Miller indices are a notation system in crystallography for planes and directions in crystal (Bravais) lattices.

In particular, a family of lattice planes is determined by three integers ℓ, m, and n, the Miller indices. They are written (hkl), and each index denotes a plane orthogonal to a direction (h, k, l) in the basis of the reciprocal lattice vectors. By convention, negative integers are written with a bar, as in for −3. The integers are usually written in lowest terms, i.e. their greatest common divisor should be 1. Miller index 100 represents a plane orthogonal to direction ℓ; index 010 represents a plane orthogonal to direction m, and index 001 represents a plane orthogonal to n.

There are also several related notations:

the notation {ℓmn} denotes the set of all planes that are equivalent to (ℓmn) by the symmetry of the lattice.

In the context of crystal directions (not planes), the corresponding notations are:

[ℓmn], with square instead of round brackets, denotes a direction in the basis of the direct lattice vectors instead of the reciprocal lattice; and

similarly, the notation 〈hkl〉 denotes the set of all directions that are equivalent to [ℓmn] by symmetry.

Miller indices were introduced in 1839 by the British mineralogist William Hallowes Miller. The method was also historically known as the Millerian system, and the indices as Millerian, although this is now rare.

The precise meaning of this notation depends upon a choice of lattice vectors for the crystal, as described below. Usually, three primitive lattice vectors are used. However, for cubic crystal systems, the cubic lattice vectors are used even when they are not primitive (e.g., as in body-centered and face-centered crystals).

Definition

There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices:. Thus as you can see, four-index zone indices in square or angle brackets sometimes mix a single direct-lattice index on the right with reciprocal-lattice indices (normally in round or curly brackets) on the left.

The crystallographic planes and directions

The crystallographic directions are fictitious lines linking nodes (atoms, ions or molecules) of a crystal. Similarly, the crystallographic planes are fictitious planes linking nodes. Some directions and planes have a higher density of nodes; these dense planes have an influence on the behaviour of the crystal:

optical properties: in condensed matter, the light "jumps" from one atom to the other with the Rayleigh scattering; the velocity of light thus varies according to the directions, whether the atoms are close or far; this gives the birefringence

adsorption and reactivity: the adsorption and the chemical reactions occur on atoms or molecules, these phenomena are thus sensitive to the density of nodes;

surface tension: the condensation of a material means that the atoms, ions or molecules are more stable if they are surrounded by other similar species; the surface tension of an interface thus varies according to the density on the surface

*the pores and crystallites tend to have straight grain boundaries following dense planes

*cleavage

dislocations (plastic deformation)

*the dislocation core tends to spread on dense planes (the elastic perturbation is "diluted"); this reduces the friction (Peierls-Nabarro force), the sliding occurs more frequently on dense planes;

*the perturbation carried by the dislocation (Burgers vector) is along a dense direction: the shift of one node in a dense direction is a lesser distortion;

*the dislocation line tends to follow a dense direction, the dislocation line is often a straight line, a dislocation loop is often a polygon.

For all these reasons, it is important to determine the planes and thus to have a notation system.

Integer vs. irrational Miller indices: Lattice planes and quasicrystals

Ordinarily, Miller indices are always integers by definition, and this constraint is physically significant. To understand this, suppose that we allow a plane $(abc)$ where the Miller "indices" a, b, and c (defined as above) are not necessarily integers.

If a, b, and c have rational ratios, then the same family of planes can be written in terms of integer indices (ℓmn) by scaling a, b, and c appropriately: divide by the largest of the three numbers, and then multiply by the least common denominator. Thus, integer Miller indices implicitly include indices with all rational ratios. The reason why planes where the components (in the reciprocal-lattice basis) have rational ratios are of special interest is that these are the lattice planes: they are the only planes whose intersections with the crystal are 2d-periodic.

For a plane $(abc)$ where a, b, and c have irrational ratios, on the other hand, the intersection of the plane with the crystal is not periodic. It forms an aperiodic pattern known as a quasicrystal. In fact, this construction corresponds precisely to the standard "cut-and-project" method of defining a quasicrystal, using a plane with irrational-ratio Miller indices. (Although many quasicrystals, such as the Penrose tiling, are formed by "cuts" of periodic lattices in more than three dimensions, involving the intersection of more than one such hyperplane.)

See also

Crystal structure

Kikuchi line

References

External links

Miller index description with diagrams

Online tutorial about lattice planes and Miller indices.

MTEX – Free MATLAB toolbox for Texture Analysis

http://sourceforge.net/projects/orilib – A collection of routines for rotation / orientation manipulation, including special tools for crystal orientations.

