A cookbook is a kitchen reference that typically contains a collection of recipes. Modern versions may also include colorful illustrations and advice on purchasing quality ingredients or making substitutions. A wide variety of books cover cooking techniques for the home, recipes and comments by famous chefs, institutional kitchen manuals, and cultural commentary situated in a larger community.

History

The earliest cookbooks on record seem to be mainly lists of recipes for what would now be called haute cuisine, and were often written primarily to either provide a record of the author's favorite dishes or to train professional cooks for banquets and upper-class, private homes. Many of these cookbooks, therefore, provide only limited sociological or culinary value, as they leave out significant sections of ancient cuisine such as peasant food, breads, and preparations such as vegetable dishes too simple to warrant a recipe.

The earliest collection of recipes that has survived in Europe is ''De re coquinaria'', written in Latin. An early version was first compiled sometime in the 1st century and has often been attributed to the Roman gourmet Marcus Gavius Apicius, though this has been cast in doubt by modern research. An ''Apicius'' came to designate a book of recipes. The current text appears to have been compiled in the late 4th or early 5th century; the first print edition is from 1483. It records a mix of ancient Greek and Roman cuisine, but with few details on preparation and cooking. An abbreviated epitome entitled ''Apici Excerpta a Vinidario'', a "pocket Apicius" by Vinidarius, "an illustrious man", was made in the Carolingian era. In spite of its late date it represents the last manifestation of the cuisine of Antiquity.

The earliest cookbooks known in Arabic are those of al-Warraq (10th century) and al-Baghdadi (13th century).

Huou, Kublai Khan's court chef, wrote a collection of recipes called "The Important Things to Know About Eating and Drinking" in the 13th century; it includes mainly soups as well as household advice.

After a long interval, the first recipe books to be compiled in Europe since Late Antiquity started to appear in the late thirteenth century. All told, about a hundred survive, mostly fragmentary, from the age before printing. The earliest genuinely medieval recipes have been found in a Danish manuscript dating from around 1300, which in turn are copies of older texts that date back to the early 13th century or even earlier. Low and High German manuscripts are among the most numerous. Among them is ''Daz buch von guter spise'' ("The Book of Good Food") written c. 1350 in Würzberg and ''Kuchenmeysterey'' ("Kitchen Mastery"), the first printed German cook book from 1485. Two French collections are probably the most famous: ''Le Viandier'' ("The Provisioner") was compiled in the late 14th century by Guillaume Tirel, master chef for two French kings; and ''Le Menagier de Paris'' ("The Householder of Paris"), a household book written by an anonymous middle class Parisian in the 1390s. From Southern Europe there is the 14th century Catalan manuscript ''Libre de Sent Soví'' ("The Book of Saint Sophia") and several Italian collections, notably the Venetian mid-14th century ''Libro per Cuoco'', with its 135 recipes alphabetically arranged. The printed ''De honesta voluptate'' ("On honourable pleasure"), first published in 1475, is one of the first cookbooks based on Renaissance ideals, and, though it is as much a series of moral essays as a cookbook, has been described as "the anthology that closed the book on medieval Italian cooking". Recipes originating in England include the earliest recorded recipe for ravioli (1390s) and ''Forme of Cury'', a late 14th century manuscript written by chefs of Richard II of England.

Types of cookbooks

Cookbooks that serve as basic kitchen references (sometimes known as "kitchen bibles") began to appear in the early modern period. They provided not just recipes but overall instruction for both kitchen technique and household management. Such books were written primarily for housewives and occasionally domestic servants as opposed to professional cooks, and at times books such as ''The Joy of Cooking'' (USA), ''La bonne cuisine de Madame E. Saint-Ange'' (France), ''The Art of Cookery'' (UK, USA), ''Il cucchiaio d'argento'' (Italy), and ''A Gift to Young Housewives'' (Russia) have served as references of record for national cuisines. Related to this class are instructional cookbooks, which combine recipes with in-depth, step-by-step recipes to teach beginning cooks basic concepts and techniques. In vernacular literature, people may collect traditional recipes in family cookbooks.

International and ethnic cookbooks fall into two categories: the kitchen references of other cultures, translated into other languages; and books translating the recipes of another culture into the languages, techniques, and ingredients of a new audience. The latter style often doubles as a sort of culinary travelogue, giving background and context to a recipe that the first type of book would assume its audience is already familiar with.

Professional cookbooks are designed for the use of working chefs and culinary students and sometimes double as textbooks for culinary schools. Such books deal not only in recipes and techniques, but often service and kitchen workflow matters. Many such books deal in substantially larger quantities than home cookbooks, such as making sauces by the liter or preparing dishes for large numbers of people in a catering setting. While the most famous of such books today are books like ''Le guide culinaire'' by Escoffier or ''The Professional Chef'' by the Culinary Institute of America, such books go at least back to medieval times, represented then by works such as Taillevent's ''Viandier'' and Chiquart d'Amiço's ''Du fait de cuisine''.

Single-subject books, usually dealing with a specific ingredient, technique, or class of dishes, are quite common as well; indeed, some imprints such as Chronicle Books have specialized in this sort of book, with books on dishes like curries, pizza, and simplified ethnic food. Popular subjects for narrow-subject books on technique include grilling/barbecue, baking, outdoor cooking, and even recipe cloning.

Community cookbooks (also known as compiled, regional, charitable, and fund-raising cookbooks) are a unique genre of culinary literature. Community cookbooks focus on home cooking, often documenting regional, ethnic, family, and societal traditions, as well as local history. Gooseberry Patch has been publishing community-style cookbooks since 1992 and built their brand on this community.

Cookbooks can also document the food of a specific chef (particularly in conjunction with a cooking show) or restaurant. Many of these books, particularly those written by or for a well-established cook with a long-running TV show or popular restaurant, become part of extended series of books that can be released over the course of many years. Popular chef-authors throughout history include people such as Julia Child, James Beard, Nigella Lawson, Edouard de Pomiane, Jeff Smith, Emeril Lagasse, Claudia Roden, Madhur Jaffrey, Katsuyo Kobayashi, and possibly even Apicius, the semi-pseudonymous author of the Roman cookbook De re coquinaria, who shared a name with at least one other famous food figure of the ancient world.

While western cookbooks usually group recipes for main courses by the main ingredient of the dishes, Japanese cookbooks usually group them by cooking techniques (e.g., fried foods, steamed foods, and grilled foods). Both styles of cookbook have additional recipe groupings such as soups, sweets.

