Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Group	Mohawk
Population	78,000+
Region1	(Quebec, Ontario)
Pop1	30,000
Region2	(New York)
Pop2	20,000
Religions	Karihwiio, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, Christianity, Longhouse, Handsome Lake, Other Indigenous Religion
Languages	English, Kanien’kéha, Mohawk Dutch, Other Iroquoian Dialects
Related	Seneca Nation, Oneida Nation, Cayuga Nation, Onondaga Nation, Tuscarora Nation, other Iroquoian peoples}}

Mohawk (cognate with the Narraganset Mohowaùuck, 'they eat (animate) things,' hence 'man-eaters') are the most easterly tribe of the Iroquois confederation. They call themselves Kanien'gehaga, people of the place of the flint. (''Kanien'kehá:ka'', "People of the Place of Flint") are an Iroquoian-speaking indigenous people of North America originally from the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York. Their territory ranged to present-day southern Quebec and eastern Ontario. Their current settlements include areas around Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River in Canada. Their traditional homeland stretched southward of the Mohawk River, eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont, westward to the border with the Oneida Nation traditional homeland territory, and northward to the St Lawrence River. As original members of the Iroquois League, or ''Haudenosaunee'', the Mohawk were known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". For hundreds of years, they guarded the Iroquois Confederation against invasion from that direction by tribes from the New England and lower New York areas. Mohawk religion is predominantly Animist.

Origins of name

In the Mohawk language, the people call themselves the autonym, ''Kanien'kehá:ka'', "People of the Place of Flint". It has been spelled in a variety of ways as Europeans tried to put it into their phonetic systems (e.g. ''Canyeers''.) Some sources say Europeans adopted an Algonquian-language exonym given to the Kahnawake by traditional competitors of the tribe: in their language Mohawk meant "eaters of flesh". Other historians believe Europeans such as the Dutch, who called them ''Maquasen'', and English, who first called them ''Mohowawogs'', were trying to render the phonetic sounds of the name which they heard other tribes call them. The Dutch also referred to the Mohawk as Hawks, ''Egils'', or ''Maquas''. The French adapted these terms as ''Aigniers'', ''Maquis'', or called them by the generic ''Iroquois''. The accepted traditional use of "People of the Flint" is associated with their origins in the Mohawk Valley, their homeland in New York. There, the Natives used flint deposits to tip their arrows and for other toolmaking.

History Since Colonization

First contact with European settlers

In 1614, the Dutch opened a trading post at Fort Nassau, New Netherland near present-day Albany, New York. The Dutch initially traded for furs with the local ''Mahican''. In 1628, the Mohawk tribe defeated the Mahican, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawk gained a near-monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch by not allowing the neighboring Algonquian-speaking tribes to the north or east to trade with them. The Dutch established trading posts at present-day Schenectady and Schoharie, further west in the Mohawk Valley.

The Mohawk and Dutch became allies. Their relations were peaceful even during the periods of Kieft's War and the Esopus Wars, when the Dutch fought localized battles with other tribes. The Dutch trade partners equipped the Mohawk to fight against other nations allied with the French, including the ''Ojibwe'', Huron-Wendat, and Algonquin. In 1645 the Mohawk made peace with the French.

During the Pequot War (1634–1638), the Algonquian Indians of New England sought an alliance with the Mohawk. The Mohawk refused the alliance, killing the Pequot ''sachem'' Sassacus, who had come to them for refuge.

In the winter of 1651, the Mohawks attacked to the southeast and overwhelmed Algonquians in the coastal areas. They took between 500-600 captives. In 1664, the Pequot of New England killed a Mohawk ambassador, starting a war which resulted in the destruction of the Pequot. The Mohawks also attacked other members of the Pequot confederacy, in a war which lasted until 1671.

In 1666, the French attacked the Mohawk in the central New York area, burning all the Mohawk villages and their stored food supply. One of the conditions of the peace was that the Mohawks accept Jesuit missionaries. Beginning in 1669, missionaries attempted to convince many mohawks from paganism to Christianity and relocate to two mission villages near Montreal. These Mohawks became known as Kahnawake (also spelled ''Caughnawaga'') and they became allies of the French. Many converted to Catholicism at Kahnawake, the village named after them.

One of the most famous Catholic Mohawks was Kateri Tekakwitha, who was later beatified.

After the fall of New Netherland to England, the Mohawks in New York became English allies. During King Philip's War, Metacom, ''sachem'' of the warring Wampanoag Pokanoket, decided to winter with his warriors near Albany in 1675. Encouraged by the English, the Mohawks attacked and killed all but 40 of the 400 Pokanokets.

From the 1690s, the Mohawks in the New York colony underwent a period of Christianization by Protestant missionaries. Many were baptized with English surnames while others were given both first and surnames in English.

During the era of the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War), Anglo-Mohawk partnership relations were maintained by men such as Sir William Johnson (for the British Crown), Conrad Weiser (on behalf of the colony of Pennsylvania), and Hendrick Theyanoguin (for the Mohawks). The Albany Congress of 1754 was called in part to repair the damaged diplomatic relationship between the British and the Mohawks.

American Revolutionary War

During the second and third quarters of the 18th century, most of the Mohawks in the Province of New York lived along the Mohawk River at Canajoharie, a few lived at Schoharie, while the rest lived about 30 miles downstream at the Ticonderoga Castle also called Fort Hunter. The two settlements were traditionally called the Upper Castle and the Lower Castle. The Lower Castle was almost contiguous with Sir Peter Warren's Warrensbush. Sir William Johnson built his first house on the north bank of the Mohawk River almost opposite Warrensbush.

Because of unsettled conflicts with settlers encroaching into the Mohawk Valley and outstanding treaty obligations to the British Crown, Mohawks fought against the United States during the American Revolutionary War. Some prominent Mohawks, such as the sachem Little Abraham at Fort Hunter, remained neutral throughout the war. One man, Joseph Louis Cook, supported the Americans and received a commission from the Continental Congress. During this war, Johannes Tekarihoga was the leader of the Mohawks. Johannes Tekarihoga died about 1780. Catherine Crogan, wife of Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, named her brother Henry Crogan as the new Tekarihoga.

