Apes are animals, members of the biological superfamily Hominoidea, part of the order Primates. Hominoidea contains two families of living (extant) species:

Hylobatidae consists of four genera and sixteen species of gibbon, including the lar gibbon and the siamang. They are commonly referred to as lesser apes.

Hominidae consists of orangutans, gorillas, common chimpanzees, bonobos and humans. Alternatively, the hominidae family are collectively described as the great apes. Members of the superfamily are called hominoids (not to be confused with "hominids" or "hominins").

Some or all hominoids are also called "apes". However, the term "ape" is used in several different senses. It has been used as a synonym for "monkey" or for any tailless primate with a humanlike appearance. Thus the Barbary macaque, a kind of monkey, is popularly called the "Barbary ape" to indicate its lack of a tail. Biologists have used the term "ape" to mean a member of the superfamily Hominoidea other than humans, or more recently to mean all members of the superfamily Hominoidea, so that "ape" becomes another word for "hominoid". See also Primate: Historical and modern terminology.

Except for gorillas and humans, hominoids are agile climbers of trees. Their diet is best described as vegetarian or omnivorous, consisting of leaves, nuts, seeds and fruits, including grass seeds, and in most cases other animals, either hunted or scavenged (or farmed in the case of humans), along with anything else available and easily digested. They are native to Africa and Asia, although humans have spread to all parts of the world.

Most nonhuman hominoids ("apes") are rare or endangered. The chief threat to most of the endangered species is loss of tropical rainforest habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for bushmeat.

Historical and modern terminology

"Ape", from Old English ''apa'', is possibly an onomatopoetic imitation of animal chatter. The term has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore exceptionally human-like) nonhuman primate. The original usage of "ape" in English might have referred to the baboon, an Old World monkey. Two tailless species of macaque have common names including "ape": the Barbary ape of North Africa (introduced into Gibraltar), ''Macaca sylvanus'', and the Sulawesi black ape or Celebes crested macaque, ''M. nigra''.

As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species. The term "ape" was then used in two different senses, as shown in the 1910 Encyclopaedia Britannica entry. Either "ape" was still used for a tailless humanlike primate or it became a synonym for "monkey".

Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea that there were "trends" in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Within this tradition, "ape" refers to all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea, except humans. Thus "apes" are a paraphyletic group, meaning that although all the species of apes descend from a common ancestor, the group does not include all the descendants of that ancestor, because humans are excluded. The diagram below shows the currently accepted evolutionary relationships of the Hominoidea, with the apes marked by a bracket. {{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%|labelwidth=6.5|align=centre |size=5 |at1=3.5|color1=purple|label1=apes |cladogram= |2=gorillas (genus ''Gorilla'')|bar2=purple }} |2=orangutans (genus ''Pongo'')|bar2=purple }} |2=gibbons (family Hylobatidae)|barend2=purple }} }} }} The "apes" are traditionally divided further into the "lesser apes" and the "great apes": {{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%|labelwidth=6.5|align=centre |size=5 |at1=3|color1=darkblue|label1=great apes |at2=5|color2=green|label2=lesser apes |cladogram= |2=gorillas (genus ''Gorilla'')|bar2=darkblue }} |2=orangutans (genus ''Pongo'')|barend2=darkblue }} |2=gibbons (family Hylobatidae)|barbegin2=green|barend2=green }} }} }} In summary, there are three common uses of the term "ape": non-biologists may not distinguish between "monkeys" and "apes", or may use "ape" for any tailless monkey or nonhuman hominoid, whereas biologists have traditionally used the term "ape" for all nonhuman hominoids as shown above.

More recently, many biologists have preferred to use only monophyletic groups in classifications, that is only groups which include ''all'' the descendants of a common ancestor. The superfamily Hominoidea is one such group (or "clade"). Some then use the term "ape" to mean all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea. For example, in a 2005 book, Benton wrote "The apes, Hominoidea, today include the gibbons and orang-utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ... and humans". The group traditionally called "apes" by biologists is then called the "nonhuman apes".

See the section History of hominoid taxonomy below for a discussion of changes in scientific classification and terminology.

Biology

The "lesser apes" are the gibbon family, Hylobatidae with sixteen medium-sized species. Their major differentiating characteristic is their long arms, which they use to brachiate through the trees. As an evolutionary adaptation to this arboreal lifestyle, their wrists are ball and socket joints. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang, weighs up to . In comparison, the smallest "great ape" is the common chimpanzee at .

The "great apes" were formerly treated as the family Pongidae. As noted above, this definition makes the Pongidae paraphyletic, and does not show that orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans are all more closely related to one another than any of these four groups are to gibbons. Further, current evidence implies that humans share a common extinct ancestor with the chimpanzee line, from which we separated more recently than the gorilla line.

The superfamily Hominoidea falls within Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this group, both families (Hylobatidae and Hominidae) can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars (hominoids have five—the "Y-5" molar pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern). Hominoids have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys, with caudal (tail) vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in complete tail loss in living species. These are all anatomical adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation), as well as better balance in a bipedal pose. However, there are also primates in other families that lack tails, and at least one (the pig-tailed langur) that has been known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone and post-orbital constriction.

Although the hominoid fossil record is far from complete, and the evidence is often fragmentary, there is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. The time of the split between humans and other living hominoids used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago. Some species occurring within that time period, such as ''Ramapithecus'', used to be considered as hominins, and possible ancestors of humans. Later fossil finds indicated that ''Ramapithecus'' was more closely related to the orangutan, and new biochemical evidence indicated that the last common ancestor of humans and other hominins occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range.

Behaviour and cognition

Although there had been earlier studies, the scientific investigation of behaviour and cognition in nonhuman members of the superfamily Hominoidea expanded enormously during the latter half of the twentieth century. Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known "great apes", for example by Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas (field work on gibbons and the bonobo is still relatively underdeveloped). These studies have shown that in their natural environments, the nonhuman hominoids show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas live in small troops with a single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live in larger troops with bonobos exhibiting promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are foliovores while the others are all primarily frugivores, although the common chimpanzee does some hunting for meat. Foraging behaviour is correspondingly variable.