Famous cookbooks

Famous cookbooks from the past, in chronological order, include:

''Thy manual of epic cookerie'' (early 4th centure) by Thomas Gusy

''De re coquinaria (The Art of Cooking)'' (late 4th / early 5th century) by Apicius

''Kitab al-Tabikh'' (''The Book of Dishes'') (10th century) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq

''Kitab al-Tabikh'' (''The Book of Dishes'') (1226) by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi

''Liber de Coquina (The Book of Cookery)'' (late 13th / early 14th century) by two unknown authors from France and Italy

''Forme of Cury'' (14th century) by the Master Cooks of King Richard II of England

''Viandier'' (14th century) by Guillaume Tirel alias Taillevent

''De honesta voluptate et valetudine'' (1475) by Bartolomeo Platina - the first cookbook printed in a native language (Italian) in 1487

''The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Knight Opened'' by Kenelm Digby (1669)

''The Compleat Housewife (first American edition 1742) by Eliza Smith

''The Art of Cookery, Made Plain and Easy'' (1747) by Hannah Glasse

''Hjelpreda I Hushållningen För Unga Fruentimber'' (1755) by Cajsa Warg

''Le Cuisinier Royal'' (1817) by Alexandre Viard

''Modern Cookery for Private Families'' (1845) by Eliza Acton

''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' (1861) by Mrs Beeton

''El Cocinero Puerto - Riqueño 1859 (author unknown)

''La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene'' (1891) by Pellegrino Artusi

''The Epicurean'' (1894) by Charles Ranhofer

''The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book'' (1896) by Fannie Merritt Farmer

''The Settlement Cook Book'' (1901) and 34 subsequent editions by Lizzie Black Kander

Various cookbooks (between 1903 and 1934) by Auguste Escoffier

''The Joy of Cooking'' (1931) by Irma Rombauer

''Larousse Gastronomique'' (1938)

''The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook'' (1954) by Alice B. Toklas

''Cooking with the Chinese Flavor'' (1956) and subsequent books by Lin Tsuifeng ("Mrs. Lin Yutang")

''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' (1961) by Julia Child

''Helen Gurley Brown's Single Girl's Cookbook'' (1969) by Helen Gurley Brown

The ''Fanny and Johnnie Cradock Cookery Programme'' (1970) by Fanny and Johnnie Cradock

''Diet for a Small Planet'' (1971) by Frances Moore Lappé

''Moosewood Cookbook'' (1978) by Mollie Katzen

''Kosher By Design'', a series of seven cookbooks published by ArtScroll from 2003–2010.

Usage outside the world of food

The term ''cookbook'' is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to any book containing a straightforward set of already tried and tested "recipes" or instructions for a specific field or activity, presented in detail so that the users who are not necessarily expert in the field can produce workable results. Examples include a set of circuit designs in electronics, a book of magic spells, or ''The Anarchist Cookbook'', a set of instructions on destruction and living outside the law. O'Reilly Media publishes a series of books about computer programming named the Cookbook series, and each of these books contain hundreds of ready to use, cut and paste examples to solve a specific problem in a single programming language.

See also

Food writing

Gourmet Museum and Library

Notes

References

Adamson, Melitta Weiss ''Food in Medieval Times.'' Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2004. ISBN 0-313-32147-7

''Food in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays.'' Melitta Weiss Adamson (editor). Garland, New York. 1995. ISBN 0-8153-1345-4

''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays.'' edited by Melitta Weiss Adamson (editor). Routledge, New York. 2002. ISBN 0-415-92994-6

What’s the Recipe? - Our hunger for cookbooks., Adam Gopnik, ''The New Yorker'', 2009.

External links

The Food and Cookery Collection of the Fales Library at NYU

Books for Cooks - a learning resource on the history of cookery books from the British Library

Feeding America at Michigan State University Digital Library -- a collection of influential early American cookbooks, including a large number of books specializing in immigrant cuisine

Home Economics (including cookbooks) at Project Gutenberg

Menus and Cookbooks at The New York Public Library

Category:Food-related literary genres *

cs:Kuchařská kniha da:Kogebog de:Kochbuch es:Libro de cocina fr:Livre de cuisine is:Matreiðslubók it:Ricettario he:ספר בישול lb:Kachbicher nl:Kookboek no:Kokebok pl:Książka kucharska pt:Livro de cozinha simple:Cookbook sv:Kokbok

Baxter Black (born January 10, 1945) is an American cowboy, poet, philosopher, former large-animal veterinarian, and radio commentator.

Black grew up in Las Cruces, New Mexico. He was trained as a large-animal veterinarian at New Mexico State University and Colorado State University, but began writing and speaking in the early 1980s. Black left his veterinary career soon afterwards, and since has published over a dozen books of fiction, poetry, and commentary. He is a regular commentator for National Public Radio's ''Morning Edition'', and also hosts a syndicated weekly radio program, ''Baxter Black on Monday'' and writes a syndicated weekly newspaper column, "On the Edge of Common Sense."

He currently resides in Benson, Arizona, in the Eastern part of the state.

See also

Cowboy poetry

External links

Baxter Black's official website

''Home on the Range with Baxter Black'' (30-min. interview, free)

Category:American columnists Category:American poets Category:American veterinarians Category:Culture of the Western United States Category:National Public Radio personalities Category:People from Las Cruces, New Mexico Category:Writers from Arizona Category:Writers from New Mexico Category:1945 births Category:Living people

Coordinates	15°48′00″N47°54′00″N
name	Gwyneth Paltrow
birth name	Gwyneth Kate Paltrow
birth date	September 27, 1972
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, singer, author
years active	1990–present
spouse
parents	Bruce Paltrow (deceased)Blythe Danner
relatives	Jake Paltrow (brother)Katherine Moennig (cousin)
children	2 }}

Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (; born September 27, 1972) is an American actress and singer. She made her acting debut on stage in 1990 and started appearing in films in 1991. After appearing in several films throughout the decade, Paltrow gained early notice for her work in films such as ''Se7en'' (1995) and ''Emma'' (1996) (in which she played the title role). Following the films, ''Sliding Doors'' (1998) and ''A Perfect Murder'' (1998), Paltrow garnered worldwide recognition through her performance in ''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998), for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Outstanding Lead Actress and as a member of the Outstanding Cast.

Since then, Paltrow has portrayed supporting as well as lead roles in films such as ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' (1999), ''Shallow Hal'' (2001), and ''Proof'' (2005), for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress in Motion Picture Drama. In 2008, she appeared in the highest grossing movie of her career, the superhero film ''Iron Man'' (2008), and then reprised her role as Pepper Potts in its sequel, ''Iron Man 2'' (2010). Paltrow also appeared in the television series, ''Glee'', and has been the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume since 2005. She is married to Chris Martin, the lead vocalist of Coldplay. They have two children together, Apple and Moses.

Early life

Paltrow was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Blythe Danner, an actress, and Bruce Paltrow, a film and television director and producer. Her father was of Ashkenazi Russian Jewish descent, and her mother is a Quaker of Pennsylvania Dutch and more distant white Barbadian ancestry. Paltrow's paternal great-great-grandfather, whose surname was "Palterowicz", was a rabbi in Nowogród, Poland. Paltrow has a younger brother, Jake Paltrow, and is a half-cousin of actress Katherine Moennig, and a second cousin of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords (AZ-08).

