An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by and on behalf of the state, which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual.

Canada

Arrest warrants are issued by a judge or justice of the peace under section 83.29 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The judge must not be satisfied that the person named in the warrant is (a) is evading service of the order, is about to abscond, or attend the examination, or did remain in attendance, as required by the order.

Once the warrant has been issued, section 29 of the Code requires that the arresting officer must give notice to the accused of the existence of the warrant, the reason for it, and produce it if requested, if it is feasible to do so.

United Kingdom

The procedure for issuing arrest warrants differs in each of the three legal jurisdictions.

England and Wales

In England & Wales, arrest warrants can be issued for both suspects and witnesses.

Arrest warrants for suspects can be issued by a justice of the peace under section 1 of the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 if information (in writing) is laid before them that a person has committed or is suspected of having committed an offence. Such arrest warrants can only be issued for someone over 18 if:

the offence to which the warrant relates is an indictable offence or is punishable with imprisonment, or

the person's address is not sufficiently established for a summons to be served on him.

Arrest warrants for witnesses can be issued if: a justice of the peace is satisfied on oath that:

*any person in England or Wales is likely to be able to give material evidence, or produce any document or thing likely to be material evidence, at the summary trial of an information by a magistrates' court,

*it is in the interests of justice to issue a summons under this subsection to secure the attendance of that person to give evidence or produce the document or thing, and

*it is probable that a summons would not procure the attendance of the person in question.

or, if:

*a person has failed to attend court in response to a summons,

*the court is satisfied by evidence on oath that he is likely to be able to give material evidence or produce any document or thing likely to be material evidence in the proceedings,

*it is proved on oath, or in such other manner as may be prescribed, that he has been duly served with the summons, and that a reasonable sum has been paid or tendered to him for costs and expenses, and

*it appears to the court that there is no just excuse for the failure.

Scotland

Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland arrest warrants are usually issued by a magistrate.

United States

Warrants are typically issued by courts but can also be issued by one of the chambers of the United States Congress or other legislatures (via the call of the house motion) and other political entities.

In the United States, an arrest warrant must be supported by a signed and sworn affidavit showing probable cause that a specific crime(s) has been committed by the individual(s) named in the warrant.

In most jurisdictions, an arrest warrant is required for misdemeanors that do not occur within view of a police officer. However, as long as police have the necessary probable cause, a warrant is usually not needed to arrest someone suspected of a felony. Laws vary from state to state.

Mittimus

A mittimus is a writ issued by a court or magistrate, directing the sheriff or other executive officer to convey the person named in the writ to a prison or jail, and directing the jailor to receive and imprison the person.

An example of the usage of this word is as follows: "... Thomas Fraser, Gregor Van Iveren and John Schaver having some time since been Confirmed by the Committee of the County of Albany for being Persons disaffected to the Cause of America and whose going at large may be dangerous to the State, Ordered Thereupon that a Mittimus be made out to keep them confined till such time as they be discharged by the Board or any other three of the Commissioners." Minutes of the Commissioners for detecting and defeating Conspiracies in the State of New York, Albany County Sessions,1778–1781. (Albany, New York: 1909) Vol. 1, Page 90

In police jargon, these writs are sometimes referred to as a writ of capias, defined as orders to "take" a person or assets. Capias writs are often issued when a suspect fails to appear for a scheduled adjudication, hearing, etc.

Bench warrant

A ''bench warrant'' is a variant of an arrest warrant that authorizes the immediate on-sight arrest of the individual subject to the bench warrant. Typically, judges issue bench warrants for persons deemed to be in contempt of court—possibly as a result of that person's failure to appear at the appointed time and date for a mandated court appearance. Bench warrants are issued in either criminal or civil court proceedings.

Commonly (but not always), the person who is subject to a bench warrant has intentionally avoided a court appearance to escape the perceived consequences of being found guilty of a crime. If a person was on bail awaiting criminal trial when the nonappearance took place, the court usually forfeits bail and may set a higher bail amount to be paid when the subject is rearrested, but normally the suspect is held in custody without bail. If a person has a bench warrant against him when stopped by a law enforcement officer, the authorities put them in jail and a hearing is held. The hearing usually results in the court setting a new bail amount, new conditions, and a new court appearance date. Often, if a person is arrested on a bench warrant, the court declares them a flight risk (likely to flee) and orders that person to be held without bail.

Bench warrants are traditionally issued by sitting judges or magistrates.

Outstanding arrest warrant

An ''outstanding arrest warrant'' is an arrest warrant that has not been served. A warrant may be outstanding if the person named in the warrant is intentionally evading law enforcement, is unaware that a warrant is out for him/her, the agency responsible for executing the warrant has a backlog of warrants to serve, or a combination of these factors.

Some jurisdictions have a very high number of outstanding warrants. The U.S. state of California in 1999 had around 2.5 million outstanding warrants, with nearly 1 million of them in the Los Angeles area. The city of Baltimore, Maryland, had 53,000 as of 2007. New Orleans, Louisiana, has 49,000.

Some places have laws placing various restrictions on persons with outstanding warrants, such as prohibiting renewal of one's driver's license or obtaining a passport.

See also

Arrest without warrant

European Arrest Warrant

Search warrant

References

''Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction'' by Frank Schmalleger (2002)

Category:Criminal law Category:Warrants Category:Law enforcement terminology

de:Haftbefehl fr:Mandat d'arrêt ko:체포영장 he:צו מעצר nl:Arrestatiebevel no:Arrestordre pl:List gończy sv:Arresteringsorder zh:拘捕令

name	George Soros
birth date	August 12, 1930
birth place	Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary
alma mater	London School of Economics
occupation	Entrepreneur, currency trader, investor, philanthropist
networth	$14.5 billion (2011)
spouse	Twice divorced (Annaliese Witschak and Susan Weber Soros)
children	Robert, Andrea, Jonathan, Alexander, Gregory
nationality	Hungarian
website	georgesoros.com
footnotes	}}

George Soros (; or , ; born August 12, 1930, as Schwartz György) is a Hungarian-American financier, businessman, and notable philanthropist focused on supporting liberal ideals and causes. He became known as "the Man Who Broke the Bank of England" after he made a reported $1 billion during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crises. Soros correctly speculated that the British government would have to devalue the pound sterling.

