated that he wanted to have fun with this album. He said that he has tried out a lot of different types of music but had no agenda for the type of music on “Diary of a Mad Dog.” Sen Dog said, “We’ve done the whole dark, morbid thing. The rock n’ roll crossover; just a lot of things. I’m not going to have an agenda on this; I’m going to jam and record whatever is fun to me.”

Personal life

In the 80's, Sen Dog was affiliated with a Bloods gang set known as "Neighborhood Family", and later introduced B-Real into the set before B-Real was shot in the lung in 1988. Sen Dog is known to be an avid marijuana smoker. The group Sen Dog belongs to, Cypress Hill, has been known to make songs about the use of marijuana. Some of their more well know songs relating to marijuana are “Legalize it,” “I Wanna Get High,” and “Hits From the Bong.” Sen Dog and B-Real were childhood friends and Sen Dog gave B-Real his first joint when Sen Dog was just 13 years old. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly Sen Dog said, "Pot got a bad name with the flower children of the '60s, and then all these hard drugs came in, and people started dropping like flies. Today, people want to get high on something that's not going to give them a heart attack, like speed or crack."

Discography

Solo

2008: ''Diary of a Mad Dog''

Collaborations

1998: ''Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin''

2000: ''Mad Dog American'' (with SX-10)

2006: ''Ghetto Therapy'' (with The Reyes Brothers)

Mixtapes

2007: ''Fat Joints Volume 1''

See also

List of Cuban Americans

Afro-Latinos

References

External links

Sen Dog interview — November 22nd, 2008

Sen Dog interview

Official Cypress Hill

Sen Dog Article in ''Buzzine''

Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Bloods Category:American people of Cuban descent Category:American rappers Category:Hispanic and Latino American rappers Category:Cuban people of Black African descent Category:People from Havana Category:Rap rock musicians Category:Cypress Hill members

de:Sen Dog es:Sen Dog fr:Sen Dog it:Sen Dog pl:Sen Dog ru:Sen Dog fi:Sen Dog sv:Sen Dog

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Cypress Hill
background	group_or_band
alias	DVX (Devasting Vocal Excellence)
origin	South Gate, California, United States
genre	Hip hop, Hardcore Hip Hop, Latin Hip Hop, West Coast Hip Hop Rap Rock, Rap Metal
years active	1988–present
label	Ruffhouse, Columbia, SME Records, Columbia, SME Records, Priority, EMI Records
associated acts	Rage Against the Machine, Eminem, Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg, House of Pain, Young De, Funkdoobiest, Richie Londres, Xzibit, Slash, Fort Minor
website	CypressHill.com
current members	B-Real DJ Muggs Sen Dog Eric Bobo
past members	Mellow Man Ace }}

Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from South Gate, California. Cypress Hill was the first Latino hip-hop group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums, selling over 18 million albums worldwide. They are one of the most well known groups in West Coast rap and are critically acclaimed for their first three groundbreaking albums.

History

Formation (1988)

Senen Reyes (also known as Sen Dog) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (also known as Mellow Man Ace) were brothers who initially lived in Cuba. In 1971 their family immigrated to the United States, settling in the Los Angeles suburb of South Gate. In 1988 the two brothers teamed up with Lawrence Muggered (also known as DJ Muggs) and Louis Reese (also known as B-Real) to form a hip-hop group named DVX (Devasting Vocal Excellence). The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, and changed their name to Cypress Hill, after a street in South Central Los Angeles.

Early works and mainstream success (1989–1995)

After recording a demo in 1989, Cypress Hill signed a record deal with the major label, Columbia Records. Their self-titled first album was released in August 1991. The lead single was the double A-side "The Phuncky Feel One"/"How I Could Just Kill a Man" which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio. The other two singles released from the album were "Hand on the Pump" and "Latin Lingo", the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics. The success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone. The group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992.

''Black Sunday'', the group's second album, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993, recording the highest Soundscan for a rap group up until that time. Also, with their debut still in the charts, they became the first rap group to have 2 albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time. With "Insane in the Brain" becoming a crossover hit, the album went triple platinum in the U.S. and sold about 3.25 million copies.