After the Revolution

After the American victory, most of the Mohawks migrated further west, or into Canada. The Mohawks at the Upper Castle fled to Fort Niagara, while most of those at the Lower Castle fled to Montreal.

Joseph Brant led a large group of Iroquois out of New York to Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario. Another Mohawk war chief, John Deseronto, led a group of Mohawks to the Bay of Quinte. Other Mohawks settled in the vicinity of Montreal, joining the communities at Kahnawake, Akwesasne, and Kanesatake.

On November 11, 1794, representatives of the Mohawks (along with the other Iroquois nations) signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States.

The Mohawks fought against the United States in the War of 1812.

Organization

Members of the Mohawk tribe now live in settlements spread throughout New York State and southeastern Canada. Among these are Ganienkeh and Kanatsiohareke in northeast New York, Akwesasne (St. Regis) along the New York-Ontario-Quebec border, Kanesatake (Oka) and Kahnawake in southern Quebec, and Tyendinaga and Wahta (Gibson) in southern Ontario. Mohawks also form the majority on the mixed Iroquois reserve, Six Nations of the Grand River, in Ontario. There are also Mohawk Orange Lodges in Canada.

Many Mohawk communities have two sets of chiefs, who rule in unison and are in some sense competing governmental rivals. One group are the hereditary chiefs nominated by clan matriarchs in the traditional Mohawk fashion; the other is the elected chief and councilors with whom the Canadian and U.S. governments usually prefer to deal exclusively. Since the 1980s, Mohawk politics have been driven by factional disputes over gambling, land claims, traditional government jurisdiction, taxation, and the Indian Act.

Both the elected chiefs and the controversial Warrior Society have encouraged gambling as a means of ensuring tribal self-sufficiency on the various reserves or Indian reservations. Traditional chiefs have tended to oppose gaming on moral grounds and out of fear of corruption and organized crime. Such disputes have also been associated with religious divisions: the traditional chiefs are often associated with the Longhouse tradition, practicing consensus-democratic values, while the Warrior Society has attacked that religion and asserted independence. Meanwhile, the elected chiefs have tended to be associated (though in a much looser and general way) with democratic, legislative and Canadian governmental values.

In the 19th and early 20th century, the Government of Canada imposed English schooling and separated families to place children in English boarding schools. Like other tribes, Mohawks have fluctuated in their native language fluency. Many have left the reserve to join the English Canadian culture, and to work in a greater variety of occupations.

Casinos

On October 15, 1993, Governor Mario Cuomo entered into the "Tribal-State Compact Between the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and the State of New York." The compact allowed the Tribe to conduct gambling, including games such as baccarat, blackjack, craps and roulette, on the Akwesasne Reservation in Franklin County under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA).

According to the terms of the 1993 compact, the New York State Racing and Wagering Board, the New York State Police and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Gaming Commission were vested with gaming oversight. Law enforcement responsibilities fell under the cognizance of the state police, with some law enforcement matters left to the tribe. As required by IGRA, the compact was approved by the United States Department of the Interior before it took effect. There were several extensions and amendments to this compact, but not all of them were approved by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

On June 12, 2003, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the lower courts' rulings that Governor Cuomo exceeded his authority by entering into the compact absent legislative authorization and declared the compact void . On October 19, 2004, Governor George Pataki signed a bill passed by the State Legislature that ratified the compact as being ''Nunc Pro Tunc'', with some additional minor changes.

The Mohawk Nation is currently in pursuit of obtaining approval to own and operate a casino in Sullivan County, New York at Monticello Raceway. The U.S. Department of the Interior has until recently approved of this action and even after obtaining Governor Eliot Spitzer's concurrence subject to the negotiation and approval of either an amendment to the current compact or a new compact has rejected their application to take the land in to trust.

There are currently two pending. The State of New York has expressed similar objections in its responses to take land into trust for other Indian nations and tribes. The other contends that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as it is applied in the State of New York and is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

Traditional Mohawk dress

{{ambox | type = content | image = | text = This } needs additional citations for verification. Please help [|action=edit}} improve this article] by adding reliable references. }|See talk page for details.|}} Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.}|'' (})''}} }} The Mohawks, like many indigenous tribes in the Great Lakes region, sometimes wore a hair style in which all their hair would be cut off except for a narrow strip down the middle of the scalp from the forehead to the nape, that was approximately three finger widths across. This style was only used by warriors going off to war. The Mohawks saw their hair as a connection to the Creator, and therefore grew it long. But when they went to war, they cut all or some of it off, leaving that narrow strip. The women wore their hair long often with traditional bear grease or tied back into a single braid. Their heads were often not covered by a covering or hat, often wearing nothing on their heads in winter.

Traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk peoples consisted of women going topless in summer with a skirt of deerskin. In colder seasons, women wore a full woodland deerskin dress, leather tied underwear, long fashioned hair or a braid and bear grease. There was otherwise nothing on their head, except several ear piercings adorned by shell earrings, shell necklaces, and also puckered seam ankle wrap moccasins.

The women also used a layer of smoked and cured moss as an insulation absorbency for menses, as well as simple scraps of leather were used. Later menses use consisted of cotton linen pieces where pilgrim settlers and missionaries provided trade and introduced of such items.

The traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk men consisted solely of a breech cloth of deerskin in summer, deerskin leggings and a full piece deerskin shirt in winter, several shell strand earrings, shell necklaces, long fashioned hair or a three finger width forehead-to-nape hair row which stood approximately three inches from the head and puckered seamed wrap ankle moccasins.

The men would also carry a quill and flint arrow hunting bag as well as arm and knee bands.

During the summer, traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk children consisted of nothing up to the ages of thirteen, the time before they were ready for their warrior or woman passages or rites.

Later dress after European contact combined some cloth pieces such as the males ribbon shirt in addition to the place of the deerskin clothing, and wool trousers and skirts. For a time many Mohawk peoples incorporated a combination of the older styles of dress with newly introduced forms of clothing.

According to author Kanatiiosh in ''"Hodenasaunee Clothing and & Other Cultural Items"'' Mohawk as a part of the Hodenasaunee Confederacy: "Traditionally used furs obtained from the woodland, which consisted of elk and deer hides, corn husks, and they also wove plant and tree fibers to produce [the] clothing".