Soros is Chairman of the Soros Fund Management. In July 2011, Soros announced that he was returning outside investment money (valued at $1 billion) and will only invest his own $24.5 billion family fortune because of new U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure rules. Soros is also the chairman of the Open Society Institute and a former member of the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations. He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Hungary (1984–89) and provided Europe's largest-ever higher education endowment to Central European University in Budapest. Later, the Open Society Institute's programs in Georgia were considered by Russian and Western observers to have been crucial in the success of the Rose Revolution. In the United States, he is known for donating large sums of money in an effort to defeat President George W. Bush's bid for re-election in 2004. In 2010, he donated $1 million in support of Proposition 19, which would have legalized marijuana in the state of California. He was an initial donor to the Center for American Progress, and he continues to support the organization through the Open Society Foundations. The Open Society Institute has active programs in more than 60 countries around the world with total expenditures currently averaging approximately $600 million a year.

In 2003, former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker wrote in the foreword of Soros' book ''The Alchemy of Finance'':

George Soros has made his mark as an enormously successful speculator, wise enough to largely withdraw when still way ahead of the game. The bulk of his enormous winnings is now devoted to encouraging transitional and emerging nations to become 'open societies,' open not only in the sense of freedom of commerce but – more important – tolerant of new ideas and different modes of thinking and behavior.

Family

Soros was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, the son of the Esperantist writer Tivadar Soros and Elizabeth Soros. Tivadar (also known as Teodoro) was a Hungarian Jew, who was a prisoner of war during and after World War I and eventually escaped from Russia to rejoin his family in Budapest.

The family changed its name from Schwartz to Soros in 1936, in response to growing anti-semitism with the rise of fascism. Tivadar liked the new name because it is a palindrome and because of its meaning. Although the specific meaning is left unstated in Kaufman's biography, in Hungarian, ''soros'' means ''next in line'', or ''designated successor''; and, in Esperanto, it means "will soar". Tivadar taught George to speak Esperanto from birth. Soros later said that he grew up in a Jewish home and that his parents were cautious with their religious roots.

Married and divorced twice, Soros has three children with Annaliese Witschak (Robert, Andrea, Jonathan) and two with Susan Weber Soros (Alexander and Gregory). His elder brother, Paul Soros, also a private investor and philanthropist, is an engineer, who headed Soros Associates and established the Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for Young Americans. Soros' nephew Peter Soros, a son of Paul Soros, married the former Flora Fraser – a daughter of Lady Antonia Fraser and the late Sir Hugh Fraser and a stepdaughter of the late 2005 Nobel Laureate Harold Pinter. Fraser and Soros separated in 2009.

His son Alexander Soros is also gaining prominence for his donations to social and political causes. Alexander led the list of student political donors in the 2010 election cycle.

Early life

Soros was thirteen years old in March 1944 when Nazi Germany occupied Hungary. Soros took a job with the Jewish Council, which had been established during the Nazi occupation of Hungary to carry out Nazi and Hungarian government anti-Jewish measures. Soros later described this time to writer Michael Lewis:

The Jewish Council asked the little kids to hand out the deportation notices. I was told to go to the Jewish Council. And there I was given these small slips of paper...It said report to the rabbi seminary at 9 am...And I was given this list of names. I took this piece of paper to my father. He instantly recognized it. This was a list of Hungarian Jewish lawyers. He said, "You deliver the slips of paper and tell the people that if they report they will be deported."

Later that year, at age 14, Soros lived with and posed as the godson of an employee of the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture. On one occasion, the official was ordered to inventory the remaining contents of the estate of a wealthy Jewish family that had fled the country. Rather than leave the young Soros alone in the city, the official brought him along. The following year, Soros survived the Battle of Budapest, in which Soviet and German forces fought house-to-house through the city.

Soros emigrated to England in 1947 and, as an impoverished student, lived with his uncle, an Orthodox Jew. His uncle paid his living expenses while he attended the London School of Economics, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Philosophy in 1952. While a student of the philosopher Karl Popper, Soros worked as a railway porter and as a waiter. A University tutor requested aid for Soros, and he received £40 from a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) charity. He eventually secured an entry-level position with London merchant bank Singer & Friedlander.

Emigration

In 1956, Soros moved to New York City, where he worked as an arbitrage trader with F. M. Mayer (1956–59) and as an analyst with Wertheim & Co. (1959–63). Throughout this time, Soros developed a philosophy of ''reflexivity'' based on the ideas of Karl Popper. Reflexivity, as used by Soros, is the belief that the action of beholding the valuation of any market, by its participants, affects said valuation of the market in a procyclical "virtuous or vicious" circle.

Soros realized, however, that he would not make any money from the concept of reflexivity until he went into investing on his own. He began to investigate how to deal in investments. From 1963 to 1973, he worked at Arnhold and S. Bleichroder, where he attained the position of Vice-President. Soros finally concluded that he was a better investor than he was a philosopher or an executive. In 1967, he persuaded the company to set up First Eagle, an offshore investment fund for him to run; and, in 1969, it founded the Double Eagle hedge fund for him.

In 1973, when investment regulations restricted his ability to run the funds as he wished, he resigned his position and established a private investment company, which evolved into the Quantum Fund. He has stated that his intent was to earn enough money on Wall Street to support himself as an author and philosopher – he calculated that $500,000 after five years would be possible and adequate.

He also once had a small stake in the Carlyle Group.

Business

In 1970, Soros founded Soros Fund Management with Jim Rogers. In 1973, he left Arnhold and S. Bleichroder to set up his own hedge fund with $12 million from investors. Christoper Ink was also involved, and other partners have included Victor Niederhoffer and Stanley Druckenmiller. Rogers retired from the fund in 1980.