All the nonhuman hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform outstandingly well on a wide range of cognitive tests - though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees, which Köhler attributed to insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests. Imitation is much more easily demonstrated in "great apes" than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in animal language acquisition have been completed with "great apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture.

Distinction from monkeys

Apes do not possess a tail, unlike most monkeys. Monkeys are more likely to be in trees and use their tails for balance. Apes are considerably larger than monkeys, with the exception of gibbons, which are smaller than some monkeys. Apes are considered to be more intelligent than monkeys, which are considered to have more primitive brains. Unlike female monkeys which go through the estrous cycle, great apes, including humans, go through a menstrual cycle.

History of hominoid taxonomy

The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex. The names of subgroups have changed their meaning over time as new evidence, from fossil discoveries and comparisons of anatomy and DNA sequences, has changed understanding of the relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual demotion of humans from a special position in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. This history illustrates the growing influence of cladistics (the science of classifying living things by strict descent) on taxonomy.

As of 2006, there are eight extant genera of hominoids. They are the four genera in the family Hominidae (''Homo'' – humans, ''Pan'' – chimpanzees and bonobos, ''Gorilla'', and ''Pongo'' – orangutans), and the four genera in the family Hylobatidae or gibbons (''Hylobates'', ''Hoolock'', ''Nomascus'' and ''Symphalangus''). (The genus for the hoolock gibbons was recently changed from ''Bunopithecus'' to ''Hoolock''.)

In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus, relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed a second species in ''Homo'' along with ''H. sapiens'': ''Homo troglodytes'' ("cave-dwelling man"). It is not clear to which animal this name refers, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description. Linnaeus named the orangutan ''Simia satyrus'' ("satyr monkey"). He placed the three genera ''Homo'', ''Simia'' and ''Lemur'' in the order of Primates.

The ''troglodytes'' name was used for the chimpanzee by Blumenbach in 1775 but moved to the genus ''Simia''. The orangutan was moved to the genus ''Pongo'' in 1799 by Lacépède.

Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's Lutheran archbishop had accused him of "impiety." In a letter to Johann Georg Gmelin dated 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote:

:It is not pleasing to me that I must place humans among the primates, but man is intimately familiar with himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name is applied. But I desperately seek from you and from the whole world a general difference between men and simians from the principles of Natural History. I certainly know of none. If only someone might tell me one! If I called man a simian or vice versa I would bring together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to, in accordance with the law of Natural History.

Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his ''Manual of Natural History'' (1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and Bimana (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier. Some elevated the distinction to the level of order.

However, the many affinities between humans and other primates — and especially the "great apes" — made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. Charles Darwin wrote, in ''The Descent of Man'':

:The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff, Aeby, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head.

Changes in taxonomy

{| class="wikitable" | Until about 1960, the hominoids were usually divided into two families: humans and their extinct relatives in Hominidae, all other hominoids in Pongidae. | |- | The 1960s saw the application of techniques from molecular biology to primate taxonomy. Goodman used his 1964 immunological study of serum proteins to propose a division of the hominoids into three families, with the "great apes" in Pongidae and the "lesser apes" (gibbons) in Hylobatidae. The trichotomy of hominoid families, however, prompted scientists to ask which family speciated first from the common hominoid ancestor. | |- | Within the superfamily Hominoidea, gibbons are the outgroup: this means that the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than any of them are to gibbons. This led to the placing of the "great apes" into the family Hominidae along with humans, by demoting the Pongidae to a subfamily; the Hominidae family now contained the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae. Again, the three-way split in Ponginae led scientists to ask which of the three genera is least related to the others. | |- | Investigation showed orangutans to be the outgroup, but comparing humans to all three other hominid genera showed that African "apes" (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to orangutans. This led to the placing of the African hominoids in the subfamily Homininae, forming another three-way split. This classification was first proposed by M. Goodman in 1974. | |- | To try to resolve the hominine trichotomy, some authors proposed the division of the subfamily Homininae into the tribes Gorillini (African "apes") and Hominini (humans). | |- | However, DNA comparisons provide convincing evidence that within the subfamily Homininae, gorillas are the outgroup. This suggests that chimpanzees should be in Hominini along with humans. This classification was first proposed (though one rank lower) by M. Goodman et al. in 1990. See Human evolutionary genetics for more information on the speciation of humans and "great apes". | |- | Later DNA comparisons split the gibbon genus ''Hylobates'' into four genera: ''Hylobates'', ''Hoolock'', ''Nomascus'', and ''Symphalangus''. | |}

Classification and evolution

As discussed above, hominoid taxonomy has undergone several changes. Genetic analysis shows that hominoids diverged from the Old World monkeys between 29 million and 34.5 million years ago. The gibbons split from the rest about 18 mya, and the hominid splits happened 14 mya (''Pongo''), 7 mya (''Gorilla''), and 3-5 mya (''Homo'' & ''Pan'').