Paltrow was raised in Santa Monica, where she attended Crossroads School, before moving and enrolling in The Spence School, a private girls' school in New York City. Later, she briefly studied art history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before dropping out to act. She is an "adopted daughter" of Talavera de la Reina (Spain), where at 15 she spent a year as an exchange student and learned to speak Spanish.

Career

Early work, 1990–1996

After spending several summers watching her mother perform at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in Massachusetts, Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990. Her film debut followed next year with ''Shout'' (1991), starring John Travolta, she was cast by Steven Spielberg in his film, ''Hook'' (1991), as the young Wendy Darling. Paltrow then had minor roles in ''Malice'' (1993) and ''Flesh and Bone'' (1993). She was next cast in a supporting role in ''Se7en'' (1995) alongside Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman, which earned her a Satellite Award nomination. In 1996, she played the title character in ''Emma'' to critical acclaim.

Worldwide recognition, 1998–2003

Paltrow appeared in several films throughout 1998, including ''Sliding Doors'' and the leading role in the film adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel, ''Great Expectations'' with Ethan Hawke, Robert De Niro, Anne Bancroft and Chris Cooper. Also in 1998 Paltrow appeared in two thrillers, ''Hush'' opposite Jessica Lange and ''A Perfect Murder'' inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, ''Dial M for Murder''. Paltrow appeared opposite Michael Douglas as Emily Taylor, based on Grace Kelly's character from the original film, though the film was met with mixed reviews.

In 1998, Paltrow starred in ''Shakespeare in Love'', portraying the fictional lover of William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes. The film earned more than US$100 million in box office receipts in the United States and Paltrow gained critical acclaim for her portrayal. ''Entertainment Weekly'' commented, "Best of all is Gwyneth Paltrow, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is." The ''New York Times'' summed up her turn as Viola as such: "Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light." The award-winning ''Shakespeare in Love'' earned Paltrow the award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role from the Screen Actors Guild, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Academy Award for Best Actress, among other honors. Her Pink Ralph Lauren dress worn at the 71st Academy Awards in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion.

In 1999, Paltrow co-starred in ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' alongside Jude Law, Matt Damon and Cate Blanchett which earned $80 million domestically and received positive reviews. She showcased her singing ability in 2000's ''Duets'', which was directed by her father and co-starred singer Huey Lewis. The same year, Paltrow co-starred with Ben Affleck in the romantic drama ''Bounce'' as Abby Janello. She was part of an ensemble cast, as Margot Tenenbaum, in ''The Royal Tenenbaums'' (2001). Also in 2001, she starred with Jack Black in the comedy ''Shallow Hal'', where she had to wear a specially designed 25 pound fatsuit and heavy make-up. The film was released to mixed reviews.

Recent work, 2004–present

Since the Oscar for ''Shakespeare in Love'', Paltrow's film success has been less noteworthy. She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad movie choices, agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse. During this time, Paltrow took a career hiatus to raise her family rarely appearing in films. In ''The Guardian'', she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: ''The Royal Tenenbaums'', ''Proof'', and ''Sylvia'' fell into the former category, while she did ''View from the Top'' and ''Shallow Hal'' for the latter. In 2004, she appeared in the science-fiction film, ''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow'' opposite Jude Law. The same year, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by Women in Film Los Angeles with the Crystal Award. In 2005, she appeared in the film ''Proof'' as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician. The movie is based on the play of the same name, in which Paltrow also played the same character at London's Donmar Warehouse in 2002. For her performance Paltrow earned her second Golden Globe nomination Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama. In 2006, she had small roles in ''Running With Scissors'' and ''Infamous'', in which she sang Cole Porter's "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

In 2008, she appeared in the superhero film ''Iron Man'' as Pepper Potts, Tony Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner. ''Iron Man'' man is Paltrow's highest-grossing film to date, earning more than $585,000,000 worldwide. Paltrow said she was hesitant to appear in a big-budget project but she was won over by Robert Downey Jr., the film's lead, and director Jon Favreau. She recalled a conversation with Downey, saying:

In 2010, Paltrow reprised her role in the sequel to ''Iron Man'', ''Iron Man 2''. Later in 2010, she appeared in the musical, ''Country Strong'', where she also recorded the song ''Country Strong'' for the films' soundtrack. The song was released to country radio in August 2010. At the 83rd Academy Awards, Paltrow performed the song "Coming Home" from the film which was nominated for Best Original Song. She also appeared in Fox's ''Glee'', as substitute teacher, Holly Holliday who fills in for Matthew Morrison's character when he falls ill. She sang "Nowadays" from the musical ''Chicago'' with Lea Michele, Cee Lo Green's "Forget You" and Gary Glitter's "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)", plus a mash-up of "Singin' In the Rain" and Rihanna's "Umbrella" with Morrison, Mark Salling and Chris Colfer in the episode. She later performed "Forget You" with Cee-Lo Green himself and The Muppets at the 2011 Grammy Awards. She reprised her role later that season performing "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" by Gary Glitter, an acoustic version of "Landslide" by Fleetwood Mac and "Kiss" by Prince. Paltrow's upcoming film is the Steven Soderbergh thriller, ''Contagion'', in which she is part of an ensemble cast including Kate Winslet, Marion Cotillard and her ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' co-stars, Matt Damon and Jude Law.

Other projects

Paltrow is a Save the Children artist ambassador, raising awareness about World Pneumonia Day. She is on the board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a charitable organization that works to alleviate poverty in New York City. In February 2009, Paltrow received a Grammy nomination for her reading of the classic bear books of author Bill Martin, Jr.

Paltrow had her singing debut in the 2000 film ''Duets'', in which she performed a cover version of Smokey Robinson's "Cruisin'". The song was released as a single. The song went to number one in Australia, while Paltrow's rendition of the Kim Carnes classic "Bette Davis Eyes" reached number three. In the 2006 film ''Infamous'', she sang "What Is This Thing Called Love". On September 27, 2006, Paltrow sang with rapper Jay-Z during his concert at Royal Albert Hall. She sang the chorus for "Song Cry", from the rapper's album ''Blueprint''. In an interview, she said she would be at the concert but not that she would perform. She was quoted as saying "I'm a Jay-Z fan. He's my best friend."

In May 2005, Paltrow became the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She appeared in Chicago on 17 August 2007, to sign bottles of the perfume, and on 8 July 2008, she promoted Lauder's Sensuous perfume in New York with the company's three other models. Estée Lauder donates a minimum of $500,000 of sales of items from the 'Pleasures Gwyneth Paltrow' collection to breast cancer research. In 2006, she became the face for Bean Pole International, a Korean fashion brand.

