The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications.

Definition

The hertz is equivalent to cycles per second. In defining the second the CIPM declared that "the standard to be employed is the transition between the hyperfine levels F = 4, M =  0 and F = 3, M = 0 of the ground state 2S_1/2 of the caesium 133 atom, unperturbed by external fields, and that the frequency of this transition is assigned the value 9 192 631 770 hertz" thereby effectively defining the hertz and the second simultaneously.

In English, hertz is used as a plural. As an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kHz (kilohertz, 10³ Hz), MHz (megahertz, 10⁶ Hz), GHz (gigahertz, 10⁹ Hz) and THz (terahertz, 10¹² Hz). One hertz simply means "one cycle per second" (typically that which is being counted is a complete cycle); 100 Hz means "one hundred cycles per second", and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, or a human heart might be said to beat at 1.2 Hz. The "frequency" (activity) of aperiodic or stochastic events, such as radioactive decay, is expressed in becquerels.

Coordinates	50°41′″N21°45′″N
name	Hertz
standard	SI derived unit
quantity	Frequency
symbol	Hz
namedafter	Heinrich Hertz
extralabel	In SI base units:
extradata	1 Hz 1/s }}

Even though angular velocity, angular frequency and hertz all have the dimensions of ''1/s'', angular velocity and angular frequency are ''not'' expressed in hertz, but rather in an appropriate angular unit such as radians per second. Thus a disc rotating at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) is said to be rotating at either 2π rad/s ''or'' 1 Hz, where the former measures the angular velocity and latter reflects the number of ''complete'' revolutions per second. The conversion between a frequency ''f'' measured in hertz and an angular velocity ''ω'' measured in radians per second are: :$\backslash omega\; =\; 2\backslash pi\; f\; \backslash ,$ and $f\; =\; \backslash omega/(2\backslash pi)\; \backslash ,$.

History

The hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1930. It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) (''Conférence générale des poids et mesures'') in 1960, replacing the previous name for the unit, ''cycles per second'' (cps), along with its related multiples, primarily ''kilocycles per second'' (kc/s) and ''megacycles per second'' (Mc/s), and occasionally ''kilomegacycles per second'' (kMc/s). The term ''cycles per second'' was largely replaced by ''hertz'' by the 1970s.

The term "gigahertz", most commonly used in computer processor clock rates and radio frequency (RF) applications, can be pronounced either , with a hard sound, or , with a soft (see giga-#Pronunciation). The prefix "giga-" is derived directly from the Greek "."

Applications

Vibration

Sound is a traveling wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of sound waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a particular frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infant's ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; the average adult human can hear sounds between 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz. The range of ultrasound, high-intensity infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular vibrations extends into the megahertz range and well beyond.

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is often described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz.

Radio frequency radiation is usually measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz; this is why radio dials are commonly labeled with kHz, MHz, and GHz. Light is electromagnetic radiation that is even higher in frequency, and has frequencies in the range of tens (infrared) to thousands (ultraviolet) of terahertz. Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the low terahertz range, (intermediate between those of the highest normally usable radio frequencies and long-wave infrared light), is often called terahertz radiation. Even higher frequencies exist, such as that of gamma rays, which can be measured in exahertz. (For historical reasons, the frequencies of light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation are more commonly specified in terms of their wavelengths or photon energies: for a more detailed treatment of this and the above frequency ranges, see electromagnetic spectrum.)

Computing

In computing, most central processing units (CPU) are labeled in terms of their clock rate expressed in megahertz or gigahertz (10⁹ hertz). This number refers to the frequency of the CPU's master clock signal ("Clock rate"). This signal is simply an electrical voltage which changes from low to high and back again at regular intervals. This signal is also referred to as a square wave. Hertz has become the primary unit of measurement accepted by the general populace to determine the performance of a CPU, but many experts have criticized this approach, which they claim is an easily manipulable benchmark. For home-based personal computers, the CPU has ranged from approximately 1 megahertz in the late 1970s (Atari, Commodore, Apple computers) to up to 6 GHz in the present (IBM POWER processors).

Various computer buses, such as the front-side bus connecting the CPU and northbridge, also operate at different frequencies in the megahertz range (for modern products).

CRT television and monitor refresh rates are measured in hertz.

SI multiples

Frequencies not expressed in hertz

Even higher frequencies are believed to occur naturally, in the frequencies of the quantum-mechanical wave functions of high-energy (or, equivalently, massive) particles, although these are not directly observable, and must be inferred from their interactions with other phenomena. For practical reasons, these are typically not expressed in hertz, but in terms of the equivalent quantum energy, which is proportional to the frequency by the factor of Planck's constant.

