A trimaran is a multihulled boat consisting of a main hull (vaka) and two smaller outrigger hulls (amas), attached to the main hull with lateral struts (akas). The design and names for the trimaran components are derived from the original proa constructed by native Pacific Islanders.

History

The first trimarans were built by indigenous Polynesians and other Pacific islanders almost 4,000 years ago, and much of the current terminology is inherited from them. Multihull sailboats (catamarans and trimarans) gained favor during the 1960s and 1970s. Modern recreational trimarans are rooted in the same homebuilt tradition as other multihulls but there are also a number of production models on the market. A number of trimarans in the have been designed over the last 30 years to be accommodated on a road trailer. These include the original Farrier - Corsair folding trimarans - and original John Westell swing-wing folding trimaran (using the same folding system later adopted also on Quorning Dragonfly) and like trimarans. Many sailboat designers have also designed demountable trimarans that are able to be trailered (like the SeaCart 30 by Oceanlake Marine ).

The trimaran design is also becoming more widespread as a passenger ferry. In 2005 the ''Benchijigua Express'' was delivered by Austal to Spanish ferry operator Fred.Olsen, S.A. for service in the Canary Islands. Capable of carrying 1,280 passengers and 340 cars, or equivalents, at speeds up to 40 knots, this boat was the longest aluminum ship in the world at the time of delivery. The trimaran concept has also been considered for modern warships. The RV ''Triton'' was commissioned by British defence contractor QinetiQ in 2000. In October 2005, the United States Navy commissioned for evaluation the construction of a General Dynamics Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) trimaran designed and built by Austal.

Multihull component terms

There are three terms that describe the components of modern multihulls. The term ''vaka'', like the related terms aka and ama, come from the Malay and Micronesian language group terms for parts of the outrigger canoe, and ''vaka'' can be roughly translated as canoe or main hull. Vaka - A proa consists of a vaka, the main canoe-like hull; an ama, the outrigger; and akas, the poles connecting the ama to the vaka. Aka - The aka of a multihull sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s) (outrigger). The term aka originated with the proa, but is also applied to modern trimarans. Ama - The term ama comes from the proa. The vaka is the main hull, the ama is the outrigger, and the aka or iako (Hawaiian) is the support connecting the two (not three) hulls. The term ama and aka have been widely applied to modern trimarans.

:''Catamarans and trimarans share the same terminology, with a vaka, ama, and aka.''

Semantically, the catamaran is a pair of ''Vaka'' held together by ''Aka'', whereas the trimaran is a central ''Vaka'', with ''Ama'' on each side, attached by ''Aka''.

The above section reflects American usage. In the UK the main hull of a trimaran is called simply the ''main hull'' or ''centre hull''. The side hulls are ''floats''. The structures between the main hull and the floats are called the ''wings'' and the structural portions thereof are ''beams''. In cruising trimarans the wings are solid and cabin accommodation extends over them, while in racing trimarans accommodation is limited to the main hull and the wings are open sheets of netting.

Comparison to Monohulls

Two types of trimaran exist: the regular trimaran and the open trimaran, which features a trampoline between the hulls instead of plating.

Trimarans have a number of advantages over comparable monohulls (conventional, single-hulled sailboats). Given two boats of the same length, the trimaran has a shallower draft, a wider beam, less wetted area, and is able to fly more sail area. In addition, because of the righting moment provided by the wide beam, trimarans do not need the weighted keel that is required in monohulls, often resulting in unsinkable designs. As a result of the wide beam, the trimaran offers much better straight-line performance than a monohull, is able to sail in shallower water, and maintains its stability in stronger winds. However, its wider beam requires more space to maneuver, so tacking and gybing can be trickier in confined areas and the narrower hulls provide less living space than an equivalently-sized monohull. Trimarans also require more docking space in marinas, unless the ama can be folded to reduce the beam.

As the righting moment (the force that resists the opposite torque of the wind on the sails) is produced by a float on either side called an ama and not a heavy protruding keel, trimarans are lighter and faster than a monohull of equivalent length. A lightweight retractable keel or foil, referred to as a centerboard or Daggerboard is often employed to resist lateral movement, making many models easily beachable. Most trimarans are difficult to flip sideways given a reasonable degree of caution, however, trimarans can reach speeds so great in high winds that they can plow into the back of a wave and flip end-over-end (Pitchpole). This hazard is especially dangerous for a multihull that is using a spinnaker in high winds and large seas. To avoid this unfortunate scenario trimaran sailors are advised to reduce sail and to always have all sails easily released. The use of trampolines with a large weave, to allow water to easily pass through, and the deployment of parachute anchors drogues and sea anchors whenever appropriate should reduce the risk to an acceptable degree.