The families, genera and extant species of hominoids are:

Superfamily Hominoidea

* Family Hylobatidae: Gibbons ("Lesser apes")

** Genus ''Hylobates''

*** Lar Gibbon or White-handed Gibbon, ''H. lar''

*** Bornean White-bearded Gibbon, ''H. albibarbis''

*** Agile Gibbon or Black-handed Gibbon, ''H. agilis''

*** Müller's Bornean Gibbon or Grey Gibbon, ''H. muelleri''

*** Silvery Gibbon, ''H. moloch''

*** Pileated Gibbon or Capped Gibbon, ''H. pileatus''

*** Kloss's Gibbon or Mentawai Gibbon or Bilou, ''H. klossii''

** Genus ''Hoolock''

*** Western Hoolock Gibbon, ''H. hoolock''

*** Eastern Hoolock Gibbon, ''H. leuconedys''

** Genus ''Symphalangus''

*** Siamang, ''S. syndactylus''

** Genus ''Nomascus''

*** Black Crested Gibbon, ''N. concolor''

*** Eastern Black Crested Gibbon, ''N. nasutus''

*** Hainan Black-crested Gibbon, ''N. hainanus''

*** Southern White-cheeked Gibbon ''N. siki''

*** White-cheeked Crested Gibbon, ''N. leucogenys''

*** Yellow-cheeked Gibbon, ''N. gabriellae''

* Family Hominidae: Hominids ("Great apes", including humans)

** Genus ''Pongo'': Orangutans

*** Bornean orangutan, ''P. pygmaeus''

*** Sumatran orangutan, ''P. abelii''

** Genus ''Gorilla'': Gorillas

*** Western Gorilla, ''G. gorilla''

*** Eastern Gorilla, ''G. beringei''

** Genus ''Homo'': Humans

*** Human, ''H. sapiens''

** Genus ''Pan'': Chimpanzees

*** Common Chimpanzee, ''P. troglodytes''

*** Bonobo, ''P. paniscus''

Family †Parapithecidae

** Genus ''†Apidium''

** Genus ''†Arsinoea

** Genus ''†Biretia

** Genus ''†Parapithecus

** Genus ''†Qatratia

Cultural aspects of apes

Often, "apes" (nonhuman hominoids) are said to be the result of a curse—a Jewish folktale claims that one of the races who built the Tower of Babel became apes as punishment, while Muslim lore says that the Jews of Eilat became apes as punishment for fishing on the Sabbath. Some sects of Christianity have folklore that claims that these apes are a symbol of lust and were created by Satan in response to God's creation of humans. It is uncertain whether any of these references are to any specific apes. All of these concepts date from a period when neither the distinction between apes and monkeys, nor the fact that humans are closely related to chimpanzees, was widely understood, if understood at all.

See also

Chimp Haven

''Declaration on Great Apes'' from the Great Ape Project

Human

List of human evolution fossils

List of apes (for notable non-fictional apes)

List of fictional apes

Notes and References

External links

Agreement between cladograms based on molecular and anatomical data.

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Dame Jane Goodall
birth date	April 03, 1934
birth place	London, England, U.K.
location	London, England,
residence	UK, Tanzania
alma mater	University of Cambridge
religion	Christian
known for	Study of chimpanzees, conservation, animal welfare
prizes	DBE (2004) }}

Dame Jane Morris Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.

Biography

Jane Goodall was born in London, England in 1934 to Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall, a businessman, and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, a novelist who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. As a child she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father; her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals. Today, the toy still sits on her dresser in London. As she writes in her book, ''Reason For Hope'': "My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares."

Goodall had always been passionate about animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice she telephoned Louis Leakey, a Kenyan archaeologist and paleontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining his wife Mary Leakey's approval, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where he laid out his plans.

In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behavior with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960 Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park becoming the first of "Leakey's Angels". She was accompanied by her mother whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety; Tanzania was ''"Tanganyika"'' at that time and a British protectorate.

Leakey arranged funding and in 1962 sent Goodall, who had no degree, to Cambridge University where she obtained a Ph.D degree in Ethology. She became only the eighth person to be allowed to study for a Ph.D there without first obtaining a BA or B.Sc. Her thesis was completed in 1965 under the tutorship of Robert Hinde, former master of St. John's College, Cambridge, titled "Behavior of the Free-Ranging Chimpanzee," detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.

Goodall has been married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and she became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis, affectionately known as "Grub," who was born in 1967. They divorced in 1974. In 1975, she married Derek Bryceson (a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks); he died of cancer in October 1980. With his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson was able to protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe while he was alive.

When asked if she believed in God, Goodall said in September 2010: "I don’t have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I don’t know what to call it. I feel it particularly when I’m out in nature. It’s just something that’s bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it’s enough for me."

Work

Research at Gombe Stream National Park

Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania in 1960. Without collegiate training directing her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that, “it isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.” She also observed behaviors such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider "human" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years." These findings suggest similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone, but can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.

Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively “fishing” for termites. The chimps would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification which is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished ourselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as "Man the Toolmaker". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!".

In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviors she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimp nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree, block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.

But perhaps more startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature." These findings revolutionized contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour, and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.

Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates, instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time, and thought to be important in the removal of one's self from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those that Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall.

Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature.

Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male.

Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male.

Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the "aunt" of any young chimps or humans.

Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male.

Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children, Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint. Frodo, Fifi's second oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane, and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.

Jane Goodall incorporation

In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognized for innovative, community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries.

Due to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organize this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitized and analyzed and placed in an online database. On March 17, 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.

Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also a board member for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.

Animal welfare activism

Goodall is an animal welfare and rights activist and is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organization based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.

Goodall is a devoted vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals, Goodall writes that farm animals are "far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?” Goodall has also said, “Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat."

In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a "wonderful facility" where monkeys "are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially." This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008 Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, "I just don't have time for them."

Controversy

Some primatologists have suggested flaws in Goodall's methodology which may call into question the validity of her observations. Goodall used unconventional practices in her study, for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Claiming to see individuality and emotion in chimpanzees, she was accused of "that worst of ethological sins", anthropomorphism.

Many standard methods are aimed at helping observers to avoid interference and the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees is, in particular, thought by some to have altered normal foraging and feeding patterns as well as social relationships; this argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were consequences of the feeding, which could have created the "wars" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behavior. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California asserts that researchers undergoing studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviors of chimpanzees at all, especially any related to intergroup conflict.

Some recent studies such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle, (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park, (Ivory Coast) have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, not all primatologists agree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown similar aggression to Gombe even in the absence of feeding.