Initially called the Soros Fund, it was eventually renamed the Quantum Fund. In 2000, the Quantum Group of Funds was reorganized, and the flagship Quantum Endowment Fund was established. Soros Fund Management LLC is the principal advisor to the Quantum Endowment Fund. Soros is the Chairman of Soros Fund Management. The firm's day-to-day operations are managed by Soros's two elder sons and the firm's Chief Investment Officer Keith Anderson. The fund has assets of approximately $27 billion. Recent investments include the 2010 purchase of a 20% stake in BNK Petroleum.

In 2007, the Quantum Fund returned almost 32%, netting Soros $2.9 billion.

In August 2010, Soros bought a 4 per cent stake in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for about $35 million. Soros’s Quantum hedge fund bought the stake from Dubai Financial, a part of the state-run Dubai Holdings, for an estimated Rs. 380 per share. Over 5,000 companies are listed on the exchange.

In July 2011, Soros closed his Quantum hedge fund to outside investment, running the hedge fund as an investment vehicle for his family's fortune.

Currency speculation

On September 16, 1992, Black Wednesday, Soros's fund sold short more than $10 billion worth of pounds, profiting from the UK government's reluctance to either raise its interest rates to levels comparable to those of other European Exchange Rate Mechanism countries or to float its currency.

Finally, the UK withdrew from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, devaluing the pound sterling, earning Soros an estimated $1.1 billion. He was dubbed "the man who broke the Bank of England". In 1997, the UK Treasury estimated the cost of Black Wednesday at £3.4 billion.

On Monday, October 26, 1992, ''The Times'' quoted Soros as saying: "Our total position by Black Wednesday had to be worth almost $10 billion. We planned to sell more than that. In fact, when Norman Lamont said just before the devaluation that he would borrow nearly $15 billion to defend sterling, we were amused because that was about how much we wanted to sell."

Stanley Druckenmiller, who traded under Soros, originally saw the weakness in the pound. "Soros' contribution was pushing him to take a gigantic position."

In 1997, during the Asian financial crisis, the Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir bin Mohamad accused Soros of using the wealth under his control to punish the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for welcoming Myanmar as a member. Following on a history of antisemitic remarks, Mahathir made specific reference to Soros's Jewish background ("It is a Jew who triggered the currency plunge") and implied Soros was orchestrating the crash as part of a larger Jewish conspiracy. Nine years later, in 2006, Mahathir met with Soros and afterwards stated that he accepted that Soros had not been responsible for the crisis. In 1998's ''The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered'' Soros explained his role in the crisis as follows:

The financial crisis that originated in Thailand in 1997 was particularly unnerving because of its scope and severity.... By the beginning of 1997, it was clear to Soros Fund Management that the discrepancy between the trade account and the capital account was becoming untenable. We sold short the Thai baht and the Malaysian ringgit early in 1997 with maturities ranging from six months to a year. (That is, we entered into contracts to deliver at future dates Thai Baht and Malaysian ringgit that we did not currently hold.) Subsequently Prime Minister Mahathir of Malaysia accused me of causing the crisis, a wholly unfounded accusation. We were not sellers of the currency during or several months before the crisis; on the contrary, we were buyers when the currencies began to decline – we were purchasing ringgits to realize the profits on our earlier speculation. (Much too soon, as it turned out. We left most of the potential gain on the table because we were afraid that Mahathir would impose capital controls. He did so, but much later.)

The nominal U.S. dollar GDP of the ASEAN fell by $9.2 billion in 1997 and $218.2 billion (31.7%) in 1998.

''New York Times'' columnist Paul Krugman is critical of Soros's effect on financial markets.

"[N]obody who has read a business magazine in the last few years can be unaware that these days there really are investors who not only move money in anticipation of a currency crisis, but actually do their best to trigger that crisis for fun and profit. These new actors on the scene do not yet have a standard name; my proposed term is 'Soroi.'"

Public predictions

Soros' book, ''The New Paradigm for Financial Markets'' (May 2008), described a "superbubble" that had built up over the past 25 years and was ready to collapse. This was the third in a series of books he has written that have predicted disaster. As he states:

He ascribes his own success to being able to recognize when his predictions are wrong.

In February 2009, Soros said the world financial system had effectively disintegrated, adding that there was no prospect of a near-term resolution to the crisis. "We witnessed the collapse of the financial system[...]It was placed on life support, and it's still on life support. There's no sign that we are anywhere near a bottom."

Insider trading conviction

In 1988, he was asked to join a takeover attempt of the French bank Société Générale. He declined to participate in the bid but later bought a number of shares in the company. French authorities began an investigation in 1989, and in 2002 a French court ruled that it was insider trading, a felony conviction as defined under French securities laws, and fined him $2.3 million, which was the amount that he made using the insider information.

Punitive damages were not sought because of the delay in bringing the case to trial. Soros denied any wrongdoing and said news of the takeover was public knowledge.

His insider trading conviction was upheld by the highest court in France on June 14, 2006. In December 2006, he appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming that the 14-year delay in bringing the case to trial precluded a fair hearing.

Sports

In 2005, Soros was a minority partner in a group that tried to buy the Washington Nationals, a Major League baseball team. Some Republican lawmakers suggested that they might move to revoke baseball's antitrust exemption if Soros bought the team. In 2008, Soros' name was associated with AS Roma, an Italian football team but the club was not sold. Soros was also a financial backer of Washington Soccer L.P., the group that owned the operating rights to Major League Soccer club D.C. United when the league was founded in 1995, but the group lost these rights in 2000.

Philanthropy

Soros has been active as a philanthropist since the 1970s, when he began providing funds to help black students attend the University of Cape Town in apartheid South Africa, and began funding dissident movements behind the iron curtain.

Soros' philanthropic funding includes efforts to promote non-violent democratization in the post-Soviet states. These efforts, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe, occur primarily through the Open Society Institute (OSI) and national Soros Foundations, which sometimes go under other names (such as the Stefan Batory Foundation in Poland). As of 2003, PBS estimated that he had given away a total of $4 billion. The OSI says it has spent about $500 million annually in recent years.