The father of the modern sailing trimaran is Victor Tchetchet, a Russian émigré and a strong proponent of multihull sailing. Mr. Tchetchet, who was a fighter pilot during the First World War in the Czar’s Air Force, lived in Great Neck, New York from the 1940s until his death. He built two trimarans while living in the US, Eggnog 1 and 2. Both boats were made of marine plywood and were about 24 feet long. Mr. Tchetchet is credited with coining the name trimaran. Aside from boat design Mr. Tchetchet earned his living as a landscape and portrait painter. About the same time, Arthur Piver was also building trimarans in the USA and created many early plywood designs to which amateurs built their boats. Many successfully crossed oceans despite being relatively heavy and inferior compared to those of more modern design. The homebuilt cruiser movement survived his death in 1968, with designers Jim Brown, John Marples, Jay Kantola, Chris White, Norman Cross and Richard Newick bringing the trimaran cruiser to new levels of performance and safety.

Folding Trimarans

Several manufacturers build trimarans in which the floats can be folded near to the main hull. This allow them to be trailerable and/or to fit in a normal monohull space in a marina. At least 5 technologies are in use: Trimax trimarans use a hightech folding mechanism ''

Astusboats use telescopic tubes to connect the floats to the main hull.

Farrier Marine use a vertical folding mechanism, first used on the Trailertri and subsequently on most of his designs. All Farrier designed boats are known as Fboats (F22, F24, F27 etc.). Whisper also uses a vertical folding mechanism ''

Corsair Marine trimarans use the vertical folding mechanism designed by Ian Farrier. When Farrier resigned from the company in 2000, the "F" (for Farrier) designation was replaced with a "C" (for Corsair) designation on their trimarans.

Dragonfly Trimarans use a nearly horizontal articulation called ''SwingWing''. The slight angle makes the floats fold into the narrower, lower part of the central hull and also increases stability when in the folded position. A similar horizontal articulation design is also used in the Seaon 96CRB. This kind of system was first used in ''Ocean Bird'' trimarans designed by John Westell and built by Honnor Marine Ltd of Totnes. Telstar trimarans uses a unique horizontal folding design along with a simple mast raising system to facilitate trailer sailing. It can be powered easily with the amas folded in or extended.''

Safety

Advantages

Although it is possible for a trimaran to capsize, this is less frequent than with monohull boats because of the greater resistance to rolling that the amas offer. Most trimaran designs are considered nearly unsinkable because even when filled with water, the flotation of one ama is enough to keep the entire vessel afloat. Because of their stability and safety, special trimarans such as the Challenger, have become popular with sailors who have restricted mobility.

The greater speed compared to monohulls can also become important for safety when weather conditions are bad or threaten to deteriorate because the boat can leave the area of danger faster.

Potential buyers of trimarans should look for one that is designed with amas with multiple sealed partitions, controls that all run to the cockpit, a collision bulkhead, partial or full cockpit coverings or windshields, and drain holes in the cockpit that can adequately drain the cockpit quickly, among other things.

Disadvantages

Trimarans capsizes are more likely to be of the pitch-pole type than a roll to one side due to their higher sideways stability and speeds. Capsized trimarans are harder to turn upright than monohull boats. A capsized trimaran should not be righted by sideways rotation as this usually causes heavy damage of the mast and rigging. Harnesses pulling on the stern toward the bow, or from the bow toward the stern of capsized trimarans have been shown to be able to successfully turn them end-over-end. Several design features reduce the chance of pitch-pole capsize. These include having wing nets with an open weave designed to reduce windage and decks and nets that shed water easily. The best way to avoid capsize is to reduce the efficiency of the sails in heavy weather conditions.

In their early days, multihulls including trimarans ran a greater risk of material damage than monohulls. For ocean-going trimarans, even some trimaran sailors still considered this to be true.

Trimarans at anchor or mooring may follow the wind due to their light weight and shallow draft while monohulls usually follow the tides. This can cause collisions if the trimaran is close to another vessel and the swing circles overlap. A bridle to the anchor line may assist in reducing this swing.

