[[Image:Mice-burying-the-cat.jpg|thumb|right|350px|"The Mice are burying the Cat", a 1760s lubok print. It has been commonly thought this plot is a caricature of Peter the Great's burial, authored by his opponents. The caption above the cat reads: "The Cat of Kazan, the Mind of Astrakhan, the Wisdom of Siberia" (a parody of the title of Russian Czars). It has been claimed by modern researchers that this is simply a representation of carnivalesque inversion, "turning the world upside down". ]] A lubok (pl.: ''Lubki'', Cyrillic: ) is a Russian popular print, characterized by simple graphics and narratives derived from literature, religious stories and popular tales. Lubki prints were used as decoration in houses and inns. Early examples from the late 17th and early 18th centuries were woodcuts, then engravings or etchings were typical, and from the mid-19th century lithography. They sometimes appeared in series, which might be regarded as predecessors of the modern comic strip. Cheap and simple books, similar to chapbooks, which mostly consisted of pictures, are called lubok literature or (Cyrillic: ). Both pictures and literature are commonly referred to simply as ''lubki''. The Russian word ''lubok'' itself means the inner bark of the linden tree and refers to a technique of woodcut from the bark of the linden tree, which used to be a common material in Russia for manufacturing various items: bast shoes, baskets, chests, etc.

Background

Russian lubki became a popular genre of during the last half of the seventeenth century. Russian lubok was primarily influenced by the "woodcuts and engravings done in Germany, Italy, and France during the early part of the fifteenth century". Its popularity in Russia was a result of how inexpensive and fairly simple it was to duplicate a print using this new technique. Luboks were typically sold at bazaars and other marketplaces to the lower and middle classes. This type of art was very popular with these two social classes because the lubok provided them with an inexpensive opportunity to display artwork in their houses.

The original lubki were woodcuts. The Koren Picture-Bible, 1692-1696 established the most prominent style, an "Old Russian" rendering of international iconography and subjects, most closely related to the frescos of the Upper Volga. By mid-18th century, however, the woodcuts were mostly replaced with engraving or etching techniques, which enabled the prints to be more detailed and complex . After printing on paper, the picture would be hand-colored with diluted tempera paints.. While the prints themselves were typically very simplistic and unadorned, the final product, with the tempera paint added, was surprisingly bright with vivid colors and lines. The dramatic coloring of the early woodcut prints was to some extent lost with the transfer to more detailed engravings.

In addition to the images, these folk prints would also include a short story or lesson that correlated to the picture being presented. Russian scholar Alexander Boguslawski claims that the lubok style "is a combination of Russian icon and manuscript painting traditions with the ideas and topics of western European woodcuts". Typically, the lubok's artist would include minimal text that was supplementary to the larger illustration that would cover the majority of the engraving.

Lubok genres

Folklorist Dmitri Rovinsky is known for his work with categorizing lubok. His system is very detailed and extensive, and his main categories are as follows: "icons and Gospel illustrations; the virtues and evils of women; teaching, alphabets, and numbers; calendars and almanacs; light reading; novels, folktales, and hero legends; stories of the Passion of Christ, the Last Judgement, and sufferings of the martyrs; popular recreation including Maslenitsa festivities, puppet comedies, drunkenness, music, dancing, and theatricals; jokes and satires related to Ivan the Terrible and Peter I; satires adopted from foreign sources; folk prayers; and government sponsored pictorial information sheets, including proclamations and news items".Jewish examples exist as well, mostly from Ukraine. Many ''luboks'' can be classified into multiple categories.

War lubok

The satirical version played an important role in the luboks from Russian wartime. It is used to present Napoleon in a satirical manner while portraying the Russian peasants as the heroes of the war. This also inspired other Russians to help fight the war by attempting to, “…redefine Russian national identity in the Napoleonic era” (Norris 2). The luboks presented a manner for the Russians to mock the French enemy, while at the same time display the ‘Russianness” of Russia. “These war luboks satirized Napoleon and depicted French culture as degenerate” (Norris 4). The lubok was a means of reinforcing the idea of defeating the French invaders and displaying the horrible destruction Napoleon and his army caused Russia. To help rekindle the Russian spirit the luboks displayed “The experience of the invasion and subsequent Russian winter rendered Napoleon and his troops powerless, and the luboks illustrated this view by depicting the French leader and soldiers as impotent when confronted by peasant men, women, and Cossacks” (Norris 9). All the different representation of the Russian heroes helped define and spread the belief in Russian identity.

Russo-Japanese War lubok

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 began on February 8, 1904, at Port Arthur with a surprise attack by the Japanese navy. At the time, “Russia was an established European power with a large industrial base and a regular army of 1.1 million soldiers. Japan, with few natural resources and little heavy industry, had an army of only 200,000 men”. Because of the staggering difference in military defense, Russia assumed itself to have the upper hand before the war ensued. Luboks depicting the overconfidence of the Russian army were created because censorship laws at the time did not allow satirical magazines to subsist.

With the use of satirical cartoons, luboks displayed pictures such as, “a Cossack soldier thrashing a Japanese officer, and a Russian sailor punching a Japanese sailor in the face”. These luboks, produced in Moscow and St. Petersburg, were anonymously created and recorded much of the Russo-Japanese War.

Perhaps due to the Russian’s overconfidence, “During the battle, the Japanese generals were able to size up their opponent and predict how he would react under certain circumstances. That knowledge enabled them to set a trap and defeat a numerically superior enemy”. Therefore, the Russian government eventually stepped in with its censor laws and stopped the creation of more satirical luboks. All in all, around 300 luboks were created during 1904-1905.

Pagan heritage

A theme that is presented in luboks is paganism and other religious elements. Some of the woodcuts refer to sorcery and create links to pagan cosmology. Certain luboks display Hell through Last Judgment scenes and some of the woodcuts present the underworld. Wolves, horses, reindeer and other animals are considered to be the ‘helping animals’ to the sorcerers in the woodcuts.

Another common element that is shown in the luboks is the portrayal of Baba Yaga fighting the guardian of the underworld who has reptilian features. Baba Yaga is dressed in distinctive costumes of elaborate embroidery and is related to folklore in her being presented as good sometimes and evil at other times. She is also frequently shown riding a pig as an identifying trait confirmed by, “Riding pigs was a prominent part of Maslenitsa (the Russian pre-Lenten carnival), and in another luboks a personification of Maslenitsa is shown riding into Moscow on the back of a pig to initiate the festivities” (Farrell 735). On the other hand, there is a lubok that presents the entrance to the underworld through Baba Iaga’s mouth, but it is disguised as a pig’s mouth.

References

Norris, Stephen. "Images of 1812: Ivan Terebenev and the Russian Wartime Lubok." National Identities Vol. 7(2005): pp. 1-15.

Farrell, Dianne. "Shamanic Elements in Some Early Eighteenth Century Russian Woodcuts." Slavic Review Vol. 54(1993): pp. 725-744.

External links

National Library of Russia - Lubok prints

Category:Russian art Category:Folk art

Category:Russian loanwords Category:Woodcuts Category:Prints (art)

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