''Time'' magazine in 2007 cited two specific projects – $100 million toward Internet infrastructure for regional Russian universities; and $50 million for the Millennium Promise to eradicate extreme poverty in Africa – while noting that Soros has given $742 million to projects in the U.S., and given away a total of more than $7 billion.

Other notable projects have included aid to scientists and universities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, help to civilians during the siege of Sarajevo, and Transparency International. Soros also pledged an endowment of €420 million to the Central European University (CEU). The Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus and his microfinance bank Grameen Bank received support from the OSI.

According to ''National Review'' the Open Society Institute gave $20,000 in September 2002 to the Defense Committee of Lynne Stewart, the lawyer who has defended alleged terrorists in court and was sentenced to 2⅓ years in prison for "providing material support for a terrorist conspiracy" via a press conference for a client. An OSI spokeswoman said "it appeared to us at that time that there was a right-to-counsel issue worthy of our support."

In September 2006 Soros pledged $50 million to the Millennium Promise, led by economist Jeffrey Sachs to provide educational, agricultural, and medical aid to help villages in Africa enduring poverty. The New York Times termed this endeavor a "departure" for Soros whose philanthropic focus had been on fostering democracy and good government, but Soros noted that most poverty resulted from bad governance.

He received honorary doctoral degrees from the New School for Social Research (New York), the University of Oxford in 1980, the Corvinus University of Budapest, and Yale University in 1991. Soros also received the Yale International Center for Finance Award from the Yale School of Management in 2000 as well as the Laurea Honoris Causa, the highest honor of the University of Bologna in 1995.

Political donations and activism

United States

In an interview with ''The Washington Post'' on November 11, 2003, Soros said that removing President George W. Bush from office was the "central focus of my life" and "a matter of life and death." He said he would sacrifice his entire fortune to defeat President Bush, "if someone guaranteed it." Soros gave $3 million to the Center for American Progress, $2.5 million to MoveOn.org, and $20 million to America Coming Together. These groups worked to support Democrats in the 2004 election. On September 28, 2004 he dedicated more money to the campaign and kicked off his own multi-state tour with a speech: ''Why We Must Not Re-elect President Bush'' delivered at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. The online transcript to this speech received many hits after Dick Cheney accidentally referred to FactCheck.org as "factcheck.com" in the Vice Presidential debate, causing the owner of that domain to redirect all traffic to Soros's site. Asked in 2006 about his statement in ''The Age of Fallibility'' that "the main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States", Soros responded that "it happens to coincide with the prevailing opinion in the world. And I think that's rather shocking for Americans to hear. The United States sets the agenda for the world. And the rest of the world has to respond to that agenda. By declaring a 'war on terror' after September 11, we set the wrong agenda for the world. [...] when you wage war, you inevitably create innocent victims."

Soros was not a large donor to US political causes until the 2004 presidential election, but according to the Center for Responsive Politics, during the 2003–2004 election cycle, Soros donated $23,581,000 to various 527 groups dedicated to defeating President Bush. A 527 group is a type of American tax-exempt organization named after a section of the United States tax code, 26 U.S.C. § 527.

After Bush's re-election, Soros and other donors backed a new political fundraising group called Democracy Alliance, which supports progressive causes and the formation of a stronger progressive infrastructure in America.

In August 2009, Soros donated $35 million to the state of New York to be ear-marked for under-privileged children and given to parents who had benefit cards at the rate of $200 per child aged 3 through 17, with no limit as to the number of children that qualified. An additional $140 million was put into the fund by the state of New York from money they had received from the 2009 federal recovery act.

On October 26, 2010, Soros donated $1 million, the largest donation in the campaign, to the Drug Policy Alliance to fund Proposition 19, that would have legalized marijuana in the state of California if it had passed in the November 2, 2010 elections.

Eastern Europe

According to Neil Clark in the ''New Statesman'', Soros's role was crucial in the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. From 1979, as an advocate of 'open societies', Soros financially supported dissidents including Poland's Solidarity movement, Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia and Andrei Sakharov in the Soviet Union donating $3 million a year according to Clark. In 1984, he founded his first Open Society Institute in Hungary and pumped millions of dollars into opposition movements and independent media. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Soros' funding has continued to play an important role in the former Soviet sphere. His funding of pro-democratic programs in of Georgia was considered by Russian and Western observers to be crucial to the success of the Rose Revolution, although Soros has said that his role has been "greatly exaggerated." Alexander Lomaia, Secretary of the Georgian Security Council and former Minister of Education and Science, is a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation (Soros Foundation), overseeing a staff of 50 and a budget of $2,500,000.

Former Georgian Foreign Minister Salomé Zourabichvili wrote that institutions like the Soros Foundation were the cradle of democratisation and that all the NGOs which gravitated around the Soros Foundation undeniably carried the revolution. She opines that after the revolution the Soros Foundation and the NGOs were integrated into power.

Some Soros-backed pro-democracy initiatives have been banned in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Ercis Kurtulus, head of the Social Transparency Movement Association (TSHD) in Turkey, said in an interview that "Soros carried out his will in Ukraine and Georgia by using these NGOs...Last year Russia passed a special law prohibiting NGOs from taking money from foreigners. I think this should be banned in Turkey as well." In 1997, Soros had to close his foundation in Belarus after it was fined $3 million by the government for "tax and currency violations". According to ''The New York Times'', the Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko has been widely criticized in the West and in Russia for his efforts to control the Belarus Soros Foundation and other independent NGOs and to suppress civil and human rights. Soros called the fines part of a campaign to "destroy independent society".

In June 2009, Soros donated $100m to Central Europe and Eastern Europe to counter the impact of the economic crisis on the poor, voluntary groups and non-government organisations.