In October 2007, she signed for a PBS television series ''Spain... on the road Again'' with Mario Batali that showcases the food and culture of Spain. In September 2008, she launched a weekly lifestyle newsletter, Goop, encouraging readers to 'nourish the inner aspect'. The website's title is derived from the initials of her first and last names. Each week, the newsletter focuses on an action: Make, Go, Get, Do, Be, and See. It has been ridiculed by E-Online, ''Vanity Fair'', ''The Independent'', and the UK's ''Daily Mirror''.

Personal life

In her early '20s, Paltrow was engaged for six months to Brad Pitt, whom she dated from December 1994 to May 1997. The engagement was called off, according to Paltrow, because she wasn't ready for marriage and later felt responsible for hurting Pitt since she was "such a mess" during that time in her life. Paltrow has since said that as this was her first high-profile relationship with another celebrity, it taught her the need for public discretion about her romantic life; she told ''Biography'' magazine, "I said things about being in a relationship [with Brad Pitt] that felt wrong to me even as I was saying them."

Paltrow had an on-off three year relationship with Ben Affleck from 1997 to late 2000. They first dated from November 1997 to January 1999. Soon after their breakup, Paltrow convinced Affleck to work in the film ''Bounce'' with her; during the making of the film, which was shot in mid 1999, the couple started dating again and eventually broke up in October 2000. Paltrow has said that she stopped reading celebrity magazines in 1999.

In October 2002, Paltrow met Chris Martin of the British rock group Coldplay backstage three weeks after the death of her father Bruce Paltrow. They married on December 5, 2003 in a ceremony at a hotel in Southern California. On 14 May 2004, the couple had their first child, a girl named Apple Blythe Alison Martin. Paltrow explained the unusual first name on ''Oprah'', saying: "It sounded so sweet and it conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and … clean! And I just thought, 'Perfect!'" The child's godfathers are Simon Pegg and Martin's bandmate, Jonny Buckland.

Her second child, a boy named Moses Bruce Anthony Martin, was born on 8 April 2006, in New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital. Her son's first name was explained as the song, entitled "Moses", that her husband wrote for her before their wedding. Paltrow has stated that she cut down on work after becoming a mother. She has also said that she suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her second child.

Paltrow was raised by a Jewish father and Christian mother. In comments she made in 2010 about her experience of being raised with both religions in her family, she stated that "It was such a nice way to grow up." She also added, "I don’t believe in religion. I believe in spirituality. Religion is the cause of all the problems in the world." In July, 2011, she stated that she now wants to raise her children in the Jewish faith. Her husband, and her children’s father, singer Chris Martin, has a Christian background. Paltrow discovered in 2011 that her father's family came from a long line of influential East European rabbis, and that inspired her to raise her daughter and son in a Jewish environment.

Controversial statements

In December 2006, Paltrow was reported on the Internet to have told ''Notícias Sábado'', the weekend magazine supplement of Portuguese newspaper ''Diário de Notícias'', that she thought British people were more civilized and intelligent than Americans. Paltrow denied making the statements attributed to her and told ''People'' magazine that she never gave an interview to a Portuguese publication, but instead had tried to say in Spanish, during a press conference, that Europe was an "older culture" and Americans "live to work". ''Diário de Notícias'' said in their 6 December 2006 edition that it had obtained the quotes from English-language articles that are still referenced online, though Paltrow has insisted that she was misquoted, declaring in 2007: "I love America, and I'm an American through and through."

Filmography

+ Film
Title	Year	Role	Notes
! scope="row"	1991	Rebecca
! scope="row"	1991
''Deadly Relations''	1993	Carol Ann Fagot
! scope="row"	1993	Paula Bell
! scope="row"	1993	Ginny
''Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle''	1994	Paula Hunt
''Higher Learning''	1995	Student	Uncredited
''Jefferson in Paris''	1995	Patsy Jefferson
! scope="row"	1995	Tracy Mills	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
''Moonlight and Valentino''	1995	Lucy Trager
! scope="row"	1996	Clementine
''''	1996	Julie DeMarco
! scope="row"	1996	Emma Woodhouse	Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Out of the Past''	1998	Sarah Orne Jewett	Voice
''Sliding Doors''	1998	Helen Quilley
! scope="row"	1998
! scope="row"	1998	Helen Baring
''''	1998	Emily Bradford Taylor
''Shakespeare in Love''	1998	Viola De Lesseps	Academy Award for Best ActressEmpire Award for Best ActressFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''Sliding Doors'')Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressMTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Joseph Fiennes)San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''Sliding Doors'')Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Motion PictureScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Female PerformanceNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice ActressNominated—Teen Choice Award for Sexiest Love Scene (shared with Joseph Fiennes)
''''	1999	Marge Sherwood
''''	2000	Herself	Uncredited
''Duets''	2000	Liv
! scope="row"	2000	Abby Janello
''''	2001	Skye Davidson
''''	2001	Margot Tenenbaum	Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Shallow Hal''	2001	Rosemary Shanahan
''Searching for Debra Winger''	2002	Herself	Documentary
''Austin Powers in Goldmember''	2002	Gwyneth Paltrow as Dixie Normous in 'Austinpussy'
! scope="row"	2002	Maud Bailey
''View from the Top''	2003	Donna Jensen
! scope="row"	2003	Sylvia Plath
''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow''	2004	Polly Perkins	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Jude Law)
! scope="row"	2005	Catherine	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
! scope="row"	2006	Kitty Dean
''Love and Other Disasters''	2006	Hollywood Jacks	Cameo appearance
! scope="row"	2006	Hope Finch
''''	2007	Dora
! scope="row"	2008
! scope="row"	2008	Michelle	Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female
''Iron Man 2''	2010		Nominated— ''[[Country Strong">Teen Choice Award
''[[Country Strong''	2010	Kelly Canter
''Glee: The 3D Concert Movie''	2011	Herself/Holly Holiday
! scope="row"	2011	Beth Emhoff	''Post-production''
! scope="row"	2012		Cameo Appearance

+ Television
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Saturday Night Live''	1999	Host	Hosted episodes in 1999, 2001, and 2011
''Spain... on the road Again''	2008	Herself
''''	2010	Herself
! scope="row"	2010–present	Holly Holliday	Pending—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (2011)Season 2 Episode 7 "	2011	Herself	Season 2 Episode 6 "Gwyneth Paltrow"

Discography

Singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions						[[Music recording sales certification	Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS">The Substitute (Glee)
! scope="row"	2011	Herself	Season 2 Episode 6 "Gwyneth Paltrow"

Discography

Singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions						[[Music recording sales certification	Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS: 2× Platinum	rowspan="2"
"Bette Davis Eyes"	—	—	—	3	—	—		* AUS: Platinum
! scope="row"	2010	81	—	30	—	—	—		rowspan="2"
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	—	—	34	—	—	63