One of cartoonist Gary Larson's more famous cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, "Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?" The Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste, and had their lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate, in which they described the cartoon as an "atrocity". They were stymied by Goodall herself, who revealed that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to ''The Far Side Gallery 5'', detailing her version of the controversy. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behavior of humans and animals. In 1988, Larson visited Gombe.

Awards and recognition

Honours

Goodall has received many honors for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in a ceremony held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honors include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honor, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of ''BBC Wildlife'' magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honors, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.

Awards

1980: Order of the Golden Ark, World Wildlife Award for Conservation

1984: J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize

1985: Living Legacy Award from the International Women's League

Society of the United States; Award for Humane Excellence, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

1987: Ian Biggs' Prize

1989: Encyclopædia Britannica Award for Excellence on the Dissemination of Learning for the Benefit of Mankind; Anthropologist of the Year Award

1990: The AMES Award, American Anthropologist Association; Whooping Crane Conservation Award, Conoco, Inc.; Gold Medal of the Society of Women Geographers; Inamori Foundation Award; Washoe Award; The Kyoto Prize in Basic Science

1991: The Edinburgh Medal

1993: Rainforest Alliance Champion Award

1994: Chester Zoo Diamond Jubilee Medal

1995: Commander of the Order of the British Empire, presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II; The National Geographic Society Hubbard Medal for Distinction in Exploration, Discovery, and Research; Lifetime Achievement Award, In Defense of Animals; The Moody Gardens Environmental Award; Honorary Wardenship of Uganda National Parks

1996: The Zoological Society of London Silver Medal; The Tanzanian Kilimanjaro Medal; The Primate Society of Great Britain Conservation Award; The Caring Institute Award; The Polar Bear Award; William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement

1997: John & Alice Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement; David S. Ingells, Jr. Award for Excellence; Common Wealth Award for Public Service; The Field Museum's Award of Merit; Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement; Royal Geographical Society / Discovery Channel Europe Award for A Lifetime of Discovery

1998: Disney's Animal Kingdom Eco Hero Award; National Science Board Public Service Award; The Orion Society's John Hay Award

1999: International Peace Award; Botanical Research Institute of Texas International Award of Excellence in Conservation, Community of Christ International Peace Award

2001: Graham J. Norton Award for Achievement in Increasing Community Livability; Rungius Award of the National Museum of Wildlife Art, USA; Roger Tory Peterson Memorial Medal, Harvard Museum of Natural History; Master Peace Award; Gandhi/King Award for Non-Violence

2002: The Huxley Memorial Medal, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; United Nations "Messenger of Peace" Appointment

2003: Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science; Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment Award; Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Achievement; Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, presented by His Royal Highness Prince Charles; Chicago Academy of Sciences' Honorary Environmental Leader Award

2004: Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest; Will Rogers Spirit Award, the Rotary Club of Will Rogers and Will Rogers Memorial Museums; Life Time Achievement Award, the International Fund for Animal Welfare; Honorary Degree from Haverford College

2005: Honorary doctorate degree in science from Syracuse University

2005: Honorary doctorate degree in science from Rutgers University

2005: Presented with Discovery and Imagination Award

2006: Received the 60th Anniversary Medal of the UNESCO and the French Légion d'honneur.

2007: Honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Carl Linnaeus from Uppsala University

2007: Honorary doctorate degree from University of Liverpool

2008: Honorary doctorate degree from University of Toronto

2011: Honorary doctorate degree from American University of Paris

A complete list of Goodall's awards and honors is available through her curriculum vitae on the Jane Goodall Institute website.

Media

Books

1969 ''My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees'' Washington, DC: National Geographic Society

1971 ''Innocent Killers'' (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.

1971 ''In the Shadow of Man'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages.

1986 ''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior'' Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for "Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management".

1990 ''Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees'' London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association "Best" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991.

1991 ''Visions of Caliban'' (co-authored with Dale Peterson, Ph.D.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times "Notable Book" for 1993. Library Journal "Best Sci-Tech Book" for 1993.

1999 ''Brutal Kinship'' (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation.

1999 ''Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey'' (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese.

2000 ''40 Years At Gombe'' New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang.

2000 ''Africa In My Blood'' (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

2001 ''Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years'' (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12520-5 Online version

2002 ''The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love'' (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco

2005 ''Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating'' New York: Warner Books, Inc. ISBN 0-446-53362-9

2009 ''Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink'' Grand Central Publishing ISBN 0-446-58177-1

Children's books

1972 ''Grub: The Bush Baby'' (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

1988 ''My Life with the Chimpanzees'' New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for "Outstanding Book for Children," 1989.

1989 ''The Chimpanzee Family Book'' Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.

1989 ''Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps'' New York: Macmillan.

1989 ''Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family'' Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd.

1994 ''With Love'' New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese.

1999 ''Dr. White'' (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books.

2000 ''The Eagle & the Wren'' (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books.

2001 ''Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours'' New York: Scholastic Press

2004 ''Rickie and Henri: A True Story'' (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group

Films

1963 ''Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Society

1975 ''Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story '' The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc

1984 ''Among the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Special

1988 ''People of the Forest'' with Hugo van Lawick

1990 ''Chimpanzee Alert'' in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television

1990 ''The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall'' National Geographic Society.

1990 ''The Gombe Chimpanzees'' Bavarian Television

1995 ''Fifi's Boys'' for the Natural World series for the

1996 ''Chimpanzee Diary'' for BBC2 Animal Zone

1997 ''Animal Minds'' for BBC

2000 ''Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope'' PBS special produced by KTCA

2001 ''Chimps R Us'' PBS special Scientific Frontiers.

2002 ''Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees'' (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North

2005 ''Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe'' for Animal Planet

2006 ''Chimps, So Like Us'' HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award

2007 ''When Animals Talk We Should Listen'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet

2010 ''Jane's Journey'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet

In popular culture

Goodall is honored by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimp who approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.

Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series ''The Wild Thornberrys''.