33rd America's Cup

Competing with a giant trimaran the BMW Oracle Racing team representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club won the 2010 America's Cup on February 14, 2010, off Valencia, Spain, beating the giant catamaran Alinghi 2-0 in the best-of-three series and becoming the first American syndicate to win the cup since 1992. The large rigid wing sail of the USA 17 trimaran provided a decisive advantage and the trimaran won the America's Cup by a considerable margins in each race.

World record

Francis Joyon holds the new world record for solo circumnavigation of the world, set on January 20, 2008. The 51-year-old Frenchman circled the planet alone in 57 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes, 6 seconds in a trimaran. He beat British sailor Ellen MacArthur's record set in February 2005 for which she spent just over 71 days at sea.

French Sailor Franck Cammas holds the current record for fastest circumnavigation in the trimaran Groupama 3. The crewed circumnavigation was completed in 48 days, 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds.

In naval ships

Littoral combat ships built by General Dynamics at Bath Iron Works will be of a trimaran design. The USS ''Independence'' (LCS-2) is the first of these ships. Littoral combat ships built by Lockheed will be of a monohull design.

First launched in 2004 at Shanghai, the Houbei class missile boat of the PLAN utilizes a catamaran hull designed to accommodate the vessel's stealth features.

Image gallery sailing trimarans

Image gallery engine driven trimarans

See also

Catamaran

Multihull

RV Triton - A large powered trimaran vessel

Sailing

Notes

References

External links

A sailing community for enthusiasts of small trimarans

Category:Boat types Category:Trimarans Category:Multihulls Category:Sailboat types Category:Ship types

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Name	Jim Brown
Width	216
Currentnumber	32
Currentpositionplain	Running back / Fullback
Birth date	February 17, 1936
Birth place	St. Simons, Georgia
Heightft	6
Heightin	2
Weight	232
Highschool	Manhasset High School
College	Syracuse
Draftyear	1957
Draftround	1
Draftpick	6
Debutyear	1957
Debutteam	Cleveland Browns
Finalteam	Cleveland Browns
Finalyear	1965
Pastteams	Cleveland Browns (1957-1965)
Highlights	Rated #2 NFL Player of all-time by NFL.com as of 2009 season Pro Football Hall of Fame (1971) 9× Pro Bowl selection (1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965) 8× First-Team All-Pro selection (1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965) Second-Team All-Pro selection (1962) NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team NFL 1960s All-Decade Team 3× NFL MVP (1957, 1958, 1965) 3× UPI NFL MVP (1958, 1963, 1965) 3× Pro Bowl MVP (1961, 1962, 1965) Lacrosse Hall of Fame
Hof	33
Collegehof	50092
Statseason	1965
Statlabel1	Rushing yards
Statvalue1	12,312
Statlabel2	Rushing average
Statvalue2	5.2
Statlabel3	Rushing TDs
Statvalue3	106
Statlabel4	Receptions
Statvalue4	262
Statlabel5	Receiving yards
Statvalue5	2,499
Statlabel6	Receiving TDs
Statvalue6	20
Nfl	BRO483276 }}

James Nathaniel "Jim" Brown (born February 17, 1936) is an American former professional football player who has also made his mark as an actor. He is best known for his exceptional and record-setting nine-year career as a running back for the NFL Cleveland Browns from 1957 to 1965. In 2002, he was named by ''Sporting News'' as the greatest professional football player ever. He is considered to be one of the greatest professional athletes the U.S. has ever produced.

Early life

James Nathaniel Brown was born to Theresa (a housekeeper) and Swinton Brown (a professional boxer).

At Manhasset Secondary School, Brown earned 13 letters playing football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball and running track. According to the ''New York Times'':

Mr. Brown credits his self-reliance to having grown up on St. Simons's island, an all-black community off the coast of Georgia where he was raised by his grandmother and where racism did not affect him directly. At the age of 8 he moved to Manhasset, N.Y., where his mother worked as a domestic. It was at Manhasset High School that he became a football star and athletic legend.

He averaged a then-Long Island record 38 points per game for his basketball team. That record was later broken by future Boston Red Sox star Carl Yastrzemski of Bridgehampton.

