Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
Native name
Conventional long name	Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Image coat	Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg
Common name	Venezuela
Map caption	Venezuela
National motto	Historic: ''Dios y Federación''"God and Federation"
National anthem	''Gloria al Bravo Pueblo''Glory to the Brave People
Official languages	Spanish
Languages type	National language
Languages	Spanish
Demonym	Venezuelan
Capital	Caracas
Largest city	capital
Government type	Federal presidential constitutional republic
Leader title1	President
Leader name1	Hugo Chávez Frías
Leader title2	Vice President
Leader name2	Elías Jaua
Area rank	33rd
Area magnitude	1 E11
Area km2	916,445
Area sq mi	353,841
Percent water	0.32
Population estimate	29,105,632
Population estimate rank	40th
Population estimate year	November 2010
Population census	23,054,985
Population census year	2001
Population density km2	30.2
Population density sq mi	77
Population density rank	173rd
Gdp ppp	$346.973 billion
Gdp ppp year	2010
Gdp ppp per capita	$11,889
Gdp nominal	$285.214 billion
Gdp nominal year	2010
Gdp nominal per capita	$9,773
Sovereignty type	Independence
Established event1	from Spain
Established date1	5 July 1811
Established event2	from Gran Colombia
Established date2	13 January 1830
Established event3	Recognized
Established date3	30 March 1845
Established event4	Current constitution
Established date4	20 December 1999
Hdi year	2010
Hdi	0.696
Hdi rank	75th
Hdi category	high
Gini	41
Gini year	2007
Gini category	high
Currency	Bolívar fuerte
Currency code	VEF
Time zone	UTC-4:30
Drives on	right
Cctld	.ve
Calling code	+58
Footnotes	The "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the adoption of the new Constitution of 1999, when the state was renamed in honor of Simón Bolívar. The Constitution also recognizes all indigenous languages spoken in the country. Area totals include only Venezuelan-administered territory. On 1 January 2008 a new bolivar, the ''bolívar fuerte'' (ISO 4217 code VEF), worth 1,000 VEB, was introduced. }}

Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: ''República Bolivariana de Venezuela''), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive ''llanos'' plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.

Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522, overcoming resistance from indigenous peoples. It became the first Spanish American colony to declare independence (in 1811), but did not securely establish independence until 1821 (initially as a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia, gaining full independence in 1830). During the 19th century Venezuela suffered political turmoil and dictatorship, and it was dominated by regional ''caudillos'' (military strongmen) into the 20th century. It first saw democratic rule from 1945 to 1948, and after a period of dictatorship has remained democratic since 1958, during which time most countries of Latin America suffered one or more military dictatorships. Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former career officer Hugo Chávez, and the launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela.

Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District (covering Caracas), and Federal Dependencies (covering Venezuela's offshore islands). Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital, Caracas, which is also the largest city. Venezuela is a founder member of the United Nations (1945), the Organization of American States (1948), the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (1960), the Group of 15 (1989), the World Trade Organization (1995), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) (2004) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) (2008). Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending, although the fallout of the 2008 global financial crisis saw a renewed economic downturn.

Name

In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and then landed in the Gulf of Paria. Amazed, Columbus expressed in his moving letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he had reached the heaven on Earth (the paradise), and confused by the unusual saltiness of the water, he wrote: }}

His certainty of having attained Paradise made him name this region ''Land of Grace'', a phrase which has become the country's nickname.

Nevertheless, the following year of 1499, an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the Venezuelan coast. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator Amerigo Vespucci of the city of Venice, (), so he named the region "''Venezuela''," meaning "little Venice" in Italian. The word has the same meaning in Spanish, where the suffix ''-uela'' is used as a diminutive term (e.g., ''plaza / plazuela'', ''cazo / cazuela''); thus, the term's original sense would have been that of a "little Venice".

Nonetheless, although the Vespucci story remains the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name, a different reason for the name comes up in the account of Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew. In his work ''Summa de Geografía'', he states that they found an indigenous population who called themselves the "''Veneciuela''," which suggests that the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word.

History

Human habitation of Venezuela could have commenced at least 15,000 years ago from which period leaf-shaped tools, together with chopping and plano-convex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela. Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7000 BC.

It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish Conquest; it may have been around a million people, and in addition to today's indigenous peoples included groups such as the Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche and Timoto-cuicas. The number was reduced after the Conquest, mainly through the spread of new diseases from Europe. There were two main north-south axes of pre-Columbian population, producing maize in the west and manioc in the east. Large parts of the llanos plains were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture.

Colonization

Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South American settlement in the city of Cumaná. The 16th century also saw fitful attempts at German colonization. Native caciques (leaders) such as Guaicaipuro (c. 1530–1568) and Tamanaco (died 1573) attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco was put to death by order of Caracas' founder Diego de Losada. In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples such as many of the Mariches, themselves descendants of the Caribs converted to Roman Catholicism. Some of the resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, Chacao, and Los Teques. The early colonial settlements focussed on the northern coast, but in the mid-18th century the Spanish pushed further inland along the Orinoco River. Here the Ye'kuana (then known as the Makiritare) organised serious resistance in 1775 and 1776.

Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into New Andalusia Province. Administered by the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo from the early 16th century, most of Venezuela became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized as an autonomous Captaincy General starting in 1776. The town of Caracas, founded in the central coastal region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the coastal port of La Guaira whilst itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive strength against pirates and a more fertile and healthy climate.

Independence

After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela—under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the American Revolution and the French Revolution—declared independence on 5 July 1811. This began the Venezuelan War of Independence. However, a devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan ''llaneros'', helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic. A second Venezuelan republic, proclaimed on 7 August 1813, lasted several months before being crushed as well.

Sovereignty was only attained after Simón Bolívar, aided by José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre, won the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821. José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta's victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on 24 July 1823, helped seal Venezuelan independence. New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several countries and founded Gran Colombia.

Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate Ecuador and later become the second president of Bolivia. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela; Páez became the first president of the new republic. Two decades of warfare had cost the lives of between one- fourth and one-third of Venezuela's population (including perhaps one-half of the white population), which by 1830 was estimated at about 800,000.

The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue and red, in that order: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea that separates Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence.

19th century

Much of Venezuela's 19th century history was characterized by political turmoil and dictatorial rule, including Independence leader José Antonio Páez, who gained the presidency three times and served a total of eleven years between 1830 and 1863. This culminated in the Federal War (1859–1863), a civil war in which hundreds of thousands died, in a country with a population of not much more than a million people. In the latter half of the century Antonio Guzmán Blanco, another ''caudillo'', served a total of thirteen years between 1870 and 1887, with three other presidents interspersed.

In 1895 a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist William L. Scruggs sought to argue that British behaviour over the issue violated the United States' Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and used his influence in Washington, D.C. to pursue the matter. Then US President Grover Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere. Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the US on much of the details. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.

20th century

Early 20th century

In 1899 Cipriano Castro, assisted by his friend Juan Vicente Gómez, seized power in Caracas, marching an army from his base in the Andean state of Táchira. Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts, and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. This led to the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903, in which Britain, Germany and Italy imposed a naval blockade of several months, before international arbitration at the new Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague was agreed. In 1908 another dispute broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez.