The protagonist in Jonathan Safran Foer's second novel, ''Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close'', asks Goodall for a recommendation, to which she responds with a gentle rejection.

In ''The Simpsons'' episode "Simpson Safari", Dr. Joan Bushwell, a character loosely based on Goodall is a research scientist in charge of a chimpanzee refuge who is secretly forcing them to mine diamonds for her benefit.

On her album ''Street Angel'', Stevie Nicks pays tribute to Goodall with the track "Jane".

In the movie ''George of the Jungle'', Beatrice Stanhope sits next to Ape the Gorilla and says "I feel just like Jane Goodall", to which Ape replies "Ma'am, I have known Jane Goodall, and you certainly aren't Jane Goodall".

A parody of Goodall appears in the webcomic, Irregular Webcomic! as a foil to Steve, himself a parody of Steve Irwin. She would later appear as herself interacting with the comic's writer, David Morgan-Mar.

A parody of Goodall appears once on ''The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack'', living on an island inhabited by chimpanzees.

She is included in the Symphony of Science video ''The Unbroken Thread''. On May 20, 2010. Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall’s pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.

Benjamin Hale's 2011 novel The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore contains epitaphs by Jane Goodall

See also

Roots & Shoots

USC Jane Goodall Research Center

References

External links

The Jane Goodall Institute

Roots & Shoots Youth oriented offshoot of the Jane Goodall * "Chimpanzees - Bridging the Gap". In Paola Cavalieri & Peter Singer (eds.), ''The Great Ape Project'', New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 10–18.

Roots & Shoots - U.K. Site

Jane Goodall's thoughts on Earth Day 2006

Jane Goodall talks at Google Video recording of Jane Goodall talk at Google

"Speaking for the Forests" in Climate change in Google Earth.

Lecture of Goodall at Harvard University in 2007

TED Talks: Jane Goodall helps humans and animals live together at TED in 2002

TED Talks: Jane Goodall on what separates us from the apes at TED in 2003

'We can't go on like this', Jane Goodall speaks, by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 30 October 2006

Jane Goodall's full name appearing on Hugo van Lawick site; accessed Feb 5 2008

Symphony of Science - 'The Unbroken Thread' (ft. Attenborough, Goodall, Sagan)

Jane Goodall visiting chimps in Beijing zoo in 2006

Interviews

Interview with Australian TV personality Andrew Denton

An Interview with Jane Goodall A discussion about private experimentation

Jane Goodall ''Charlie Rose'' interviews

Jane Goodall Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos

Jane Goodall's interview with Rev. Alan Jones

Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald July 2010 on New Statesman.

Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:People from London Category:English anthropologists Category:English vegetarians Category:Ethologists Category:Primatologists Category:Women biologists Category:English biologists Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Category:Sustainability advocates Category:United Nations Messengers of Peace Category:People with prosopagnosia Category:Dutch nobility

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The Black Dahlia is a nickname given to 1940s murder victim Elizabeth Short.

The Black Dahlia may also refer to:

Works based on the murder:

''The Black Dahlia'' (novel), by James Ellroy

''The Black Dahlia'' (film), by Brian De Palma, based upon Ellroy's novel

''Black Dahlia'' (video game), a computer adventure game

In music:

The Black Dahlia Murder (band), a melodic death metal band

"Black Dahlia", a song by Anthrax from ''We've Come for You All''

''The Black Dahlia'' (musical composition), a Grammy Award-winning jazz orchestral composition by Bob Belden

"Black Dahlia", previously known as "My Black Dahlia", a song by Hollywood Undead

"Black Dahlia", a song by Porcupine Tree

"Black Dahlia", a song by Lamb of God

See also

''Black Dalia'', a 2009 Indian film

Blag Dahlia, a punk rock musician and lead singer of The Dwarves

bg:Черната Далия da:Black Dahlia de:Die schwarze Dahlie fi:Musta Dahlia

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	The Black Dahlia Murder
background	group_or_band
origin	Waterford, Michigan
genre	Melodic death metal,,deathcore,,death metal
years active	2001–present
label	Metal Blade
associated acts	Abigail Williams, All That Remains, Anterior, Arsis, Gwar, Sylosis
current members	Trevor StrnadBrian EschbachRyan KnightRyan WilliamsShannon Lucas
website	}}

The Black Dahlia Murder is an American heavy metal band from Waterford, Michigan, formed in 2001. Their name is derived from the 1947 unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short, often referred to as Black Dahlia. The band comprises vocalist Trevor Strnad, guitarists Brian Eschbach and Ryan Knight, bassist Ryan "Bart" Williams and drummer Shannon Lucas. Out of their five studio albums, the latest four of them charted on the US ''Billboard'' 200, with 2009's ''Deflorate'' peaking at #43 and their latest album ''Ritual'' reaching #31.

History

Formation, ''Unhallowed'' and ''Miasma'' (2001–2006)

The Black Dahlia Murder began its inception during late 2000 and gained the final band line-up in January 2001. The group released their demo entitled ''What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse'', and a four-track EP, ''A Cold-Blooded Epitaph'', the latter of which the group released on Lovelost Records. After appearing in concerts such as the Milwaukee Metal Fest, The Black Dahlia Murder signed to Metal Blade Records in 2003.

Current bassist Bart Williams left his former band, Detroit's Today I Wait, to tour with the Black Dahlia Murder. After touring with the band on their co-headlining gig with Throwdown and their European dates with Liar, he joined the group full-time, replacing former bassist David Lock. Frontman Trevor Strnad said that Lock was fired for incompetency. Williams was one of two engineers (the other being Walls of Jericho's Mike Hasty) on the band's first full-length album, ''Unhallowed''.

The band's second album ''Miasma'' was released on July 12, 2005 and peaked at #118 on the Billboard 200. After touring for ''Miasma'', drummer Zach Gibson left the band along with Pierre Langlois. While Gibson went on to join Abigail Williams, Langlois left the band for a more secure lifestyle, and the band finished their search for a replacement drummer when they found former All That Remains drummer, Shannon Lucas. The group played at Ozzfest 2005.