Cypress Hill was banned from ''Saturday Night Live'' after Muggs smoked a joint on-air and the group trashed their instruments while playing their second single "I Ain't Goin' Out Like That". The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support, then performed on a college tour with Rage Against the Machine and Seven Year Bitch. In 1993, Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the ''Judgment Night'' soundtrack, teaming up with Pearl Jam on the track "Real Thing" and Sonic Youth on "I Love You Mary Jane".

The group later played at Woodstock 94, introducing new member Eric Bobo, son of Willie Bobo and formerly a percussionist with the Beastie Boys. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers. Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two successive years, topping the bill in 1995. They also appeared on the "Homerpalooza" episode of ''The Simpsons''. Prior to Bobo joining the crew, Panchito "Ponch" Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting.

Their third album ''III: Temples of Boom'' was released in 1995, selling 1.5 million copies and reaching number 3 on the Billboard 200 on the strength of the hit single "Throw Your Set in the Air". Cypress Hill also contributed a track "I Wanna Get High" to the High Times sponsored ''Hempilation'' album to support NORML.

Continued career (1996–2002)

Sen Dog took a break from the band to form a Los Angeles based rap rock band SX-10. Meanwhile in 1996, Cypress Hill appeared on the first 'Smokin' Grooves' tour, featuring Ziggy Marley, The Fugees, Busta Rhymes and A Tribe Called Quest. The band also released a nine track EP ''Unreleased and Revamped'' with rare mixes. In 1997, band members focused on their solo careers. Muggs released ''Muggs Presents ... the Soul Assassins'' featuring contributions Dr. Dre, KRS-One, Wyclef Jean and Mobb Deep. B-Real appeared with Busta Rhymes, Coolio, LL Cool J and Method Man on "Hit Em High" from the multi-platinum ''Space Jam Soundtrack''. He also appeared with RBX, Nas and KRS-One on "East Coast Killer, West Coast Killer" on Dr. Dre's ''Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath'' album, and contributed to an album entitled "The Psycho Realm" with the band of the same name. Though the focus that year was not on Cypress Hill, the band played Smokin' Grooves with George Clinton and Erykah Badu.

Cypress Hill released ''IV'' in 1998 which went gold in the U.S., on the backs of hit singles "Tequila Sunrise" and another tribute to smoking cannabis "Dr. Greenthumb." Sen Dog also released the ''Get Wood'' sampler as part of SX-10 on the label Flip. In 1999, Cypress Hill helped with the PC crime/very mature video game ''Kingpin: Life of Crime''. Three of their songs from the 1998 ''IV'' album were in the game ( "16 Men Till There's No Men Left", "Checkmate" and "Lightning Strikes"). B-Real also did some of the voices of the people in the game. Also in 1999, the band released a greatest-hits album in Spanish, ''Los grandes éxitos en español''. In 2000, Cypress Hill then fused genres with their fifth album, ''Skull & Bones'', which was a two-disc album. The first disc, "Skull" was composed of rap tracks while "Bones" explored further the group's forays into rock. The album reached the Top 5 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 in Canada. The first single was "Rock Superstar" for rock radio and "Rap Superstar" for urban radio. Following the release of the album, Cypress Hill (along with MxPx) landed a slot opening for The Offspring on the ''Conspiracy of One'' tour. The band also released ''Live at the Fillmore'', a concert disc recorded at the Fillmore (in San Francisco) in 2000. Cypress Hill continued their experimentation with rock on the ''Stoned Raiders'' album in 2001. However, its sales were a disappointment, as the disc did not even reach the top 50 of the U.S. album charts. In 2001, the group appeared in the film ''How High''.

''Till Death Do Us Part'' (2003–2007)

Cypress Hill recorded "Just Another Victim" for WWE as a theme song for Tazz. At the time, WWE was using original music for almost all of the wrestlers, so this was an unusual step for the company to take, but it remains one of the more memorable songs to emerge from the wrestling organization. The band released ''Till Death Do Us Part'' on March 23, 2004. The album saw the band experiment with reggae especially on the lead single "What's Your Number". The track features Tim Armstrong of Rancid on guitar and backup vocals. It is based on the classic song "The Guns of Brixton" on The Clash's ''London Calling'' and has proven to be a success on the modern rock charts. However, the album represented a further departure from the signature sound of their first four albums. The album also features appearances by Damian Marley, son of Bob Marley, Prodigy and Twin of Mobb Deep and producer the Alchemist.