Category:Geometry Category:Crystallography

Terry Miller (born January 7, 1956 in Columbus, Georgia) was an American football running back in the NFL with the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was an All-American at Oklahoma State University in 1976 and 1977 and finished second in the 1977 Heisman Trophy voting.

Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:People from Columbus, Georgia Category:American football running backs Category:Oklahoma State Cowboys football players Category:Buffalo Bills players Category:Seattle Seahawks players

Name	Bernard L. Madoff
Image name	BernardMadoff.jpg
Birth date	April 29, 1938
Birth place	Queens, New York, USA
Religion	Judaism
Place of residence	Manhattan, New York, United States
Education	Hofstra University (1990)
Employer	Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities
Political party	Democratic
Ethnicity	Jewish
Known for	Ponzi scheme, Chairman of NASDAQ (prior)
Nationality	American
Spouse	Ruth Alpern Madoff
Occupation	Stock broker, financial adviser (retired), former chairman of NASDAQ
Conviction status	Inmate #61727-054 at the Metropolitan Correctional Center, 150 Park Row, New York City, NY 10007.
Children	Mark Madoff (ca. 1964 - 2010), Andrew Madoff (ca. 1966)
Charge	Securities fraud, investment advisor fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, false statements, perjury, making false filings with the SEC, theft from an employee benefit plan
Conviction penalty	150 years in federal prison and $170 billion in restitution

The Madoff investment scandal is the Ponzi scheme that former NASDAQ chairman Bernard Madoff confessed to in 2008. He founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960, and was its chairman until his arrest. Alerted by his sons, federal authorities arrested Madoff on December 11, 2008. On March 12, 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal crimes and admitted to operating what has been called the largest investor fraud ever committed by an individual. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison with restitution of $170 billion. According to the original federal charges, Madoff said that his firm had "liabilities of approximately US$50 billion". Prosecutors estimated the size of the fraud to be $64.8 billion, based on the amounts in the accounts of Madoff's 4,800 clients as of November 30, 2008. Ignoring opportunity costs and taxes paid on fictitious profits, half of Madoff's direct investors lost no money.

Investigators have determined others were involved in the scheme. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has also come under fire for not investigating Madoff more thoroughly; questions about his firm had been raised as early as 1999. Madoff's business, in the process of liquidation, was one of the top market makers on Wall Street and in 2008, the sixth-largest.

Madoff's personal and business asset freeze has created a chain reaction throughout the world's business and philanthropic community, forcing many organizations to close, including the Robert I. Lappin Charitable Foundation, the Picower Foundation, and the JEHT Foundation.

Background

Madoff started his firm in 1960 as a penny stock trader with $5,000 (about $35,000 in 2008 dollars), earned from working as a lifeguard and sprinkler installer. His fledgling business began to grow with the assistance of his father-in-law, accountant Saul Alpern, who referred a circle of friends and their families. Initially, the firm made markets (quoted bid and ask prices) via the National Quotation Bureau's Pink Sheets. In order to compete with firms that were members of the New York Stock Exchange trading on the stock exchange's floor, his firm began using innovative computer information technology to disseminate its quotes. After a trial run, the technology that the firm helped develop became the NASDAQ. At one point, Madoff Securities was the largest buying-and-selling "market maker" at the NASDAQ.

In 1992, The Wall Street Journal described him:

..."one of the masters of the off-exchange "third market" and the bane of the New York Stock Exchange. He has built a highly profitable securities firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, which siphons a huge volume of stock trades away from the Big Board. The $740 million average daily volume of trades executed electronically by the Madoff firm off the exchange equals 9% of the New York exchange's. Mr. Madoff's firm can execute trades so quickly and cheaply that it actually pays other brokerage firms a penny a share to execute their customers' orders, profiting from the spread between bid and asked prices that most stocks trade for."

Several family members worked for him. His younger brother, Peter, was Senior Managing Director and Chief Compliance Officer,

Federal investigators believe the fraud in the investment management division and advisory division may have begun in the 1970s. However, Madoff himself stated his fraudulent activities began in the 1990s.

In the 1980s, Madoff's market-maker division traded up to 5% of the total volume made on the New York Stock Exchange. who paid a broker to execute a customer's order through his brokerage, called a "legal kickback", which gave Madoff the reputation of being the largest dealer in NYSE-listed stocks in the U.S., trading about 15% of transaction volume. Academics have questioned the ethics of these payments. Madoff has argued that these payments did not alter the price that the customer received.

By 2000, Madoff Securities, one of the top traders of US securities, held approximately $300 million in assets. Madoff ran a branch office in London, separate from Madoff Securities, which employed 28, handling investments for his family of approximately £80 million. Two remote cameras installed in the London office permitted Madoff to monitor events from New York.