The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during World War I would prove pivotal for Venezuela, and soon transformed the basis of its economy, from a heavy dependence on agricultural exports. It prompted an economic boom that would last into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was Latin America's highest. Gómez benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the same time, the new source of income helped him centralise the Venezuelan state and develop its authority. He remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death in 1935, although at times he ceded the Presidency to others. The ''gomecista'' dictatorship system largely continued under Eleazar López Contreras, but from 1941, under Isaías Medina Angarita, was relaxed, with the latter granting a range of reforms, including the legalization of all political parties. After World War II the globalization and heavy immigration from Southern Europe (mainly from Spain, Italy, Portugal and France) and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society.

In 1945 a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and ushered in a three-year period of democratic rule under the mass membership Democratic Action, initially under Rómulo Betancourt, until Rómulo Gallegos won the Venezuelan presidential election, 1947 (generally believed to be the first free and fair elections in Venezuela). Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Gallegos' Defense Minister Carlos Delgado Chalbaud in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état. Pérez Jiménez was the most powerful man in the junta (though Chalbaud was its titular President), and was suspected of being behind the death in office of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When the junta unexpectedly lost the election it held in 1952, it ignored the results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as President, where he remained until 1958.

Democratic period (1958–present)

The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on 23 January 1958. In an effort to consolidate the young democracy, the major political parties (with the notable exception of the Communist Party of Venezuela) signed the Punto Fijo Pact. Democratic Action and COPEI would dominate the political landscape for four decades. The 1960s saw substantial guerilla movements, including the Armed Forces of National Liberation and the Revolutionary Left Movement, which had split from Democratic Action in 1960. Most of these movements lay down their arms under Rafael Caldera's presidency (1969–74); Caldera had won the 1968 election for COPEI, being the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election.

The election of Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1973 coincided with the 1973 oil crisis, which saw Venezuela's income explode as oil prices soared (Oil was nationalize in 1976). This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1980s when the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the Venezuelan economy. As the government started to devalue the currency in February 1983 in order to face its financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standard of living fell dramatically. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. Corruption remains a problem; Venezuela was ranked near the bottom of countries in the Corruptions Perceptions Index in 2009. Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) for corruption in 1993. Coup leader Hugo Chávez was pardoned in March 1994 by president Rafael Caldera, with a clean slate and his political rights intact. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw Chávez elected President in 1998, and the subsequent launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela.

In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt following popular demonstrations by his opposers, but he was returned to power after two days as a result of popular demonstrations by his supporters and actions by the military. Chávez also remained in power after an all-out national strike that lasted more than two months in December 2002 – February 2003, including a strike/lockout in the state oil company PDVSA, and an August 2004 recall referendum. He was elected for another term in December 2006.

Geography

Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically its mainland rests on the South American Plate. It has a total area of and a land area of , making it the 33rd largest country. The territory it controls lies between latitudes 0° and 13°N, and longitudes 59° and 74°W.

Shaped roughly like an inverted triangle, the country has a coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana highlands in the southeast.

The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range reach. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest point at , lies in this region. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contains the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall as well as tepuis, large table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the ''llanos'', which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers.

Venezuela borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana (formerly United Kingdom), largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, from Venezuela, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up, it was submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of United Kingdom, United States and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim.

Venezuela most significant natural resources are petroleum and natural gas, iron ore, gold and other minerals. It also has large areas of arable land and water.

Climate

Though Venezuela is entirely situated in the tropics, its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as , to glaciers and highlands (the ''páramos'') with an average yearly temperature of . Annual rainfall varies between in the semiarid portions of the northwest to in the Orinoco Delta of the far east. Most precipitation falls between June and October (the rainy season or "winter"); the drier and hotter remainder of the year is known as "summer", though temperature variation throughout the year is not as pronounced as at temperate latitudes.

The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on elevation, having Tropical, Dry, Temperate with Dry Winters, and Polar (Alpine tundra) climates, amongst others. In the tropical zone—below —temperatures are hot, with yearly averages ranging between . The temperate zone ranges between with averages from ; many of Venezuela's cities, including the capital, lie in this region. Colder conditions with temperatures from are found in the cool zone between , especially in the Venezuelan Andes, where Pastureland and permanent snowfield with yearly averages below cover land above in the high mountain areas known as the páramos.

Biodiversity

Venezuela lies within the Neotropic ecozone; large portions of the country were originally covered by moist broadleaf forests. One of seventeen megadiverse countries, Venezuela's habitats range from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive ''llanos'' plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. They include xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast. Its cloud forests and lowland rainforests are particularly rich.

Animals of Venezuela are diverse and include manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and Orinoco crocodiles, which have been reported to reach up to in length. Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic. Important birds include ibises, ospreys, kingfishers,

For the fungi, an account was provided by R.W.G. Dennis which has been digitized and the records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle Robigalia database. That database includes nearly 3900 species of fungi recorded from Venezuela, but is far from complete, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from Venezuela is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Venezuela, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.

Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of orchids are found in the country's cloud forests and lowland rainforests ecosystems. These include the ''flor de mayo'' orchid (''Cattleya mossiae''), the national flower. Venezuela's national tree is the ''araguaney'', whose characteristic lushness after the rainy season led novelist Rómulo Gallegos to name it ''«[l]a primavera de oro de los araguaneyes''» ("the golden spring of the ''araguaneyes''").

Venezuela is among the top twenty countries in terms of endemism. Among its animals, 23% of reptilian and 50% of amphibian species are endemic. Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Venezuela: 1334 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country. Some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species known from Venezuela are unique to the country.

Environment

In recent decades, logging, mining, shifting cultivation, development, and other human activities have posed a major threat to Venezuela's wildlife; between 1990 and 2000, 0.40% of forest cover was cleared annually. In response, federal protections for critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected. The country has a biosphere reserve that is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention. In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks. Venezuela's 43 national parks include Canaima National Park, Morrocoy National Park and Mochima National Park.

Subdivisions

Venezuela is divided into 23 states (''estados''), a capital district (''distrito capital'') corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (''Dependencias Federales'', a special territory). Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities (''municipios''); these are subdivided into over one thousand parishes (''parroquias''). The states are grouped into nine administrative regions (''regiones administrativas''), which were established in 1969 by presidential decree; in addition, Venezuela has historically claimed and continues to claim all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River; this tract was dubbed ''Guayana Esequiba'' or the ''Zona en Reclamación'' (the "zone to be reclaimed").

The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. In the north are the Venezuelan Andes and the Coro region, a mountainous tract in the northwest, holds several sierras and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting Lake Maracaibo and the Gulf of Venezuela. The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre and northern Monagas. The Insular Region includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: Nueva Esparta and the various Federal Dependencies. The Orinoco Delta, which forms a triangle covering Delta Amacuro, projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean.

Economy

Venezuela has a mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector, which accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports and more than half of government revenues. It suffers high levels of corruption. Per capita GDP for 2009 was US$13,000, ranking it 85th in the world. About 30% of the population of the country live on less than US $2 per day. Venezuela has the least expensive petrol in the world because the consumer price of petrol is so heavily subsidised.

Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry items such as steel, aluminium and cement, with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana, near the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes electronics and automobiles, as well as beverages, and foodstuffs. Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least one-fourth of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice, corn, fish, tropical fruit, coffee, beef, and pork. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture; Venezuela imports about two-thirds of its food needs.

Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil, and it is a founder member of OPEC. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 In 2010, Venezuela crude oil proven reserves up 40.4 percent compared to 2009 reserve and it made Venezuela had the number one of crude oil proven reserves in the world. The country's main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo, the Gulf of Venezuela (both in Zulia), and in the Orinoco River basin (eastern Venezuela), where the country's largest reserve is located. Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits (extra-heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. The electricity sector in Venezuela is one of the few to rely primarily on hydropower, and includes the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world.

In the first half of the 20th century, US oil companies were heavily involved in Venezuela, initially on the basis of purchasing concessions. In 1943 a new government introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the government and the oil industry. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC, the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil. In 1973 Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the U.S. and Europe. In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and presided over an ''apertura'' (opening) in which it invited in foreign investment. Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment.

The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 – February 2003 national strike which sought President Chávez' resignation. Managers and skilled highly paid technicians of PDVSA shut down the plants and left their posts, and by some reports sabotaged equipment, and petroleum production and refining by PDVSA almost ceased. Activities eventually were slowly restarted by returning and substitute oil workers. As a result of the strike, around 40% of the company's workforce (around 18,000 workers) were dismissed for "dereliction of duty" during the strike.

Transport

Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air (Venezuela's airports include the Simón Bolívar International Airport near Caracas and La Chinita International Airport near Maracaibo) and sea (with major sea ports at La Guaira, Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello). In the south and east the Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in the west, there is a mountainous border of over shared with Colombia. The Orinoco River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 km inland, and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean.

Venezuela has a limited national railway system, which has no active rail connections to other countries; the government of Hugo Chávez has invested substantially in expanding it. Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating since 1983. The Maracaibo Metro and Valencia Metro were opened more recently. Venezuela has a road network of around 100,000 km (placing it around 47th in the world); around a third of roads are paved.

Demographics

Venezuelans have a rich combination of heritages. From the colonial period were mixed Amerindians, Spanish and African, and today the majority of Venezuelans have mixed ancestry, ie people who have an Amerindians ancestor, black and white. Since 1990 there is no record of the ethnography of the Venezuelan population, but according to statistics from the continues with a constant immigration which has increased the white and black population, leaving the mixed in slow growth. These statistics expose approximate results: 50% mestizo, or white, mostly descendants of the Europeans and Arabs by 29%, 10% African descent, and indigenous people with only 1% of the total population. During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, much of European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural impact was significant in influencing the development of Castilian in the country, its cuisine and customs.

With the start of oil exploitation in the early twentieth century, established companies and citizens from much of the United States. Later, during the war, he joined the Venezuelan society a new wave of immigrants from Italy and Spain, and new immigrants from Portugal, the Middle East, Germany, Croatia, the Netherlands, China, among others, are encouraged both by the immigration and colonization program established by the Government. Between 1900 and 1958 more than one million Europeans immigrated to Venezuela creating great communities, highlighting the Italo-Venezuelans, Iberian-Venezuelans and Portuguese-Venezuelans. Venezuela is the third country in the world to have the largest community of Spanish after Argentina and France, the third country to have the largest community of Portuguese after Brazil and the U.S. and the third country to have the largest colony of Italians in Latin America after Argentina and Uruguay. Immigration in Venezuela also came from many Latin American countries primarily in Colombia during the oil boom of the 1970s. These continuous waves of immigration increased the country's complex racial mosaic. The Venezuelan population born in other countries accounted for 4.4% of the national total. Today, the increased immigration from Colombia, Spain, Portugal and Italy among other countries such as Trinidad and Tobago.

Two of the main Amerindian tribes located in the country are the Wayuu, located in the west, in Zulia State, and the Timotocuicas, also in the west, in Mérida State, in the Andes. Other important groups include Afro-Venezuelans, though their numbers are unclear due to poor census data.

Asians make up a small percentage of the population. About 1% of Venezuelans are indigenous. These groups were joined by sponsored migrants from throughout Europe and neighboring parts of South America by the mid-20th century economic boom.

According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of refugee and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007. 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007. Between 500,000 and one million illegal immigrants are estimated to be living in the Venezuela.

Urbanization

[[File:Venezuela_Construction.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Apartment construction in Guatire, Venezuela ]] Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas which is also the largest city. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than from the coastline. Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous conurbation. Other major cities include Maracaibo, Valencia, Maracay, Barquisimeto, Mérida, San Cristóbal and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz.

Languages

Although the country is mostly monolingual Castilian, many languages ​​are spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Castilian, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, Wayuu, Warao, pemón and many others for the official use of the Amerindian peoples, mostly with few speakers, less than 1% of the total population. Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, they speak their own languages. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken, as well as the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén for much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil. The German community speaks their native language, while the Colonia Tovar speaks mostly Alemannic dialect of German called coloniero. English is the most widely used foreign language and demand, and is spoken by many professionals, academics and part of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca. Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, for the Anglophone West Indian influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices. Italian instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions, because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level. Other languages ​​spoken by large communities from drawing in the country are Chinese and Galicia, among others.

Religion

According to government estimates, 92% of the population is at least nominally Roman Catholic, and the remaining 8% are Protestant, or a member of another religion. The Venezuelan Evangelical Council estimates that Evangelical Protestants constitute 10% of the population.

Education

In 2008, 95.2% of the adult population was literate. Net primary school enrollment rate was at 91 % in 2005. Net secondary enrollment rate was at 63 % in 2005. Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious is the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), founded in Caracas in 1721, and Simón Bolívar University (USB), founded in Miranda State in 1967.

Health

Venezuela has a national universal health care system that is free of charge. The current government has created a program to expand access to health care known as Misión Barrio Adentro.

Infant mortality in Venezuela stood at 16 deaths per 1,000 births in 2004, lower than the South American average (by comparison, the U.S. stands at 5 deaths per 1,000 births in 2006). Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five) stands at 17%; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas have the nation's highest rates. According to the United Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lack adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas. Diseases ranging from typhoid, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D are present in the country.

Venezuela has a total of 150 plants for sewage treatment. However still 13% of the population lack access to drinking water but this number has been dropping.

Crime

Corruption in Venezuela is high by world standards, and has been for much of the 20th century. The discovery of oil had worsened political corruption, and by the late 1970s, Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo's description of oil as "the Devil's excrement" had become a common expression in Venezuela. Venezuela has been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the Corruption Perceptions Index since the survey started in 1995. The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries.

Venezuela is a significant route for drug trafficking, with Colombian cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. Venezuela ranks fourth in the world for cocaine seizures, behind Colombia, the United States, and Panama.

In 2009, the homicide rate was approximately 57 per 100,000, one of the world’s highest, having trebled in the previous decade (according to The Economist). The capital Caracas has the second greatest homicide rate of any large city in the world, with 92 homicides per 100,000 residents. In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters. The government recently created a security force, the Bolivarian National Police, which has lowered crime rates in the areas in which it is so far deployed, and a new Experimental Security University.

Government

Executive

The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote with direct and universal suffrage, and is both head of state and head of government. The term of office is six years, and (as of 15 February 2009) a president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the Cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.

The President may ask the National Assembly to pass an enabling act granting the ability to rule by decree in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. Since 1959 six Presidents have been granted such powers.

