A county seat is an administrative center, or seat of government, for a county or civil parish. The term is primarily used in the United States.
In Vermont the statutory term may be shire town, but colloquially "county seat" is the term in use there. Parts of the Canadian Maritimes also use the term "shire town." In England, Wales and Ireland, the term county town is used. This term is still sometimes used colloquially in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but today neither is divided into administrative counties – instead being divided, respectively, into council areas and districts. Louisiana uses parishes instead of counties, and the administrative center is a parish seat. Alaska is organized into "boroughs", which are large districts, and the administrative center is known as a borough seat.
A county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include, but are not limited to, the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia and Howard County, Maryland. (Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland.) The county courthouse and county administration are usually located in the county seat, but some functions may also be conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large.
There are 33 counties with multiple county seats (no more than two each) in 11 states: Coffee County, Alabama
In Vermont, the county seats are called ''shire towns''. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court), both located in the respective shire town. Bennington County has two shire towns (Manchester for the ''North Shire'', Bennington for the ''South Shire''), but both the Court and the Sheriff are in Bennington.
In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments (there are no unincorporated areas in the state, that is, all land area in the state is within a town). As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, and the state government now operates the registries of deeds and sheriff's offices in those former counties.
Two counties in South Dakota (Shannon and Todd) have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County, respectively.
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Category:Capitals Category:Counties of the United States
ar:مقر المقاطعة bg:Окръжен център ca:Seu de comtat de:County Seat es:Sede de condado fr:Siège du comté hi:काउण्टी सीट it:Capoluogo di contea nl:County seat ja:郡庁所在地 no:Fylkessete pt:Sede de condado ro:Reședință de comitat ru:Окружной центр (США) sq:County Seat simple:County seat vi:Quận lỵThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
jersey | 31, 2, 1 |
---|---|
birth date | May 28, 1888 |
birth place | Prague, Oklahoma, USA |
death date | March 28, 1953 |
death place | Lomita, California, USA |
position | Back |
college | Carlisle Indian |
honors | All-Pro selection (1923)NFL 1920s All-Decade Team |
databasefootball | THORPJIM01 |
player | yes |
years | 1915-19171919-192019211922-1923192419251925192619261928 |
teams | Canton BulldogsCanton BulldogsCleveland IndiansOorang IndiansRock Island IndependentsNew York GiantsRock Island IndependentsTampa CardinalsCanton BulldogsChicago Cardinals |
databasefootballcoach | THORPJIM01 |
coach | yes |
coachingteams | Canton BulldogsCleveland IndiansOorang IndiansTampa Cardinals |
coachingyears | 1915-1920–1925 |
collegehof | 10005 |
hof | 213 |
hofyear | 1963 }} |
name | Jim Thorpe |
---|---|
position | Outfielder |
bats | Right |
throws | Right |
debutdate | April 14 |
debutyear | 1913 |
debutteam | New York Giants |
finaldate | September 25 |
finalyear | 1919 |
finalteam | Boston Braves |
stat1label | Batting average |
stat1value | .252 |
stat2label | Home runs |
stat2value | 7 |
stat3label | Runs batted in |
stat3value | 82 |
stat4label | Hits |
stat4value | 176 |
teams |
Of Native American and European American ancestry, Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox nation in Oklahoma. He played as part of several All-American Indian teams throughout his career, and "barnstormed" (played mainly in small towns) as a professional basketball player with a team composed entirely of American Indians.
His professional sports career ended during the Great Depression; and Thorpe struggled to earn a living after that. He worked several odd jobs, struggled with alcoholism, and lived his last years in failing health and poverty.