See also

Alternating current

Electronic tuner

Frequency changer

Normalized frequency

Orders of magnitude (frequency)

Radian per second

Signal bandwidth

References

External links

BIPM Cesium ion f_Cs definition

National Research Council of Canada: ''Generation of the Hz''

National Research Council of Canada: ''Cesium fountain clock''

National Physical Laboratory: ''Trapped ion optical frequency standards''

National Research Council of Canada: ''Optical frequency standard based on a single trapped ion''

National Research Council of Canada: ''Optical frequency comb''

One Hertz in Radians per Second (Google). Note, as of 06 May 2009 there is an error of 2$\backslash pi$.

Category:SI derived units Category:Units of frequency

ar:هرتز ast:Herciu zh-min-nan:Hz be:Герц, адзінка вымярэння be-x-old:Гэрц (адзінка вымярэньня) bo:ཧེར་ཚི། bs:Herc br:Hertz bg:Херц ca:Hertz cs:Hertz cy:Hertz da:Hertz de:Hertz (Einheit) et:Herts el:Χερτζ es:Hercio eo:Herco eu:Hertz fa:هرتز fr:Hertz fy:Hertz (ienheid) ga:Heirts gl:Hertz hak:Het-tsṳ̂ ko:헤르츠 hi:हर्ट्ज़ hr:Herc id:Hertz ia:Hertz it:Hertz he:הרץ jv:Hertz lv:Hercs lb:Hertz lt:Hercas hu:Hertz mk:Херц ml:ഹെർട്സ് mr:हर्ट्झ ms:Hertz nl:Hertz (eenheid) ja:ヘルツ no:Hertz nn:Hertz mhr:Герц (шотлымаш) pnb:ہرٹز pl:Herc pt:Hertz ro:Hertz ru:Герц (единица измерения) sq:Herci simple:Hertz sk:Hertz (jednotka) sl:Herc sr:Херц sh:Herc fi:Hertsi sv:Hertz ta:ஏர்ட்சு tt:Герц (үлчәү берәмлеге) th:เฮิรตซ์ tg:Ҳертс tr:Hertz (birim) uk:Герц ur:ہرٹز vi:Hertz zh-yue:赫茲 zh:赫兹

Coordinates	50°41′″N21°45′″N
name	Kevin Farley
birth date	June 08, 1965
birthname	Kevin Peter Farley
birth place	Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1995–present }}

Kevin Peter Farley (born June 8, 1965) is an American actor, production designer, singer, dancer, occasional composer and aspiring stand-up comic.

Early life

Farley was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Mary Anne (née Crosby), a homemaker, and Thomas Farley, who owned an oil company, Farley Oil. He was raised in an Irish Catholic family. He is the younger brother of late comedian and actor Chris Farley and older brother of actor John P. Farley.

Career

Farley is best known for portraying "Doug Linus" in the fictional boy band 2ge+her. The Farley brothers do routines together and receive roles from many of Chris's ''Saturday Night Live'' castmates, such as David Spade and Adam Sandler, appearing in ''The Waterboy'' and ''Dirty Work''.

Farley appeared on the HBO series, ''Curb Your Enthusiasm'' as an exterminator in the episode, "The Rat Dog." Farley was also in a Dairy Queen commercial advertising the Kit-Kat Blizzard, commercials for Hertz Rent-A-Car, and portrayed Felix the limo driver on Disney's ''That's So Raven''. He also starred in the parody movie ''An American Carol'' in 2008. Farley appeared on ''The View'' (September 30, 2008) to promote the movie.

In 2007, Farley was featured in the web serial, ''Two Guys Drinking at a Bar''.

Farley appeared at the 2008 Republican National Convention, and during an interview with 97.1 FM Talk's Jamie Allman he identified his politics as mostly conservative.

Farley appeared as the kidnapped beer truck driver in the music video for "This Afternoon" by Nickelback.

In May 2010, Farley appeared as a guest on Tom Green's House Tonight where he performed a section of his new standup routine.

References

External links

The Farley brothers' official site.

Category:1965 births Category:American composers Category:American film actors Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Living people Category:Marquette University alumni Category:People from Madison, Wisconsin Category:Actors from Wisconsin

de:Kevin P. Farley fr:Kevin P. Farley it:Kevin Farley sv:Kevin P. Farley

Coordinates	50°41′″N21°45′″N
name	The Crystal Method
background	group_or_band
origin	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
genre	Alternative Dance, Chemical breaks, big beat, breakbeat, electronic dance music
years active	1993–present
label	Outpost, Geffen, V2, Tiny E
website	TheCrystalMethod.com
current members	Scott Heisler KirklandKen B. Jordan }}

The Crystal Method is an American electronic music duo that was created in Los Angeles, California by Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland in the early 1990s. The Crystal Method's music has appeared in numerous TV shows, films, video games, and advertisements. Their best-selling album, ''Vegas'', was certified platinum in 2007.