Legislative

The unicameral Venezuelan parliament is the ''Asamblea Nacional'' ("National Assembly"). The number of members is variable, each state and the Capital district elect three representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the total population of the country. Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. For the 2010–2015 period the number of seats is 165. All deputies serve five-year terms.

The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not compulsory.

Judicial

The legal system of Venezuela belongs to the Continental Law tradition. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or ''Tribunal Supremo de Justicia'', whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single twelve-year term. The National Electoral Council (''Consejo Nacional Electoral'', or ''CNE'') is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales said in December 2009 that Venezuela had moved away from "a rigid division of powers" toward a system characterized by "intense coordination" between the branches of government. Morales clarified that each power must be independent adding that "one thing is separation of powers and another one is division".

Foreign relations

thumb|President Hugo Chávez with former Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2004.Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt during which the U.S. government recognized the short-lived interim presidency of Pedro Carmona. Correspondingly, ties to various Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the U.S. have strengthened.

Venezuela seeks alternative hemispheric integration via such proposals as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas trade proposal and the newly launched pan-Latin American television network teleSUR. Venezuela is one of the four nations in the world—along with Russia, Nicaragua and Nauru—to have recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Venezuela was a proponent of OAS's decision to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention, and is actively working in the Mercosur trade bloc to push increased trade and energy integration. Globally, it seeks a "multi-polar" world based on strengthened ties among Third World countries.

Military

The National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Fuerza Armada Nacional, FAN) are the overall unified military forces of Venezuela. It includes over 320,150 men and women, under Article 328 of the Constitution, in 5 components of Ground, Sea and Air. The components of the National Armed Forces are: the Venezuelan Army, the Venezuelan Navy, the Venezuelan Air Force, the Venezuelan National Guard, and the Venezuelan National Militia.

As of 2008, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch, known as the Armed Reserve. The President of Venezuela is the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces. The main roles of the armed forces are to defend the sovereign national territory of Venezuela, airspace, and islands, fight against drug trafficking, to search and rescue and, in the case of a natural disaster, civil protection. All men that are citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for the military at the age of 18, which is the age of majority in Venezuela.

Politics

Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics was dominated by the third-way Christian democratic COPEI and the center-left social democratic Democratic Action (AD) parties; this two-party system was formalized by the ''puntofijismo'' arrangement. Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup leader Hugo Chávez, and the launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela.

The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003, and the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, all of which failed. Chávez was re-elected in December 2006, but suffered a significant defeat in 2007 with the narrow rejection of the Venezuelan constitutional referendum, 2007, which had offered two packages of constitutional reforms aimed at deepening the Bolivarian Revolution.

There are currently two major blocs of political parties in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), its major allies Fatherland for All (PPT) and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition Mesa de la Unidad Democrática. This includes A New Era (UNT) together with allied parties Project Venezuela, Justice First, Movement for Socialism and others.

Culture

The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot which includes mainly to three different families: the indigenous, African and Spanish. The first two cultures were in turn differentiated according to the tribes. Acculturation and assimilation, typical of a cultural syncretism, conditioned to arrive at the current Venezuelan culture, similar in many respects to the rest of Latin America, although the natural environment means that there are important differences. The indigenous influence is limited to a few words of vocabulary and gastronomy. The African influence in the same way, in addition to musical instruments like the drum. The Spanish influence was more important and in particular came from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, places of origin most settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial era. As an example of this can include buildings, part of the music, the Catholic religion and language. Spanish influences are evident bullfights and certain features of gastronomy. Venezuela also enriched by other streams of Indian and European origin in the nineteenth century, especially from France. In the latest stage in the major cities and regions stormed oil of U.S. origin and manifestations of the new immigration of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, increasing the already complex cultural mosaic. For example, from United States comes the influence of taste for baseball and current architectural constructions.

Art

Venezuelan art was initially dominated by religious motifs, but began emphasizing historical and heroic representations in the late 19th century, a move led by Martín Tovar y Tovar. Modernism took over in the 20th century. Notable Venezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena, Cristóbal Rojas, Armando Reverón, Manuel Cabré; the kinetic artists Jesús-Rafael Soto and Carlos Cruz-Díez; and contemporary artist Yucef Merhi.

Literature

Venezuelan literature originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies; it was dominated by Spanish influences. Following the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuelan Romanticism, notably expounded by Juan Vicente González, emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as Andrés Eloy Blanco and Fermín Toro.

Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel Otero Silva, and Mariano Picón Salas. The great poet and humanist Andrés Bello was also an educator and intellectual. Others, such as Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul, contributed to Venezuelan Positivism.

Music

Indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by the groups Un Solo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. The national musical instrument is the cuatro. Typical musical styles and pieces mainly emerged in and around the ''llanos'' region, including ''Alma Llanera'' (by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael Bolívar Coronado), ''Florentino y el Diablo'' (by Alberto Arvelo Torrealba), ''Concierto en la Llanura'' by Juan Vicente Torrealba, and ''Caballo Viejo'' (by Simón Díaz).

The Zulian ''gaita'' is also a popular style, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the ''joropo''. Teresa Carreño was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuosa. In the last years, Classical Music has had great performances. The Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra, under the baton of its principal conductor Gustavo Dudamel, has hosted a number of excellent presentations in many European concert halls, notably at the 2007 London Proms, and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of El Sistema, a publicly financed voluntary sector music education program now being emulated in other countries.

Sport

Baseball is Venezuela's most popular sport, with the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League existing since 1945. In recent years football, spearheaded by the Venezuela national football team, is gaining popularity.

Other

Venezuela is well-known for its successes in beauty pageants. Miss Venezuela is a big event in the country, and Venezuela has received 5 Miss World, 6 Miss Universe, 6 Miss International and 1 Miss Earth titles.

Carlos Raúl Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the Baralt Theatre, the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge.

See also

International rankings of Venezuela

List of Venezuelans

South America Life Quality Rankings

References

External links

E-Government (in Spanish)

Chief of State and Cabinet Members

Venezuela at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

Venezuela at Encyclopædia Britannica

Venezuela from the Library of Congress Country Studies (1990)

Category:Caribbean countries Category:Federal countries Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:G15 nations Category:Member states of OPEC Category:South American countries Category:Spanish-speaking countries Category:States and territories established in 1811 Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations Category:Member states of the United Nations

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Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
name	Lona Andre
birthname	Launa Anderson
birth date	March 02, 1915
birth place	Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
death date	September 18, 1992
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress
yearsactive	1933–1947
spouse	Ed Norris (June 1935) (divorced) James T. Bolling (divorced March 1947)
homepage	}}

Lona Andre (March 2, 1915 – September 18, 1992) was an American film actress.

Born Launa Anderson in Nashville, Tennessee, Andre attracted attention with her first films in Hollywood and was named as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars of 1932. After winning the ''Paramount Panther Woman Contest'', she was signed to a movie contract by Paramount Pictures. When Paramount did not renew her option, Andre worked as a freelance artist

During the 1930s she appeared frequently in films, usually as the lead in "B" pictures, and by the end of the decade had starred in more than fifty films.

In 1934 Andre was part of the cast of ''School For Girls'' along with Toby Wing, Lois Wilson, Sidney Fox, and Dorothy Lee.