Modus operandi

In 1992, Bernard Madoff explained his purported strategy to The Wall Street Journal. He said the returns were really nothing special, given that the Standard & Poors 500-stock index generated an average annual return of 16.3% between November 1982 and November 1992. "I would be surprised if anybody thought that matching the S&P; over 10 years was anything outstanding." The majority of money managers actually trailed the S&P; 500 during the 1980s. The Journal concluded Madoff's use of futures and options helped cushion the returns against the market's ups and downs. Madoff said he made up for the cost of the hedges, which could have caused him to trail the stock market's returns, with stock-picking and market timing. Madoff's sales pitch was an investment strategy consisting of purchasing blue-chip stocks and taking options contracts on them, sometimes called a split-strike conversion or a collar. "Typically, a position will consist of the ownership of 30–35 S&P; 100 stocks, most correlated to that index, the sale of out-of-the-money 'calls' on the index and the purchase of out-of-the-money 'puts' on the index. The sale of the 'calls' is designed to increase the rate of return, while allowing upward movement of the stock portfolio to the strike price of the 'calls'. The 'puts', funded in large part by the sales of the 'calls', limit the portfolio's downside."

Example of a Madoff Investment Securities LLC monthly statement

In his 1992, "Avellino and Bienes" interview with The Wall Street Journal, Madoff discussed his supposed methods: In the 1970s, he had placed invested funds in "convertible arbitrage positions in large-cap stocks, with promised investment returns of 18% to 20%", Barron's raised the possibility that Madoff's returns were most likely due to front running his firm's brokerage clients.

Sales methods

Rather than offer high returns to all comers, Madoff offered modest but steady returns to an exclusive clientele. The investment method was marketed as "too complicated for outsiders to understand". He was secretive about the firm’s business, and kept his financial statements closely guarded. The New York Post reported that Madoff "worked the so-called 'Jewish circuit' of well-heeled Jews he met at country clubs on Long Island and in Palm Beach". The New York Times reported that Madoff courted many prominent Jewish executives and organizations; according to the Associated Press, they "trusted [Madoff] because he is Jewish". A scheme that targets members of a particular religious or ethnic community is a type of affinity fraud, and a Newsweek article identified Madoff's scheme as "an affinity Ponzi".

Madoff was a "master marketer", and his fund was considered exclusive, giving the appearance of a "velvet rope". around 10%, and were a key factor in perpetuating the fraud. Ponzi schemes typically pay returns of 20% or higher, and collapse quickly. One Madoff fund, which described its "strategy" as focusing on shares in the Standard & Poor's 100-stock index, reported a 10.5% annual return during the previous 17 years. Even at the end of November 2008, amid a general market collapse, the same fund reported that it was up 5.6%, while the same year-to-date total return on the S&P; 500-stock index had been negative 38%.

The Swiss bank, Union Bancaire Privée, explained that because of Madoff's huge volume as a broker-dealer, the bank believed he had a perceived edge on the market because his trades were timed well, suggesting they believed he was front running.

Access to Washington

The Madoff family gained unusual access to Washington's lawmakers and regulators through the industry's top trade group. The Madoff family has long-standing, high-level ties to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the primary securities industry organization.

Bernard Madoff sat on the Board of Directors of the Securities Industry Association, which merged with the Bond Market Association in 2006 to form SIFMA. Madoff's brother Peter then served two terms as a member of SIFMA’s Board of Directors. Peter's resignation as the scandal broke in December 2008 came amid growing criticism of the Madoff firm’s links to Washington, and how those relationships may have contributed to the Madoff fraud. Over the years 2000–08, the two Madoff brothers gave $56,000 to SIFMA,

In addition, Bernard Madoff's niece Shana Madoff was active on the Executive Committee of SIFMA's Compliance & Legal Division, but resigned her SIFMA position shortly after her uncle's arrest. She married an SEC compliance official, Eric Swanson, after an SEC investigation concluded in 2005. A spokesman for Swanson, who has left the SEC, said he "did not participate in any inquiry of Bernard Madoff Securities or its affiliates while involved in a relationship" with Shana Madoff.

Previous investigations

Madoff Securities LLC was investigated at least eight times over a 16-year period by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other regulatory authorities.