In 2004, the song ''How I Could Just Kill A Man'' was included in the popular videogame Grand Theft Auto San Andreas created by Rockstar Games, playing on West Coast hip hop radio station Radio Los Santos. In December 2005 a best of compilation album titled Greatest Hits From the Bong was released including 9 hits from previous albums and 2 new tracks. The group's next album was tentatively scheduled for an early 2007 release. In the summer of 2006, B-Real appeared on Snoop Dogg's single "Vato", produced by Pharrell Williams.

In 2007 Cypress Hill toured with their full line up as a part of the Rock the Bells tour, held by Guerilla Union, and headlined with Public Enemy, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, and a reunited Rage Against the Machine. Other acts included Immortal Technique, Mos Def, Talib Kweli, The Roots, EPMD, Pharoahe Monch, Jedi Mind Tricks, Erykah Badu, MF Doom, Sage Francis, Brother Ali, The Coup, Blue Print, Lucky I Am, Living Legends, Felt, Cage, Mr. Lif, Grouch & Eligh, Slightly Stoopid, and Hangar 18.

Departure from Sony and ''Rise Up'' (2008–present)

On July 25, 2008, Cypress Hill performed at a benefit concert at the House of Blues Chicago, where a majority of the proceeds went to the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness.

In August 2009, a new song by Cypress Hill, titled "Get 'Em Up", was made available on iTunes. The song is featured on the Madden NFL 2010 video game.

In November 2009, a new version of Guns N' Roses classic "Paradise City" performed by Cypress Hill, Slash and Fergie was made available as a bonus track to Slash's single "Sahara" off Slash's solo album ''Slash''.

Cypress Hill's eighth studio album, ''Rise Up'', features contributions from Everlast, Tom Morello, Daron Malakian, Pitbull, Marc Anthony and Mike Shinoda. The album was released on Priority Records/EMI Entertainment, as the group was signed to the label by new Creative Chairman Snoop Dogg on January 15, 2010. The album was finally released on April 20, 2010. The album's introduction single, "It Ain't Nothin'" was released as a free download from the group's official website. The song "Rise Up" was featured at WWE's pay-per-view, Elimination Chamber, as the official theme song for that event, and was released as the third single for the album, with "Armada Latina" being fourth. The song also appeared in the trailer of the upcoming movie ''The Green Hornet''.

Cypress Hill commenced its Rise Up tour in Philadelphia on April 10, 2010. DJ Muggs was noticeably absent and it appears that Julio G has replaced DJ Muggs for the tour. DJ Muggs has been absent due to working on several other projects, including separate albums with B-Real and Sen Dog. The group was supposed to stop in Tucson, Arizona but canceled the show in protest of the recent immigration legislation. At the Rock en Seine festival in Paris on August 27, 2010 they said in an interview that they would wait and see what happens with the legislation before going back there. Cypress Hill performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in late August 2010, on the 28th at Leeds and the 29th at Reading.

Style

Rapping

One of the band's most striking aspects is B-Real's exaggeratedly high-pitched nasal vocals. In the book ''Check the Technique'' B-Real describes his nasal style, saying his rapping voice is "high and annoying... the nasal style I have was just something that I developed... my more natural style wasn't so pleasing to [DJ Muggs and Sen Dog's] ears" and talking about the nasal style in the book ''How to Rap'', B-Real says, "you want to stand out from the others and just be distinct... when you got something that can separate you from everybody else, you gotta use it to your advantage." Sen Dog's voice is deeper, more violent and often shouted alongside the rapping; his vocals are often emphasized by adding an additional background/choir voice to say them. Sen Dog's style is in contrast to B-Real's, who says, "[Sen's] voice is so strong", and "it all blends together" when they are both on the same track.

Both B-Real and Sen Dog started writing lyrics in both Spanish and English and B-Real was inspired to start writing raps from watching Sen Dog and Mellow Man Ace writing their lyrics, and originally B-Real was going to just be the writer for the group rather than a rapper. Their lyrics are noted for bringing a "cartoonish" approach to violence by Peter Shapiro and Allmusic.

Production

The sound and groove of their music, produced by Muggs, is notable for its spooky sounds and stoned aesthetic; with its bass-heavy rhythms and odd sample loops ("Insane in the Brain" is notable for having a pitched-altered horse neigh looped in its chorus), it carries a psychedelic value, which lessened in the later albums.