Later Sinew or animal gut was cleaned and prepared as a thread for garments and footwear and was threaded to porcupine quills or sharp leg bones, in order to sew or pierce eyeholes for threading.

Clothing dyes were obtained of various sources such as berries, tree barks, flowers, grasses, sometimes fixed with urine.

Generally a village of Mohawk people wore the same design of clothing applicable to their gender, with individualized color and artwork designs incorporated onto the clothing and moccasins. Durable clothing that was held by older village people and adults was handed down to others in their family sometimes as gifts, honours, or because of outgrowth.

Mohawk clothing was sometimes reminiscent of designs from trade with neighbouring First Nation tribes, and was more closely in resemblance to that of other Six Nations confederacy nations however much originality applicable to the Mohawk nation peoples style of dress was often kept as the foundation of the style they wore.

Longhouses

Replicas of seventeenth-century longhouses have been built at landmarks and tourist villages, such as Kanata Village Brantford, Ontario and Awkwasasne's ''"Tsiionhiakwatha"'' interpretation village. Other Mohawk Nation Longhouses are found on the Mohawk territory reserves that hold the Mohawk law recitations, ceremonial rites, and the Mohawk and Handsome Lake religion. These include:

Six Nations First Nation Territory, Ontario holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Wahta First Nation Territory, Ontario holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Tyendinaga First Nation Territory, Ontario holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Awkwasasne First Nation Territory, Quebec holds two Mohawk Ceremonial Community Longhouses.

Kanesatake First Nation Territory, Quebec holds two Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouses.

Kahnawahke First Nation Territory, Quebec holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Kanienkeh First Nation Territory, New York State holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Kanatsioharake First Nation Territory, New York State holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse.

Mohawk communities today

These are grouped by broad geographical cluster, with notes on the character of community governance found in each.

inland New York:

* Ganienkeh. Warrior Society.

* Kanatsiohareke. Traditional chiefs.

along the St Lawrence:

* Akwesasne/St.Regis. Traditional chiefs, elected chiefs on US side, elected chiefs on Canadian side. The Warrior society is also active.

* Kanesatake/Oka

* Kahnawake. Elected chiefs, traditional chiefs, Warrior Society.

southern Ontario:

* Tyendinaga. Elected chiefs.

* Wahta/Gibson in southern Ontario. Elected chiefs, (traditional chiefs?).

* Six Nations of the Grand River. Elected chiefs, traditional chiefs.

** Bay of Quinte Mohawk

** Upper Mohawk

** Lower Mohawk

** Walker Mohawk

Mohawk skyscraper builders

New York City has a large Mohawk Indian community, an estimate of 50,000 in the diverse city of 8 million people. The community was founded by the arrival of hired skyscraper construction workers of Mohawk and other Iroquois origin from the 1930s to the 1970s on special labor contracts to build bridges and skyscrapers, including the Empire State Building. The construction companies found that the Mohawks did not fear heights or dangerous conditions, but the contracts offered lower than average wages and limited labor union membership.

A Mohawk community in Brooklyn called "Little Caughnawaga" had its heyday from the 1920s through to the 60s. Brooklyn Mohawks were mostly from Kahnawake. The work and home life of Mohawk steelworkers was documented in Don Owen's 1965 National Film Board of Canada documentary ''High Steel''.

Marriage

Mohawk Nation wedding ceremonies are conducted by a chief, since the chief holds the sanction to perform the greatest rituals before the Creator. In a marriage, the couple vow their commitment before the Creator. The marrying man and woman then unite in a lifelong relationship, and there is not any custom for divorce. This is not held as a punishment, however; the Mohawk Nation people are a matrilineal society and hold marriage as a great commitment which should be nurtured and respected. Much respect is given to the woman by her husband because the woman is the head of the household.

The traditional marriage ceremony included a day of celebration for the man and woman, a formal oration by the chief of the woman's nation and clan, community dancing and feast, and gifts of respect and honour by community members. Traditionally these gifts were practical which the couple would use in their everyday religious and working lives.

For clothing the man and woman wore white rabbit leathers and furs with personal adornments, usually made by their families, to stand apart from the rest of the community's traditional style of dress during the ceremony. The "Rabbit Dance Song" and other social dance songs were sung by the men, where they used gourd rattles and later cow-horn rattles. In the "Water Drum", other well-wishing couples participated in the dance with the couple. The meal would commence after the ceremony and everyone who participated would eat.

Today the marriage ceremony may follow that of the old tradition or incorporate newer elements, but it is still used by many Mohawk Nation marrying couples. In addition, there are couples who have chosen to marry in the European manner, as well as in the Longhouse manner, with the Longhouse ceremony usually being held first.

Notable Mohawks

Taiaiake Alfred, professor of Indigenous Governance, activist

Joseph Brant, Mohawk leader, British officer

Molly Brant, Mohawk leader, sister of Joseph Brant

Joseph Tehawehron David, Mohawk artist

John Deseronto, Mohawk chief

Flemish Bastard, Mohawk chief

Kahn-Tineta Horn, activist

Sid Jamieson, lacrosse player, coach

Louis Jackson, River pilot, author of ''Our Caughnawagas in Egypt"

Pauline Johnson, writer

Derek Miller, singer-songwriter

Shelley Niro (b. 1954), filmmaker, photographer, and installation artist

Ots-Toch, wife of Dutch colonist Cornelius A. Van Slyck

Alex Rice, actress

Robbie Robertson, singer-songwriter, The Band

August Schellenberg, actor

Jay Silverheels, actor

Jake Swamp, Mohawk leader

Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha

Billy Two Rivers, professional wrestler

Mike Martelle, professional MMA champion

Kaniehtiio Horn, film and television actress

Pierre Radisson, famous explorer and fur trader

See also

African Americans with Native Heritage

Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawk language

Native American tribe

Native Americans in the United States

Oka Crisis

One-Drop Rule

The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837-38

The Flying Head

Kahnawake surnames

Notes

Mohawk skyscraper builders and construction workers in New York City.

References

External links

Mohawk Creation Story

"Tsiionhiakwatha archaeological site and interpretation centre".