Biography

The Crystal Method is made up of two members, Ken B. Jordan and Scott Heisler Kirkland. Both of them were born in Las Vegas, Nevada. Kirkland was born when his mother was only fifteen. He grew up listening to his mother's music—disco—and his father's music—rock. When he had grown a little older, he began listening to heavy metal, as well as bands like Depeche Mode. Ken Jordan also grew up listening to classic rock and '80s electronica.

Early days (1993–1995)

By the early '90s, both Ken and Scott had moved to Los Angeles. Before The Crystal Method was formed, Ken and Scott started working on music while working at the grocery store and while Ken was a local DJ in Las Vegas as well as the college radio program director at UNLV. Ken taught Scott how to DJ, and when Ken moved to L.A. to work for a producer, Scott took over his job DJ'ing at the local club. Scott would follow Ken out to L.A., and they formed The Crystal Method in 1993. Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland bought a house together, in Glendale, California, which had a small underground shelter beneath the front lawn. Originally intending to turn the shelter into a studio, it proved to be an unrealistic idea and the duo set up a studio in their house. They named their studio The Bomb Shelter.

After The Bomb Shelter was built, a tape of The Crystal Method's music found its way to a British DJ named Justin King. King was interested in starting a record label that would showcase American electronic dance acts. King teamed up with Scottish transplant Stephen Melrose to form the record label City of Angels. The first official release from the City of Angels label was The Crystal Method's "Now is the Time". The Crystal Method were signed to Outpost Recordings in 1996.

''Vegas'' (1996–1998)

After the band signed with Outpost, they began working on their debut album. The group's second (and last) single on City of Angels was "Keep Hope Alive". Their next release was on the ''Mortal Kombat: More Kombat'' soundtrack, "Come2gether".

On September 8, 1997, The Crystal Method released their best-selling album, ''Vegas''. ''Vegas'' peaked at number 92 on the Billboard 200. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1998, then platinum in 2007.

Five of the album's ten tracks were released as singles: "Trip Like I Do", "Busy Child", "High Roller", "Comin' Back", and "Keep Hope Alive".

''Tweekend'' (1999–2002)

In 1999, the band went into the studio to record their next studio album, ''Tweekend'', which featured more guest artists than ''Vegas'' had. The album was released in July 2001, and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200, which is still the group's highest album chart position.

Featured guests from the album include Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello, Stone Temple Pilots vocalist Scott Weiland, and others, like Doug Grean, DJ Swamp, Ryan "Ryu" Maginn, and Julie Gallios. Four singles were released from ''Tweekend'': "Wild, Sweet and Cool", "Murder", "Blowout", "Name of the Game".

''Community Service''

Jordan and Kirkland used to have a radio show called "Community Service" which aired Friday nights on radio station Indie 103.1, in California. They played electronic music and hosted guests, like Death in Vegas and UNKLE.

A year after the release of ''Tweekend'', The Crystal Method released a continuous mix album based on their radio show, titled ''Community Service''. The album does not feature any new studio material from The Crystal Method, but is composed of remixes of bands like P.O.D., Rage Against the Machine, and Garbage, plus remixes of songs from ''Tweekend''. Their remix of P.O.D.'s "Boom" from this album, also appeared in the video game Amplitude.

''Community Service'' peaked at number 160 on the Billboard 200, number five on the Top Electronic Albums chart, and number 15 on the Top Independent Albums chart.

''Legion of Boom'' (2003–2005)

After the release of ''Community Service'', The Crystal Method went back into the studio to record their third album, ''Legion of Boom''. During the recording, they used the house as their recording studio instead of The Bomb Shelter.

In December 2003, the single "Born Too Slow", with vocals from John Garcia and guitar by Wes Borland was released. ''Legion of Boom'' was released on January 13, 2004, and peaked at number 36 on the Billboard 200. It sold over 25,000 copies in its first week.

The other single released from ''Legion of Boom'', "Starting Over", featured vocals from Rahzel from The Roots. No other singles were released but other songs, including "Weapons of Mass Distortion", "Bound Too Long" and "Realizer", appeared in various movies and TV shows. "I Know It's You" appeared in the trailer for the film ''Resident Evil: Extinction'', and includes vocals by the movie's star, Milla Jovovich.

In 2005, the album was nominated for the Best Electronic/Dance Album Grammy, the first year that category existed. It lost to ''Kish Kash'' by Basement Jaxx.

It is also around this time that Jordan and Kirkland formed their own record label, called Tiny e Recordings.

''Community Service II''

On April 5, 2005, The Crystal Method released their sequel to ''Community Service'', called ''Community Service II'', another continuous mix of electronica songs and remixes of music by artists including The Doors, Unkle, New Order and Smashing Pumpkins. The album peaked at number 31 on the Top Independent Albums chart and number 8 on the Top Electronic albums chart.