Avellino and Bienes

In 1992, the SEC investigated one of Madoff's feeder funds, Avellino & Bienes, the principals being Frank Avellino, Michael Bienes and his wife Dianne Bienes. Bienes began his career working as an accountant for Madoff's father-in-law, Sol Alpern. Then, he became a partner in the accounting firm Alpern, Avellino and Bienes. In 1962, the firm began advising its clients about investing all of their money with a mystery man, a highly successful and controversial figure on Wall Street, but until this episode, not known as an ace money manager,

Represented by Ira Sorkin, Madoff's present attorney, Avellino & Bienes were accused of selling unregistered securities, and in its report the SEC mentioned the fund's "curiously steady" yearly returns to investors of 13.5% to 20%. However, the SEC did not look any more deeply into the matter, and never publicly disclosed Madoff.

In 2004, after published articles appeared accusing the firm of front running, the SEC's Washington office cleared Madoff. "The staff found no evidence of fraud". In September, 2005 Madoff agreed to register his business, but the SEC kept its findings confidential.

In 2007, SEC enforcement completed an investigation which began on January 6, 2006, into a Ponzi scheme allegation which resulted in neither a finding of fraud, nor a referral to the SEC Commissioners for legal action.

FINRA

In 2007, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the industry-run watchdog for brokerage firms, reported without explanation that parts of Madoff's firm had no customers. "At this point in time we are uncertain of the basis for FINRA's conclusion in this regard," SEC staff wrote shortly after Madoff was arrested. A former SEC compliance officer, Eric Swanson, married Madoff's niece Shana, a Madoff firm compliance attorney. He had also approached the Wall Street Journal about the existence of the Ponzi scheme in 2005, but its editors decided not to pursue the story. The paper specified 29 numbered red flags. In part, the memo concluded: "Bernie Madoff is running the world's largest unregistered hedge fund. He's organized this business as a 'hedge fund of funds privately labeling their own hedge funds which Bernie Madoff secretly runs for them using a split-strike conversion strategy getting paid only trading commissions which are not disclosed.' If this is not a regulatory dodge, I do not know what is." Markopolos considered if Madoff's "unsophisticated portfolio management" was either a Ponzi scheme or front running, placing the fund's orders before his brokerage clients' when placing them in the market, and concluded it was most likely a Ponzi scheme. questioning Madoff's secrecy and wondering how he obtained such consistent returns. She reported that "Madoff's investors rave about his performance – even though they don't understand how he does it. 'Even knowledgeable people can't really tell you what he's doing,' one very satisfied investor told Barron's."

By selling its holdings for cash at the end of each period, Madoff avoided filing disclosures of its holdings with the SEC, an unusual tactic. Madoff rejected any call for an outside audit "for reasons of secrecy", claiming that was the exclusive responsibility of his brother, Peter, the company's chief compliance officer".

Markopolos later testified to Congress that to deliver 12% annual returns to the investor, Madoff needed to earn 16% gross, so as to distribute a 4% fee to the feeder fund managers, who would secure new victims, be "willfully blind, and not get too intrusive". In 2007, hedge fund advisory fund firm Aksia LLC advised its clients not to invest with Madoff, because of the appearance of limited accounting service personnel.

Typically, hedge funds hold their portfolio at a securities firm (a major bank or brokerage) acting as the fund's prime broker, which allows an outside investigator to verify their holdings. Madoff's firm was its own broker-dealer and allegedly processed all of its trades. unlike most hedge funds which email statements to be downloaded for convenience and investor personal analysis.

Madoff operated as a broker-dealer who also ran an asset management division. In 2003, Joe Aaron, a hedge fund professional, also found the structure suspicious and warned a colleague to avoid investing in the fund, "Why would a good businessman work his magic for pennies on the dollar?" he concluded.

Charles Gradante, co-founder of hedge-fund research firm Hennessee Group, observed that Madoff "only had five down months since 1996", and commented on Madoff's investment performance: "You can't go 10 or 15 years with only three or four down months. It's just impossible."

In 2001, a story in MARHedge interviewed traders who were incredulous that Madoff had 72 consecutive gaining months, an unlikely possibility.

Madoff received $250 million around December 1 from Carl J. Shapiro, a 95-year-old Boston philanthropist and entrepreneur who was one of Madoff's oldest friends and biggest financial backers. On December 5, he accepted $10 million from Martin Rosenman, president of Rosenman Family LLC, who wanted to recover a never-invested $10 million, deposited in a Madoff account at JPMorgan, wired six days before Madoff's arrest. Bankruptcy Judge Lifland ruled that Rosenman was "indistinguishable" from any other Madoff client, so there was no basis for giving him special treatment to recover funds. The judge separately declined to dismiss a lawsuit brought by Hadleigh Holdings, which claims it entrusted $1 million to the Madoff firm three days before his arrest.

On December 10, 2008, he suggested to his sons, Mark and Andrew, that the firm pay out over 170 million dollars in bonuses two months ahead of schedule, from $200 million in assets that the firm still had.