"Mohawk Institute", Geronimo Henry

Hodenasaunee Clothing and other Cultural Items

The Wampum Chronicles: Mohawk Territory on the Internet, a website dedicated to Mohawk history, culture, and current events

Iroquois Book of Rites

Category:Iroquois Category:First Nations in Ontario Category:First Nations in Quebec Category:Algonquian ethnonyms Category:People of New Netherland Category:Native American history of New York Category:Native American tribes in New York

ar:موهوك be-x-old:Магаўкі bg:Мохок ca:Mohawks cs:Mohawkové de:Mohawk es:Mohawk eu:Mohawk fr:Mohawks ko:모호크족 hr:Mohawk Indijanci it:Nazione Mohawk lt:Mohaukai mk:Мохавк mr:मोहॉक nl:Mohawk (volk) ja:モホーク族 no:Mohawkene pl:Mohawkowie ru:Мохоки fi:Mohawkit sv:Mohawker

The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred preserving the property.

The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it. Of the more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts. Each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings.

For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service (NPS), an agency within the United States Department of the Interior. Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties. Protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians.

Occasionally historic sites outside the country proper, but associated with the United States (such as the American Embassy in Tangiers) are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties: district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks (NHL), National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, and some National Monuments. (Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments by the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Only monuments that are historic in character and managed by the National Park Service are listed administratively in the National Register.)

Some examples are Fallingwater, Robie House, Martin Luther King Jr's Grave, and Old Slater Mill.

History

On October 15, 1966 the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO). Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Register's creation, as well as any other historic sites in the National Park system. Approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. The 1966 act required those agencies to work in conjunction with the SHPO and an independent federal agency, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), to confront adverse effects of federal activities on historic preservation.

To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of Interior, with director George B. Hartzog, Jr., established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP). Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law. Ernest Connally was the Office's first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register. The division administered several existing programs, including the Historic Sites Survey and the Historic American Buildings Survey, as well as the new National Register and Historic Preservation Fund.

The first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Register's earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. However, funds were still being supplied for the Historic Preservation Fund to provide matching grants-in-aid to listed property owners, first for house museums and institutional buildings, but later for commercial structures as well.

A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U.S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two "Assistant Directorates." Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation. From 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS) of the United States Department of Interior.

In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs. Jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate. He was described as a skilled administrator, who was sensitive to the need for the NPS to work with SHPOs, academia, and local governments.

Although not described in detail in the 1966 act, SHPOs eventually became integral to the process of listing properties on the National Register. The 1980 amendments of the 1966 law further defined the responsibilities of SHPOs concerning the National Register. Several 1992 amendments of the NHPA added a category to the National Register, known as Traditional Cultural Properties: those properties associated with Native American or Hawaiian groups.

The National Register of Historic Places has grown considerably from its legislative origins in 1966. In 1986 citizens and groups nominated 3,623 separate properties, sites, and districts for inclusion on the National Register, a total of 75,000 separate properties. Of the more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed individually. Others are listed as contributing members within historic district.

Property owner incentives

Properties are not protected in any strict sense by the Federal listing. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect listed historic places. Indirect protection is possible, by state and local regulations on development of National Register properties, and by tax incentives.

Until 1976, federal tax incentives were virtually non-existent for buildings on the National Register. Before 1976 the federal tax code favored new construction rather than the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures. In 1976, the tax code was altered to provide tax incentives that promote preservation of income-producing historic properties. The National Park Service was given the responsibility to ensure that only rehabilitations that preserved the historic character of a building would qualify for federal tax incentives. A qualifying rehabilitation is one that the NPS deems consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Properties and sites listed in the Register, as well as those located in and contributing to the period of significance of National Register Historic Districts, became eligible for the federal tax benefits.

Owners of income-producing properties listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places or of properties that are contributing resources within a National Register Historic District may be eligible for a 20% investment tax credit for the rehabilitation of the historic structure. The rehabilitation may be of a commercial, industrial, or residential property, for rentals. The tax incentives program is operated by the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, which is managed jointly by the National Park Service, individual State Historic Preservation Offices, and the Internal Revenue Service. Aside from the 20% tax credit, the tax incentive program offers a 10% tax credit for rehabilitation to owners of non-historic, non-residential buildings constructed before 1936.

Some property owners may qualify for grants as well, for instance the Save America's Treasures grants, which apply specifically to properties entered in the Register with national significance or designated as National Historic Landmarks.

The NHPA did not distinguish between properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places and those designated as National Historic Landmarks concerning qualification for tax incentives or grants. This was deliberate, as the authors of the act had learned from experience that distinguishing between categories of significance for such incentives caused the lowest category to become expendable. Essentially, this made the Landmarks a kind of "honor roll" of the most significant properties of the National Register of Historic Places.

Nomination process

Any individual can prepare a National Register nomination, although historians and historic preservation consultants often are employed for this work. The nomination consists of a standard nomination form and contains basic information about a property's physical appearance and the type of significance embodied in the building, structure, object , site, or district. The State Historic Preservation Office receives National Register nominations and provides feedback to the nominating individual or group. After preliminary review, the SHPO sends each nomination to the state's historic review commission, which then recommends whether the State Historic Preservation Officer should send the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register. For any non-Federally owned property, only the State Historic Preservation Officer may officially nominate a property for inclusion in the National Register. After the nomination is recommended for listing in the National Register by the SHPO, the nomination is sent to the National Park Service, which approves or denies the nomination. If approved, the property is entered officially by the Keeper of the National Register into the National Register of Historic Places. Property owners are notified of the nomination during the review by the SHPO and state's historic review commission. If an owner objects to a nomination of private property, or in the case of a historic district, a majority of owners, then the property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Criteria

For a property to be eligible for the National Register, it must meet at least one of the four National Register main criteria. Information about architectural styles, association with various aspects of social history and commerce, and ownership are all integral parts of the nomination. Each nomination contains a narrative section that provides a detailed physical description of the property and justifies why it is significant historically with regard either to local, state, or national history. The four National Register of Historic Places criteria are the following.

Criterion A, "Event," the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history.