''Nocturnal'' and ''Deflorate'' (2006–2010)

Their third album, entitled ''Nocturnal'', was released on September 18, 2007. The album debuted at #72 on the Billboard 200. The Black Dahlia Murder announced via their MySpace profile that they were going on a U.S. tour with Cannibal Corpse to promote their new album ''Nocturnal'' and celebrate the 25 years that Metal Blade Records had been in business. They were joined by label-mates The Red Chord, Aeon, The Absence, and Goatwhore.

In January/February 2008, the band embarked on a U.S. headlining tour with 3 Inches of Blood, Hate Eternal, and Decrepit Birth, followed by another alongside Brain Drill and Animosity. They were on Hot Topic's "Summer Slaughter Tour" with Kataklysm, Cryptopsy, Vader, Whitechapel, and Despised Icon.

Their long-time guitarist, John K has left the band and was replaced by Ryan Knight during the beginning of 2009. In May 2009, The Black Dahlia Murder released their first DVD, "Majesty". The DVD contains a documentary and live footage from the Summer Slaughter tour and their tour supporting Children of Bodom in late 2008. The DVD also contains all of their music videos and behind the scenes footage.

The Black Dahlia Murder released ''Deflorate'' on September 15, 2009 via Metal Blade Records. The album sold 12,000 copies in the United States in the first week of the release, debuted at position #43 Billboard's Top 200 charts, #5 on Billboard's Independent Albums chart, #4 on Billboard's Top Hard Music Albums chart, and #50 on HITS Top 50 Albums chart.

''Ritual'' (2011–present)

In February 2011, The Black Dahlia Murder completed the songwriting process for the their fifth studio album, entitled ''Ritual''. It was released on June 21, 2011 in North America. The band is confirmed to support Amon Amarth on their May 2011 European tour as well as to headline the 2011 Summer Slaughter tour. The track "Moonlight Equilibrium" was posted to the Metal Blade Records website on April 29, 2011 to critical and fan acclaim.

Tours

The Black Dahlia Murder headlined the 2008 Summer Slaughter Tour with Kataklysm, Vader, Cryptopsy, The Faceless, Despised Icon, Aborted, Born of Osiris, Psycroptic, and Whitechapel. In late 2008, they joined a US tour with Finland's Children of Bodom and Raleigh, NC's Between the Buried and Me. They were initially announced as "...with special guests" at the start of the tour, though it has since been confirmed by Revolver Magazine that they are on tour. They appeared on the Hot Topic Stage in the 2009 Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival. In late 2009, they embarked on a US tour with Finland's Children of Bodom and Skeletonwitch. The band headlined the Bonecrusher Fest tour of Europe in Spring 2010 alongside 3 Inches of Blood, Necrophobic, Obscura, The Faceless, Carnifex and Ingested. In August 2010 they played at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone, UK.

Musical style and influences

The Black Dahlia Murder have been stated to play within the genres of metalcore, melodic death metal and deathcore. The band's music makes use of the death metal sound, containing elements such as blast beats and fast death metal style. The influences of the band include groups such as Carcass, At the Gates, Darkane, Dissection, Darkthrone, Morbid Angel, The Haunted, In Flames, Dimension Zero, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Metallica, Pantera and Megadeth. Vocalist Trevor Strnad alternates between deep, throaty "death metal growls," and high pitched shrieking. When asked to describe what kind of music the band plays, vocalist Trevor Strnad commented: "I've always said that we're melodic death metal. We are mostly influenced by Swedish bands and Carcass. The heavy end of our sound is the American style creeping in, with some Floridian influences like Morbid Angel, Malevolent Creation and that kind of stuff. We've been labeled more often because of our look than our sound, which is dumb, and speaks volumes about what kind of geniuses are out there!"

However, in an interview with ''Uranium Magazine'', Strnad also stated, "Some bands that get labeled as metalcore are actually good, like Between the Buried and Me or The Red Chord. Metal is what I grew up with, and then I learned about punk and hardcore. But a lot of our ethics, the way we carry ourselves, is more punk...I like that hardcore has a sense of community without the competition you see in metal."

Members

;Current members

Brian Eschbach – rhythm guitar (since 2001)

Trevor Strnad – vocals (since 2001)

Ryan "Bart" Williams – bass (since 2005)

Shannon Lucas – drums (since 2007)

Ryan Knight – lead guitar (since 2009)

;Former members

John Deering – guitar (2001–2002)

John Kempainen – guitar (2002–2008)

Mike Schepman – bass guitar (2001)

Sean Gauvreau – bass guitar (2001–2002)

David Lock – bass guitar (2002–2005)

Cory Grady – drums (2001–2004)

Zach Gibson – drums (2005)

Pierre Langlois – drums (2006)

Discography

;Studio albums

Year	Title	Peak chart positions
		U.S.
		!align=center width=40	!align=center width=40	!align=center width=40	!align=center width=40
		*Released: June 17, 2003	*Label: Metal Blade	*Format: CD, digital download, vinyl
	align=left	*Released: July 12, 2005	*Label: Metal Blade	*Format: CD, digital download, vinyl
	align=left	*Released: September 18, 2007	*Label: Metal Blade	*Format: CD, digital download
		*Released: September 15, 2009	*Label: Metal Blade	*Format: CD, digital download, vinyl
	align=left	*Released: June 17, 2011	*Label: Metal Blade	*Format: CD, digital download, vinyl

;Demos and EPs

''What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse'' (Demo, 2001)

''A Cold-Blooded Epitaph'' (EP, 2002)

''Demo 2002'' (Demo, 2002)

;DVDs

''Majesty'' (2009)