“Simply from an administrative perspective, the act of putting together the various account statements, which did show trading activity, has to involve a number of people. ... You would need office and support personnel, people who actually knew what the market prices were for the securities that were being traded. You would need accountants so that the internal documents reconcile with the documents being sent to customers at least on a superficial basis,” said Tom Dewey, a securities lawyer. Another lawsuit filed by bankruptcy trustee Irving Picard is seeking funds for Madoff victims. Jaffe has requested the Court dismiss the charges in both cases. # Stanley Chais, of the Brighton Company. On May 1, 2009, Picard filed a lawsuit against Stanley Chais, 82. The complaint alleges he "knew or should have known" he was involved in a Ponzi scheme when his family investments with Madoff averaged 40% return. It also claims Chais was a primary beneficiary of the scheme for at least 30 years, allowing his family to withdraw more than $1 billion from their accounts since 1995. The SEC filed a similar civil suit mirroring these claims. On September 22, 2009 Chais was sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown seeking $25 million in penalties as well as restitution for victims, saying the Beverly Hills investment manager was a 'middleman' in Madoff's Ponzi scheme. # Madoff Securities International Ltd. in London. # Carl J. Shapiro, women's clothing entrepreneur, self-made millionaire and philanthropist, and one of Madoff's oldest friends and biggest financial backers, who helped him start his investment firm in 1960. He was never in the finance business. In 1971, Mr. Shapiro sold his business, Kay Windsor, Inc. for $20 million. Investing most with Madoff, that sum grew to hundreds of millions of dollars and possibly to more than $1 billion. Shapiro personally lost about $400 million, $250 million of which he gave to Madoff 10 days before his arrest. His foundation lost more than $100 million. # David G. Friehling, 49, the sole practitioner at Friehling & Horowitz CPAs, waived indictment and pleaded not guilty to criminal charges on July 10, 2009. He agreed to proceed without having the evidence in the criminal case against him reviewed by a grand jury at a hearing before U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein in Manhattan. Friehling was charged on March 18, 2009, with securities fraud, aiding and abetting investment adviser fraud, and four counts of filing false audit reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. On November 3, 2009 Friehling plead guilty to the charges. # Peter B. Madoff, 63, Chief Compliance Officer, worked with his brother Bernie for more than 40 years, and ran the daily operations for the past 20 years. He helped create the computerized trading system. # Ruth Madoff, Bernard's wife, agreed as part of Bernie's sentencing issues, to keep $2.5 million of her claim of more than $80 million in assets and to give up all of her possessions. The money is not protected from civil legal actions pursued by a court-appointed trustee liquidating Madoff's assets or by investor lawsuits. On July 29, 2009, she was sued by trustee Picard for $45 million, which supported her "life of splendor". According to court filings, she received more than $3 million from the business over the last six years to pay personal expenses charged to her American Express card, and $2 million in payments to a business called PetCare RX. “Ruth Madoff was never an employee of BLMIS yet millions of dollars belonging to BLMIS and its customers found their way into her personal accounts and investments without any legitimate business purpose or any value to BLMIS, simply because of her relationship with Bernard Madoff.” She is also required to itemize any expenditures over $100. The case is Picard v. Madoff, 1:09-ap-1391, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan). On November 25, 2008, she withdrew $5.5 million and $10 million on December 10, 2008, from her brokerage account at Cohmad, a feeder fund which had an office in Madoff’s headquarters and was part-owned by him. In November, she also received $2 million from her husband's London office, Madoff Securities International Ltd. She has not been charged with any crime, and has not been questioned by prosecutors. She has been seen riding the N.Y. subway and did not attend her husband's sentencing. # Madoff's sons – Mark, 45, and Andrew, 42, worked in the trading arm in the New York office, but also raised money marketing the Madoff funds. Their assets were frozen on March 31, 2009. The two have been estranged from their father, since December 10, 2008, and haven't spoken with their mother On October 2, 2009 a civil lawsuit