Criterion B, "Person," is associated with significant people of the American past.

Criterion C, "Design/Construction," concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master.

Criterion D, "Information potential," is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history. The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings.

Exclusions

There are specific instances where properties usually do not merit listing in the National Register. As a general rule, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, moved structures, reconstructed historic buildings, commemorative properties, and properties that have achieved significance during the last fifty years are not qualified for listing on the Register. There are, however, exceptions to all the preceding; mitigating circumstances allow properties classified in one of those groups to be included.

Properties listed

A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or property. However, the Register is mostly "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives." The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks as well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service. Besides Landmarks such as these include: National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, and some National Monuments. Occasionally historic sites outside the country's borders, but associated with the United States, such as the American Embassy in Tangiers, also are listed.

Listing in the National Register does not restrict private property owners from the use of their property. Some states and municipalities, however, may have laws that become effective when a property is listed in the National Register. If federal money or a federal permitting process is involved, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 is invoked. Section 106 requires the federal agency involved to assess the effect of its actions on historic resources. Statutorily, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has the most significant role by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The section requires that the director of any federal agency with direct or indirect jurisdiction of a project that may affect a property listed in the National Register of Historic Places, must first report to the Advisory Council. The director of said agency is required to "take into account the effect of the undertaking" on the National Register property, as well as to afford the ACHP a reasonable opportunity to comment.

While Section 106 does not mandate explicitly that any federal agency director accept the advice of the ACHP, their advice has practical influence, especially given the statutory obligations of the NHPA that require federal agencies to "take into account the effect of the undertaking."

In cases where the ACHP determines federal action will have an "adverse effect" on historic properties, mitigation is sought. Typically, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is created by which the involved parties agree to a particular plan. Many states have laws similar to Section 106. In contrast to conditions relating to a federally designated historic district, municipal ordinances governing local historic districts often restrict certain kinds of changes to properties. Thus they may protect the property more than a National Register listing does.

The Department of Transportation Act, passed on October 15, 1966, the same day as the National Historic Preservation Act, included provisions that addressed historic preservation. The DOT Act is much more general than Section 106 NHPA in that it refers to properties other than those listed in the Register.

The more general language has allowed more properties and parklands to enjoy status as protected areas by this legislation, a policy developed early in its history. The United States Supreme Court ruled in the 1971 case ''Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe'' that parklands could have the same protected status as "historic sites."

Multiple Property Submission

A multiple property submission (MPS) is a thematic group listing of the National Register of Historic Places that consists of related properties that share a common theme and can be submitted as a group. Multiple property submissions must satisfy certain basic criteria for the group of properties to be included in the National Register. thumb|right|The [[White Pines State Park Lodge and Cabins|lodge and cabins at White Pines State Park, in Illinois, are part of a multiple property submission.]]

The process begins with the Multiple Property Documentation Form, which acts as a cover document rather than the nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The purpose of the documentation form is to establish the basis of eligibility for related properties. The information of the Multiple Property Documentation Form can be used to nominate and register related historic properties simultaneously, or to establish criteria for properties that may be nominated in the future. Thus, additions to an MPS can occur over time.

The nomination of individual properties in an MPS is accomplished in the same manner as other nominations. The name of the "thematic group" denotes the historical theme of the properties. It is considered the "multiple property listing." Once an individual property or a group of properties is nominated and listed in the National Register, the Multiple Property Documentation Form, combined with the individual National Register of Historic Places Nomination Forms, constitute a Multiple Property Submission. Examples of MPS include the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, the Warehouses in Omaha, the Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia, and the Illinois Carnegie Libraries. Before the term "Multiple Property Submission" was introduced in 1984, such listings were known as "Thematic Resources" or "Multiple Resource Areas."

Types of properties

Listed properties are generally in one of five broad categories, although there are special considerations for other types of properties that in any one, or into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for National Register properties are: building, structure, site, district, and object. In addition, historic districts consist of contributing and non-contributing properties.

Buildings, as defined by the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include a house, barn, hotel, church, or similar construction. They are created primarily to shelter human activity. The term building, as in outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.

Structures differ from buildings in that they are functional constructions meant to be used for purposes other than sheltering human activity. Examples include an aircraft, a grain elevator, a gazebo, and a bridge.

Objects are usually artistic in nature, or small in scale compared to structures and buildings. Although objects may be movable, they are generally associated with a specific setting or environment. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures, and fountains.

Sites are the location of significant events, which can be prehistoric or historic in nature and represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). With sites it is the location itself that is of historical interest. It possesses cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist at the location. Examples of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features, and rock shelters.

Historic districts possess a concentration, association, or continuity of the other four types of properties. Objects, structures, buildings, and sites in a historic district are united historically or aesthetically, either by choice or by the nature of their development.

There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties of the National Register of Historic Places that cannot be classified as either simple buildings and historic districts. Through the National Park Service, the National Register of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation of different types of properties. Although the criteria are always the same, the manner they are applied may differ slightly, depending upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins describe application of the criteria for aids to navigation, historic battlefields, archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries, and burial places, historic designed landscapes, mining sites, post offices, properties associated with significant persons, properties achieving significance within the last fifty years, rural historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties, and vessels and shipwrecks.

Limitations

The limitations of the NHPA are demonstrated when historic properties are destroyed, as when the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in downtown Omaha, Nebraska was demolished in 1987 to make way for a suburban-style corporate campus. As of 1999, there have been 982 properties removed from the Register, most often due to being destroyed.

Similar designations outside the United States

- Canadian Register of Historic Places - Monument historique - Historic building, see List of Grade I historic buildings in Hong Kong, List of Grade II historic buildings in Hong Kong and List of Grade III historic buildings in Hong Kong - Rijksmonument - New Zealand Historic Places Trust - National Monuments of Singapore - Listed building or scheduled monument

See also

African American Historic Places

Architectural photographers

Contributing property

Cultural landscape

Historic preservation

History of the National Register of Historic Places

Jails and prisons listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Keeper of the Register

List of heritage registers

List of National Historic Landmarks by state

List of threatened historic sites in the United States

National Heritage Area

National Historical Park

Property type (National Register of Historic Places)

Public history

State Historic Preservation Office

United States Memorials

United States National Register of Historic Places listings

World Heritage Site

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

Wiley, John. "National Register of Historic Places," ''National Park Service'', (1994), ISBN 0-471-14403-7

"National Register Information System", ''National Register of Historic Places,'' National Park Service. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

Shrimpton, Rebecca H., ed. "How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation," ''National Park Service'', (1997) National Register Bulletin No. 15, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 11, 2007.

