Driving under the influence (DUI) (driving while intoxicated (DWI), drunken driving, drunk driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, drink-driving, impaired driving) is the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a specified limit. Similar regulations cover driving or operating certain types of machinery while affected by drinking alcohol or taking other drugs. This is a criminal offense in most countries. Details of the offense depend upon the jurisdiction, and may include merely being in physical control of a motor vehicle while being under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Convictions do not necessarily involve actual driving of the vehicle.

In most jurisdictions a measurement such as a blood alcohol content in excess of a defined level, such as 0.05% or 0.08% defines the offense, with no need to prove impairment or being under the influence of alcohol. In most countries, anyone who is convicted of injuring or killing someone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs can be heavily fined, as in France, in addition to being given a lengthy prison sentence.

Many states in the U.S. have adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, different from past practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued.

The specific criminal offense may be called, depending on the jurisdiction, ''driving under the influence'' [of alcohol or other drugs] (DUI), ''driving under intense influence'' (DUII), ''driving while intoxicated'' (DWI), "operating under the influence" (OUI) ''operating while intoxicated'' (OWI), ''operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated'' (OMVI), ''driving under the combined influence of alcohol and/or other drugs'', ''driving under the influence per se'' or ''drunk in charge'' [of a vehicle]. Other less common acronyms include ''operating a vehicle (while) impaired'' (OVI), and ''Driving While Ability Impaired'' (DWAI). Many such laws apply also to boating, piloting aircraft, riding a horse or conducting a horse-drawn vehicle, or cycling. In some jurisdictions there are separate charges depending on the vehicle used, such as BWI (bicycling while intoxicated), which may carry a lighter sentence.

In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in prison or jail, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986.

Blood alcohol level (BAC)

With the advent of a scientific test for blood alcohol content (BAC), enforcement regimes moved to pinning culpability for the offense to strict liability based on driving while having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol, although this does not preclude the simultaneous existence of the older subjective tests. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight. It does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. Since at least 2004, it has been illegal in all US states and the District of Columbia to drive with a BAC that is 0.08% or higher. Canada adopted similar laws in the 1990s.

The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized. (Taylor 2007)

Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. In some it may be illegal to be asleep in the driver's seat of a vehicle without any intention to drive.

The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and removing them from traffic until their fitness to drive has been established again. The Medical Psychological Assessment (MPA) works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender.

George Smith, a London taxi driver, was the first person to be convicted of drunk driving, on 10 September 1897. He was fined 25 shillings.

Field Sobriety Testing

Historically, guilt was established by observed driving symptoms, such as weaving; administering field sobriety tests, such as a walking a straight line heel-to-toe or standing on one leg for 30 seconds; and the arresting officer's subjective opinion of impairment. The officer must correctly perform the Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs) that are approved by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA). There are only three FSTs approved by NHTSA. The US Department of Transportation explains the Field Sobriety Test as, "a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest." Starting with the introduction in Norway in 1936 of the world’s first ''per se'' law which made it an offense to drive with more than a specified amount of alcohol in the body, objective chemical tests have gradually supplanted the earlier purely judgmental ones. Limits for chemical tests are specific for blood alcohol concentration or concentration of alcohol in breath.

Drunk driving law by country

The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries and varying blood alcohol content is allowed before a conviction is made.

See also

Breathalyzer

Continuous transdermal alcohol monitoring

Driving license

Drunk drivers

DWI court

Expungement

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

National Motorists Association

Remove Intoxicated Drivers

Sobriety checkpoints

References

External links

Impaired Driving, MedlinePlus

Category:Alcohol law Category:Crimes Category:Drunk driving Category:Vehicle law

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Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Mitchel Musso
background	solo_singer
birth name	Mitchel Tate Musso
birth date	July 09, 1991
origin	Garland, Texas, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, piano, guitar, drums
genre	Pop rock, Teen pop, Dance-pop
occupation	Actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter, Musician
years active	2002–present
label	Walt Disney (2008–2009)717 (2010–present)
website	Mitchel-Musso.com
associated acts	Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Katelyn TarverMason Musso }}

Mitchel Tate Musso (born July 9, 1991) is an American actor, singer and musician. Musso is best known for his three Disney Channel roles as Oliver Oken in the Disney Channel sitcom, ''Hannah Montana'', Jeremy Johnson in the Disney Channel animated series ''Phineas and Ferb'' and his role as King Brady in the Disney XD series ''Pair of Kings''. He is also the host of Disney Channel's latest reality series, ''PrankStars''.

In some of his other works, he provided his voice of DJ for the computer animated/motion capture film, ''Monster House'' and also starred as Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, ''Life Is Ruff,'' released in 2005. Musso's self-titled debut album was released on June 2, 2009. The album debuted at number 19 on the ''Billboard'' 200.

Early life

Musso was born in Garland, Texas, the son of Katherine (née Moore) and Samuel Musso, who were involved in community theater in Dallas, Texas. He has two siblings – Mason Musso, who sings lead vocals in the band Metro Station, and Marc Musso, an actor. Musso is of part Italian descent.

Career

Acting career

In 2004, Mitchel made his Hollywood film debut in ''Secondhand Lions'', alongside his brother Marc. Before Musso was cast in ''Secondhand Lions'', he had been in several films beforehand: ''Am I Cursed?'' as Richie and ''The Keyman'' as a cub scout both in 2002. Musso also starred in three episodes of ''King of the Hill'' as the voice of Bobby Hill's friend Curt in the episodes "The Powder Puff Boys" and "Bobby Rae" as well as the surfer kid in "Four Wave Intersection" in 2007.