College sports career

As a sophomore at Syracuse University, Brown was the second leading rusher on the team. As a junior, he rushed for 666 yards (5.2 per carry). In his senior year, Brown was a unanimous first-team All-American. He finished 5th in the Heisman Trophy voting, and set school records for highest rush average (6.2) and most rushing touchdowns (6). He ran for 986 yards—third most in the country despite Syracuse playing only eight games—and scored 14 touchdowns. In the regular-season finale, a 61–7 rout of Colgate, he rushed for 197 yards, scored six touchdowns and kicked seven extra points for 43 points (another school record). Then in the Cotton Bowl, he rushed for 132 yards, scored three touchdowns and kicked three extra points. But a blocked extra point after Syracuse's third touchdown was the difference as TCU won 28-27.

Brown is a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C. National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll.

Perhaps more impressive was his success as a multi-sport athlete. In addition to his football accomplishments, he excelled in basketball, track, and especially lacrosse. As a sophomore, he was the second leading scorer for the basketball team (15 ppg), and earned a letter on the track team. His junior year, he averaged 11.3 points in basketball, and was named a second-team All-American in lacrosse. His senior year, he was named a first-team All-American in lacrosse (43 goals in 10 games to rank second in scoring nationally).

Professional football career

Brown was taken in the first round of the 1956 draft by the Cleveland Browns. He departed as the NFL record holder for both single-season (1,863 in 1963) and career rushing (12,312 yards), as well as the all-time leader in rushing touchdowns (106), total touchdowns (126), and all-purpose yards (15,549). He was the first player ever to reach the 100-rushing-touchdowns milestone, and only a few others have done so since, despite the league's expansion to a 16-game season in 1978 (Brown's first four seasons were only 12 games, and his last five were 14 games). Brown's record of scoring 100 touchdowns in only 93 games stood until LaDainian Tomlinson did it in 89 games during the 2006 season. Brown holds the record for total seasons leading the NFL in all-purpose yards (5: 1958–1961, 1964), and is the only rusher in NFL history to average over 100 yards per game for a career. Brown was also a superb receiver out of the backfield, catching 262 passes for 2,499 yards and 20 touchdowns. Every season he played, Brown was voted into the Pro Bowl, and he left the league in style by scoring three touchdowns in his final Pro Bowl game. Perhaps the most amazing feat is that Jim Brown accomplished these records despite never playing past 29 years of age. Brown's 6 games with at least 4 touchdowns remains an NFL record. LaDainian Tomlinson and Marshall Faulk both have five games with 4 touchdowns.

Brown's 1,863 rushing yards in the 1963 season remain a Cleveland franchise record. It is currently the oldest franchise record for rushing yards out of all 32 NFL teams. While others have compiled more prodigious statistics, when viewing Brown's standing in the game his style of running must be considered along with statistical measures. He was very difficult to tackle (shown by his leading 5.2 yards per carry), often requiring more than one person to bring him down.

Brown retired far ahead of the second-leading rusher and remains the league's eighth all-time leading rusher, and is still the Cleveland Browns all-time leading rusher.

Acting career

Brown began his career as an actor with an appearance in the film ''Rio Conchos'' in 1964, then played a villain in a 1967 episode of ''I Spy'' called "Cops and Robbers", went on to star in the 1967 war movie ''The Dirty Dozen'' (during the filming of which he announced his retirement from professional football), the 1970 movie ''...tick...tick...tick...'', as well as in numerous other features. Biographer Mike Freeman credits Brown with becoming “the first black action star”, thanks to roles like the Marine captain he portrayed in the hit 1968 film ''Ice Station Zebra''.

In 1969, Brown starred in ''100 Rifles'' with Burt Reynolds and Raquel Welch. The film was one of the first to feature an interracial love scene. Raquel Welch reflects on the scene in Spike Lee's ''Jim Brown: All-American''. Brown acted with Fred Williamson in films such as 1974's ''Three the Hard Way'', 1975's ''Take a Hard Ride'', 1982's ''One Down, Two to Go'', 1996's ''Original Gangstas'' and 2002's ''On the Edge''. He also guest-starred in a handful of television episodes of various programs with Williamson. In 1998, he provided the voice of Butch Meathook in ''Small Soldiers''. Perhaps Brown's most memorable roles were as Robert Jefferson in ''The Dirty Dozen'', and in Keenen Ivory Wayans' 1988 comedy ''I'm Gonna Git You Sucka''. Brown also acted in 1987's ''The Running Man'', an adaptation of a Stephen King story, as Fireball. He played a coach in ''Any Given Sunday'' and also appeared in ''Sucker Free City'' and ''Mars Attacks!''. Brown appeared in some TV shows including ''Knight Rider'' in the season 3 premiere episode ''Knight of the Drones''.