Africa

The Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa is a Soros-affiliated organization. Its director for Zimbabwe is Godfrey Kanyenze, who also directs the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), which was the main force behind the founding of the Movement for Democratic Change, the principal indigenous organization promoting regime change in Zimbabwe.

Drug policy reform

Soros has funded worldwide efforts to promote drug policy reform. In 2008, Soros donated $400,000 to help fund a successful ballot measure in Massachusetts known as the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative which decriminalized possession of less than 1 oz (28g) of marijuana in the state. Soros has also funded similar measures in California, Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Nevada and Maine. Among the drug decriminalization groups that have received funding from Soros are the Lindesmith Center and Drug Policy Foundation. Soros donated $1.4 million to publicity efforts to support California's Proposition 5 in 2008, a failed ballot measure that would have expanded drug rehabilitation programs as alternatives to prison for persons convicted of non-violent drug-related offenses.

In October 2010, Soros donated $1 million to support California's Proposition 19.

According to remarks in an interview in October 2009, it is Soros's opinion that marijuana is less addictive but not appropriate for use by children and students. He himself has not used marijuana for years.

Death and dying

The Project on Death in America, active from 2001 to 2003, was one of the Open Society Institute's projects, which sought to "understand and transform the culture and experience of dying and bereavement." In 1994, Soros delivered a speech in which he reported that he had offered to help his mother, a member of the Hemlock Society, commit suicide. In the same speech, he also endorsed the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, the campaign which he helped fund.

Philosophy

Education and beliefs

His philosophical outlook is influenced by Karl Popper, under whom he studied at the London School of Economics (LSE). His Open Society Institute is named after Popper's two volume work, ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'', and Soros's ongoing philosophical commitment to the principle of fallibilism (that anything he believes may in fact be wrong, and is therefore to be questioned and improved) stems from Popper's philosophy.

Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory

Soros' writings focus heavily on the concept of reflexivity, where the biases of individuals enter into market transactions, potentially changing the perception of fundamentals of the economy. Soros argues that such transitions in the perceptions of fundamentals of the economy are typically marked by disequilibrium rather than equilibrium, and that the conventional economic theory of the market (the 'efficient market hypothesis') does not apply in these situations. Soros has popularized the concepts of ''dynamic disequilibrium'', ''static disequilibrium'', and ''near-equilibrium'' conditions.

Reflexivity is based on three main ideas: # Reflexivity is best observed under special conditions where investor bias grows and spreads throughout the investment arena. Examples of factors that may give rise to this bias include (a) equity leveraging or (b) the trend-following habits of speculators. # Reflexivity appears intermittently since it is most likely to be revealed under certain conditions; i.e., the character of the equilibrium process is best considered in terms of probabilities. # Investors' observation of and participation in the capital markets may at times influence valuations ''and'' fundamental conditions or outcomes.

A current example of reflexivity in modern financial markets is that of the debt and equity of housing markets. Lenders began to make more money available to more people in the 1990s to buy houses. More people bought houses with this larger amount of money, thus increasing the prices of these houses. Lenders looked at their balance sheets which not only showed that they had made more loans, but that their equity backing the loans – the value of the houses, had gone up (because more money was chasing the same amount of housing, relatively). Thus they lent out more money because their balance sheets looked good, they were guaranteed by the Federal Government, and prices went up more.

This was further amplified by public policy. Many governments see home ownership as a positive outcome and so first home owners grant and other financial subsidies – or influences to buy a home such as the exemption of a primary residence from capital gains taxation – mean that house purchases were seen as a good thing. Prices increased rapidly, and lending standards were relaxed. The salient issue regarding reflexivity is that it explains why markets gyrate over time, and do not just stick to equilibrium – they tend to overshoot or undershoot.

View of potential problems in the free market system

Despite working as an investor and currency speculator, he argues that the current system of financial speculation undermines healthy economic development in many underdeveloped countries. Soros blames many of the world's problems on the failures inherent in what he characterizes as market fundamentalism. His opposition to many aspects of globalization has made him a controversial figure.

Victor Niederhoffer said of Soros: "Most of all, George believed even then in a mixed economy, one with a strong central international government to correct for the excesses of self-interest."

Soros claims to draw a distinction between being a participant in the market and working to change the rules that market participants must follow. According to Mahathir bin Mohamed, Prime Minister of Malaysia from July 1981 to October 2003, Soros – as the hedge fund chief of Quantum – may have been partially responsible for the economic crash in 1997 of East Asian markets when the Thai currency relinquished its peg to the US dollar. According to Mahathir, in the three years leading to the crash, Soros invested in short-term speculative investment in East Asian stock markets and real estate, then divested with "indecent haste" at the first signs of currency devaluation. Soros replied, saying that Mahathir was using him "as a scapegoat for his own mistakes", that Mahathir's promises to ban currency trading (which Malaysian finance officials hastily retracted) were "a recipe for disaster" and that Mahathir "is a menace to his own country".

In an interview regarding the late-2000s recession, Soros referred to it as the most serious crisis since the 1930s. According to Soros, market fundamentalism with its assumption that markets will correct themselves with no need for government intervention in financial affairs has been "some kind of an ideological excess". In Soros' view, the markets' moods – a "mood" of the markets being a prevailing bias or optimism/pessimism with which the markets look at reality – "actually can reinforce themselves so that there are these initially self-reinforcing but eventually unsustainable and self-defeating boom/bust sequences or bubbles".

In reaction to the late-2000s recession, he founded the Institute for New Economic Thinking in October 2009. This is a think tank composed of international economic, business and financial experts, mandated to investigate radical new approaches to organising the international economic and financial system.

Views on antisemitism

At a Jewish forum in New York City, November 5, 2003, Soros partially attributed a recent resurgence of antisemitism to the policies of Israel and the United States, and the role of wealthy and influential individuals:

There is a resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe. The policies of the Bush administration and the Sharon administration contribute to that. It's not specifically anti-Semitism, but it does manifest itself in anti-Semitism as well. I'm critical of those policies... If we change that direction, then anti-Semitism also will diminish. I can't see how one could confront it directly... I'm also very concerned about my own role because the new anti-Semitism holds that the Jews rule the world... As an unintended consequence of my actions... I also contribute to that image.