Featured singles

! scope="row">"Umbrella" (with ''Glee'' Cast)

Single	Year	Peak chart positions					Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		11	24	12	20	31	''Glee: The Music, Volume 4''
""[[Singin' in the Rain (song)	Singing in the Rain">Mister Cellophane	—	—	—	—	—
18	23	20	10	22
! scope="row"		57	—	63	—	95
" "[[Landslide (song)	23	38	35	36	52
! scope="row"	66	—	66	—	75	''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 6">Kiss (song)	83	98	80	—	—
"[[Landslide (song)	23	38	35	36	52
! scope="row"	66	—	66	—	75	''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 6''

Album appearances

Song	Year	Album
! scope="row"	2000
"Shake That Thing"		rowspan="4"
"Coming Home"
"A Fighter"
"Travis"
"Somewhere Over The Rainbow" (with Matthew Morrison)	2011

Music videos

Video	Year	Director
"Country Strong"	2010	Kristin Barlowe, Christoper Sims
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	Roger Pistole

References

External links

Gwyneth Paltrow's Newsletter, Goop

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American people of Barbadian descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Musicians from California Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Santa Monica, California Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni Category:Pennsylvania Dutch people

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Coordinates	15°48′00″N47°54′00″N
name	Julia Child
birth date	August 15, 1912
birth place	Pasadena, California
death date	August 13, 2004
death place	Montecito, California
spouse	Married September 1, 1946
style	French
education	Smith College B.A. History 1934Le Cordon Bleu''Le Grand Diplôme''
television	''The French Chef'', "Julia Child: bon appétit", ''Julia Child & Company'', ''Dinner at Julia's'', ''Cooking with Master Chefs'', ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'', ''Baking with Julia'', ''Julia Child & Jacques Pépin Cooking at Home''
awards	Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Service Show Host1996 ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs''2001 ''Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home'' Emmy Award for Achievements in Educational Television—Individuals1966 ''The French Chef'' Peabody Award1965 ''The French Chef'' }}

Julia Child (née McWilliams; August 15, 1912 August 13, 2004) was an American chef, author, and television personality. She is recognized for introducing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'', and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was ''The French Chef'', which premiered in 1963.

Childhood and education

Child was born Julia Carolyn McWilliams in Pasadena, California, the daughter of John McWilliams, Jr., a Princeton University graduate and prominent land manager, and his wife, the former Julia Carolyn ("Caro") Weston, a paper-company heiress whose father, Byron Curtis Weston, served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. The eldest of three children, she had a brother, John III (1914–2002), and a sister, Dorothy Dean (1917–2006).

Child attended Westridge School, Polytechnic School from fourth grade to ninth grade and then The Katherine Branson School in Ross, California, which was at the time a boarding school. At six feet, two inches (1.88 m) tall, Child played tennis, golf, and basketball as a child and continued to play sports while attending Smith College, from which she graduated in 1934 with a major in English. A press release issued by Smith in 2004 states that her major was history.

Following her graduation from college, Child moved to New York City, where she worked as a copywriter for the advertising department of upscale home-furnishing firm W. & J. Sloane. Returning to California in 1937, she spent the next four years writing for local publications and working in advertising.

World War II

Child joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) after finding that she was too tall to enlist in the Women's Army Corps (WACs) or in the U.S. Navy's WAVES. She began her OSS career as a typist at its headquarters in Washington, but because of her education and experience soon was given a more responsible position as a top secret researcher working directly for the head of OSS, General William J. Donovan. As a research assistant in the Secret Intelligence division, she typed 10,000 names on white note cards to keep track of officers. For a year, she worked at the OSS Emergency Rescue Equipment Section (ERES) in Washington, D.C. as a file clerk and then as an assistant to developers of a shark repellent needed to ensure that sharks would not explode ordnance targeting German U-boats. In 1944 she was posted to Kandy, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where her responsibilities included "registering, cataloging and channeling a great volume of highly classified communications" for the OSS's clandestine stations in Asia. She was later posted to China, where she received the Emblem of Meritorious Civilian Service as head of the Registry of the OSS Secretariat. For her service, Child received an award that cited her many virtues, including her "drive and inherent cheerfulness." As with other OSS records, Child's file was declassified in 2008, and, unlike other files, her complete file is available online.

While in Ceylon, she met Paul Cushing Child, also an OSS employee, and the two were married September 1, 1946 in Lumberville, Pennsylvania, later moving to Washington, D.C. Child, a New Jersey native who had lived in Paris as an artist and poet, was known for his sophisticated palate, and introduced his wife to fine cuisine. He joined the United States Foreign Service and in 1948 the couple moved to Paris when the US State Department assigned Paul there as an exhibits officer with the United States Information Agency. The couple had no children.

Post-war France

Child repeatedly recalled her first meal in Rouen as a culinary revelation; once, she described the meal of oysters, sole meunière, and fine wine to ''The New York Times'' as "an opening up of the soul and spirit for me." In Paris she attended the famous Le Cordon Bleu cooking school and later studied privately with Max Bugnard and other master chefs. She joined the women's cooking club ''Cercle des Gourmettes''; through the club she met Simone Beck, who was writing a French cookbook for Americans with her friend Louisette Bertholle. Beck proposed that Child work with them, to make the book appeal to Americans.

In 1951, Child, Beck, and Bertholle began to teach cooking to American women in Child's Paris kitchen, calling their informal school ''L'école des trois gourmandes'' (The School of the Three Food Lovers). For the next decade, as the Childs moved around Europe and finally to Cambridge, Massachusetts, the three researched and repeatedly tested recipes. Child translated the French into English, making the recipes detailed, interesting, and practical.

In 1963, the Childs built a home near the Provence town of Plascassier in the hills above Cannes on property belonging to co-author Simone Beck and her husband, Jean Fischbacher. The Childs named it "La Pitchoune", a Provençal word meaning "the little one" but over time the property was often affectionately referred to simply as 'La Peetch'.

Books and television

The three would-be authors initially signed a contract with publisher Houghton Mifflin, which later rejected the manuscript for seeming too much like an encyclopedia. Finally, when it was first published in 1961 by Alfred A. Knopf, the 734-page ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' was a best-seller and received critical acclaim that derived in part from the American interest in French culture in the early 1960s. Lauded for its helpful illustrations and precise attention to detail, and for making fine cuisine accessible, the book is still in print and is considered a seminal culinary work. Following this success, Child wrote magazine articles and a regular column for ''The Boston Globe'' newspaper. She would go on to publish nearly twenty titles under her name and with others. Many, though not all, were related to her television shows. Her last book was the autobiographical ''My Life in France'', published posthumously in 2006 and written with her husband's nephew, Alex Prud'homme. The book recounts Child's life with her husband, Paul Child, in post-World War II France.