The band is also known for involving rock instruments. In their songs – this has caused the band to sometimes be classified as a rap rock group. The double album ''Skull & Bones'' consists of a pure rap album ("Skull") and an entire CD of rap/rock songs ("Bones"). Also in ''IV'', there is "Lightning Strikes" which doesn't truly use electric guitars, but a synthesized version of it. In the live album ''Live at The Fillmore'' some of the old classics are played in a rock/metal version, with Sen Dog's band SX-10 and Eric Bobo playing the rock instruments.

The band's music is constantly subject to change: while the first album and ''Black Sunday'' follow a more minimalistic and funky sound, ''III (Temples of Boom)'' has a very dark, spooky atmosphere and heavy beats, sometimes approaching hardcore rap. ''IV'' introduced more diverse sounds on the beats while maintaining the hardcore edge. The first albums are mostly influenced by psychedelic music, but the band eventually got closer to modern rap as it is today while still experimenting with rock from time to time, like on "Skull and Bones" and "Stoned Raiders".

The band involves horns in their songs, and often have guitar and horns together in the instrumentals. "What's Your Number?", "Trouble", "Tequila Sunrise", and "(Rock) Superstar" have become some of the band's most popular songs featuring these elements.

Side and solo projects

Eric Bobo is part of the group Sol Invicto with producer Richie Londres and Stephen Carpenter of the Deftones. Eric Bobo is also a main member of Cultura Londres Proyecto which is a Spanish Hip Hop group from London, England.

2009 saw the releases of both B-Real and Sen Dog's solo efforts Smoke N Mirrors and Diary of a Mad Dog. B-Real is also part of a super-group called Serial Killaz with both Xzibit and his protege Young De. B-Real started his own production company called Audio Hustlaz, with which he has worked and featured on tracks with Kurupt, Young De, Xzibit, Adil Omar, Snoop Dogg, Bitza and others, and has also done guest appearances for La Coka Nostra, Ill Bill, Akrobatik, The Outlawz, Nipsey Hussle and Apathy.

Other notable side projects include B-Real's rap metal group Kush with members from Deftones and Fear Factory who are as yet to release any official material.

Sen Dog has released one album with his rap metal group SX-10.

Muggs partnered with Gza from the Wu Tang Clan and released the album "Grandmasters" in 2005.

Discography

1991: ''Cypress Hill''

1993: ''Black Sunday''

1995: ''Cypress Hill III: Temples of Boom''

1996: ''Unreleased and Revamped''

1998: ''Cypress Hill IV''

2000: ''Skull & Bones''

2001: ''Stoned Raiders''

2004: ''Till Death Do Us Part''

2010: ''Rise Up''

Awards and Nominations

Grammy Awards

!Year	!Nominated work	!Award	!Result
align=center	"Insane in the Brain"	Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo
align=center	"I Ain't Goin' Out Like That"	Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo
align=center	"Throw Your Set in the Air"	Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo

MTV Video Music Awards Awards

!Year	!Nominated work	!Award	!Result
align=center	"Insane in the Brain"	Best Rap Video

Band Members

;Current Members

B-Real – lead rapping (since 1988)

DJ Muggs – turntables, production (since 1988)

Eric Bobo – drums, percussion (since 1994)

Sen Dog – rapping (since 1988)

;Former Members

Mellow Man Ace - rapping (only 1988)

References

External links

Official Website

Cypress Hill interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' April 2010

Cypress Hill interview, August 2010, Radio France Internationale

Cypress Hill on Velvet Hammer Site

Cypress Hill at Legacy Recordings (Sony Music)

Eric Bobo video interview

Category:Cannabis music Category:Priority Records artists Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Rap rock groups Category:West Coast hip hop groups Category:American hip hop groups Category:Hispanic and Latino American rappers Category:People from South Gate, California Category:Musical groups from California Category:Musical groups established in 1986

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Marc Anthony
background	solo_singer
birth name	Marco Antonio Muñiz
birth date	September 16, 1968
birth place	New York City, U.S.
instrument	Vocals
genre	Latin, salsa, pop, Latin pop, dance-pop, freestyle (early)
occupation	Singer-songwriter, actor
years active	1988–present
label	RMM Records & Video, Columbia, Sony Music Latin
website	www.marcanthonyonline.com
spouse	Jennifer Lopez(2004–present, now separated) (two children: Emma Maribel Muriz, Maximillion David Muriz) }}

Marc Anthony (born Marco Antonio Muñiz; September 16, 1968) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, actor and producer. Anthony is the top selling tropical salsa artist of all time. The two-time Grammy and three-time Latin Grammy–winner has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. He is best known for his Latin salsa numbers and ballads. He married Jennifer Lopez in 2004, but the couple announced their separation on July 15, 2011.