A 5-track EP, ''Community Service II Exclusives'', was also released through the iTunes Store. It included one new track, "Badass", and full versions of four tracks from ''Community Service II''. It was removed from the iTunes store not long after it was released.

''Drive'', ''London'', and ''Vegas'' re-release (2006–2008)

The group composed and performed the score for the film ''London'', which was released in February 2006. The soundtrack album included excerpts from the score, two Crystal Method vocal tracks—"Smoked" and "Glass Breaker", which were also released as a single—and songs by artists like Evil Nine, The Out Crowd, and The Perishers.

Shortly after the release of the ''London'' soundtrack, The Crystal Method was approached by Nike to take part in a series of music releases specifically designed to be listened to while running. The group's contribution, ''Drive: Nike + Original Run''—the first in the series—was initially released digitally, in June 2006, with the physical release following a year later. ''Drive'' peaked at number 23 on the Top Electronic Albums chart. The album, a 45 minute continuous mix, starts off slow, increases in tempo, and slows at the end, following the arc of a typical distance run.

In 2007, ten years after its original release, the group's debut album, ''Vegas'' was certified platinum by the RIAA. One month later, a special edition of the album was released, with a second disc including remixes and video.

In late 2008, the group remixed their song "Now Is the Time". Where the original version featured samples of Jesse Jackson, this "Vote '08 Remix" used samples of Barack Obama, marking the presidential election.

''Divided by Night'' (2009–present)

Following the release of ''Legion of Boom'', The Crystal Method began construction of a new, full-sized recording studio in Los Angeles—Crystalwerks. When it was finished, they began work on their next album, ''Divided by Night''.

On April 14, 2009, The Crystal Method released the digital single "Drown in the Now". A second single, "Black Rainbows", was released via Beatport two weeks later.

The ''Divided by Night'' tour started in Boston on May 6, and the album was released the following week. It peaked at number 38 on the Billboard 200, number two on the Top Electronic Albums chart, and number four on the Top Independent Albums chart, and also granted the duo another Grammy nomination. The album features guest artists including Peter Hook (of New Order), Matisyahu, Meiko, Justin Warfield, Emily Haines (of Metric), and Jason Lytle.

''X Games 3D: The Movie'', released in August 2009, included a number of Crystal Method songs and remixes, including "Drown in the Now" and "Now Is the Time".

Instruments

The Crystal Method use a wide array of equipment, with the Clavia Nord Lead being most closely associated with their style and sound. It was the primary source of sound for their first album ''Vegas''.

Discography

Studio albums

''Vegas'' (1997)

''Tweekend'' (2001)

''Legion of Boom'' (2004)

''Divided by Night'' (2009)

References

External links

Category:American electronic music groups Category:American techno music groups Category:Club DJs Category:Remixers Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles, California Category:Ableton Live users Category:Breakbeat musicians Category:Electronic music duos

de:The Crystal Method es:The Crystal Method fr:The Crystal Method it:The Crystal Method nl:The Crystal Method pl:The Crystal Method pt:The Crystal Method ru:The Crystal Method uk:The Crystal Method

}} Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born July 9, 1947), nicknamed "The Juice", is a retired American collegiate and professional football player, football broadcaster, actor, and convicted felon.

Originally attaining a public profile in sports as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, Simpson was the American Football League's Buffalo Bills' first overall pick in the 1969 Common Draft, and the first professional football player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season, a mark he set during the 1973 season. While five other players have passed the 2,000 rush yard mark he stands alone as the only player to ever rush for more than 2,000 yards in a 14-game season (professional football changed to a 16-game season in 1978). He also holds the record for the single season yards-per-game average which stands at 143.1 ypg. Simpson was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. He also had successful careers in acting and sports commentary.

In 1995, Simpson was acquitted of the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman after a lengthy, internationally publicized criminal trial – the ''People v. Simpson''. A 1997 judgment against Simpson for their wrongful deaths was awarded in civil court, and to date he has paid little of the $33.5 million judgment. His book, ''If I Did It'' (2006), which purports to be a first-person fictional account of the murders had he actually committed them, was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family.

In September 2007, Simpson was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada, and charged with numerous felonies, including armed robbery and kidnapping. In 2008, he was found guilty and sentenced to 33 years imprisonment, with a minimum of 9 years without parole. He is currently serving his sentence at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada.