In addition to his role as Oliver Oken in Disney Channel's Hannah Montana, Musso also voices Jeremy Johnson in ''Phineas and Ferb'', a boy whom Phineas's sister, Candace (Ashley Tisdale) has a crush on. Other acting credits include Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, ''Life Is Ruff'', the voice of Aang in the unaired version of the pilot episode of ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'', the voice of DJ in the film, ''Monster House'', and ''Hannah Montana: The Movie'', which was released on April 10, 2009. Musso was in the first Disney Channel Games in 2006 on the Green Team, and appeared on the Red Team in 2007 and 2008. He also appeared in the TV movie ''Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire'' alongside Chuck Norris and Selena Gomez. On June 2, 2008, Musso was a surprise guest at the Spotlight Awards at the North Shore Music Theatre in Beverly, Massachusetts. He presented awards to the Best Actor and Best Actress of the 2007–2008 theatrical year. In 2008 Musso, Miley Cyrus and Billy Ray Cyrus all made "family" guest appearances in Metro Station's music video for Seventeen Forever.

In late 2009, Musso was cast, along side ''The Suite Life on Deck'' and ''House of Payne'''s Doc Shaw, in a new television series for Disney XD titled ''Pair of Kings''. The series began production in March 2010, following the production of the final season of ''Hannah Montana'' in which Musso does not star in this season he will only be a guest. The series premiered on September 10, 2010. It was announced that Musso would be the host of Disney Channel's latest hidden camera reality series, ''PrankStars'', which will premiere on July 15, 2011.

Music career

Musso sang a remixed remake of the song "Lean on Me" for the Disney film, ''Snow Buddies''; the music video is included on the DVD and the song is included on the ''Radio Disney Jams, Vol. 10'' CD. Musso also sang the song "If I Didn't Have You" with ''Hannah Montana'' co-star Emily Osment for the ''DisneyMania 6'' CD in 2008 and sang the song ''Stand Out'' for the ''Disneymania 7'' CD in 2010. For their 2009 Disney Channel Original Movie, ''Hatching Pete'', Musso teamed up with co-star Tiffany Thornton, from ''Sonny with a Chance'', to record a song called "Let It Go" that was used in the film. The two also worked on a music video for the song which was released to Disney Channel. Musso also recorded a song called "The Girl Can't Help It" for another Disney Channel Original Movie, Princess Protection Program. "Let it Go" and "The Girl Can't Help It" was featured on the Disney compilation album, ''Disney Channel Playlist'', which was released on June 23, 2008. And sang "Live like Kings" on Disney XD's Pair of Kings

In a studio effort, Musso released his self-titled debut album on June 2, 2009. His debut single, "The In Crowd," a cover of a John Hampson song, premiered on Radio Disney on December 5, 2008. The song is also featured on ''Radio Disney Jams, Vol. 11''. His second single, "Hey", was released on May 15, 2009 on Radio Disney with an accompanying music video that premiered on Disney Channel.

In July and August 2009, Musso opened for Metro Station. He also launched a headlining tour in August, with KSM, as his opening act. The tour concluded September 24 in New Orleans, Louisiana. On Saturday, September 4, 2010 he put on a free concert at the Great New York State Fair's Chevy Court. One week later he put on another free show at the Utah State Fair. Musso's second release, ''Brainstorm'' was released on November 23, 2010. He made a video for each one of his songs on the album to "Tell the whole story." His song Celebrate was in the radio disney Top 3.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2002	''Am I Cursed?''	Richie
2002	''The Keyman''	Cub Scout
2003	''Secondhand Lions''	Boy
2004	''Oliver Beene''	One Nad aka Walter	Episode: "Soup to Nuts"
2005	''Avatar: The Last Airbender''	Aang (voice)	Television Pilot (Unaired) Note: Aang was then later recasted to Zach Tyler Elsen
2005	''Life Is Ruff''	Raymond Figg	Disney Channel Original Movie
2005	''Walker Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire''	Josh Whitley	Television movie
2006		DJ Walters	Voice
2006–2011	''Hannah Montana''	Oliver Oken/Mike Standley III	85 episodes
2007	''Shorty McShorts' Shorts''	Kevin	1 episode
2007–present	''Phineas and Ferb''	Jeremy Johnson (Voice)	51 episodes
2009	''Hatching Pete''	Cleatus Poole	Disney Channel Original Movie
2009	''Yin Yang Yo!''	Himself (Voice)
2009	''Hannah Montana: The Movie''	Oliver Oken
2010–present	''Pair of Kings''	King Brady	lead role
2010	''The Search for Santa Paws''	Adult Santa Paws	Voice
2011	''So Random!''	Himself
2011–present	''PrankStars''	Host/ Himself
2011	''Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension''		Disney Channel Original Movie	Based on Phineas and Ferb

Discography

; Studio albums:

''Mitchel Musso'' (2009)

; Extended plays:

''Brainstorm'' (2010)

References

External links

Official blog site

Mitchel Musso featuring KSM

Category:1991 births Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Texas Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American male singers Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American pop singers Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:English-language singers Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Texas Category:People from Dallas, Texas Category:People from Garland, Texas Category:People from the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex

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