was filed against them by trustee Picard for a judgment in the aggregate amount of at least $198,743,299. Peter Madoff and daughter, Shana are also defendants. On March 15, 2010, they filed a motion to dismiss. On December 11, 2010, the second anniversary of Madoff's arrest, Mark Madoff was found hanging from a ceiling pipe in the living room of his SoHo loft apartment. # Frank DiPascali, 52, who referred to himself as "director of options trading" and as "chief financial officer" at Madoff Securities pled guilty on August 11, 2009, to 10 counts: conspiracy, securities fraud, investment advisor fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, perjury, income tax evasion, international money laundering, falsifying books and records of a broker-dealer, and an investment advisor. He has agreed to connect the dots and to name names, with sentencing in May, 2010. He is awaiting bail. was filed against DiPascali. # Enrica Cotellessa-Pitz, controller Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, but not a licensed certified public accountant. Her signature is on checks from BMIS to Cohmad Securities Corp. representing commission payments. She was the liaison between the SEC and BLMIS regarding the firm's financial statements. The SEC has removed the statements off its website. # Fairfield Greenwich Group, based in Greenwich, Connecticut, had a "Fairfield Sentry" fund which was one of many feeder funds that gave investors portals to Madoff. On April 1, 2009, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts filed a civil action charging Fairfield Greenwich with fraud, breaching its fiduciary duty to clients by failing to provide promised due diligence on its investments. The complaint seeks a fine and restitution to Massachusetts investors for losses and disgorgement of performance fees paid to Fairfield by those investors. It alleges that in 2005 Mr. Madoff coached Fairfield staff about ways to answer questions from SEC attorneys who were looking into Harry Markopolos' complaint about Madoff's operations. The Secretary of State has no plans to settle the lawsuit in spite of the fact that Fairfield Greenwich has offered to repay all Massachusetts investors, and is expected to force Fairfield to explain e-mails and other evidence he has uncovered that appear to show company officials knew about potential problems with Madoff but failed to disclose them to clients. On May 18, 2009, the hedge fund was sued by trustee Picard, seeking a return of $3.2 billion during the period from 2002 – Madoff's arrest in December, 2008. However, the money may already be in the hands of Fairfield’s own clients, who are likely off-limits to Picard, since they weren’t direct investors with Madoff. # J. Ezra Merkin, a prominent investment advisor and philanthropist, has been sued for his role in running a "feeder fund" for Madoff. On April 6, 2009, New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo filed civil fraud charges against J. Ezra Merkin alleging he "betrayed hundreds of investors" by moving $2.4 billion of clients' money to Bernard Madoff without their knowledge. The complaint states, he lied about putting the money with Madoff, failed to disclose conflicts of interest, and collected over $470 million in fees for his three hedge funds, Ascot Partners LP with Ascot Fund Ltd., Gabriel Capital Corp. and Ariel Fund Ltd. He promised he would actively manage the money, but instead, he misguided investors about his Madoff investments in quarterly reports, in investor presentations, and in conversations with investors. "Merkin held himself out to investors as an investing guru...In reality, Merkin was but a master marketer." # Jeffry Picower and his wife, Barbara, of Palm Beach, Florida, and Manhattan, had two dozen accounts. He was a lawyer, accountant, and investor who led buyouts of health-care and technology companies. Mr. Picower's foundation stated its investment portfolio with Madoff was valued at nearly $1 billion at one time. # Tremont Group Holdings started its first Madoff-only fund in 1997. That group managed several funds marketed under the Re Select Broad Market Fund. # The Maxam fund invested through Tremont. Sandra L. Manzke, founder of Maxam Capital, had her assets temporarily frozen by the same Connecticut court. #Daniel Bonventre, former operations director for Bernard Madoff Investment Securities. #Joann Crupi (Westfield, NJ) and Annette Bongiorno (Boca Raton, FL) were arrested in November 2010. Both were back office employees and according to the Associated Press "authorities previously said Bongiorno was a staff supervisor and was responsible for answering questions from Madoff's clients about their purported investments. They allege she oversaw the fabrication of documents."