Early life

Simpson was born in San Francisco, the son of Eunice (née Durden; October 23, 1921 – San Francisco, California, November 9, 2001), a hospital administrator, and Jimmy Lee Simpson (Arkansas, January 29, 1920 – San Francisco, California, June 9, 1986), a chef and bank custodian. Simpson's maternal grandparents were from Louisiana. His aunt gave him the name Orenthal, which supposedly was the name of a French actor she liked. Simpson has one brother, Melvin Leon "Truman" Simpson, and one living sister, Shirley Simpson-Baker, and one deceased sister, Carmelita Simpson-Durio. As a child, Simpson developed rickets and wore braces on his legs until the age of five. His parents separated in 1952.

At Galileo High School in San Francisco, Simpson played for the school football team, the Galileo Lions. From 1965 to 1966, Simpson was a student at City College of San Francisco, a member of the California Community College system. He played both offense (running back) and defense (defensive back) and was named to the Junior College All-American team as a running back.

Football

University of Southern California

Simpson gained an athletic scholarship to the University of Southern California where he played running back in 1967 and 1968. Simpson led the nation in rushing in 1967 when he ran for 1,451 yards and scored 11 touchdowns. He also led the nation in rushing the next year with 355 carries for 1,709 yards.

In 1967, he starred in the 1967 USC vs. UCLA football game and was a Heisman Trophy candidate as a junior, but he did not win the award. His 64 yard touchdown run in the 4th quarter tied the game, with the PAT the margin of victory. This was the biggest play in what is regarded as one of the greatest football games of the 20th century.

Another dramatic touchdown in the same game is the subject of the Arnold Friberg oil painting, ''O.J. Simpson Breaks for Daylight.'' Simpson also won the Walter Camp Award in 1967 and was a two-time consensus All-American. He ran in the USC sprint relay quartet that broke the world record at the NCAA track championships in Provo, Utah in June 1967.

In 1968, he rushed for 1,709 yards and 22 touchdowns, earning the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Walter Camp Award that year. He still holds the record for the Heisman's largest margin of victory, defeating the runner-up by 1,750 points. In the 1969 Rose Bowl where No. 2 USC faced No. 1 Ohio State, Simpson ran for 171 yards, including an 80-yard touchdown run in a 16–27 loss.

Professional football

Simpson was drafted by the AFL's Buffalo Bills, who got first pick in the 1969 AFL-NFL Common Draft after finishing 1–12–1 in 1968. Early in his professional football career, Simpson struggled on poor Buffalo teams, averaging only 622 yards per season for his first three.

He first rushed for more than 1,000 yards in 1972, gaining a total of 1,251. In 1973, Simpson rushed for a record 2,003 yards, becoming the first player ever to pass the 2,000-yard mark, and scored 12 touchdowns. Simpson gained more than 1,000 rushing yards for each of his next three seasons. From 1972 to 1976, Simpson averaged 1,540 rushing yards per (14 game) season, 5.1 yards per carry, and he won the NFL rushing title four times. Simpson had the best game of his career during the Thanksgiving game against the Detroit Lions on November 25, 1976, when he rushed for a then record 273 yards on 29 attempts and scoring two touchdowns.

29 at SD NYJ PHI BAL at MIA KC at NO CIN MIA at BAL at ATL NE at NYJ

Week !! Team !! Carries !! Yards !! Average
1	at NE	|	250	8.6
2	|	22	103	4.7
3	|	24	123	5.1
4	|	27	171	6.3
5	|	22	166	7.5
6	|	14	55	3.9
7	|	39	157	4.0
8	|	20	79	4.0
9	|	20	99	5.0
10	|	20	120	6.0
11	|	15	124	8.3
12	|	24	137	5.7
13	|	22	219	10.0
14	|	34	200	5.9
! 1973 !! TOTAL !! 332 !! 2,003 !! 6.0

Simpson's 1977 season in Buffalo was cut short by injury. Before the 1978 season, the Bills traded Simpson to the San Francisco 49ers for a second round draft pick, where he played two unremarkable seasons.

Simpson gained 11,236 rushing yards, placing him 2nd on the NFL's all-time rushing list; he now stands at 17th. He was named NFL Player of the Year in 1973, and played in six Pro Bowls. He was the only player in NFL history to rush for over 2,000 yards in a 14 game season and he's the only player to rush for over 200 yards in six different games in his career. Simpson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985, his first year of eligibility.

Simpson acquired the nickname "Juice" as a play on "O. J.", an informal abbreviation for "Orange Juice". "Juice" is also a colloquial synonym for electricity or electrical power, and hence a metaphor for any powerful entity; the Bills' offensive line at Simpson's peak was nicknamed "The Electric Company."