Thorpe's parents were of mixed-race ancestry and both were Catholic. His father, Hiram Thorpe, had an Irish father and a Sac and Fox Indian mother. His mother, Charlotte Vieux, had a French father and a Potawatomi mother, a descendant of Chief Louis Vieux. Thorpe was raised as a Sac and Fox, and his native name was ''Wa-Tho-Huk'', translated as "path lighted by great flash of lightning" or, more simply, "Bright Path". As was the custom for Sac and Fox, Thorpe was named for something occurring around the time of his birth, in this case the light brightening the path to the cabin where he was born. Thorpe's mother was Roman Catholic and raised her children in that faith, which Thorpe observed throughout his adult life.
Thorpe attended the Sac and Fox Indian Agency School in Stroud, Oklahoma, with his twin brother Charlie. Charlie helped Jim through school, but died of pneumonia when he was nine years old. Thereafter, Thorpe ran away from school on several occasions. Hiram Thorpe then sent him to the present-day Haskell Indian Nations University in Lawrence, Kansas, so that he would not run away again. When his mother died of childbirth complications two years later, Thorpe became depressed. After several arguments with his father, he left home to work on a horse ranch.
In 1904, Thorpe returned to his father and decided to attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. There, his athletic ability was recognized and he was coached by Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner, one of the most influential coaches of early American football history. Later that year, Hiram Thorpe died from gangrene poisoning after being wounded in a hunting accident. Thorpe again dropped out of school. He resumed farm work for a few years and then returned to Carlisle Indian Industrial School.
Reportedly, Pop Warner was hesitant to allow Thorpe, his best track and field athlete, to compete in a physical game such as football. Thorpe, however, convinced Warner to let him participate in some plays against the school team's defense; Warner assumed he would be tackled easily and give up the idea. Thorpe "ran around past and through them not once, but twice." He then walked over to Warner and said, "Nobody is going to tackle Jim," while flipping him the ball.
Thorpe gained nationwide attention for the first time in 1911. As a running back, defensive back, placekicker, and punter, Thorpe scored all of his football team's points—four field goals and a touchdown—in an 18–15 upset of Harvard. His team finished the season 11–1. The next year, Carlisle won the national collegiate championship largely as a result of his efforts - he scored 25 touchdowns and 198 points.
Carlisle's 1912 record included a 27–6 victory over Army. In that game, Thorpe's 92-yard touchdown was nullified by a teammate's penalty; the next play, Thorpe scored a 97-yard touchdown. Future President Dwight Eisenhower, who played against him that season, recalled of Thorpe in a 1961 speech:
Here and there, there are some people who are supremely endowed. My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe. He never practiced in his life, and he could do anything better than any other football player I ever saw.
Thorpe was awarded All-American honors in both 1911 and 1912.
Football was—- and would remain—- Thorpe's favorite sport. He competed only sporadically in track and field. Nevertheless, track and field became the sport in which Thorpe gained his greatest fame.
In the spring of 1912 he started training for the Olympics. He had confined his efforts to the jumps, the hurdles and the shot-put but now he undertook the pole vault, the javelin, discus, the hammer and the fifty-six-pound weight. In the Olympic trials held at Celtic Park in New York, his all-round ability stood out in all these events and so he riveted a claim to a place on the team that went to Sweden.
The decathlon was a relatively new event of modern athletics, although it had been part of American track meets since the 1880s and a version had been featured on the program of the 1904 St. Louis Olympics. The events of the new decathlon differed slightly from the American version. Both events seemed appropriate for Thorpe, who was so versatile that he alone had constituted Carlisle's team in several track meets. He could run the 100-yard dash in 10 seconds flat, the 220 in 21.8 seconds, the 440 in 51.8 seconds, the 880 in 1:57, the mile in 4:35, the 120-yard high hurdles in 15 seconds, and the 220-yard low hurdles in 24 seconds. He could long jump 23 ft 6 in and high-jump 6 ft 5 in. He could pole vault 11 feet, put the shot 47 ft 9 in, throw the javelin 163 feet, and throw the discus 136 feet.
Thorpe entered the U.S. Olympic trials for both the pentathlon and the decathlon. He won the awards easily, winning three events, and was named to the pentathlon team, which also included future International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage. There were only a few candidates for the decathlon team, and the trials were cancelled.