In a subsequent article for ''The New York Review of Books'', Soros emphasized that

I do not subscribe to the myths propagated by enemies of Israel and I am not blaming Jews for anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism predates the birth of Israel. Neither Israel's policies nor the critics of those policies should be held responsible for anti-Semitism. At the same time, I do believe that attitudes toward Israel are influenced by Israel's policies, and attitudes toward the Jewish community are influenced by the pro-Israel lobby's success in suppressing divergent views.

Views on China

Soros has expressed concern about the growth of Chinese economic and political power. "China has risen very rapidly by looking out for its own interests ... They have now got to accept responsibility for world order and the interests of other people as well." Regarding the political gridlock in America, he said, "Today China has not only a more vigorous economy, but actually a better functioning government than the United States".

Wealth

In 2010, ''Forbes'' lists Soros as the Forbes list of billionaires 35th richest person in the world, and the 14th richest person in America, with a net worth estimated at $14.2 billion. Soros has given away $7 billion to various causes since 1979.

Relation to Hungarian politics

In the 1980s Viktor Orbán, Chairman of Fidesz (1994–2000, 2000–) and Prime Minister (1998–2002, 2010–) and László Kövér, Chairman of Fidesz (2000), Secret Service Minister (1998–2002) and Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–), were Soros scholarship recipients. Furthermore the Orban cabinet's Deputy Prime Minister István Stumpf – now member of the Constitutional Court – was a member of the Soros Foundation's Board of Trustees between 1994 and 2002.

See also

George Soros conspiracy theories

Books

Authored or co-authored

''The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means'' (PublicAffairs, 2008). ISBN 1-58648-683-7

''The Age of Fallibility: Consequences of the War on Terror'' (PublicAffairs, 2006) ISBN 1-58648-359-5

''The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power'' (PublicAffairs, 2003) ISBN 1-58648-217-3 (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; ISBN 1-58648-292-0)

''George Soros on Globalization'' (PublicAffairs, 2002) ISBN 1-58648-125-8 (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2005; ISBN 1-52648-278-5)

''Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism'' (PublicAffairs, 2001) ISBN 1-58648-039-7

With Mark Amadeus Notturno, ''Science and the Open Society: The Future of Karl Popper's Philosophy'' (Central European University Press, 2000) ISBN 963-9116-69-6 (paperback: Central European University Press, 2000; ISBN 943-9116-70-X)

''The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered'' (PublicAffairs, 1998) ISBN 1-891220-27-4

''Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve'' (John Wiley, 1995) ISBN 0-471-12014-6 (paperback; Wiley, 1995; ISBN 0-371-11977-6)

''Underwriting Democracy: Encouraging Free Enterprise and Democratic Reform Among the Soviets and in Eastern Europe'' (Free Press, 1991) ISBN 0-02-930285-4 (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; ISBN 1-58948-227-0)

''Opening the Soviet System'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990) ISBN 0-297-82155-9 (paperback: Perseus Books, 1996; ISBN 0-8133-1205-1)

''The Alchemy of Finance'' (Simon & Schuster, 1988) ISBN 0-671-66338-4 (paperback: Wiley, 2003; ISBN 0-471-44549-5)

Biographies

''Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire'' by Michael T. Kaufman (Alfred A. Knopf, 2002) ISBN 0-375-40585-2

''Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor'' by Robert Slater (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009) ISBN 978-0-07-160844-2

Journalism

Authored

George Soros, "Why I support legal marijuana", ''The Wall Street Journal'', October 26, 2010.

George Soros, "The Crisis and the Euro", ''The New York Review of Books'', August 19, 2010.

George Soros, "On Israel, America and AIPAC", ''The New York Review of Books'', April 12, 2007.

George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy", ''The Atlantic'', December 2003.

George Soros, ''The Bubble of American Supremacy'', audio recording of ''The Atlantic'' article via ''Assistive Media'', read by Grover Gardner, 18 minutes.

George Soros, "Soros on Brazil", ''Financial Times'', August 13, 2002.

George Soros, "Bitter Thoughts with Faith in Russia", ''Moskovskiye Novosti'' (''Moscow News''), translated from the Russian by Olga Kryazheva, February 27, 2000.

George Soros, "The Capitalist Threat", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', February 1997.

George Soros, "Paulson Cannot be Allowed a Blank Cheque", ''Financial Times'', September 24, 2008

About

Stephen Adams "Furious George" on Citizen – Family Issues in Policy and Culture

John Authors, Book Review, "A successful prophet of the markets," Financial Times, May 19, 2008.

Laura Blumenfeld, ''Billionaire Soros Takes On Bush'', MSNBC, November 11, 2003

Connie Bruck, Abstract of New Yorker profile of Soros "The World According to Soros", The New Yorker, January 23, 1995

Neil Clark Analysis of Soros' role in Eastern Europe from "New Statesman"

Malcolm Gladwell, "Blowing Up," The New Yorker, April 22 & 29, 2002, at gladwell.com.

John Horvath The Soros Effect on Central and Eastern Europe

Matt Welch, ''Open Season on 'Open Society': Why an anti-communist Holocaust survivor is being demonized as a Socialist, Self-hating Jew'' Reason magazine, December 8, 2003

Martin Peretz, "Tyran-a-Soros: The Madness of King George," The New Republic, February 12, 2007.

TIME's 25 Most Influential Americans, TIME Magazine April 21, 1997. Accessed May 21, 2007.

The TIME 100, The Power Givers, George Soros, TIME Magazine May 14, 2007 accessed May 21, 2007.