Acting

Even before his retirement from football and in the NFL, Simpson embarked on a successful film career with parts in films such as the television mini-series ''Roots'', and the dramatic motion pictures ''The Cassandra Crossing'', ''Capricorn One'', ''The Klansman'', ''The Towering Inferno'', and the comedic ''Back to the Beach'' and ''The Naked Gun'' trilogy. In 1979, he started his own film production company, Orenthal Productions, which dealt mostly in made-for-TV fare such as the family-oriented ''Goldie and the Boxer'' films with Melissa Michaelsen and ''Cocaine and Blue Eyes'', the pilot for a proposed detective series on NBC. NBC was considering whether to air ''Frogmen'', another series starring Simpson, when his arrest canceled the project.

Simpson's amiable persona and natural charisma landed him numerous endorsement deals. He was a spokesman for the Hertz rental car company. He would be depicted running through airports, as if to suggest he was back on the football field. Simpson was also a longtime spokesman for Pioneer Chicken and owned two franchises, one of which was destroyed during the 1992 Los Angeles riots; as well as HoneyBaked Ham, the pX Corporation, and Calistoga Water Company's line of Napa Naturals soft drinks. He also appeared in comic book ads for Dingo cowboy boots.

Besides his acting career, Simpson worked as a commentator for ''Monday Night Football'' and ''The NFL on NBC''. He also appeared in the audience of ''Saturday Night Live'' during its second season and hosted an episode during its third season.

Family life

On June 24, 1967, Simpson married Marguerite L. Whitley. Together they had three children: Arnelle L. Simpson (born December 4, 1968), Jason L. Simpson (born April 21, 1970) and Aaren Lashone Simpson (born September 24, 1977). In August 1979, Aaren drowned in the family's swimming pool a month before her second birthday Simpson and Whitley were also divorced that same year.

On February 2, 1985, Simpson married Nicole Brown. They had two children, Sydney Brooke Simpson (born October 17, 1985) and Justin Ryan Simpson (born August 6, 1988), and were divorced in 1992.

Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman were murdered on June 12, 1994. Simpson was charged with their deaths and subsequently acquitted of all criminal charges in a controversial criminal trial. In the unanimous jury findings of a civil court case in February 1997, Simpson was found liable for the wrongful death of Ronald Goldman and battery of Nicole Brown.

Legal history

Criminal trial for murder

In 1989, Simpson pleaded no contest to a domestic violence charge and was separated from Nicole Brown, to whom he was paying child support. On June 12, 1994 Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman were found dead outside Brown's condominium. Simpson was charged with their murders. On June 17, after failing to turn himself in, he became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white Ford Bronco SUV that interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. The trial, often characterized as "the trial of the century," culminated on October 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders. The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.S. population, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for its division along racial lines: polls showed that most African-Americans felt that justice had been served by the "not guilty" verdict, while most white Americans did not. O. J. Simpson's defense counsel included Johnnie Cochran, Robert Kardashian, and F. Lee Bailey.

Wrongful death civil trial

On February 5, 1997 a civil jury in Santa Monica, California unanimously found Simpson liable for the wrongful death of and battery against Goldman, and battery against Brown. Daniel Petrocelli represented plaintiff Fred Goldman, Ronald Goldman's father. Simpson was ordered to pay $33,500,000 in damages. However, California law protects pensions from being used to satisfy judgments, so Simpson was able to continue much of his lifestyle based on his NFL pension. In February 1999, an auction of Simpson's Heisman Trophy and other belongings netted almost $500,000. The money went to the Goldman family.

A 2000 ''Rolling Stone'' article reported that Simpson still made a significant income by signing autographs. He subsequently moved from California to Miami. In Florida, a person's residence cannot be seized to collect a debt under most circumstances. The Goldman family also tried to collect Simpson's NFL pension of $28,000 a year but failed to collect any money.

On September 5, 2006, Goldman's father took Simpson back to court to obtain control over his "right to publicity" for purposes of satisfying the judgment in the civil court case. On January 4, 2007, a Federal judge issued a restraining order prohibiting Simpson from spending any advance he may have received on a canceled TV and book deal. The matter was dismissed before trial for lack of jurisdiction. On January 19, 2007, a California state judge issued an additional restraining order, ordering Simpson to restrict his spending to "ordinary and necessary living expenses".

On March 13, 2007, a judge prevented Simpson from receiving any further compensation from a canceled book deal and TV interview. He ordered the bundled book rights to be auctioned. In August 2007, a Florida bankruptcy court awarded the rights to the book to the Goldman family to partially satisfy an unpaid civil judgment. The book was renamed ''If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer'', with the word "If" reduced in size to make it appear that the title was "I Did It: Confessions of the Killer", and comments were added to the original manuscript by the Goldman family, author Pablo Fenjves, and prominent investigative journalist Dominick Dunne. The author was listed as the Goldman family.