In June 1935, Andre eloped to Santa Barbara, California to marry MGM actor Ed Norris. Andre filed for an annulment action four days after her marriage in Tijuana, Mexico. She was later married to salesman, James T. Bolling, and was divorced from him in March 1947.

In 1938 Andre set a world's golfing record for women by shooting 156 holes of golf in 11 hours and 56 minutes on the Lake Norconian, California course. Her best round was 91 for 18 holes and her worst was 115.

Her acting career was greatly diminished during the 1940s, and she made her last film appearance in 1949 in ''Two Knights From Brooklyn''. After her film career ended she became a successful businesswoman and never returned to acting.

She was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

References

''Los Angeles Times'', "Change Of Mind Balks Marriage", November 2, 1933, Page 17.

''Los Angeles Times'', "Musical Picture Tops Program On Pantages Screen", October 18, 1934, Page 19.

''Los Angeles Times'', "Daughter Trio Elope; Cupid Snares Mother", June 7, 1935, Page A1.

''Los Angeles Times'', "Lona Andre's Marriage Ends With Annulment", October 19, 1935, Page A3.

''Ogden, Utah Standard-Examiner'', "Going Hollywood", October 28, 1938, Page 9.

''Syracuse Herald-Journal'', "Big Phone Bill Wins Divorce", March 23, 1947, Page 104.

External links

Category:American film actors Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Actors from Tennessee Category:1915 births Category:1992 deaths

es:Lona Andre ru:Лона Андре

Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
name	Hattie McDaniel
birth date	June 10, 1895
birth place	Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
death date	October 26, 1952
death place	Woodland Hills, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress
years active	1932–1949
spouse	Larry Williams (1949-1950) (divorced)James Lloyd Crawford (1941-1945) (divorced)Howard Hickman (1938-1938) (divorced)George Langford (1922-1922) (his death) }}

Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895October 25, 1952) was the first African-American actress to win an Academy Award. She won the award for Best Supporting Actress for her role of Mammy in ''Gone with the Wind'' (1939).

In addition to having acted in many films, McDaniel was a professional singer-songwriter, comedian, stage actress, radio performer, and television star. Hattie McDaniel was in fact the first black woman to sing on the radio in America. Over the course of her career, McDaniel appeared in over 300 films, although she received screen credits for only about 80. She gained the respect of the African American show business community with her generosity, elegance, and charm.

McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood: one for her contributions to radio at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard, and one for motion pictures at 1719 Vine Street. In 1975, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and in 2006 became the first black Oscar winner honored with a US postage stamp.

Background and early acting career

Hattie McDaniel was born June 10, 1895, in Wichita, Kansas, to former slaves. She was the youngest of 13 children. Her father Henry McDaniel fought in the Civil War with the 122nd USCT and her mother, Susan Holbert, was a singer of religious music. In 1900, the family moved to Colorado, living first in Fort Collins and then in Denver, where Hattie graduated from Denver East High School. Her brother Sam McDaniel (1886–1962) played the butler in the 1948 Three Stooges short film ''Heavenly Daze''. Another acting sibling of Hattie and Sam was actress Etta McDaniel.

In addition to performing, Hattie was also a songwriter, a skill she honed while working with her brother's minstrel show. After the death of her brother Otis in 1916, the troupe began to lose money, and it wasn't until 1920 that Hattie received another big opportunity. During 1920–25, she appeared with Professor George Morrison's ''Melody Hounds'', a touring black ensemble, and in the mid-1920s she embarked on a radio career, singing with the ''Melody Hounds'' on station KOA in Denver. In 1927–1929 she also recorded many of her songs on Okeh Records and Paramount Records in Chicago.

When the stock market crashed in 1929, the only work McDaniel could find was as a washroom attendant and waitress at Club Madrid in Milwaukee. Despite the owner's reluctance to let her perform, McDaniel was eventually allowed to take the stage and became a regular.

In 1931, McDaniel made her way to Los Angeles to join her brother Sam and sisters Etta and Orlena. When she could not get film work, she took jobs as a maid or cook. Sam was working on KNX radio program called ''The Optimistic Do-Nut Hour'', and he was able to get his sister a spot. She appeared on radio as Hi-Hat Hattie, a bossy maid who often "forgets her place." Her show became extremely popular, but her salary was so low that she had to continue working as a maid.

Her first film appearance was in ''The Golden West'' (1932), as a maid; her second was in the highly successful Mae West film ''I'm No Angel'' (1933), as one of the plump black maids West camped it up with backstage. She received several other uncredited film roles in the early 1930s, often singing in choruses.

In 1934, McDaniel joined the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). She began to attract attention and finally landed larger film roles that began to win her screen credits. Fox Film Corporation put her under contract to appear in ''The Little Colonel'' (1935), with Shirley Temple, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson and Lionel Barrymore.

''Judge Priest'' (1934), directed by John Ford and starring Will Rogers, was the first film in which she played a major role. She had a leading part in the film and demonstrated her singing talent, including a duet with Rogers. McDaniel and Rogers became friends during filming.

In 1935 McDaniel had prominent roles with her performance as a slovenly maid in RKO Pictures' ''Alice Adams'', a comic part as Jean Harlow's maid/traveling companion in MGM's ''China Seas'', the latter her first film with Clark Gable, and as Isabella the maid in Murder by Television, with Béla Lugosi.

She had a featured role as Queenie in Universal Pictures' 1936 version of ''Show Boat'' starring Irene Dunne, and sang a verse of ''Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man'' with Dunne, Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, and the African-American chorus. Later in the film she and Robeson sang ''I Still Suits Me'', a song written especially by Kern and Hammerstein for the film.

After ''Show Boat'' she had major roles in MGM's ''Saratoga'' (1937), starring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable, ''The Shopworn Angel'' (1938) with Margaret Sullavan, and ''The Mad Miss Manton'' (1938), starring Barbara Stanwyck and Henry Fonda. She had a very minor role in the Carole Lombard/Frederic March vehicle ''Nothing Sacred'' (1937), in which she appeared as the wife of a shoeshine man (Troy Brown) masquerading as a sultan.

McDaniel had befriended several of Hollywood's most popular stars, including Joan Crawford, Tallulah Bankhead, Bette Davis, Shirley Temple, Henry Fonda, Ronald Reagan, Olivia de Havilland and Clark Gable, with the last two of whom she would star in ''Gone with the Wind''.

It was around this time that she began to be criticized by members of the black community for roles she was choosing to take. ''The Little Colonel'' (1935) depicted black servants longing for a return to the Old South. Ironically, McDaniel's portrayal of Malena in RKO Pictures' ''Alice Adams'' angered white Southern audiences. She managed to steal several scenes away from the film's star, Katharine Hepburn. This was the type of role she became best known for, the sassy, independently minded, and opinionated maid.

''Gone with the Wind''

The competition to play Mammy in ''Gone with the Wind'' (1939) had been almost as stiff as that for Scarlett O'Hara. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote to film producer David O. Selznick to ask that her own maid, Elizabeth McDuffie, be given the part. McDaniel did not think she would be chosen, because she was known for being a comic actress. Clark Gable recommended the role go to McDaniel; when she went to her audition dressed in an authentic maid's uniform, she won the part.