Anthony has won numerous awards and his achievements have been honored through various recognitions. He was the recipient of the 2009 Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) Chair's Award. He also received the "2009 CHCI Chair's Lifetime Achievement Award" on September 16, 2009. As of 2009, he ties with Víctor Manuelle for having the most number-one singles in the ''Billboard'' Tropical Songs chart.

Anthony is a minority owner/limited partner of the Miami Dolphins NFL team.

Early life

Marc Anthony was born ''Marco Antonio Muñiz'' in New York City to Puerto Rican parents, Guillerminna, a housewife, and Felipe Muñiz, a musician and hospital lunchroom worker. His parents named him after Mexican singer Marco Antonio Muñiz. He was raised Roman Catholic.

Singing career

Anthony began his career as a session vocalist for freestyle and Underground New York house music acts. After changing his name to avoid confusion with his namesake, Anthony worked as a songwriter and backing vocalist for pop acts including Menudo and the Latin Rascals. His first album was a freestyle music record, "Rebel", in 1988 on Bluedog Records. That same year he wrote and produced "Boy I've Been Told" for fellow freestyle artist Sa-Fire. Then in 1989, he sang backup vocals for Ann-Marie on the freestyle club hit, "With or Without You" produced by Little Louie Vega and Todd Terry. A year later, 1990, with Little Louie Vega and Todd Terry, Marc wrote and whispered a duet with Chrissy I-eece, called "You Should Know By Now". In 1991, he sang backing vocals on another freestyle track by Edmond titled "Come Back To Me". In 1992, still working with Todd Terry, he provided vocals for "Love Change" which is on the flip-side of a 12" vinyl released by Elan and The Powermachine titled "Here's Your Hat", production of Todd Terry. At the same time, he collaborated with music producer Little Louie Vega, who featured the singer on many another freestyle-flavored club hits "Ride On The Rhythm" and the "When The Night Is Over" album, which featured the Freestyle classic "Time". In 1992, Vega and Anthony opened for Latin bandleader Tito Puente at New York's Madison Square Garden. After 1992, he changed his style from freestyle to salsa and other Latin styles.

RMM Records

Otra Nota (1993) Anthony was initially reluctant to become a salsa musician and declined an offer to make an salsa album when Ralph Mercado, president of RMM Records, asked him. Anthony was in a taxi when he heard Juan Gabriel's hit song, "Hasta Que Te Conocí" which influenced him to change his mind and ask Mercado if he could record it as a salsa tune. Inspired by the music of Tito Puente, Rubén Blades and Juan Gabriel, Anthony released his Spanish-language debut, ''Otra nota'', in 1993. Anthony performed at the Radio y Musica Convention hosted by Alfredo Alonso. "Si Tu No Te Fueras", "El Ultimo Beso", "Palabras Del Alma", The album also included a cover of Bread's song, "Make It with You". Subsequent tours throughout the Americas, including an opening slot for Blades, established Anthony as one of the new stars in salsa. In 1994, he was featured in La India's album ''Dicen Que Soy'', on the song "Vivir Lo Nuestro".

His 1995 follow-up, ''Todo a su tiempo'', won Anthony a ''Billboard'' award for Hot Tropical Artist of the Year. The album was also nominated for a Grammy with songs like "Te Conozco Bien", "Hasta Ayer", "Nadie Como Ella", "Se Me Sigue Olvidando", "Te Amare", and "Llegaste A Mi". The album has sold more than 800,000 copies and has become established gold in the US and in Puerto Rico.

Anthony's next Spanish language album, ''Contra la Corriente'', was followed by the television special ''Marc Anthony: The Concert from Madison Square Garden'', broadcast on HBO on Valentine's Day 2000. The special was nominated for Music Special of the Year from ''TV Guide''. The album's song "Y Hubo Alguien" became his first number-one single on the ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Tracks Chart and the first by a salsa musician. The album became the first salsa album to enter the English language ''Billboard'' 200 chart. After an ongoing battle with RMM, he severed ties with Ralph Mercado and left the label in 1999.