His schedule in the Olympics was busy. Along with the decathlon and pentathlon, he competed in the long jump and high jump. The first competition was the pentathlon; Thorpe won four of the five events and placed third in the javelin, an event in which he had not competed before 1912. Although the pentathlon was primarily decided on place points, points were also earned for the marks achieved in the individual events. He won the gold medal. The same day, Thorpe qualified for the high jump final. He placed fourth and also took seventh place in the long jump.
Thorpe's final event was the decathlon, his first—and as it turned out, only—Olympic decathlon. Strong competition from local favorite Hugo Wieslander was expected. Thorpe, however, easily defeated Wieslander by more than 700 points. He placed in the top four of all ten events. Thorpe's Olympic record of 8,413 points would stand for nearly two decades. Overall, Thorpe won eight of the 15 individual events of the pentathlon and decathlon.
As was the custom of the day, the medals were presented to the athletes during the closing ceremonies of the games. Along with the two gold medals, Thorpe also received two challenge prizes, which were donated by King Gustav V of Sweden for the decathlon and Czar Nicholas II of Russia for the pentathlon. Several sources recount that, when awarding Thorpe his prize, King Gustav said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world," to which Thorpe replied, "Thanks, King."
Thorpe's successes had not gone unnoticed at home, and he was honored with a ticker-tape parade on Broadway. He remembered later, "I heard people yelling my name, and I couldn't realize how one fellow could have so many friends."
Apart from his track and field appearance, Thorpe also played in one of two exhibition baseball games at the 1912 Olympics, which featured two teams composed of U.S. track and field athletes. It was not Thorpe's first try at baseball, as the public would soon learn.
In late January 1913, U.S. newspapers published stories announcing that Thorpe had played professional baseball. It is not entirely certain which newspaper first published the story; the earliest article found is from the ''Providence Times'', but the ''Worcester Telegram'' is usually mentioned as the first. Thorpe had indeed played professional baseball in the Eastern Carolina League for Rocky Mount, North Carolina, in 1909 and 1910, receiving meager pay; reportedly as little as $2 ($}} today) a game and as much as $35 ($}} today) a week. College players, in fact, regularly spent summers playing professionally, but most used aliases, unlike Thorpe.
Although the public did not seem to care much about Thorpe's past, the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), and especially its secretary James Edward Sullivan, took the case very seriously. Thorpe wrote a letter to Sullivan, in which he admitted playing professional baseball:
His letter did not help. The AAU decided to withdraw Thorpe's amateur status retroactively and asked the International Olympic Commission (IOC) to do the same. Later that year, the IOC unanimously decided to strip Thorpe of his Olympic titles, medals, and awards, and declared him a professional.
Although Thorpe had played for money, the AAU and IOC did not follow the rules for disqualification. The rulebook for the 1912 Olympics stated that protests had to be made ''within'' 30 days from the closing ceremonies of the games. The first newspaper reports did not appear until January 1913, about six months after the Stockholm Games had concluded. There is also some evidence that Thorpe's amateur status had been questioned long before the Olympics, but the AAU had ignored the issue until being confronted with it in 1913.
The only positive element of this affair for Thorpe was that, as soon as the news was reported that he had been declared a professional, he received offers from professional sports clubs.