The Loew's Grand Theater on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia, was selected as the theater for the premiere of ''Gone with the Wind'', Friday, December 15, 1939. When the date of the Atlanta premiere approached, all the black actors were barred from attending and excluded from being in the souvenir program. David Selznick had attempted to bring Hattie McDaniel, but MGM advised him not to because of Georgia's segregationist laws, which would have required McDaniel to stay in a segregated "blacks-only" hotel and prevented her from sitting in the theater with her white peers. Clark Gable angrily threatened to boycott the Atlanta premiere unless McDaniel was allowed to attend, but McDaniel convinced him to attend anyway.

Most of Atlanta's 300,000 citizens crowded the route of the seven-mile motorcade that carried the film's other stars and executives from the airport to the Georgian Terrace Hotel, where they stayed. While the Jim Crow laws kept McDaniel from the Atlanta premiere, she did attend the Hollywood debut on December 28, 1939. This time, upon Selznick's insistence, her picture was featured prominently in the program. (It would also be included in programs for all areas outside the South.)

It was her role as the sassy servant who repeatedly scolds her mistress, Scarlett O'Hara (Vivien Leigh), and scoffs at Rhett Butler (Clark Gable), that won McDaniel the 1939 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, making her the first African American to win an Oscar. She was also the first African American ever to be nominated. "I loved Mammy," McDaniel said. "I think I understood her because my own grandmother worked on a plantation not unlike Tara." Her role in ''Gone with the Wind'' had alarmed some in the Southern audience; there were complaints that in the film she had been too familiar with her white employer.

Oscar night

Louella Parsons, an American gossip columnist, wrote about Oscar night, February 29, 1940: :"Hattie McDaniel earned that gold Oscar, by her fine performance of "Mammy" in ''Gone with the Wind''. If you had seen her face when she walked up to the platform and took the gold trophy, you would have had the choke in your voice that all of us had when Hattie, hair trimmed with gardenias, face alight, and dress up to the queen's taste, accepted the honor in one of the finest speeches ever given on the Academy floor. She put her heart right into those words and expressed not only for herself, but for every member of her race, the gratitude she felt that she had been given recognition by the Academy. Fay Bainter, with voice trembling, introduced Hattie and spoke of the happiness she felt in bestowing upon the beaming actress Hollywood's greatest honor. Her proudest possession is the red silk petticoat that David Selznick gave her when she finished ''Gone with the Wind''".

''Gone with the Wind'' was awarded ten Academy Awards, a record that stood for years, and has been named by the American Film Institute (AFI) as number four among the top 100 American films of all time.

Later acting career

As the 1940s progressed, the servant roles McDaniel and other African American performers had so frequently played were subjected to increasingly strong criticism by groups such as the NAACP. McDaniel's ''Gone with the Wind'' co-star Ann Rutherford recalled how McDaniel thought some of her friends looked down on her for playing a maid. McDaniel said; "Why should I complain about making $700 a week playing a maid? If I didn't, I'd be making $7 a week being one.".

In the 1942 Warner Bros. film ''In This Our Life'', starring Bette Davis and directed by John Huston, she once again played a domestic, but one who confronts racial issues as her law student son is wrongly accused of manslaughter.

The following year, McDaniel was in Warner Bros' ''Thank Your Lucky Stars'', with Humphrey Bogart and Bette Davis. In its review of the film, ''Time'' listed McDaniel was one of the points of relief in an otherwise "grim study," saying, "Hattie McDaniel, whose bubbling, blaring good humor more than redeems the roaring bad taste of a Harlem number called Ice Cold Katie."

Hattie McDaniel continued to play maids during the war years, in Warner Bros' ''The Male Animal'' (1942) and United Artists' ''Since You Went Away'' (1944), but her feistiness was toned down.

She made her last film appearances in ''Mickey'' (1948) and ''Family Honeymoon'' (1949). She was still quite active on radio and television in her final years, becoming the first major African American radio star with her comedy series ''Beulah''. She starred in the ABC television version, taking over for Ethel Waters after the first season. It was a hit, earning McDaniel $2,000 a week. After filming a handful of episodes, however, McDaniel learned she had breast cancer. By the spring of 1952, she was too ill to work and was replaced by Louise Beavers.

Off-camera

Legal case: Victory on "Sugar Hill"

''Time'' magazine, December 17, 1945: :Spacious, well-kept West Adams Heights still had the complacent look of the days when most of Los Angeles' aristocracy lived there. In the Los Angeles courtroom of Superior Judge Thurmond Clarke last week some 250 of West Adams' residents stood at swords' points.

:Their story was as old as it was ugly. In 1938, Negroes, willing and able to pay $15,000 and up for Heights property, had begun moving into the old eclectic mansions. Many were movie folk—Actresses Louise Beavers, Hattie McDaniel, Ethel Waters, etc. They improved their holdings, kept their well-defined ways, quickly won more than tolerance from most of their white neighbors.

:But some whites, refusing to be comforted, had referred to the original racial restriction covenant that came with the development of West Adams Heights back in 1902 which restricted "Non-caucasians" from owning property. For seven years they had tried to enforce it, but failed. Then they went to court ...

:Superior Judge Thurmond Clarke decided to visit the disputed ground—popularly known as "Sugar Hill." ... Next morning, ... Judge Clarke threw the case out of court. His reason: "It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed them under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Judges have been avoiding the real issue too long."

:Said Hattie McDaniel, of West Adams Heights: "Words cannot express my appreciation."

It was McDaniel, the most famous of the black homeowners, who helped to organize the black West Adams residents that saved their homes. Loren Miller, a local attorney and owner/publisher of the California Eagle newspaper represented the minority homeowners in their restrictive covenant case. In 1944, he had won the case ''Fairchild v Rainers'', a decision for a black Pasadena, California, family that had bought a non-restricted lot but was sued by white neighbors anyway.

McDaniel had purchased her white two-story, seventeen-room house in 1942. The house included a large living room, dining room, drawing room, den, butler's pantry, kitchen, service porch, library, four bedrooms and a basement. McDaniel had a yearly Hollywood party. Everyone knew that the king of Hollywood, Clark Gable, would be faithfully present at all of McDaniel's Movieland parties.

Community service

McDaniel was also a member of Sigma Gamma Rho, one of four African-American Greek letter sororities in the United States. During World War II, McDaniel was the Chairman of the Negro Division of the Hollywood Victory Committee, providing entertainment for soldiers stationed at military bases. She also put in numerous personal appearances to hospitals, threw parties, performed at United Service Organizations (USO) shows and war bond rallies, to raise funds to support the war, on behalf of the Victory Committee. Bette Davis also performed for black regiments as the only white member of an acting troupe formed by Hattie McDaniel, that also included Lena Horne and Ethel Waters. She was also a member of American Women's Voluntary Services.

She joined Clarence Muse for an NBC radio broadcast to raise funds for Red Cross relief programs for Americans, many of them black, who had been displaced by devastating floods. Within the black community, she gained a reputation for generous giving, often feeding and lending money to friends and stranger alike without question.''

Marriages

While her career was advancing in the 1920s, her husband, George Langford, died soon after she married him in 1922, and her father died the same year. She married Howard Hickman in 1938 but divorced him later the same year. In 1941, she married James Lloyd Crawford, real estate salesman. According to the book ''Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams'', by Donald Bogle, McDaniel happily informed gossip columnist Hedda Hopper in 1945 that she was pregnant. McDaniel began buying baby clothes and setting up a nursery. Her plans were shattered when the doctor informed her she had a false pregnancy; McDaniel fell into a depression. She divorced Crawford in 1945, after four and a half years of marriage. She said he was jealous of her career and once threatened to kill her.