Alleged confession

Mike Gilbert, a memorabilia dealer and former agent and friend of Simpson, wrote a book titled ''How I Helped O.J. Get Away with Murder: The Shocking Inside Story of Violence, Loyalty, Regret and Remorse''. He states that Simpson had smoked marijuana, took a sleeping pill and was drinking beer when he allegedly confided at his Brentwood home weeks after his trial what happened the night of June 12, 1994. According to Gilbert, Simpson said, "If she hadn't opened that door with a knife in her hand...she'd still be alive." Gilbert claimed Simpson had confessed. However, Simpson's current lawyer, Yale Galanter, said none of Gilbert's claims are true and that Gilbert is "a delusional drug addict who needs money. He has fallen on very hard times. He is in trouble with the Internal Revenue Service."

Miscellaneous legal troubles

The State of California claims Simpson owes $1.44 million in past due taxes. A tax lien was filed in his case on September 1, 1999.

In February 2001, Simpson was arrested in Miami-Dade County, Florida for simple battery and burglary of an occupied conveyance for allegedly yanking the glasses off another motorist during a traffic dispute 3 months earlier. If convicted, Simpson faced up to 16 years in prison. He was put on trial and quickly acquitted on both charges in October 2001.

Simpson's Miami home was searched by the FBI on December 4, 2001 on suspicion of ecstasy possession and money laundering. The FBI had received a tip that O.J. Simpson was involved in a major drug trafficking ring after 10 other suspects were arrested in the case. Mr. Simpson's home was thoroughly searched for two hours, yet no illegal drugs were ever discovered. No arrest or formal charges ever stemmed from this incident. However, investigators uncovered equipment capable of broadcasting pirated satellite television signals which eventually led to Simpson being sued in federal court.

On July 4, 2002, O.J. Simpson was arrested in Miami-Dade County, Florida for speeding through a Manatee Zone and failing to comply with proper boating regulations. His attorney, Yale Galanter, was able to get the misdemeanor boating regulation charge dropped and Simpson only had to pay a fine for the speeding infraction.

In March 2004, satellite television network DirecTV, Inc. accused Simpson in a Miami federal court of using illegal electronic devices to pirate its broadcast signals. The company later won a $25,000 judgment, and Simpson was ordered to pay $33,678 in attorney's fees and costs.

Las Vegas robbery

Coordinates	50°41′″N21°45′″N
name	Orenthal James Simpson
motive	Personal gain
charge	Robbery, kidnapping, coercion, conspiracy
conviction	October 3, 2008
conviction penalty	Up to 33 years in state prison, eligible for parole after nine years
conviction status	Incarcerated at Lovelock Correctional Center, Nevada
children	}}

In September 2007, a group of men led by Simpson entered a room at the Palace Station hotel-casino and took sports memorabilia at gunpoint, which resulted in Simpson being questioned by police. Simpson admitted to taking the items, which he said had been stolen from him, but denied breaking into the hotel room; he also denied that he or anyone else carried a gun. He was released after questioning.

Two days later, however, Simpson was arrested and initially held without bail. Along with three other men, Simpson was charged with multiple felony counts, including criminal conspiracy, kidnapping, assault, robbery, and using a deadly weapon. Bail was set at $125,000, with stipulations that Simpson have no contact with the co-defendants and that he surrender his passport. Simpson did not enter a plea.

By the end of October 2007, all three of Simpson's co-defendants had plea bargained with the prosecution in the Clark County, Nevada court case. Walter Alexander and Charles H. Cashmore accepted plea agreements in exchange for reduced charges and his testimony against Simpson and three other co-defendants, including testifying that guns were used in the robbery. Co-defendant Michael McClinton told a Las Vegas judge that he too would plead guilty to reduced charges and testify against Simpson that guns were used in the robbery. After the hearings, the judge ordered that Simpson be tried for the heist.

Simpson's preliminary hearing, to decide whether he would be tried for the charges, occurred on November 8, 2007. He was held over for trial on all 12 counts. Simpson pleaded not guilty on November 29. Court officers and attorneys announced on May 22, 2008, that long questionnaires with at least 115 queries would be given to a jury pool of 400 or more. Trial was reset from April to September 8, 2008.

In January 2008, Simpson was taken into custody in Florida and flown to Las Vegas where he was incarcerated at the county jail for allegedly violating the terms of his bail by attempting to contact Clarence "C.J." Stewart, a co-defendant in the trial. District Attorney David Roger of Clark County, provided District Court Judge Jackie Glass with data that Simpson had violated terms of bail. The hearing on this bail issue was on January 16, 2008. Clark County District Court Judge Jackie Glass raised Simpson's bail to US$250,000 and ordered that he remain in county jail until 15 percent of the bail, in cash, was paid. Simpson posted bond that evening and returned to Miami the next day.