''The French Chef'' and related books

A 1962 appearance on a book review show on the National Educational Television (NET) station of Boston, WGBH, led to the inception of her first television cooking show after viewers enjoyed her demonstration of how to cook an omelette. ''The French Chef'' had its debut on February 11, 1963, on WGBH and was immediately successful. The show ran nationally for ten years and won Peabody and Emmy Awards, including the first Emmy award for an educational program. Though she was not the first television cook, Child was the most widely seen. She attracted the broadest audience with her cheery enthusiasm, distinctively charming warbly voice, and non-patronizing and unaffected manner.

In 1972, ''The French Chef'' became the first television program to be captioned for the deaf, albeit in the preliminary technology of open captioning.

Child's second book, ''The French Chef Cookbook,'' was a collection of the recipes she had demonstrated on the show. It was soon followed in 1971 by ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume Two,'' again in collaboration with Simone Beck, but not with Louisette Bertholle, the professional relationship with whom ended. Child's fourth book, ''From Julia Child's Kitchen,'' was illustrated with her husband's photographs and documented the color series of ''The French Chef,'' as well as providing an extensive library of kitchen notes compiled by Child during the course of the show.

In 1981 she founded The American Institute of Wine & Food, with vintners Robert Mondavi and Richard Graff, and others, to "advance the understanding, appreciation and quality of wine and food," a pursuit she had already begun with her books and television appearances.

Later shows and books

In the 1970s and 1980s, she was the star of numerous television programs, including ''Julia Child & Company'', ''Julia Child & More Company'' and ''Dinner at Julia's''; at the same time she also produced what she considered her magnum opus, a book and instructional video series collectively entitled ''The Way To Cook,'' which was published in 1989.

She starred in four more series in the 1990s that featured guest chefs: ''Cooking with Master Chefs,'' ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs,'' ''Baking With Julia,'' and ''Julia Child & Jacques Pépin Cooking at Home.'' She collaborated with Jacques Pépin many times for television programs and cookbooks. All of Child's books during this time stemmed from the television series of the same names.

Child's use of ingredients like butter and cream has been questioned by food critics and modern-day nutritionists. She addressed these criticisms throughout her career, predicting that a "fanatical fear of food" would take over the country's dining habits, and that focusing too much on nutrition takes the pleasure from enjoying food. In a 1990 interview, Child said, "Everybody is overreacting. If fear of food continues, it will be the death of gastronomy in the United States. Fortunately, the French don't suffer from the same hysteria we do. We should enjoy food and have fun. It is one of the simplest and nicest pleasures in life."

Home as television set

thumb|right|Julia Child's kitchenJulia Child's kitchen, designed by her husband, was the setting for three of her television shows. It is now on display at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Beginning with ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs,'' the Childs' home kitchen in Cambridge was fully transformed into a functional set, with TV-quality lighting, three cameras positioned to catch all angles in the room, and a massive center island with a gas stovetop on one side and an electric stovetop on the other, but leaving the rest of the Childs' appliances alone, including "my wall oven with its squeaking door." This kitchen backdrop hosted nearly all of Child's 1990s television series.

Other appearances

She appeared in an episode of ''This Old House'' as designer of the kitchen. This Old House was launched in 1979 by Russell Morash, who helped create ''The French Chef with Julia Child''.

Awards

Emmy Awards

#1966: Achievements in Educational Television- Individuals for The French Chef, won #1972: Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement - General Programming for The French Chef, nominated #1994: Outstanding Informational Series for Cooking with Master Chefs, nominated

Daytime Emmy Awards

#1996: Outstanding Service Show Host for In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs, won #1997: Outstanding Service Show Host for Baking with Julia, nominated #1999 Outstanding Service Show Host for Baking with Julia, nominated #2000: Outstanding Service Show Host for Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home, nominated #2001: Outstanding Service Show Host for Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home, won

Peabody Awards

#1965: Personal Award for The French Chef, won

In popular culture

Child was a favorite of audiences from the moment of her television debut on public television in 1963, and she was a familiar part of American culture and the subject of numerous references. In 1966 she was featured on the cover of ''Time'' with the heading, "Our Lady of the Ladle."

In a 1978 ''Saturday Night Live'' sketch (episode 74), she was parodied by Dan Aykroyd continuing with a cooking show despite ludicrously profuse bleeding from a cut to his thumb, and eventually expiring while advising "Save the liver". Child reportedly loved this sketch so much she showed it to friends at parties.

Jean Stapleton portrayed her in a 1989 musical, ''Bon Appétit!'', based on one of her televised cooking lessons. The title derived from her famous TV sign-off: "This is Julia Child. Bon appétit!" She was the inspiration for the character "Julia Grownup" on the Children's Television Workshop program, ''The Electric Company'' (1971–1977), and was portrayed (or more accurately, parodied) in many other television and radio programs and skits, including ''The Cosby Show'' (1984–1992) by character Heathcliff Huxtable (Bill Cosby) and Garrison Keillor's radio series ''A Prairie Home Companion'' by voice actor Tim Russell. Julia Child's TV show is briefly portrayed in the 1986 movie, ''The Money Pit'' starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long; the 1985 Madonna film ''Desperately Seeking Susan'' and the 1991 comedy ''Don't Tell Mom The Babysitter's Dead''. In 1993, she was the voice of Dr. Juliet Bleeb in the children's film ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story''.

In 2002, Child was the inspiration for "The Julie/Julia Project," a popular cooking blog by Julie Powell that was the basis of Powell's 2005 bestselling book, ''Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen'', the paperback version of which was retitled ''Julie and Julia: My Year of Cooking Dangerously''. The blog and book, along with Child's own memoir, in turn inspired the 2009 feature film ''Julie & Julia.'' (Meryl Streep portrayed Child in half the narrative.) Child is reported to have been unimpressed by Powell's blog, believing Powell's determination to cook every recipe in ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' in a year to be a stunt. Child's editor, Judith Jones, said in an interview: "Flinging around four-letter words when cooking isn't attractive, to me or Julia. She didn't want to endorse it. What came through on the blog was somebody who was doing it almost for the sake of a stunt. She would never really describe the end results, how delicious it was, and what she learned. Julia didn’t like what she called 'the flimsies.' She didn't suffer fools, if you know what I mean."

Retirement

After the death of her beloved friend Simone Beck, Child relinquished La Peetch after a month long stay in June 1992 with her niece, Phila, and her family. She turned the keys over to Jean Fischbacher's sister, just as she and Paul had promised nearly 30 years earlier. Paul, who was ten years older, died in 1994 after living in a nursing home for five years following a series of strokes in 1989.