Charges and sentencing

The criminal case is U.S.A. v. Madoff, 1:08-mJ-02735.

The SEC case is Securities and Exchange Commission v. Madoff, 1:08-cv- 10791, both U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan). The cases against Fairfield Greenwich Group et al. are consolidated as 09-118 in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan).

While awaiting sentencing, Madoff has met with the SEC's Inspector General, H. David Kotz, who is conducting an investigation into how regulators failed to detect the fraud despite numerous red flags. Former SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt estimated the actual net fraud to be between $10 and $17 billion, because it does not include the fictional returns credited to the Madoff's customer accounts.

Criminal complaint

U.S. v. Madoff, 08-MAG-02735.

The original criminal complaint estimated that investors lost $50 billion through the scheme, though The Wall Street Journal reports "that figure includes the alleged false profits that Mr. Madoff's firm reported to its customers for decades. It is unclear exactly how much investors deposited into the firm." He was originally charged with a single count of securities fraud and faced up to 20 years in prison, and a fine of $5 million if convicted.

Court papers indicate that Madoff's firm had about 4,800 investment client accounts as of November 30, 2008, and issued statements for that month reporting that client accounts held a total balance of about $65 billion, but actually "held only a small fraction" of that balance for clients.

Madoff was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on December 11, 2008, on a criminal charge of securities fraud. he had told his sons that his business was "a giant Ponzi scheme". They called a friend for advice, Martin Flumenbaum, a lawyer, who called federal prosecutors and the SEC on their behalf. FBI Agent Theodore Cacioppi made a house call. "We are here to find out if there is an innocent explanation," Cacioppi said quietly. The 70-year-old financier paused, then said: "There is no innocent explanation." Madoff was released on the same day of his arrest after posting $10 million bail. Madoff has reportedly received death threats that have been referred to the FBI, and the SEC referred to fears of "harm or flight" in its request for Madoff to be confined to his Upper East Side apartment. Cameras monitored his apartment's doors, its communication devices sent signals to the FBI, and his wife was required to pay for additional security. also forbade trading from the companies Madoff Securities International Ltd. ("Madoff International") and Madoff Ltd.

On January 5, 2009, prosecutors had requested that the Court revoke his bail, after Madoff and his wife allegedly violated the court-ordered asset freeze by mailing jewelry worth up to $1 million to relatives, including their sons and Madoff's brother. It was also noted that $173 million in signed checks had been found in Madoff's office desk after he had been arrested. His sons reported the mailings to prosecutors. Previously, Madoff was thought to be cooperating with prosecutors.

On March 10, 2009, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York filed an 11-count criminal information, or complaint, charging Madoff with 11 federal crimes: securities fraud, investment adviser fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, three counts of money laundering, false statements, perjury, making false filings with the SEC, and theft from an employee benefit plan. The complaint stated that Madoff had defrauded his clients of almost $65 billion—thus spelling out the largest Ponzi scheme in history, as well as the largest investor fraud committed by a single person.

Madoff pleaded guilty to three counts of money laundering. Prosecutors allege that he used the London Office, Madoff Securities International Ltd. to launder more than $250 million of client money by transferring client money from the investment-advisory business in New York to London and then back to the U.S. to support the U.S. trading operation of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. Madoff gave the appearance that he was trading in Europe for his clients.

Plea proceeding

On March 12, 2009, Madoff appeared in court in a plea proceeding, and pleaded guilty to all charges.

In his pleading allocution, Madoff admitted to running a Ponzi scheme, and expressed regret for his "criminal acts".

Judge Denny Chin accepted his guilty plea and remanded him to incarceration at the Manhattan Metropolitan Correctional Center until sentencing. Chin said that Madoff was now a substantial flight risk given his age, wealth and the possibility of spending the rest of his life in prison.

Madoff's attorney, Ira Sorkin filed an appeal, to return him back to his "penthouse arrest", await sentencing, and to reinstate his bail conditions, declaring he would be more amenable to cooperate with the government's investigation, and prosecutors filed a notice in opposition. On March 20, 2009, the appellate court denied his request.

On June 26, 2009, Chin ordered Madoff to forfeit $170 million in assets. His wife Ruth will relinquish her claim to $80 million worth of assets, leaving her with $2.5 million in cash. The Bureau of US Prisons had recommended 50 years, while defense lawyer Ira Sorkin had recommended 12 years, arguing that Madoff had confessed. The judge granted Madoff permission to wear his personal clothing at sentencing. Commentators noted that this was in contrast to other high-profile white collar trials such as that of Andrew Fastow, Jeffrey Skilling, and Bernard Ebbers who were known for their philanthropy and/or cooperation to help victims; however Madoff's victims included several charities and foundations, and the only person that pleaded for mercy was defense lawyer Ira Sorkin. Chin called the fraud "unprecedented" and "staggering", and stated that the sentence would deter others from committing similar frauds. "Here the message must be sent that Mr. Madoff's crimes were extraordinarily evil." Many victims, some of whom had lost their life savings, applauded the sentence.

Chin said "I have a sense Mr. Madoff has not done all that he could do or told all that he knows," noting that Madoff failed to identify accomplices, making it more difficult for prosecutors to build cases against others. Chin dismissed Sorkin's plea for leniency, stating that Madoff made substantial loans to family members and moved $15 million from the firm to his wife's account shortly before confessing. The court-appointed receiver of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities L.L.C., Irving Picard, has also said that Madoff had not provided substantial assistance, complicating efforts to locate assets. A former federal prosecutor suggested Madoff would have had the possibility of a sentence with parole if he fully cooperated with investigators, but Madoff's silence implied that there were other accomplices in the fraud which led the judge to impose the maximum sentence.

"I have left a legacy of shame, as some of my victims have pointed out, to my family and my grandchildren. This is something I will live in for the rest of my life. I'm sorry," he said simply. "I know that doesn't help you," Madoff said, after his victims recommended to the judge that he rot in jail.