In Yuma, Arizona, on June 11, 1949, she married Larry Williams, interior decorator. She divorced him in 1950, after testifying that their five months together had been marred by "arguing and fussing." Ms. McDaniel broke down in tears when she testified that her husband tried to create dissension among the cast of her radio show and otherwise interfered with her work. "I haven't got over it yet", she said. "I got so I couldn't sleep. I couldn't concentrate on my lines."

Death

McDaniel died at age 57 from breast cancer, in the hospital on the grounds of the Motion Picture House in Woodland Hills, on October 26, 1952. She was survived by her brother, Sam McDaniel, a film actor. Thousands of mourners turned out to remember her life and accomplishments. McDaniel wrote: "I desire a white casket and a white shroud; white gardenias in my hair and in my hands, together with a white gardenia blanket and a pillow of red roses. I also wish to be buried in the Hollywood Cemetery". The Hollywood Cemetery on Santa Monica Boulevard in Hollywood was the resting place of movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks, Rudolph Valentino, and others. The owner, Jules Roth, refused to allow her to be buried there, because they did not take black people. Her second choice was Rosedale Cemetery, where she lies today.

In 1999, Tyler Cassity, the new owner of the Hollywood Cemetery, who had renamed it Hollywood Forever Cemetery, wanted to right the wrong and have McDaniel interred in the cemetery. Her family did not want to disturb her remains after the passage of so much time, and declined the offer. Hollywood Forever Cemetery instead built a large cenotaph memorial on the lawn overlooking the lake in honor of McDaniel. It is one of the most popular sites for visitors.

Will

The last will filed for probate disposed of less than $10,000 ($|r=0}}}} as of ), to a few relatives and friends, her estate having been eroded by medical costs. She left $1 ($|r=0}}}} as of ), to her last husband, Larry C. Williams.

Legacy and recognition

thumb|Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to radio at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard. McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood: one for her contributions to radio at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard, and one for motion pictures at 1719 Vine Street. In 1975, she was inducted posthumously into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.

In 1994, actress and singer Karla Burns launched her one-woman show ''Hi-Hat-Hattie'' (written by Larry Parr), which examines the life of McDaniel. She went on to perform the role in several other cities through 2002 including Off-Broadway in New York and the Long Beach Playhouse Studio Theatre in California.

In 2002, the legacy of Hattie McDaniel was celebrated when American Movie Classics (AMC) portrayed her life in the film ''Beyond Tara, The Extraordinary Life Of Hattie McDaniel'' (2001), produced and directed by Madison D. Lacy, Ph.D., and hosted by Whoopi Goldberg. The one-hour special showed the struggles and triumphs as McDaniel, in spite of racism and adversity, knocked down the doors of segregation in Hollywood and made her presence known. The film won the 2001–2002 Daytime Emmy Award, presented on May 17, 2002, for Outstanding Special Class Special.

McDaniel was featured as the 29th inductee on the ''Black Heritage'' Series by the United States Postal Service. She was the first black Oscar winner honored with a stamp. The 39-cent stamp was released on January 29, 2006. This stamp features a 1941 photograph of McDaniel in the dress she wore when she accepted her Academy Award in 1940. The ceremony took place at the Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, where the Hattie McDaniel collection includes photographs of McDaniel and other family members, as well as scripts and other documents.

In her acceptance speech for best supporting actress in the film ''Precious'' at the 82nd Academy awards, Mo'Nique stated, "I want to thank Miss Hattie McDaniel for enduring all that she had to so that I would not have to." Mo'Nique was dressed in a blue dress, with gardenias in her hair, in homage to McDaniel, who wore the same thing to the award ceremony in 1940. In November 2009, she announced that she owned the rights to McDaniel's life story, in which she would play the starring role.

After Mo'Nique won her Oscar, questions rose about whatever became of Hattie McDaniel's Oscar upon her death. It was later reported by the Washington Post that McDaniel's Oscar was donated to Howard University's Drama Department to be displayed for future generations of students; McDaniel had been honored by the students of Howard University with a luncheon after winning her Oscar. The statue may have disappeared during racial unrest on the Washington, D.C., campus in the late 1960s.

August 16th 2011 has officially been declared Hattie McDaniel day on the Frank Decaro Show on Sirius OUTQ 108

Filmography

Features

''The Golden West'' (1932)

''Love Bound'' (1932)

''Impatient Maiden'' (1932)

''Are You Listening?'' (1932)

''The Washington Masquerade'' (1932)

''The Boiling Point'' (1932)

''Crooner'' (1932)

''Blonde Venus'' (1932)

''Hypnotized'' (1932)

''Hello, Sister'' (1933)

''I'm No Angel'' (1933)

''Merry Wives of Reno'' (1934)

''Operator 13'' (1934)

''King Kelly of the U.S.A.'' (1934)

''Judge Priest'' (1934)

''Flirtation'' (1934)

''Lost in the Stratosphere'' (1934)

''Babbitt'' (1934)

''Little Men'' (1934)

''The Little Colonel'' (1935)

''Transient Lady'' (1935)

''Traveling Saleslady'' (1935)

''China Seas'' (1935)

''Alice Adams'' (1935)

''Murder by Television'' (1935)

''Harmony Lane'' (1935)

''Music Is Magic'' (1935)

''Another Face'' (1935)

''We're Only Human'' (1935)

''Can This Be Dixie?'' (1936)

''Next Time We Love'' (1936)

''The First Baby'' (1936)

''The Singing Kid'' (1936)

''Gentle Julia'' (1936)

''Show Boat'' (1936)

''High Tension'' (1936)

''The Bride Walks Out'' (1936)

''Postal Inspector'' (1936)

''Star for a Night'' (1936)

''Valiant Is the Word for Carrie'' (1936)

''Libeled Lady'' (1936)

''Reunion'' (1936)

''Mississippi Moods'' (1937)

''Racing Lady'' (1937)

''Don't Tell the Wife'' (1937)

''The Crime Nobody Saw'' (1937)

''The Wildcatter'' (1937)

''Saratoga'' (1937)

''Stella Dallas'' (1937)

''Sky Racket'' (1937)

''Over the Goal'' (1937)

''Merry Go Round of 1938'' (1937)

''Nothing Sacred'' (1937)

''45 Fathers'' (1937)

''Quick Money'' (1937)

''True Confession'' (1937)

''Battle of Broadway'' (1938)

''Vivacious Lady'' (1938)

''The Shopworn Angel'' (1938)

''Carefree'' (1938)

''The Mad Miss Manton'' (1938)

''The Shining Hour'' (1938)

''Everybody's Baby'' (1939)

''Zenobia'' (1939)

''Gone with the Wind'' (1939)

''Maryland'' (1940)

''The Great Lie'' (1941)

''Affectionately Yours'' (1941)

''They Died with Their Boots On'' (1941)

''The Male Animal'' (1942)

''In This Our Life'' (1942)

''George Washington Slept Here'' (1942)

''Johnny Come Lately'' (1943)

''Thank Your Lucky Stars'' (1943)

''Since You Went Away'' (1944)

''Janie'' (1944)