In 2001, she moved to a retirement community in Santa Barbara, California, donating her house and office to Smith College, which later sold the house. She donated her kitchen, which her husband designed with high counters to accommodate her formidable height, and which served as the set for three of her television series, to the National Museum of American History, where it is now on display. Her iconic copper pots and pans were on display at COPIA in Napa, California, until August 2009 when they were reunited with her kitchen at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, DC.

In 2000, Child received the French Legion of Honor and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000. She was awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2003. Child also received honorary doctorates from Harvard University, Johnson & Wales University in 1995, her alma mater Smith College, Brown University in 2000, and several other universities.

Death

On August 13, 2004, Julia Child died of kidney failure at her assisted-living home in Montecito, two days before her 92nd birthday. Child ended her last book ''My Life in France'' with "... thinking back on it now reminds that the pleasures of the table, and of life, are infinite - toujours bon appétit!"

Films

On August 18, 2004, a documentary filmed during her lifetime premiered. Produced by WGBH, the one-hour feature, ''Julia Child! America's Favorite Chef'', was aired as the first episode of the 18th season of the PBS series ''American Masters''. The film combined archive footage of Child with current footage from those who influenced and were influenced by her life and work.

A film adapted by Nora Ephron from Child's memoir ''My Life in France'' and from Julie Powell's memoir, and directed by Ephron, ''Julie & Julia'', was released on August 7, 2009. Meryl Streep played Child; her performance was nominated for numerous awards, winning the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical or Comedy.

A film titled ''Primordial Soup With Julia Child'' was on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's ''Life in The Universe'' gallery from 1976 until the gallery closed.

She also voiced the character Doctor Juliet Bleeb, an eccentric Museum of Natural History employee in the children's movie ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story''.

Public works

Television series

''The French Chef'' (1963–1973)

''Julia Child & Company'' (1978–1979)

''Julia Child & More Company'' (1980–1982)

''Dinner at Julia's'' (1983–1985)

''The Way To Cook'' (1989) six one-hour videocassettes

''A Birthday Party for Julia Child: Compliments to the Chef'' (1992)

''Cooking with Master Chefs: Hosted by Julia Child'' (1993–1994) 16 episodes

''Cooking In Concert: Julia Child & Jacques Pepin'' (1993)

''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'' (1994–1996), 39 episodes

''Cooking in Concert: Julia Child & Jacques Pepin'' (1995)

''Baking with Julia'' (1996–1998) 39 episodes

''Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home'' (1999–2000) 22 episodes

''Julia Child's Kitchen Wisdom'', (2000) two-hour special

DVD releases

''Julia Child's Kitchen Wisdom'' (2000)

''Julia and Jacques: Cooking at Home'' (2003)

''Julia Child: America's Favorite Chef'' (2004)

''The French Chef: Volume One'' (2005)

''The French Chef: Volume Two'' (2005)

''Julia Child! The French Chef'' (2006)

''The Way To Cook'' (2009)

''Baking With Julia'' (2009)

''Julie and Julia'' (2010)

Books

''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' (1961), with Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle—ISBN 0-375-41340-5

''The French Chef Cookbook'' (1968)—ISBN 0-394-40135-2

''Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume Two'' (1970), with Simone Beck—ISBN 0-394-40152-2

''From Julia Child's Kitchen'' (1975)—ISBN 0-517-20712-5

''Julia Child & Company'' (1978)—ISBN 0-345-31449-2

''Julia Child & More Company'' (1979)—ISBN 0-345-31450-6

''The Way To Cook'' (1989)—ISBN 0-394-53264-3

''Julia Child's Menu Cookbook'' (1991), one-volume edition of ''Julia Child & Company'' and ''Julia Child & More Company''—ISBN 0-517-06485-5

''Cooking With Master Chefs'' (1993)—ISBN 0-679-74829-6

''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'' (1995)—ISBN 0-679-43896-3

''Baking with Julia'' (1996)—ISBN 0-688-14657-0

''Julia's Delicious Little Dinners'' (1998)—ISBN 0-375-40336-1

''Julia's Menus For Special Occasions'' (1998)—ISBN 0-375-40338-8

''Julia's Breakfasts, Lunches & Suppers'' (1999)—ISBN 0-375-40339-6

''Julia's Casual Dinners'' (1999)—ISBN 0-375-40337-X

''Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home'' (1999), with Jacques Pépin—ISBN 0-375-40431-7

''Julia's Kitchen Wisdom'' (2000)—ISBN 0-375-41151-8

''My Life in France'' (2006, posthumous), with Alex Prud'homme—ISBN 1-4000-4346-8

(collected in) ''American Food Writing: An Anthology with Classic Recipes'', ed. Molly O'Neill (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 1598530054

By Others

''Appetite for Life : The Biography of Julia Child'' (1997), Fitch, Noel Riley—ISBN 0-385-49383-5

''Gifts of Age: 32 Remarkable Women'', Charlotte Painter (Chronicle Books, 1985) ISBN 978-0877013686. Interview with Child, with portrait on cover

''As Always, Julia: The Letters of Julia Child and Avis DeVoto'' (2010), ed. Joan Reardon

''A Covert Affair: Julia Child and Paul Child in the OSS'', Jennet Conant (Simon & Schuster, 2011).

References

External links

Julia Child: Lessons with Master Chefs from PBS

Julia Child's Kitchen at the Smithsonian

American television interview with Julia Child on June 25, 1999, at Google Video

Coverage of Julia Child in ''The New York Times''

Interview in Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.

JULIA CHILD: 1912-2004 TV's French chef taught us how to cook with panache, Obituary in the ''San Francisco Chronicle''

The IMDb page for the film "Julie & Julia" starring Meryl Streep

Julia Child Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

"Live Eat Enjoy: A Visit With Julia Child", ''Ms. Magazine'' Summer 2003

"No beef with Julia’s kitchen: Her home’s new owner lacks the bone appetite", ''The Boston Globe'' August 31, 2009

Category:1912 births Category:2004 deaths Category:American food writers Category:American television chefs Category:American television personalities Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Cookbook authors Category:Cultural history of Boston, Massachusetts Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Female wartime spies Category:Food Network chefs Category:Peabody Award winners Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:People from Pasadena, California Category:People from Santa Barbara, California Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Smith College alumni

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Coordinates	15°48′00″N47°54′00″N
name	The Kings
background	group_or_band
origin	Vancouver, BC, Canada
genre	Rock, pop
years active	1977–present
current members	David Diamond Mister Zero Peter Nunn Sonny Keyes Peter Kadar Todd Reynolds
past members	Gary Craig Greg Chritchley Josh Broadbent Marty Cordrey Max Styles Randall Coryell Rich Roxborough Whitey Glan Atilla Turi
notable instruments	}}

The Kings are a Canadian band formed in the 1970s, best known for their 1980 North American hit "This Beat Goes On/Switchin' To Glide".