Other post-football activities

In 1983, seventeen years after retiring from professional football, Brown mused about coming out of retirement to play for the Los Angeles Raiders when it appeared that Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris would break his all-time rushing record. Brown disliked Harris' style of running, criticizing the Steeler running back's tendency to run out of bounds, a marked contrast to Brown's approach of fighting for every yard and taking on the oncoming tackler. Eventually, Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears broke the record on October 7, 1984, with Brown having ended thoughts of a comeback. Harris himself, who retired after the 1984 season after playing eight games with the Seattle Seahawks, fell short of Brown's mark. Another Steeler running back, Jerome Bettis (whose running style more resembled Brown's), would later surpass Brown.

Brown's autobiography was published in 1989 by Zebra Books. It was titled ''Out of Bounds'' and was co-written with Steve Delsohn. He was a subject of the book ''Jim: The Author's Self-Centered Memoir of the Great Jim Brown'', by James Toback.

In 1993, Brown was hired as a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, a role he occupied for the first six pay-per-view events.

In 1988 Brown founded the Amer-I-Can Program. He currently works with kids caught up in the gang scene in Los Angeles and Cleveland through this Amer-I-Can program. It is a life management skills organization that operates in inner cities and prisons.

Brown was convicted of misdemeanor vandalism in 1999 for damaging the automobile of his wife, Monique. Rather than participate in domestic violence counseling, community service, and probation, Brown chose instead to serve several months in jail, because, he said, "The conditions of my sentence were ridiculous.”

In 2002, film director Spike Lee released the film ''Jim Brown: All-American''; a retrospective on Brown's professional career and personal life.

In 2008, Brown initiated a lawsuit against Sony and EA Sports for using his likeness in the Madden NFL video game series. He claimed that he "never signed away any rights that would allow his likeness to be used".

As of 2008, Brown was serving as an Executive Advisor to the Cleveland Browns, assisting to build relationships with the team's players and to further enhance the NFL’s wide range of sponsored programs through the team's player programs department.

Football accolades

Brown's memorable professional career led to his induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, while ''The Sporting News'' selected him as the greatest football player of all time. Brown's football talents at Syracuse garnered him a berth in the College Football Hall of Fame. Brown also earned a spot in the Lacrosse Hall of Fame, giving him a rare triple crown of sorts as well as being one of the few athletes to be a Hall of Fame member in more than one sport.

Brown’s claim to the title of greatest running back of all time is supported by statistics. In 118 career games, Brown averaged 104.3 yards per game and 5.2 yards per carry. None of the NFL’s career rushing leaders come close to these spectacular totals. For example, Walter Payton averaged only 88 yards per game during his career with a 4.4 yards-per-carry average. Emmitt Smith averaged only 81.2 yards per game with a 4.2 yards-per-carry average.

The only top ten all-time rusher who even approaches Brown’s totals, Barry Sanders, posted a career average of 99.8 yards per game and 5.0 yards per carry. However, Barry Sanders’ father, William, was frequently quoted as saying that Jim Brown was “the best I’ve ever seen.”

On November 4, 2010, Brown was chosen by NFL Network's NFL Films production The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players as the second greatest player in NFL history.

See also

Most consecutive starts (NFL)

Further reading

(autobiography) (autobiography) (autobiography)

In 2002, film director Spike Lee released the film Jim Brown: All-American; a retrospective on Brown's professional career and personal life.

References

External links

Video NFL Top 100 Players #2

OrangeHoops Profile on Jim Brown

Jim Brown at Yahoo movies

National Lacrosse Hall of Fame profile

Category:African American film actors Category:American basketball players Category:American football fullbacks Category:American football running backs Category:American lacrosse players Category:African American television actors Category:Baptists from the United States Category:Cleveland Browns players Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:National Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Football League 10,000 yard rushers Category:NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team Category:National Football League players with retired numbers Category:National Football League players with multiple rushing titles Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Spaghetti Western actors Category:Syracuse Orange lacrosse players Category:Syracuse Orange football players Category:Syracuse Orange men's basketball players Category:Syracuse Nationals draft picks Category:All-American college football players Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:People from Glynn County, Georgia Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:People from North Hempstead, New York Category:African-American activists Category:Gullah

de:Jim Brown es:Jim Brown fr:Jim Brown hr:Jim Brown it:Jim Brown lv:Džims Brauns ja:ジム・ブラウン pl:Jim Brown