Move to Sony

Anthony subsequently recorded the duet "No Me Ames" with Jennifer Lopez on her album ''On the 6'', giving her an assist in her Spanish language crossover attempt.

In 1999, riding the crossover wave of Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin in the anglophone market, Anthony, working with producers Walter Afanasieff, Cory Rooney, Dan Shea, and Rodney Jerkins, released an English-language, self-titled album with the US Top 5 single "I Need to Know", and the Spanish version, "Dímelo". His song "You Sang To Me" was featured in ''Runaway Bride''. A dance version was remixed by Dutch producer Rene Van Verseveld. The album debuted at number eight on the ''Billboard'' album chart, and six weeks later went platinum; it eventually was certified triple platinum. The song "I Need To Know" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2001, he debuted another salsa album, ''Libre'', which was certified gold with songs like "Celos", "Este Loco Que Te Mira", and "Viviendo". The album spent 14 weeks at the number-one spot on the ''Billboard'' Top Latin Albums chart. The year after that, he made another English-language album, ''Mended''.

In June 2004, Anthony released a Latin pop album, ''Amar Sin Mentiras''. The following month, he reintroduced its songs with a danceable salsa rhythm in another album, ''Valio La Pena''. The song "Escapémonos" was a duet with Jennifer Lopez. In the 2005 Latin Grammy Awards, his ''Amar Sin Mentiras'' won best Latin Pop Album of The Year, and his ''Valió La Pena'' won Best Tropical Album of the Year. Lopez and Anthony performed "Escapémonos" at the 2005 Grammy Awards.

On July 11, 2006, Anthony released ''Sigo Siendo Yo'', a Spanish greatest-hits album. On may 2010 realized "Iconos" - as tribute of old Latin songs by artists such as as Jose Luis Perales, Juan Gabriel and José José.

Acting career

Anthony played supporting roles in projects including 1995's ''Hackers'', and 1996's ''Big Night'' and ''The Substitute''. He appeared with Rubén Blades and Puerto Rican pop singer Ednita Nazario in Paul Simon's 1998 stage musical, ''The Capeman'', which ran for 68 performances. He had a role in Martin Scorsese's 1999 drama ''Bringing Out the Dead'', and in 2001, opposite Salma Hayek, was in the film ''In the Time of the Butterflies''. In ''Man On Fire'' (2004), Anthony, opposite Denzel Washington, played a a wealthy businessman who hires a former U.S. Marine to protect his daughter from kidnappers in Mexico City. In 2007, Anthony starred in ''El Cantante'', a biographical drama about the life of salsa music legend Héctor Lavoe, who died in 1993 from AIDS complications. Anthony's then-wife, Jennifer Lopez, narrated the story and portrayed Lavoe's wife. The film, released in August 2007, received weak reviews. In 2010, Anthony guest-starred in two episodes of the TNT medical drama "HawthoRNe" as a detective and the title character's (Jada Pinkett Smith) love interest. He was later named the executive music producer of the show. In 2011, Anthony in partnership with Lopez Simon Fuller, and concert director Jamie King launched ''Q'Viva: The Chosen'', a reality television talent search for Latin American performers.

Appearances

He appeared at the Movies Rock concert along with his wife Jennifer Lopez in 2007 where he performed Simon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson".

Anthony sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" when Oscar De La Hoya fought Floyd Mayweather Jr. for the WBC Welterweight title.

On September 21, 2001 he also sang the national anthem at Shea Stadium in the first game after the attack on the World Trade Center. On September 28, 2008, he sang the national anthem again at Shea Stadium for the New York Mets final regular season game. Also in 2001 he appeared in the 30th anniversary concert celebration 30 years of Michael Jackson's music.

On October 12, 2009, Anthony sang the national anthem as the Miami Dolphins played their fifth regular season game against the New York Jets.

In 2010, Anthony appeared alongside Pitbull on the Cypress Hill single "Armada Latina" for their latest album, ''Rise Up''.

On June 25, 2010, Anthony performed as part of a tribute concert to Michael Jackson on CBS News' The Early Show.

In August, 2010, Anthony guest-starred in two episodes of the television series ''HawthoRNe'' as Detective Nick Renata.

On November 11, 2010 Anthony performed his cover of "Y Como Es El" along with the original singer José Luis Perales at the Latin Grammys.