Title 36, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, specifically Part 60, National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved April 11, 2007.

External links

National Register of Historic Places

*National Historic Landmarks Program

*Travel itineraries, National Park Service

*Teaching with Historic Place(TwHP), National Park Service

*Weekly updates

*Nomination forms

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

*Working with Section 106, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

*An Overview of Federal Historic Preservation Law, 1966-1996

Category:Heritage registers Category:Historic preservation Category:1966 establishments in the United States Category:Lists of Heritage Sites

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Junior Cook
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Herman Cook
Alias	Junior Cook
Birth date	July 22, 1934
Died	February 03, 1992 New York City, United States
Origin	Pensacola, FL, United States
Instrument	Saxophone
Genre	Jazz, hard bop
Occupation	Musician
Associated acts	Dizzy Gillespie, Blue Mitchell, Horace Silver
Website	}}

Herman "Junior" Cook (July 22, 1934 – February 3, 1992) was a hard bop tenor saxophone player.

Biography

Cook was born in Pensacola, Florida. After playing with Dizzy Gillespie in 1958, Cook gained some fame for his longtime membership in the Horace Silver Quintet (1958–1964); when he and Blue Mitchell left that band, Cook played in Mitchell's quintet (1964–1969). Later associations included Freddie Hubbard, Elvin Jones, George Coleman, Louis Hayes (1975–1976), Bill Hardman (1979–1989), and the McCoy Tyner big band.

In addition to many appearances as a sideman, Junior Cook recorded as a leader for Jazzland (1961), Catalyst (1977), Muse, and SteepleChase.

He also taught at Berklee School of Music for a year during the 1970s.

In the early 1990s Cook was playing with Clifford Jordan and also leading his own group. He died in his apartment in New York City.

Discography

As leader

''Juniors Cookin´'' (OJC)

''The Place To Be'' (Steeplechase; 1988)

''On A Misty Night'' (Steeplechase, 1989)

''You Leave Me Breathless'' (Steeplechase,1991)

As sideman

With Horace Silver

''Live At Newport '58'' (1958)

''6 Pieces of Silver'' (1956–58)

''Finger Poppin''' (1956–58)

''Blowin' the Blues Away'' (1959)

''Horace-Scope'' (1960)

''Doin' the Thing'' (1961)

''The Tokyo Blues'' (1962)

''Silver's Serenade'' (1963)

''Song For My Father'' (1964)

''Music to Ease Your Disease'' (1988)

With Freddie Hubbard

''Sing Me a Song of Songmy'' (1971)

''Keep Your Soul Together'' (1973)

''High Energy'' (1974)

''Polar AC'' (1974)

With Blue Mitchell

''The Cup Bearers'' (Riverside, 1962)

''The Thing to Do'' (Blue Note, 1964)

''Down with It!'' (Blue Note, 1965)

''Bring It Home to Me'' (Blue Note, 1966)

''Boss Horn'' (Blue Note, 1966)

With others

Kenny Burrell: ''Blue Lights'' (Blue Note, 1958)

Dave Bailey Sextet: ''One Foot In The Gutter'' (Epic, 1960)

Barry Harris: ''Luminiscence'' (OJC, 1967)

Cedar Walton: ''Cedar!'' (OJC, 1967)

John Patton: ''That Certain Feeling'' (Blue Note, 1968)

Don Patterson: ''Dem New York Dues'' (Prestige, 1968–69)

Clifford Jordan: ''Two Tenor Winner'' (Criss Cross, 1984)

McCoy Tyner: ''Uptown/Downtown'' (Milestone, 1988)

THE PLACE TO BE Musiciens : Junior Cook (ts), Mickey Tucker (p), Wayne Dockery (b), Leroy Williams (dr) (23-11-1988)

Bill Hardman: ''What’s Up?'' (Steeplechase, 1989)

Larry Gales Sextet: ''A Message from Monk'' (Candid, 1990)

Bertha Hope: ''Elmo’s Fire'' (Steeplechase, 1991)

References

Category:1934 births Category:1992 deaths Category:American jazz saxophonists Category:American jazz tenor saxophonists Category:Musicians from Florida Category:Muse Records artists Category:SteepleChase Records artists

de:Junior Cook es:Junior Cook fr:Junior Cook

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Jacques Parizeau
honorific-suffix	GOQ PhD
birth date	August 09, 1930
birth place	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
order	26th
office	Premier of Quebec
term start	September 26, 1994
term end	January 26, 1996
lieutenant governor	Martial Asselin
predecessor	Daniel Johnson, Jr.
successor	Lucien Bouchard
party	''Parti Québécois''
religion	Roman Catholic
spouse	Alice Poznanska (deceased)Lisette Lapointe
profession	Economist }}

Jacques Parizeau, (born August 9, 1930) is an economist and noted Quebec sovereignist who was the 26th Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from September 26, 1994 to January 29, 1996.

Early life and career

Parizeau was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Germaine (née Biron) and Gérard Parizeau. He attended Collège Stanislas, a Roman Catholic private school. He went on to graduate with a PhD from the London School of Economics in London, England. A believer in Keynes' theory of economic interventionism, he was one of the most important advisors to the provincial government during the 1960s, playing an important behind the scenes role in the Quiet Revolution. He was especially instrumental in the nationalization of Hydro-Québec (a hydro-electric utility), the nationalization of the Asbestos Corporation Limited mines, and worked with Eric Kierans to create the Quebec Pension Plan.

Parizeau gradually became a committed sovereigntist, and officially joined the ''Parti Québécois'' (PQ) on September 19, 1969.

After the PQ was elected to office in the 1976 provincial election, the new premier, René Lévesque, appointed Parizeau as Minister of Finance. Parizeau played an important role in the 1980 Quebec referendum campaign in favour of the government's proposals for sovereignty-association.