But Thorpe had not abandoned football either. He first played professional football in 1913, as a member of the Indiana-based Pine Village Pros, a team that had a several-season winning streak against local teams during the 1910s. By 1915, Thorpe had signed with the Canton Bulldogs They paid him $250 ($}} today) a game, a tremendous wage at the time. Before Thorpe's signing, Canton was averaging 1,200 fans a game; 8,000 showed up for his debut against Massillon. The team won titles in 1916, 1917, and 1919. Thorpe reportedly ended the 1919 championship game by kicking a wind-assisted 95-yard punt from his team's own 5-yard line, effectively putting the game out of reach. In 1920, the Bulldogs were one of 14 teams to form the American Professional Football Association (APFA), which would become the National Football League (NFL) two years later. Thorpe was nominally the APFA's first president; however, he spent most of the year playing for Canton and a year later was replaced by Joseph Carr. He continued to play for Canton, coaching the team as well. Between 1921 and 1923, Thorpe played for the LaRue, Ohio, (Marion County, Ohio) Oorang Indians, an all-Native American team. Although the team's record was 3–6 in 1922, and 1–10 in 1923, Thorpe played well and was selected for the ''Green Bay Press-Gazette's'' first All-NFL team in 1923 (the Press-Gazette's team would later be formalized by the NFL as the league's official All-NFL team in 1931).
Thorpe never played for an NFL championship team. He retired from professional football at age 41, having played 52 NFL games for six teams from 1920 to 1928.
Until 2005, most of Thorpe's biographers were unaware of his basketball career. A ticket discovered in an old book that year revealed his career in basketball. By 1926, he was the main feature of the "World Famous Indians" of LaRue, which sponsored traveling football, baseball, and basketball teams. "Jim Thorpe and His World-Famous Indians" barnstormed for at least two years (1927–28) in parts of New York, Pennsylvania, and Marion, Ohio. Although pictures of Thorpe in his WFI basketball uniform were printed on postcards and published in newspapers, this period of his life was not well documented.
In 1926, Thorpe married Freeda V. Kirkpatrick (b.September 19, 1905, d. March 2, 2007). She was working for the manager of the baseball team for which he was playing at the time. They had four sons: Carl, William, Richard and John "Jack". William, Richard and Jack survived their mother, who divorced their father in 1941 after 15 years of marriage.
Lastly, Thorpe married Patricia Askew, who was with him when he died.
While Thorpe attended Carlisle, students' ethnicity was used for marketing purposes. A photograph of Thorpe and the 1911 football team emphasized the racial differences between the competing athletes. The inscription on the football reads, "1911, Indians 18, Harvard 15." Additionally, the school and journalists often categorized sporting competitions as conflicts of Indians against whites. Newspaper headings such as “Indians Scalp Army 27–6” or “Jim Thorpe on Rampage” made stereotypical journalistic play of the Indian nature of Carlisle's football team. The first notice of Thorpe in ''The New York Times'' was headlined "Indian Thorpe in Olympiad.; Redskin from Carlisle Will Strive for Place on American Team"; his accomplishments were described in a similar racial context by other newspapers and sportswriters throughout his life.
In 1982, Wheeler and Ridlon established the Jim Thorpe Foundation and gained support from the U.S. Congress. Armed with this support and evidence from 1912 proving that Thorpe's disqualification had occurred after the 30-day time period allowed by Olympics rules, they succeeded in making the case to the IOC. In October 1982, the IOC Executive Committee approved Thorpe's reinstatement. In an unusual ruling, they declared that Thorpe was co-champion with Bie and Wieslander, although both of these athletes had always said they considered Thorpe to be the only champion. In a ceremony on January 18, 1983, the IOC presented two of Thorpe's children, Gale and Bill, with commemorative medals. Thorpe's original medals had been held in museums, but they had been stolen and have never been recovered.
Thorpe's achievements received great acclaim from sports journalists, both during his lifetime and since his death. In 1950, an Associated Press poll of almost 400 sportswriters and broadcasters voted Thorpe the "greatest athlete" of the first half of the 20th century. That same year, the Associated Press named Thorpe the "greatest American football player" of the first half of the century. In 1999, the Associated Press placed him third on its list of the top athletes of the century, following Babe Ruth and Michael Jordan. ESPN ranked Thorpe seventh on their list of best North American athletes of the century.