References

External links

Category:Musical quintets Category:American melodic death metal musical groups Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Michigan Category:American metalcore musical groups Category:American deathcore musical groups Category:Metal Blade Records artists Category:Musical groups established in 2000

bn:দ্য ব্ল্যাক ডাহলিয়া মার্ডার bs:The Black Dahlia Murder cs:The Black Dahlia Murder (skupina) da:The Black Dahlia Murder de:The Black Dahlia Murder es:The Black Dahlia Murder fr:The Black Dahlia Murder ko:블랙 달리아 머더 hr:The Black Dahlia Murder it:The Black Dahlia Murder nl:The Black Dahlia Murder ja:ザ・ブラック・ダリア・マーダー pl:The Black Dahlia Murder pt:The Black Dahlia Murder ru:The Black Dahlia Murder sk:The Black Dahlia Murder fi:The Black Dahlia Murder sv:The Black Dahlia Murder

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Elizabeth Short
birth date	July 29, 1924
birth place	Hyde Park, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
death date	ca. January 15, 1947
death place	Los Angeles, California, United States
occupation	Waitress
parents	Cleo Short and Phoebe Mae Sawyer
children	}}

"The Black Dahlia" was a nickname given to Elizabeth Short (July 29, 1924 – ca. January 15, 1947), an American woman and the victim of a gruesome and much-publicized murder. She acquired the moniker posthumously by newspapers in the habit of nicknaming crimes they found particularly colorful. Short was found mutilated, her body sliced in half at the waist, on January 15, 1947, in Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California. Short's unsolved murder has been the source of widespread speculation, leading to many suspects, along with several books and film adaptations of the story.

Early life

Elizabeth Short was born in greater Boston, Massachusetts; she grew up and lived in Medford. She was the third of five daughters of Cleo Short and Phoebe Mae Sawyer. Her father built miniature golf courses until the 1929 stock market crash, in which he lost much of the family's assets. In 1930, he parked his car on a bridge and vanished, leading some to believe he had committed suicide. Short's mother moved the family to a small apartment in Medford, and found work as a bookkeeper. It was not until later that Short would discover her father was alive and was living in California.

Troubled by asthma and bronchitis, Short was sent to live for the winter in Miami, Florida at the age of 16. She spent the next three years living there during the cold months and in Medford the remainder of the year. At age 19, Short travelled to Vallejo, California to live with her father, who was working nearby at Mare Island Naval Shipyard on San Francisco Bay. The two moved to Los Angeles in early 1943, but an altercation resulted in her leaving there and finding work in the post exchange at Camp Cooke (now Vandenberg Air Force Base), near Lompoc, California. Short next moved to Santa Barbara, where she was arrested on September 23, 1943, for underage drinking. Following her arrest, she was sent back to Medford by the juvenile authorities in Santa Barbara. Short then returned to Florida to live, with occasional visits back to Massachusetts.

In Florida, Short met Major Matthew Michael Gordon Jr., a decorated United States Army Air Forces officer who was assigned to the 2nd Air Commando Group and in training for deployment to China Burma India Theater of Operations. Short told friends that Gordon wrote her a letter from India proposing marriage while he was recovering from injuries sustained from an airplane crash. She accepted his proposal, but Gordon died in a second airplane crash on August 10, 1945 before he could return to the United States. She later exaggerated this story, saying that they were married and had a child who died. Although Gordon's friends in the air commandos confirmed that Gordon and Short were engaged, his family denied any connection after Short's murder.

Elizabeth Short returned to Los Angeles in July 1946 to visit Army Air Corps Lieutenant Joseph Gordon Fickling, an old boyfriend she had met in Florida during the war. At the time Short returned to Los Angeles, Fickling was stationed at NARB, Long Beach. For the six months prior to her death, Short remained in southern California, mainly in the Los Angeles area.

Murder and aftermath

The body of Elizabeth Short was found in the Leimert Park district of Los Angeles on January 15, 1947. Her remains had been left on a vacant lot on the west side of South Norton Avenue midway between Coliseum Street and West 39th Street. () The body was discovered by local resident Betty Bersinger, who was walking with her three-year-old daughter. Short's severely mutilated body had been found nude and severed at the waist, completely drained of blood. Her face was slashed from the corners of her mouth toward her ears, called the Glasgow smile. The body had been washed and cleaned and she had been "posed" with her hands over her head and elbows bent at right angles.

The autopsy stated Short was tall, weighed , and had light blue eyes, brown hair, and badly decayed teeth. There were marks on her ankles and wrists made by rope, consistent with being tied either spreadeagled or hung upside down. Although the skull was not fractured, Short had bruising on the front and right side of her scalp with a small amount of bleeding in the subarachnoid space on the right side, consistent with blows to the head. The cause of death was blood loss from the lacerations to the face combined with shock due to a concussion of the brain.

William Randolph Hearst's papers, the ''Los Angeles Herald-Express'' and the ''Los Angeles Examiner'', sensationalized the case; the black tailored suit Short was last seen wearing became "a tight skirt and a sheer blouse" and Elizabeth Short became the "Black Dahlia", an "adventuress" who "prowled Hollywood Boulevard". As time passed, the media coverage became more outrageous with claims her lifestyle "made her victim material", when those who knew her all reported that Short did not smoke, drink or swear.

On January 23, 1947, the killer rang the editor of the ''Los Angeles Examiner'', expressing concern that news of the murder was tailing off in the newspapers and offering to mail items belonging to Short to the editor. The following day a packet arrived at the Los Angeles newspaper containing Short's birth certificate, business cards, photographs, names written on pieces of paper and an address book with the name Mark Hansen embossed on the cover. Hansen, the last person known to have seen Short alive (on January 9), became the prime suspect. The killer would later write more letters to the newspaper, calling himself "the Black Dahlia Avenger", after the name given to Short by the newspapers. On January 25, Short's handbag and one shoe were found in a garbage bin a short distance from Norton Avenue. Due to the notoriety of the case, more than 50 men and women have confessed to the murder and police are swamped with tips every time a newspaper mentions the case or a book or movie about it is released. Sergeant St. John, a detective who worked the case until his retirement, stated: "It is amazing how many people offer up a relative as the killer."