''Three Is a Family'' (1944)

''Hi, Beautiful'' (1944)

''Janie Gets Married'' (1946)

''Margie'' (1946)

''Never Say Goodbye'' (1946)

''Song of the South'' (1946)

''The Flame'' (1947)

''Mickey'' (1948)

''Family Honeymoon'' (1949)

''The Big Wheel'' (1949)

Short subjects

''Mickey's Rescue'' (1934)

''Fate's Fathead'' (1934)

''The Chases of Pimple Street'' (1934)

''Anniversary Trouble'' (1935)

''Okay Toots!'' (1935)

''Wig-Wag'' (1935)

''The Four Star Boarder'' (1935)

''Arbor Day'' (1936)

Radio

Station KOA, Denver, ''Melony Hounds'' (1926) Station KNX, Los Angeles, ''The Optimistic Do-Nut Hour'' (1931) CBS Network, ''The Beulah Show'' (1947)

See also

List of African American firsts

List of black Academy Award winners and nominees

Footnotes

References

The Life and Struggles of Hattie McDaniel (author Jill Watts audio interview), hear the voice of Hattie McDaniel

Hopper, Hedda. "Hattie Hates Nobody". ''Chicago Sunday Tribune'', 1947.

Jackson, Carlton. ''Hattie: The Life of Hattie McDaniel''. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1990. ISBN 1568330049

Mitchell, Lisa. "More Than a Mammy". ''Hollywood Studio Magazine'', April 1979.

Salamon, Julie. "The Courage to Rise Above Mammyness". ''New York Times'', August 6, 2001.

Watts, Jill. ''Hattie McDaniel: Black Ambition, White Hollywood''. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0060514906

Young, Al. "I’d Rather Play a Maid Than Be One". ''New York Times'', October 15, 1989.

Zeigler, Ronny. "Hattie McDaniel: ‘(I’d). . . rather play a maid.’" ''N.Y. Amsterdam News'', April 28, 1979.

Access Newspaper Archive - search for "Hattie McDaniel"

External links

Category:1895 births Category:1952 deaths Category:People from Wichita, Kansas Category:African American film actors Category:African American actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Category:Actors from Kansas Category:Okeh Records artists Category:Deaths from breast cancer Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Category:Cancer deaths in California Category:20th-century actors

ar:هاتي ماكدانيال ca:Hattie McDaniel da:Hattie McDaniel de:Hattie McDaniel es:Hattie McDaniel eu:Hattie McDaniel fr:Hattie McDaniel ko:해티 맥대니얼 hr:Hattie McDaniel it:Hattie McDaniel he:האטי מקדניאל la:Hattie McDaniel nl:Hattie McDaniel ja:ハティ・マクダニエル no:Hattie McDaniel pl:Hattie McDaniel pt:Hattie McDaniel ro:Hattie McDaniel ru:Макдэниэл, Хэтти simple:Hattie McDaniel sr:Хати Макданијел sh:Hattie McDaniel fi:Hattie McDaniel sv:Hattie McDaniel th:แฮตตี แม็กแดเนียล tr:Hattie McDaniel yo:Hattie McDaniel

Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
Name	Didier Barbelivien
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Didier René Henri Barbelivien
Birth date	March 10, 1954
Origin	Paris, France
Genre	Pop music
Occupation	Author Lyricist Songwriter Singer
Years active	1974–present
Past members	}}

Didier Barbelivien (born 10 March 1954 in Paris) is a French author, lyricist, songwriter and singer. Beginning in the 1970s, he wrote a number of successful songs for artists such as: Dalida, Johnny Hallyday, Michel Sardou, Daniel Guichard, Claude François, Gilbert Montagné, Sylvie Vartan, Patti Layne, Gilbert Bécaud, Enrico Macias, Demis Roussos, Mireille Mathieu, Hervé Vilard, Michèle Torr, C. Jérôme, Christophe, Julio Iglesias, Sheila, Nicole Croisille, Patricia Kaas, Eric Charden, Jean-Pierre François, Michel Delpech, Philippe Lavil, Elsa, Gérard Lenorman, Ringo, Garou, Corynne Charby, David and Jonathan, and Caroline Legrand among others.

In the 80s and 90s, he enjoyed popular success singing his own songs, many of which climbed quickly to the top of the French charts of the era. In the 1990s, he sung several titles with Félix Gray.

He was made ''Chevalier'' (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur in 2009.

References

External links

Fan website

http://www.discogs.com/artist/Didier+Barbelivien

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:French songwriters Category:Writers from Paris Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:French male singers

de:Didier Barbelivien fr:Didier Barbelivien no:Didier Barbelivien pl:Didier Barbelivien ru:Барбеливьен, Дидье

Félix Boutboul, most know under the pseudonym of Félix Gray (born 28 June 1958, Tunis), is a French singer and songwriter.

He has a daughter named Marie-Charlotte, born on 7 January 1991.

Compositions

He has composed texts for various artists :

"Les Envies d'amour" for Adeline Blondieau Hallyday (1991)

"Should I Leave" for David Charvet (1997)

"Au Café des délices" for Patrick Bruel (1999)

In 2004, he wrote the musical ''Don Juan'' which was a world success. It outranked many of the greatest musical show in term of success at the opening in Montreal. Then it went to Paris, Asia and is on its way to be translated in English.

In March 2009, his new musical show "Sherazade, les milles et unes nuits" will play at the Olympia of Montreal until September 2009. However, The Olympia is keeping the theater free from any booking until the end of the year. Then, the show will probably head to Las Vegas or Dubai.

Discography

Albums

''Les Amours cassées'', with Didier Barbelivien (1991)

''Face cachée'' (1992)

''14 succès + 1 inédit'' (1996)

''Félix Gray'' (2001)

Singles

"La gitane (ma tête tourne...)" (1987) – #3 in France

"Histoire d'amour ratée" (1987)

"Fille des nuits" (1988)

"Te revoir à Madrid" (1989)

"A toutes les filles" (1990) with Didier Barbelivien – #1 in France

"Il faut laisser le temps au temps" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #1 in France

"E vado via" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #5 in France

"Nos amours cassés" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #20 in France

"Mourir pour elle" (1992)

"Chanson pour Marie" (1992)

"Les jours où j'ai mal" (1992)

"Un autre amour" (1992)

"Tellement je t'aime" (1992)

"Lettre apple" (1992)

"Banlieue dortoir" (1992)

"La plus belle fille du monde" (1992)

"A quoi tu penses ?" (1992)

"Tombe la nuit" (1992)

"Un seul blues" (1992)

"Bahia" (1994)

"Pour un amour" (Le prix pour ça) (1996)

"Dieu me pardonne" (2001)

"Lequel de nous" (2001)

"Tomber les voiles" (2001)

"Jérusalem" (2001)

"Toute une vie" (2001)

"Dis lui" (2001)

"T'attends quoi" (2001)

"Dire" (2001)

"Que de l'amour" (2001)

"Je t'attends" (2001)

"Un monde à part" (2001)

"L'histoire recommence" (2001) with Didier Barbelivien

"J'ai fait chanteur" (2001)

References

Félix Gray discography, with peak positions in French Chart

Category:1958 births Category:French-language singers Category:French male singers Category:French pop singers Category:Living people Category:People from Tunis

fr:Félix Gray