As Minister of Finance in Quebec, he was responsible for a number of innovative economic proposals, including the Quebec Stock Savings Plan ("QSSP").

Married to Polish immigrant Alice Poznanska (1930–1990), Jacques Parizeau was criticized for supporting the Charter of the French Language. This law limits access to English-language public schools to children whose parents didn't receive their education in English in Canada, and was generally opposed by the English-speaking minority.

In 1984, he had a falling out with Lévesque. Lévesque had moved away from pursuing sovereignty to accept a negotiation with the Federal Government, called ''Beau Risque''. Parizeau opposed this shift, resigned from Cabinet among with many other members, and temporarily retired from politics. Lévesque was taken by surprise with all these retirements and retired soon after. He was replaced by Pierre-Marc Johnson.

In 1987, Johnson also left the PQ leadership after losing the 1985 election. Parizeau, still a widely liked figure, was elected to replace him as party leader on March 19, 1988.

Elections, 1995 referendum and aftermath

In the 1989 election, Parizeau's first as PQ leader, his party did not fare well. But five years later, in the 1994 election, they won a majority government. Parizeau promised to hold a referendum on Quebec sovereignty within a year of his election, and despite many objections, he followed through on this promise. In the beginning, support for sovereignty was only about 40% in the public opinion polls. As the campaign wore on, however, support for the "Yes" side grew larger. This growth halted, however, and Parizeau came under pressure to hand more of the campaign over to the more moderate and conservative Lucien Bouchard, the popular leader of the federal ''Bloc Québécois'' party. Parizeau agreed and as the campaign progressed he lost his leadership role to Bouchard.

During the 1995 referendum he caused an uproar when it was reported by columnist Chantal Hébert in the ''La Presse'' newspaper that despite the guarantee of an offer of partnership with the rest of Canada before declaring sovereignty following a "Yes" vote, Parizeau had told a group of foreign diplomats that what mattered most was to get a majority vote from Quebec citizens for the proposal to secede from Canada because with that, Quebecers would be trapped "lobsters thrown into boiling water". On the night of the referendum, Quebec came within only a few thousands of votes of separation, but the Yes side still lost. In his concession speech, Parizeau said sovereignty had been defeated by "money and the ethnic vote", and referred to the Francophones who voted Yes in the referendum as "''nous''" (us) when he said that this majority group was, for the first time, no longer afraid of political independence. 60% of Quebec Francophones voted Yes. However, the sovereigntist side accepted the results of the vote which they had initiated.

Parizeau was widely criticized for the remarks, which he later characterized as unfortunate and as meriting the disapproval they received. Many suspected he may have been drinking. He resigned as PQ leader and Quebec premier the next day. The English-language media, as well as non-sovereignist newspapers such as ''La Presse'' and ''Le Soleil'', associated Parizeau's resignation only with these remarks. As against which, the sovereignist-friendly media (notably ''Le Devoir'' newspaper) argued that he had made the decision beforehand, drawing attention to a television interview conducted on the eve of the vote with the Groupe TVA channel in which Parizeau spoke of his intentions to step down in the event of defeat. (This interview had previously been held under "embargo", which is to say that the station agreed not to broadcast it until the referendum was over.)

Parizeau was replaced by Lucien Bouchard as PQ leader and Quebec premier on January 29, 1996.

Parizeau retired to private life, but continued to make comments critical of Bouchard's new government and its failure to press the cause of Quebec independence. He owns an estate at his vineyard in France, a farm in the Eastern Townships of Quebec and a home in Montreal. His biographer is Pierre Duchesne.

His wife and former secretary during his premiership, Lisette Lapointe won a seat in the National Assembly as a candidate for the PQ in the provincial riding of Crémazie in the 2007 Quebec general election.

In June 2008, along with the other four living former Premiers of Quebec, Parizeau was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec by Premier Jean Charest.

Writings

Collaboration

"Les post-keynésiens et la politique économique contemporaine", in Angers, François-Albert (ed.) ''Essai sur la centralisation. Analyse des principes et perspectives canadiennes'', 1960 (online)

''La solution. Le programme du Parti québécois présenté par René Lévesque'', 1970 (online)

''Cours initiation à l'économie du Québec'', 2 volumes, 1975

Essays

''Pour un Québec souverain'', 1997 (online)

''Le Québec et la mondialisation. Une bouteille à la mer?'', 1998

''La souveraineté du Québec. Hier, aujourd'hui et demain'', 2009

Letters, articles

"Qui sommes-nous? Où allons-nous?", in ''Le Devoir'', October 30, 1996

"Lettre ouverte aux souverainistes", in ''Le Devoir'', December 19, 1996

"La déclaration unilatérale est indispensable", in ''Le Devoir'', September 16, 1997

"Lettre ouverte aux juges de la Cour suprême", in ''Le Devoir'', September 4 and 5, 1998

"L'AMI menace-t-il à la souveraineté des États?", in ''L'Action nationale'', November 4, 1998

"Le libre-échange, les droits des multinationales et le dilemme de l'État", in ''L'Action nationale'', May 5, 2001 (en)

Other

''Report of the Study Committee on Financial Institutions'', 1969

''Brief submitted to the Committee on Institutions, responsible for conducting a broad consultation on Bill 99'', 2000(online)

''Entre l'innovation et le déclin : l'économie québécoise à la croisée des chemins'', 2007 (conference at HEC)

Quotes

Well, in a case like this, what do we do? We spit in our hands and we start over!

*"Bon, ben, dans un cas comme ça, qu'est-ce qu'on fait? On se crache dans les mains et on recommence!"

*1995 referendum concession speech.

"It is true, it is true that we were beaten, but in the end, by what? By money and ethnic votes, essentially."

* "C'est vrai, c'est vrai qu'on a été battus, au fond, par quoi? Par l'argent puis des votes ethniques, essentiellement."

*1995 referendum concession speech.

Question of the 1995 referendum on independence. (read) ([[Media:)

May 15, 2005 -interview on CTV news with reporter/anchorwoman Lisa LaFlamme, Parizeau said the Clarity Act "meant nothing" and would be ignored. "Can you imagine feds saying we don't like your answers," Parizeau told the interviewer, calling such suggestions a "political stunt."