On June 12, 2011 Anthony performed "The Star Spangled Banner" before Game 6 of the 2011 NBA Finals.

On July 22, 2011 Anthony appeared on the Pitbull single "Rain Over Me" for Pitbull's latest album, PlanetPit

Personal life

Anthony married former Miss Universe Dayanara Torres on May 9, 2000 in Las Vegas. They have two sons, Cristian Marcus Muñiz (February 5, 2001) and Ryan Adrian Muñiz (August 16, 2003). It was a rocky marriage, and they separated in early 2002. They later reconciled and renewed their vows in a formal ceremony on December 7, 2002 at San Juan's Cathedral in Puerto Rico. The rocky marriage came to an end in October 2003 with Dayanara filing for divorce in January 2004. Less than a week after the divorce was finalized, Marc Anthony married Jennifer Lopez on June 5, 2004. To help in her recovery from the divorce, Dayanara traded her engagement ring for a diamond-encrusted Cartier watch and wrote the book ''Married to Me: How Committing to Myself Led to Triumph After Divorce''.

When his divorce proceedings began, Anthony was spotted with long-time friend Jennifer Lopez. Prior to his first marriage and her second, they had briefly dated. Lopez and Anthony recorded a duet in 2004, for Lopez's film ''Shall We Dance?'' Lopez and Anthony married on June 5, 2004, less than a week after his divorce was finalized on June 1. Guests had been invited to an "afternoon party", unaware they were attending a wedding. In February 2005, Lopez said about the marriage, "Everyone knows. It's not a secret." Months later, Anthony's daughter, Arianna, appeared in Lopez's video "Get Right".

Twins Emme Maribel Muñiz and Maximillian David Muñiz were born February 22, 2008. ''People'' paid $6 million for the first photos of the twins. As of at least January 2008, Anthony and his family reside in Brookville, New York, on Long Island.

In 2009, Anthony and Lopez purchased a stake in the Miami Dolphins. They joined several personalities in buying small stakes in the club, including Gloria and Emilio Estefan and Venus and Serena Williams.

On July 15, 2011, Anthony and Lopez announced their separation. Even though they are separating, their upcoming international talent show, "!Q'Viva!" and Kohl's fashion and home lines will go as planned.

Discography

{{external media | align = center | audio1 = You may listen to Marc Anthony's interpretation of Hernandez' "Preciosa" here | audio2 = and "Lamento Borincano" here }}

Studio albums

1991: ''When the Night is Over''

1993: ''Otra Nota''

1995: ''Todo a Su Tiempo''

1997: ''Contra la Corriente''

1999: ''Marc Anthony''

2001: ''Libre''

2002: ''Mended''

2004: ''Amar Sin Mentiras''

2004: ''Valió la Pena''

2007: ''El Cantante''

2010: ''Iconos''

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |1988 | ''East Side Story'' | Flaco | Singer |- | 1993 | ''Carlito's Way'' | Cameo Appearance | Sings "Parece Mentira" |- | 1994 | ''Natural Causes'' | Marine Guard | |- |1995 |''Hackers'' |Agent Ray | |- |1996 |''Big Night'' |Cristiano | |- |1996 |''The Substitute'' | Juan Lucas | |- |1999 |''Bringing Out The Dead'' |Noel | |- |2001 |''In the Time of the Butterflies'' | Lio | |- |2004 |''Man on Fire'' |Samuel Ramos | |- |2007 |''El Cantante'' |Héctor Lavoe | |- |2010–present |''HawthoRNe'' (TV Series) |Officer Nick Renata |Guest: "A Mother Knows", "Picture Perfect"Main Season 3 |- |2011 |''Lopez Tonight'' (Talk Show) |Himself |Guest |- |2011 |''The Tonight Show'' (Talk Show) |Himself |Guest |}

Awards and nominations

See also

List of famous Puerto Ricans

List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)

List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links

Official Website

Marc Anthony at Billboard.com

Category:1968 births Category:Actors from New York City Category:American dance musicians Category:American male singers Category:American people of Puerto Rican descent Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American musicians of Puerto Rican descent Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Freestyle musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Latin pop singers Category:Living people Category:People from New York City Category:Salsa musicians Category:Songwriters from New York Category:Spanish-language singers

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John R. Stockwell is a former CIA officer who became a critic of United States government policies after serving in the Agency for thirteen years serving seven tours of duty. After managing U.S. involvement in the Angolan Civil War as Chief of the Angola Task Force during its 1975 covert operations, he resigned and wrote ''In Search of Enemies'', a book which remains the only detailed, insider's account of a major CIA "covert action."