Recording history

The Kings were formed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Oakville, Ontario in the late 1970s. The original lineup included David Diamond (bass, lead vocals), Sonny Keyes (keyboards, vocals), Max Styles (drums), and Mister Zero (guitar) with Mister Zero and David Diamond serving as the main songwriters with contributions from Sonny Keyes. The Kings were originally known as WhistleKing and rehearsed, performed club gigs, and wrote a considerable number of songs for more than three years.

In early 1980 the band went into Nimbus 9 Studio in Toronto to record their first album. While recording, renowned producer Bob Ezrin visited the studio, listened to the band, and liked what he heard. Together they created the album ''The Kings Are Here'' featuring the hit "This Beat Goes On/Switchin' To Glide". Two other singles followed and the band began touring extensively with Bob Seger, Jeff Beck, The Beach Boys and Eric Clapton. During 1980, their rising commercial fortunes culminated in an appearance on Dick Clark's ''American Bandstand'', and the closing spot at the major Heatwave festival in August.

''Amazon Beach'', the 1981 follow-up to ''The Kings Are Here'', produced little in the way of sales, and the band was soon dropped from their label Elektra Records. The Kings soldiered on and released the EP "R.S.V.P" and the live album ''Party Live '85'' on their own Dizzy label, while continuing to tour Canada and the US throughout the remainder of the 1980s. Max Styles left the band in approximately 1982.

Comebacks

The late 1980s were a difficult period for The Kings as they lost their drummer and their record label. As it were, the group was on the verge of a major revival as the single "This Beat Goes On/Switchin' To Glide" became a huge radio hit in Chicago getting major play on all of the main rock stations: Classic rock WCKG, Alternative rock WXRT, and Mainstream Rock WLUP, as well as Top 40 powerhouse WLS-AM. The unavailability of the Kings records led Chicago DJ Bob Stroud of WLUP to record his own version of the single with his band Rockestra . Elektra Records unfortunately remained unaware of the burgeoning hit and never reissued the single or album.

The single "Parting Of The Ways" appeared on Bullseye Records compilation ''Unsigned, Sealed and Delivered'' in 1991. This comeback prompted The Kings to return to the studio to record ''Unstoppable'' produced by John Punter, David Diamond and Mister Zero in 1993. ''Unstoppable'' produced several hits in Canada including "Lesson To Learn", "Shoulda Been Me", "Tonight I Got You", "Parting Of The Ways", and the title track "Unstoppable". A phone call in 1999 from Mister Zero to Alan Fletcher at Warner Canada led to the green light needed for Warner to re-issue ''The Kings Are Here..and More'' which allowed fans to get their hit "This Beat Goes On/Switchin' To Glide" on CD, which was fully remastered from the original 2 track tapes by Zero . ''...and More'' also contained a few re-mixed tracks from Unstoppable and two previously unreleased tracks -"If The Stars Come Out Tonight" and "Right To The Top". A remixed and more mature version of "If The Stars Come Out Tonight" appeared on ''Because Of You'' released in 2003. Combined original sales and cd sales have passed the platinum mark in Canada but no certification is allowed because of the bonus tracks on the cd, which are the only way the band makes money from that project.

Throughout the remainder of the 1990s, The Kings continued to tour and play live shows around Toronto, but Sonny Keyes' role with The Kings diminished and only Mister Zero and David Diamond remain as permanent members from the original lineup. Sonny Keyes continued to contribute when called upon by Zero and Diamond.

Drummer Atilla Turi and keyboard players Peter Nunn and Rich Roxborough joined Mister Zero and David Diamond on the 2003 Bullseye Records release "Because Of You" (Josh Broadbent - Diamond's son - was also recruited into The Kings to contribute his vocals). "Because Of You" would be The Kings' strongest effort to date with Harry Hess recording alongside producers Zero and Diamond. A video was made for the title track, "It's Up To You" and "The Fools Are In Love" was re-mixed from the ''Amazon Beach'' release. Sonny Keyes co-wrote "A Way You'll Never Be" with Mister Zero.

A reunion of the original lineup of The Kings occurred in the winter of 2001 with Max Styles and Sonny Keyes joining their old mates for Alan Frew's (Glass Tiger) children benefit concert for Camp Trillium in Toronto. They played the benefit concert again in 2002.

In late 2005 The Kings had a full length reunion concert in Toronto which was filmed for inclusion in the DVD documentary being assembled by Mister Zero. The first part of this film to be seen is the incredible video for ''This Beat Goes On/Switchin' to Glide'', released October 2006, which gets thousands of plays on youtube.

Another focus for The Kings was to put as many songs as possible on iTunes, thus having the catalog available worldwide instantly. The album ''The Kings Anthology One'' is the latest addition, 12 songs from different eras including never before heard epic rockers from Whistleking.

In to 2008, The Kings continue to play live shows across southern Ontario and, from time to time, the northern United States. The Kings are also finishing new songs for their next studio album.

Lineups

The Kings 1977 - 1982 # David Diamond (vocals, bass) # Mister Zero (guitar) # Sonny Keyes (keyboards) # Max Styles (drums)

The Kings 1982 - 1999 # David Diamond (vocals, bass) # Mister Zero (guitar) # Sonny Keyes (keyboards) #Peter Nunn (1994) (keyboards) #Marty Cordrey, Whitey Glan, Gary Craig, Randall Coryell, Greg Chritchley, Atilla Turi (drums) #Josh Broadbent (vocals) The Kings 1999 - 2005 # David Diamond (vocals, bass) # Mister Zero (guitar) # Atilla Turi (drums) # Peter Nunn (keyboards) # Rich Roxborough (keyboards) # Josh Broadbent (vocals)

The Kings 2005–present # David Diamond (vocals, bass) # Mister Zero (guitar) # Atilla Turi (drums) # Peter Nunn (keyboards) # Sonny Keyes (keyboards) # Peter Kadar (keyboards) #Josh Broadbent (vocals) #Todd Reynolds (Drums)

Discography

''The Kings Are Here'' album (Elektra, 1980)

''Amazon Beach'' album (Elektra, 1981)

''R.S.V.P'' [4-Song EP] (Dizzy, 1982)

''Party Live '85'' live album (Dizzy, 1985)

''Parting Of The Ways'' single (1991)

''Unstoppable'' CD (Dizzy, 1993)

''Unstoppable'' [W/This Beat Goes On/Switchin' To Glide added] CD (Griffin, 1995)

''The Kings Are Here..and More'' CD (Warner, 2000)

''The Kings Are Here/Amazon Beach'' (2 on 1 CD, Wounded Bird, 2003)

''Because Of You'' CD (2003)

''Anthology One'' CD (2006)

See also

Canadian rock

Music of Canada

References

External links

Official website

Bullseye Records

The Kings: Anatomy of a One-Hit Wonder DVD review

Category:Canadian rock music groups Category:Musical groups from Vancouver