Definition of a Québécois: "Il vit ici, et il veut participer!"

Elections as party leader

He lost the 1989 election, and won the 1994 election. He announced his resignation the day after the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum was defeated.

See also

Parti Québécois Crisis, 1984

Politics of Quebec

List of Quebec premiers

List of Quebec general elections

Timeline of Quebec history

Sovereignty Association

History of the Quebec sovereignist movement

Politician and personality nicknaming in Quebec

Pur et dur

Further reading

In English

Gordon, Stanley. "Parizeau, Jacques", in ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation, 2008

"Genealogy of Jacques Parizeau", in ''NosOrigines.qc.ca'', 2008

Pelletier, Francine. "Public Enemy Number One: The Life and Times of Jacques Parizeau", in ''Life and Times''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, February 24, 2004

"Interview with Jacques Parizeau", in the site ''Perrizo - A Journey Throughout History''. Perrizo Family History Committee, August 6, 1998

In French

Duchesne, Pierre (2004). ''Jacques Parizeau. Tome III: Le Régent - 1985-1995'' Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 578 p.

Duchesne, Pierre (2002). ''Jacques Parizeau. Tome II: Le Baron - 1970-1985'' Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 544 p.

Duchesne, Pierre (2001). ''Jacques Parizeau. Tome I: Le Croisé - 1930-1970'' Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 624 p.

Richard, Laurence (1992). ''Jacques Parizeau, un bâtisseur, Montreal: Éditions de l'Homme, 249 p.

"Jacques Parizeau", dossier at ''Vigile.net'', 2008

"Jacques Parizeau", dossier at ''L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora'', updated May 25, 2006

"Jacques Parizeau. « Je vous parle de l'homme »", interview by Michaëlle Jean, research by Florence Meny at ''Radio-Canada.ca'', January 2003 (requires Flash)

Pelletier, Francine (2003). ''Monsieur'', Montreal : Macumba International, 52 min.

McKenzie, Robert (1972). ''Comment se fera l'indépendance. Entrevues de: René Lévesque, Jacques Parizeau, Jacques-Yvan Morin et Camille Laurin'', Montreal, : Editions du Parti québécois, 56 p.

Lacombe, Pierre and Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). ''Jacques Parizeau'', Montreal : CinéFête, 47 min.

Lepage, Marquise (2005). ''Jacques Parizeau, l'homme derrière le complet trois pièces'', Productions Pixcom, 120 min. (broadcasted on Société Radio-Canada and RDI)

References

External links

National Assembly biography (in French)

Political blog (in French)

Category:1930 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:Canadian economists Category:Canadian Roman Catholics Category:French Quebecers Category:Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Category:Parti Québécois MNAs Category:People from Montreal Category:Premiers of Quebec Category:Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec Category:Academics in Quebec Category:Université de Montréal alumni Category:Quebec political party leaders Category:Canadian Newsmakers of the Year

de:Jacques Parizeau es:Jacques Parizeau fr:Jacques Parizeau la:Iacobus Parizeau pl:Jacques Parizeau

Kevin D. Annett (aka. Kevin McNamee-Annett, and Eagle Strong Voice born 1956 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian writer and former minister of the United Church of Canada. He has authored two books about Canadian aboriginals: ''Love and Death in the Valley'' and ''Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust''.

Education and ministry

In the 1980s, Annett graduated from the University of British Columbia with a Bachelor's degree in anthropology and a Master's degree in political science. In 1990, he graduated from the Vancouver School of Theology with a Master of Divinity, and was subsequently ordained by British Columbia Conference of the United Church of Canada. In 1990-1991 he served in churches in rural Manitoba, and in 1991-1992 served at the Fred Victor Mission in Toronto, an outreach street-ministry of The United Church of Canada. Beginning in 1992, he was the minister to St. Andrew's United Church in Port Alberni, British Columbia and resigned from this position in January 1995. Since 1997, Annett has been placed on the Discontinued Service List of The United Church of Canada, and can no longer function as a minister of that denomination.

Residential school work and writings

Annett has written two books on the subject of residential school abuse in Canada. The first, ''Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust'', was published in two editions: 2001, and 2005. The second, ''Love and Death in the Valley'', was published in 2002. In 2006, Kevin produced a documentary on this topic: ''Unrepentant: Kevin Annett and Canada's Genocide'' which won the 2006 award for 'Best Director' at the New York International Independent Film & Video Festival.Hidden No Longer: Genocide In Canada, Past and Present (2010), On line.

2008 protests

On March 22, 2008 "Friends of the Disappeared" disrupted the Easter Sunday Mass of Vancouver's Holy Rosary Cathedral. In addition to causing a disturbance in the actual sanctuary, the protesters harassed parishioners as they arrived for Easter Mass by calling them "murderers." Annett claimed these actions were "authorized" by Gerald Johnston, who claimed to be the Squamish First Nation's hereditary chief Kiapilano. On March 17 the Squamish First Nation issued statements that Annett "is not a member of the Nation and has no association with the Nation whatsoever", that they do not recognize Gerald Johnston as a hereditary chief, and that he has "neither the authority nor the capacity" to act on their behalf.

Banning from CFRO (Co-op Radio) Vancouver

After nine years of weekly programming on CFRO (Co-op radio in Vancouver), Annett was banned from their downtown, eastside studios in August 2010.

Denied entry into England 2011

On May 29, 2011, Annett was denied entry into England at Stansted airport, and briefly held in an immigration prison before being deported.

References

External links

''Hidden From History: The Canadian Holocaust—The Untold Story of the Genocide of Aboriginal Peoples'', Kevin Annett's website.

Unrepentant: Kevin Annett and Canada's Genocide (documentary): Google Video (108 minutes)

United Church of Canada - Responses to claims made by Kevin Annett

Category:Canadian political writers Category:Canadian non-fiction writers Category:Canadian civil rights activists Category:Canadian human rights activists Category:Indigenous rights activists Category:Canadian Christians Category:Street ministry Category:Canadian whistleblowers Category:People from Edmonton Category:Living people Category:1956 births

it:Kevin Annett la:Coemgenus Annett