Thorpe was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963, one of seventeen players in the charter class. Thorpe is memorialized in the Pro Football Hall of Fame rotunda with a larger-than-life statue. He was also inducted into halls of fame for college football, American Olympic teams, and the national track and field competition.
President Richard Nixon, as authorized by U.S. Senate Joint Resolution 73, proclaimed Monday, April 16, 1973 as "Jim Thorpe Day" to promote the nationwide recognition of Thorpe. In 1986, the Jim Thorpe Association established an award with Thorpe's name. The Jim Thorpe Award is given annually to the best defensive back in college football. The annual Thorpe Cup athletics meeting is named in his honor.
In June 2010, Thorpe's son, Jack, filed a federal lawsuit against the borough of Jim Thorpe, seeking to have his father's remains returned to his homeland and re-interred near other family members in Oklahoma. Citing the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Jack Thorpe is arguing to bring his father's remains to the reservation in Oklahoma. There Thorpe's remains would be buried near his father, sisters, and brother, and would be one mile away from the place he was born. Jack Thorpe says the agreement between his stepmother and borough officials was made against the wishes of other family members. They want him buried in Native American land.
Thorpe was memorialized in the Warner Bros. film ''Jim Thorpe -- All-American'' (1951) starring Burt Lancaster, with Billy Gray performing as Thorpe as a child. The film was directed by Michael Curtiz. Although there were accusations that Thorpe received no money from the movie he was paid $15,000 by Warner Bros. plus a $2,500 donation towards an annuity for him by the studio head of publicity.
This historical athlete appeared as a ghost in the 1994 television film ''Windrunner: A Spirited Journey'', portrayed by Russell Means.
Category:1888 births Category:1953 deaths Category:Akron Buckeyes players Category:American ballroom dancers Category:American decathletes Category:American football running backs Category:American sailors Category:American people of French descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Baseball players at the 1912 Summer Olympics Category:Basketball players from Oklahoma Category:Basketball players from Pennsylvania Category:Boston Braves players Category:Canton Bulldogs coaches Category:Canton Bulldogs players Category:Canton Bulldogs (Ohio League) players Category:Carlisle Indians football players Category:Chicago Cardinals players Category:Cincinnati Reds players Category:Cleveland Indians (NFL) players Category:Cleveland Tigers-Indians coaches Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:American basketball players Category:Fayetteville Highlanders players Category:Harrisburg Senators players Category:Hartford Senators players Category:Identical twins Category:Jersey City Skeeters players Category:Major League Baseball outfielders Category:Baseball players from Oklahoma Category:Marion County, Ohio Category:Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players Category:National Football League commissioners Category:National Football League founders Category:Native American sportspeople Category:New York Giants (NL) players Category:New York Giants players Category:Newark Indians players Category:Olympic baseball players of the United States Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States Category:Olympic track and field athletes of the United States Category:Oorang Indians players Category:Pentathletes Category:People from Carlisle, Pennsylvania Category:People from Lincoln County, Oklahoma Category:People from Los Angeles County, California Category:Portland Beavers players Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Rock Island Independents players Category:Rocky Mount Railroaders players Category:Sac and Fox Category:Sportspeople of multiple sports Category:Toledo Mud Hens players Category:Worcester Boosters players Category:Olympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
bg:Джим Торп ca:James Francis Thorpe da:Jim Thorpe de:Jim Thorpe et:Jim Thorpe es:Jim Thorpe eu:Jim Thorpe fr:Jim Thorpe gl:Jim Thorpe ko:짐 소프 hr:Jim Thorpe it:Jim Thorpe he:ג'ים ת'ורפ lv:Džims Torps hu:Jim Thorpe mk:Џим Торп nl:Jim Thorpe ja:ジム・ソープ no:Jim Thorpe pl:Jim Thorpe pt:Jim Thorpe ru:Торп, Джим simple:Jim Thorpe sr:Џим Торп fi:Jim Thorpe sv:Jim Thorpe tr:Jim Thorpe zh:吉姆·索普This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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