Early years

Born in Angleton, Texas, his Presbyterian father moved the family to the Belgian Congo so that he could provide engineering assistance. Stockwell attended school in Lubondai before studying in the Plan II Honors program at The University of Texas.

CIA career

As a Marine, Stockwell was a CIA paramilitary intelligence case officer in three wars: the Congo Crisis, the Vietnam War, and the Angolan War of Independence. His military rank is Major. Beginning his career in 1964, Stockwell spent six years in Africa, Chief of Base in the Katanga during the Bob Denard invasion in 1968, then Chief of Station in Bujumbura, Burundi in 1970, before being transferred to Vietnam to oversee intelligence operations in the Tay Ninh province and was awarded the CIA Medal of Merit for keeping his post open until the last days of the fall of Saigon in 1975.

In December 1976 he resigned from the CIA, citing deep concerns for the methods and results of CIA paramilitary operations in third world countries and testified before Congressional committees. Two years later, he wrote the exposé ''In Search of Enemies'', about that experience and its broader implications. He claimed that the CIA was counterproductive to national security, and that its "secret wars" provided no benefit for the United States. The CIA, he stated, had singled out the MPLA to be an enemy in Angola despite the fact that the MPLA wanted relations with the United States and had not committed a single act of aggression against the United States. In 1978 he appeared on the popular American television program ''60 Minutes'', claiming that CIA Director William Colby and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger had systematically lied to Congress about the CIA's operations.

Civil Disobedience and Activism

Writing career

Stockwell was one of the first professionals to leave the CIA to go public by writing a bestselling book, ''In Search of Enemies''. The CIA retaliated by suing him in the 4th District Court in Washington, D.C.. Part of the suit intended to eliminate the possibility of selling the story for the purpose of making the movie and requested all future publications be submitted to the CIA for review. Unable to afford the travel necessary to contest the case, Stockwell filed for bankruptcy in Austin, Texas. After the litigation was processed through the bankruptcy, the CIA eventually dropped the suit. It's been previously reported that Stockwell lost the suit as his case is often confused with that of ex-CIA operative Frank Snepp.

His book is useful in many ways for researchers and journalists interested in uncovering secret information about the conduct of US foreign policy in Africa and Asia. For example, a brief story in the book is about a CIA officer having Patrice Lumumba's body in the trunk of his car one night in then Elizabethville, Congo. Stockwell mentions in a footnote to the story that at the time he did not know that the CIA is documented as having repeatedly tried to arrange for Lumumba's assassination.

His concerns were that, although many of his colleagues in the CIA were men and women of the highest integrity, the organization was counterproductive of United States national security and harming a lot of people in its "secret wars" overseas.

"Red Sunset" was Stockwell's next book and was published in 1982 by William Morrow Publishing Co., Inc. in hard back, then in paperback by Signet a year later. In it he discusses his prediction of a peaceful end to the cold war. Stockwell presented these ideas in fiction form in order to get it published.

In 1991, Stockwell published a compilation of transcriptions of many of his lectures called ''The Praetorian Guard''.

Organization Founding

Stockwell was a founding member of the short-lived Association for Responsible Dissent, an organization of former CIA and government officials who were critical of the CIA's Cold War activities.

Lectures

During the 1980s Stockwell visited college campuses to speak out against CIA support for Central American death squads.

Quotes

''"It is the function of the CIA to keep the world unstable, and to propagandize and teach the American people to hate and fear, so we will let the Establishment spend any amount of money on arms."'' ''"Enemies are necessary for the wheels of the U.S. military machine to turn."'' ''"Short, successful military adventures are as effective as the Super Bowl in diverting peoples' attention from unpleasant truths."''

In 1980, Stockwell said,

''"if the Soviet Union were to disappear off the face of the map, the United States would quickly seek out new enemies to justify its own military-industrial complex."''

Further reading

External links

Category:1937 births Category:American activists Category:American anti-war activists Category:American spies Category:History of Angola Category:Living people Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency Category:Historians of the Central Intelligence Agency Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni Category:American whistleblowers