Simpson and his co-defendant were found guilty of all charges on October 3, 2008. On October 10, 2008, O. J. Simpson's counsels moved for new trial (trial de novo) on grounds of judicial errors (two African-American jurors were dismissed) and insufficient evidence. Galanter announced he would appeal to the Nevada Supreme Court if Judge Glass denied the motion. The attorney for Simpson's co-defendant, C.J. Stewart, petitioned for a new trial, alleging Stewart should have been tried separately, and cited perceived misconduct by the jury foreman, Paul Connelly.

Simpson faced a possible life sentence with parole on the kidnapping charge, and mandatory prison time for armed robbery. On December 5, 2008, Simpson was sentenced to a total of 33 years in prison with the possibility of parole in about 9 years. On September 4, 2009, the Nevada Supreme Court denied a request for bail during Simpson's appeal. In October 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed his convictions. He is now serving his sentence as Nevada Department of Corrections inmate #1027820 at the Lovelock Correctional Center.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |rowspan=2|1968 |''Ironside'' |Onlooker – uncredited |TV Episode – "Price Tag Death" |- |''Dragnet 1969'' |Student |TV |- |1969 |''Medical Center'' |Bru Wiley |TV Episode "The Last 10 Yards" |- |1971 |''Why?'' |The Athlete |short film |- |1972 |''Cade's County'' |Jeff Hughes |TV Episode "Blackout" |- |1973 |''Here's Lucy'' |Himself |(TV series) episode "The Big Game" |- |rowspan=3|1974 |''The Klansman'' |Garth | |- |''O. J. Simpson: Juice on the Loose'' |Himself | TV documentary |- |''The Towering Inferno'' |Jernigan | |- |rowspan=2|1976 |''The Cassandra Crossing'' |Haley | |- |''Killer Force'' |Alexander | |- |rowspan=2|1977 |''A Killing Affair'' |Woodrow York |TV |- |''Roots'' |Kadi Touray | |- |1978 |''Capricorn One'' |Cmdr. John Walker | |- |rowspan=2|1979 |''Firepower'' |Catlett | |- |''Goldie and the Boxer'' |Joe Gallagher |TV (executive producer) |- |1980 |''Detour to Terror'' |Lee Hayes |TV (executive producer) |- |1981 |''Goldie and the Boxer Go to Hollywood'' |Joe Gallagher |TV (executive producer) |- |1983 |''Cocaine and Blue Eyes'' |Michael Brennen |TV (executive producer) |- |1984 |''Hambone and Hillie'' |Tucker | |- |1985–1991 |''1st & Ten'' |T.D. Parker |Five episodes |- |rowspan=2|1987 |''Back to the Beach'' |Man at Airport |Uncredited |- |''Student Exchange'' |Soccer Coach |TV |- |1988 |''The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!'' |Detective Nordberg | |- |1989 |''In the Heat of the Night'' |Councilman Lawson Stiles |TV episode "Walkout" |- |1991 |''The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear'' |Detective Nordberg | |- |rowspan=2|1993 |''CIA Code Name: Alexa'' |Nick Murphy | |- |''No Place to Hide'' |Allie Wheeler | |- |rowspan=2|1994 |''Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult'' |Detective Nordberg | |- |''Frogmen'' |John 'Bullfrog' Burke |unaired TV movie |- |2006 |''Juiced with O. J. Simpson'' |Himself |TV pay-per-view |- |}

See also

List of American Football League players

Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame

References

External links

Member ''Pro Football Hall of Fame:'' profile

O.J. Simpson Profile at USC Legends

Civil and criminal trials

Nevada Department of Corrections, Inmate Detail Record

TruTV's O.J. Simpson Case File

CNN – Judge allows new shoe photo in Simpson trial – Jan. 6, 1997

MSNBC – Man behind Simpson guilty verdict – Updated: 8:32 p.m. ET June 13, 2004

O.J. Simpson civil trial index

O.J. Simpson Verdict Ten Years Later (PBS Frontline streaming video)

FindLaw: O.J. Simpson's 2007 Las Vegas criminal charges

CNN, Timeline

CNN, Motion for New Trial, October 10, 2008

}}

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American criminals Category:Actors from California Category:African American film actors Category:African American players of American football Category:All-American college football players Category:American burglars Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American Football League All-Star players Category:American football running backs Category:American kidnappers Category:American prisoners and detainees Category:American robbers Category:American television sports announcers Category:Buffalo Bills (AFL) players Category:City College of San Francisco alumni Category:College football announcers Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Heisman Trophy winners Category:History of Los Angeles, California Category:National Football League announcers Category:National Football League first overall draft picks Category:National Football League 10,000 yard rushers Category:National Football League players with multiple rushing titles Category:NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team Category:People acquitted of murder Category:People from San Francisco, California Category:Prisoners and detainees of Nevada Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:San Francisco 49ers players Category:USC Trojans football players Category:People associated with Direct Sales

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