Scholarly perspectives

Speeches

Testimony of George Soros to a congressional sub-committee, Sept. 15, 1998

The Theory of Reflexivity Delivered April 26, 1994 to the MIT Department of Economics World Economy

"The Differences Between Natural and Social Science: Implications of Fallibility" at IISc Bangalore, January 5, 2007

Testimony before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee Oversight Hearing on FTC Advanced Rulemaking and Oil Market Manipulation

Interviews

Fareed Zakaria discussing economic crisis with George Soros on GPS

The Leonard Lopate Show (WNYC) – Audio Archive: "George Soros on Freedom"

frontline: the crash: interviews: george soros

George Soros Interview On 60 Minutes

Wall $treet Week with FORTUNE . TV Program | PBS

Challenge: The international financial crisis – International ...

NOW with Bill Moyers. Transcript. David Brancaccio interviews ...

Booknotes with Brian Lamb. Transcript and streaming video.

Rocketboom: The Age of Fallibility (Video, 2006)

Google Video: Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google interviews George Soros (Video, 2006)

Fox News Interview with Neil Cavuto, October 11, 2006 Video and text, accessed May 25, 2007.

Interview with George Soros, September 5, 2000

Notes

External links

Open Society Institute and Soros Foundations Network

Institute for New Economic Thinking

Column archives at Project Syndicate

Column archives at ''The New York Review of Books''

Soros Fund Management 13F filing and Portfolio Activities

List of articles and speeches by and about George Soros

George Soros' Political Campaign Contributions

Forbes.com: Forbes 400 Richest in America

George Soros in SEC Filings

The Money Man – New Yorker

In depth review of The New Paradigm

Why Does Soros Bite Hand That Feeds Him? in Investor's Business Daily

Category:1930 births Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:American billionaires Category:American investors Category:American money managers Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Category:American philanthropists Category:Central European University Category:Drug policy reform activists Category:Framing theorists Category:Hedge fund managers Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States Category:Hungarian people of Jewish descent Category:Living people Category:Native Esperanto speakers Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People convicted of insider trading Category:People from Budapest Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class Category:Stock and commodity market managers Category:Stock traders Category:Currency traders

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| image	B._S._Yeddyurappa_Flower.jpg‎
birth date	February 27, 1943 of Karnataka
term start	May 30, 2008
term end	31 July 2011
constituency	Shikaripur
predecessor	President's rule
successor	D.V.Sadananda Gowda
order2	24th
office2	Chief Minister of Karnataka
term start2	November 12, 2007
term end2	November 19, 2007
constituency2	Shikaripur
predecessor2	H. D. Kumaraswamy
successor2	President's rule
party	BJP
religion	Hinduism
spouse	Late Mythradevi
children	2 sons:(B. Y. RaghavendraVijayendra)3 daughters:(ArunadeviPadmavatiUmadevi)
website	http://yeddyurappa.in
date	May 28
year	2008
source	http://kla.kar.nic.in/cm.htm }}

Bookanakere Siddalingappa Yeddyurappa (), (born February 27, 1943) is an Indian politician and was the 25th Chief Minister of Karnataka, sworn in on 30 May 2008. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and represents Shikaripura in the Karnataka legislative assembly. He became the Chief Minister of Karnataka after the BJP's success in the 2008 Karnataka Assembly election. He was also briefly the Chief Minister in November 2007 before the coalition government with Janata Dal (Secular) collapsed. He is the first person from the BJP to become the Chief Minister of a South Indian state.

Personal life

Yeddyurappa was born on February 27, 1943 in the village of Bookanakere in Mandya district in the state of Karnataka. His father Siddalingappa and mother Puttathayamma belonged to the Lingayat community. He was named after the presiding deity of a Shaivite temple built by the saint Siddalingeshwara at Yediyur in Tumkur district of Karnataka. He lost his mother at the age of four. He completed his education with a degree in Bachelor of Arts.

In 1965, he was appointed first-division clerk in the social welfare department but instead shifted to Shikaripur where he joined as a clerk at Veerabhadra Shastri's Shankar rice mill. In 1967, Yeddyurappa married Mythradevi, the daughter of the rice mill owner. He later set up a hardware shop in Shimoga. Yeddyurappa has two sons, Raghavendra and Vijayendra and three daughters, Arunadevi, Padmavati and Umadevi. In 2004, his wife died after falling into and drowning in a nearby well under mysterious circumstances. No case was registered.

Political career

Yeddyurappa's stint in public life began when he was appointed secretary of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's Shikaripur unit in 1970. In 1972, he was elected President of the Taluk unit of the Jan Sangh. In 1975, he was elected President of the Town Municipality of Shikaripur. He was imprisoned during the Emergency in India between 1975 and 1977 and lodged in the Bellary and Shimoga jails. In 1980, he was appointed President of the Shikaripur taluk unit of the BJP and he later went on to become the president of BJP's Shimoga district unit in 1985. In 1988, he became the President of the BJP unit of the state of Karnataka. He was first elected to the lower house of Karnataka Legislature in 1983 and has since represented the Shikaripur constituency six times. He has been a member of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth and Thirteenth Legislative Assemblies (lower house) of Karnataka. In the Tenth Assembly, he was chosen Leader of Opposition. In 1999, he lost the elections but was nominated by the BJP to become a member of the legislative council (upper house) of Karnataka.

He rose to prominence when he helped Janata Dal (Secular) party's H. D. Kumaraswamy to bring down the coalition government of Dharam Singh. Kumaraswamy formed the government with the help of the BJP in Karnataka headed by Yeddyurappa. A deal was struck between the JD(S) and BJP, which specified that H. D. Kumaraswamy would be the Chief Minister for the first 20 months, after which Yeddyurappa would become the Chief Minister for the remaining 20 months of the current tenure of the Legislature. Yeddyurappa was nominated as the Deputy Chief Minister as well as the finance minister in Kumaraswamy's Government.

However in October 2007, when Yeddyurappa's turn of becoming the Chief Minister was supposed to start, Kumaraswamy refused to resign from the post of the Chief Minister. This forced Yeddyurappa and all of the ministers from his party to resign and on October 5, he met the governor and formally withdrew the BJP's support from the government. Karnataka was put under President's rule which was revoked on November 7. During the period of the President's rule, the JD(S) and the BJP decided to bury their differences and this paved the way for Yeddyurappa to become the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Yeddyurappa was sworn in as the 25th Chief Minister of Karnataka on November 12, 2007. However, JD(S) refused to support his government over disagreement on sharing of ministries which made him resign from his post on November 19, 2007.