Gerry Ramlow, a ''Los Angeles Daily News'' reporter later stated, "If the murder was never solved it was because of the reporters ... They were all over, trampling evidence, withholding information." It took several days for the police to take full control of the investigation during which time reporters roamed freely throughout the department's offices, sat at officers desks, and answered their phones. Many tips from the public were not passed on to police as the reporters who received them rushed out to get "scoops".

Short was buried at the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. After her other sisters had grown up and married, Short's mother moved to Oakland to be near her daughter's grave. Phoebe Short finally returned to the East Coast in the 1970s and lived into her 90s.

Rumors and popular misconceptions

According to newspaper reports shortly after the murder, Elizabeth Short received the nickname "Black Dahlia" at a Long Beach, California drugstore in mid-1946, as a word play on the then-current movie ''The Blue Dahlia''. Los Angeles County district attorney investigators' reports state that the nickname was invented by newspaper reporters covering the murder. ''Los Angeles Herald-Express'' reporter Bevo Means, who interviewed Short's acquaintances at the drug store, is credited with first using the "Black Dahlia" name.

A number of people, none of whom knew Short, contacted police and the newspapers claiming to have seen her during her so-called "missing week"—a time period between the time of her January 9 disappearance and the time her body was found on January 15. Police and district attorney investigators ruled out each of these alleged sightings, wherein in some cases, those interviewed were identifying other women they had mistaken for Short.

Many true crime books claim that Short lived in or visited Los Angeles at various times in the mid 1940s; these claims have never been substantiated and are refuted by the findings of law enforcement officers who investigated the case. A document in the Los Angeles County district attorney's files titled "Movements of Elizabeth Short Prior to June 1, 1946" states that Short was in Florida and Massachusetts from September 1943 through the early months of 1946 and gives a detailed account of her living and working arrangements during this period. Although a popular portrayal amongst her acquaintances and many true crime authors was of Short as a call girl, the Los Angeles district attorney's grand jury proved there was no existing evidence that she was ever a prostitute and the district attorney's office attributes the claim to confusion with a prostitute of the same name. Another widely circulated rumor holds that Short was unable to have sexual intercourse because of a congenital defect that left her with "infantile genitalia". Los Angeles County district attorney's files state that the investigators had questioned three men with whom Short had sex, including a Chicago police officer who was a suspect in the case. The FBI files on the case also contain a statement from one of Short's alleged lovers. Found in the Los Angeles district attorney's files and in the Los Angeles Police Department's summary of the case, Short's autopsy describes her reproductive organs as anatomically normal although the report notes evidence of what it called "female trouble". The autopsy also states that Short was not and had never been pregnant, contrary to what had been claimed prior to and following her death.

Suspects

At the time, the Black Dahlia murder investigation was the largest LAPD investigation since the murder of Marion Parker in 1927. Because of the size of the investigation, the case also enlisted the help of hundreds of officers borrowed from other law enforcement agencies. Because of the complexity of the case, the original investigators treated every person who knew Short with suspicion until eliminated as a suspect. Around 200 people were considered suspects and thousands were interviewed by police. Owing to the nature of the crime, sensational and sometimes inaccurate press coverage focused intense public attention on the case. Most of the approximately 50 people who confessed to the murder were men.

Theories and possible related murders

Some crime authors have speculated on a link between the Short murder and the Cleveland Torso Murders, which took place in Cleveland between 1934 and 1938. As with a large number of killings that took place before and after the Short murder, the original LAPD investigators looked into the Cleveland murders in 1947 and later discounted any relationship between the two cases. However new evidence implicating a former Cleveland torso murder suspect, Jack Anderson Wilson, with Short's death was investigated by Detective St. John in 1980. St. John claimed he was close to arresting Wilson for the death of Short when Wilson unexpectedly died in a fire on February 4, 1982.

Crime authors such as Steve Hodel and William Rasmussen have suggested a link between the Short murder and the 1946 murder and dismemberment of six-year-old Suzanne Degnan in Chicago. Captain Donahoe of the Los Angeles police also stated publicly that he believed the Black Dahlia and Lipstick murders were "likely connected". Among the evidence cited is the fact that Elizabeth Short's body was found on Norton Avenue three blocks west of Degnan Boulevard, Degnan being the last name of the girl from Chicago and there were striking similarities between the writing of the Degnan ransom note and that of "the Black Dahlia Avenger". For example, both used a combination of capitals and small letters, the Degnan note read in part "BuRN This FoR heR SAfTY" with both notes containing a similar mis-shapen letter P and have one word matching exactly. Currently, convicted serial killer William Heirens is serving time for Degnan's murder. Initially arrested at age 17 for breaking into a residence close to that of Suzanne Degnan, Heirens claims he was tortured by police, forced to confess, and made a scapegoat in the Degnan murder.

Depictions in film

The radio show ''Somebody Knows!'', a summer replacement for '' Suspense'', ran an episode on the killing in August 1950 on the CBS Radio Network.

James Ellroy's neo-noir novel ''The Black Dahlia'' was published in 1987. It was made into a 2006 movie directed by Brian De Palma. Elizabeth Short was played by actress Mia Kirshner in the film.

Lucie Arnaz played Elizabeth Short in the 1975 TV movie ''Who is The Black Dahlia?''

References

Further reading

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External links

Black Dahlia Killer Profile on America's Most Wanted

truTV entry for Black Dahlia.

The FBI's Black Dahlia files from the FBI's Freedom of Information Act site.

"Somebody Knows" episode a 1950 radio program on the case.

Black Dahlia murder with rare photos from the LA Public Library

Category:1947 murders in the United States Category:American murder victims Category:Hollywood history and culture Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts Category:People murdered in California Category:1924 births Category:1947 deaths Category:Unsolved murders in the United States

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