In Karnataka's 2008 Assembly elections, Yeddyurappa contested from Shikaripura against the Samajwadi Party's S. Bangarappa, another ex-Chief Minister. The Indian National Congress and JD(S) did not field a candidate in the constituency and backed Bangarappa, but despite this, Yeddyurappa won the seat by a margin over 45,000 votes. He took the oath of office as Chief Minister on May 30, 2008.

In December 2008, Yeddyurappa was conferred an Honorary Doctorate by the Saginaw Valley State University, USA.

In November 2010, Yeddyurappa was alleged to have used his position as Chief Minister to unfairly favour his sons in the allotment of prime land in Bangalore In response, on February 5, 2011, Yeddyurappa publicly declared his assets, and then challenged the opposition and the Indian National Congress to find any "black money". However, the Karnataka Lokayukta, established by Karnataka government to investigate allegation of high level government officials investigated this case and on July 27 2011, submitted its report to the State Government and the Supreme Court on the investigation of Yeddyurappa stating that there is enough evidence to charge him for illegally profiteering from land deals in Bangalore and Shimoga, and also in connection with the illegal iron ore export scam in Bellary, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts of Karnataka. The report recommended prosecuting Yeddyurappa. On 28 July 2011, he announced that he had sent his resignation letter, then showed some reluctance to resign, after which he disclosed that that resignation would be effective only from the 31st of July. Finally he yielded to pressure from the central leaders and he sent his resignation letter to BJP President Nitin Gadkari on the 31st July, and expressed his 'full support' to the party. .

Alleged involvement in mining scam

There has been controversy regarding allegations of him using his position to favour his sons in the allotment of land in Bangalore. One acre of land at Rachenahalli was purchased by his family for Rs 40 lakh (approx US$ 95,000) and was re-sold to a mining company for Rs. 20 crore ($ 4.8 million), resulting a significant profit.

To refute the charges, Yeddyurappa declared his assets estimated Rs. 11 crore – including 2.5 kg of gold and 76 kg of silver – to show that neither he nor his family members were involved in any financial irregularities. His assets was declared to be Rs. 1.82 crore in 2008, indicating a 500 % increase in two years.

Political drama continued in the state after he decided to swear in at Dharmasthala over the graft issue when his rival, H. D. Kumaraswamy claimed that the Chief Minister wanted to buy his silence. Blame game continued as the CM openly challenged Kumaraswamy to prove the truth in front of Lord Manjunatha Swamy at Dharmasthala. Though Kumaraswamy accepted the challenge, the whole Dharmasthala show down turned out to be a flop show. Three days before the challenge Yeddyurappa backed out of the challenge following the advice of his party national president, Nitin Gadkari, who was concerned mixing temple with politics.

In January 2011, two lawyers of the Karnataka High Court asked for permission to prosecute CM Yeddyurappa and governor H.R. Bhardwaj approved the request.

The Lokayukta report submitted on July 27, 2011 states that there is sufficient evidence to indict Yeddyurappa and recommended his prosecution under the Prevention of Corruption Act over this land deal. It indicated that the land that had been sold to South West Mining Ltd for Rs 20 crore, as quid pro quo. The market value determined by the government for the land Yeddyurappa's family purchased was Rs 1.4 crore when it was resold. In order to stimulate employment through private companies, state government distributed public land to private entities for mining. The allegations ranged from the land being distributed to a select few individuals with proper influence, mining and illegal transportation (without the required permit) of significantly more ore than what the private corporations disclosed to the government. The report suggested that the government was complacent about the illegal mining of 2.8 crores metric tons of iron ore from government lands without paying royalties to the government (at Rs 16.25 per ton). According to Lokayukta finding, South West Mining Company also had donated Rs 10 crore to the Prerana Education Society, a trust company managed by Yeddyurappa's family members, although Yeddyurappa denied that he was a part of the trust.

In addition, Lokayukta report stated that there is sufficient evidence to indict Yeddyurappa of granting illegal mining licenses to mining companies and benefiting through them. He and his family members are also alleged to have received bribe from mining companies. The Lokayukta papers reported that a mining firm donated Rs. 10 crore to a trust owned by the CM.

As of July 2011, Yeddyurappa has faced 38 attempts to oust him and thrice faced a vote of no confidence. The Lokayuta Report caused demands from within his party for his resignation, which he initially agreed to and then backed out of.

Following the submission of the Lokayukta report, he resigned on 31 July 2011.

After accepting the Lokayukta report, Governor Bhardwaj has again approved the prosecution of Yeddyurappa and the Karnataka High Court has allowed police to question him.

See also

List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka

List of politicians in India charged with corruption

Karnataka Lokayukta report on illegal mining

References

External links

Yeddyurappa's personal Website

Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians Category:Indian Hindus Category:Indian politicians Category:Kannada people Category:Karnataka politicians Category:Living people Category:People from Mandya Category:People from Shivamogga Category:1943 births

de:B. S. Yeddyurappa hi:बी एस येदियुरप्पा kn:ಬಿ.ಎಸ್. ಯಡಿಯೂರಪ್ಪ ml:ബി.എസ്. യെഡിയൂരപ്പ ta:பி. எஸ். எதியூரப்பா te:బి.ఎస్.యడ్యూరప్ప

A Libyan expatriate living in the United Kingdom, Al-Bashir Mohammed Al-Faqih () was convicted on two counts of possessing computer documents "likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism"

Allegedly a former member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, al-Faqih was arrested in March 2006, and a search of his premises revealed "books, CD-ROMs, documents and audio cassettes" described as "radical" by police, as well as a manual about the construction of explosives, and a book he had written about how setting up a group dedicated to overthrowing the Libyan government of Muammar al-Gaddafi.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people