On June 29, 2009, inmate number #61727-054, Bernard Madoff was sentenced to 150 years imprisonment at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York, and ordered to pay $170 billion in restitution.

Madoff was incarcerated at Butner Federal Correctional Complex in North Carolina.

On July 28, 2009, he gave his first jailhouse interview to Joseph Cotchett and Nancy Fineman, attorneys from San Francisco, because they threatened to sue his wife, Ruth, on behalf of several investors who lost fortunes. During the 4 and 1/2 hour session, he was described as arrogant and cocky, and upon query, apologized to all his clients.

Recovery of funds

Madoff's combined assets are about $826 million and have been frozen. Madoff provided a confidential list of his and his firm's assets to the SEC on December 31, which was subsequently disclosed on March 13, 2009 in a court filing. Madoff had no IRAs, no 401(k), no Keogh plan, no other pension plan and no annuities. He owned less than a combined $200,000 in securities in Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley, Fidelity, Bear Stearns, and M&T;. No offshore or Swiss Bank accounts were listed.

On March 17, 2009, prosecutor filed a document listing more assets including $2.6 million in jewelry and about 35 sets of watches and cufflinks, more than $30 million in loans owed to the couple by their sons, and Ruth Madoff's interest in real estate funds sponsored by Sterling Equities, whose partners include Wilpon. Ruth Madoff, and Peter Madoff, invested as “passive limited partners” in real estate funds sponsored by the company, as well as other venture investments. Assets also include the Madoffs' interest in Hoboken Radiology LLC. in Hoboken, New Jersey; Delivery Concepts LLC, an online food ordering service in midtown Manhattan that operates as "delivery.com"; an interest in Madoff La Brea LLC; an interest in the restaurant, PJ Clarke’s on the Hudson LLC; and Boca Raton, Florida-based Viager II LLC.

On March 2, 2009, Judge Louis Stanton modified an existing freeze order to surrender assets Madoff owns: his securities firm, real estate, artwork, and entertainment tickets, and granted a request by prosecutors that the existing freeze remain in place for the Manhattan apartment, and vacation homes in Montauk, New York, and Palm Beach, Florida. He has also agreed to surrender his interest in Primex Holdings LLC, a joint venture between Madoff Securities and several large brokerages, designed to replicate the auction process on the New York Stock Exchange. Madoff's April 14, 2009 opening day New York Mets tickets were sold for $7,500 on ebay.

On April 13, 2009, a Connecticut judge dissolved the temporary asset freeze from March 30, 2009, and issued an order for Fairfield Greenwich Group executive Walter Noel to post property pledges of $10 million against his Greenwich home and $2 million against Jeffrey Tucker's. Noel agreed to the attachment on his house "with no findings, including no finding of liability or wrongdoing". Andres Piedrahita's assets continue to remain temporarily frozen because he was never served with the complaint. The principals are all involved in a lawsuit filed by the town of Fairfield's pension funds, which lost $42 million. The pension fund case is Retirement Program for Employees of the Town of Fairfield v. Madoff, FBT-CV-09-5023735-S, Superior Court of Connecticut (Bridgeport). Maxam Capital and other firms that allegedly fed Madoff's fund, which could allow Fairfield to recover up to $75 million were also part of the dissolution and terms.

Professor John Coffee, of Columbia University Law School, said that much of Madoff's money may be in offshore funds. The SEC believed keeping the assets secret would prevent them from being seized by foreign regulators and foreign creditors.

The Montreal Gazette reported on January 12, 2010 that there are unrecovered Madoff assets in Canada.

In December 2010 Barbara Picower and others reached an agreement with Irving Picard to return 7.2 billion dollars from the estate of her deceased husband Jeffrey Picower to other investors in the fraud.

Affected clients

On February 4, 2009, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Manhattan released a 162-page client list with at least 13,500 different accounts, but without listing the amounts invested. Individual investors who invested through Fairfield Greenwich Group, Ascot Partners, and Chais Investments were not included on the list.

Clients included banks, hedge funds, charities, universities, and wealthy individuals who have disclosed about $41 billion invested with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, according to a Bloomberg News tally, which may include double counting of investors in feeder funds.

Although Madoff filed a report with the SEC in 2008 stating that his advisory business had only 11–25 clients and about $17.1 billion in assets, thousands of investors have reported losses, and Madoff estimated the fund's assets at $50 billion.

Other notable clients included former Salomon Brothers economist Henry Kaufman, Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, actors Kevin Bacon, Kyra Sedgwick, John Malkovich, and Zsa Zsa Gabor, Mortimer Zuckerman, Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax, the Wilpon family (owners of the New York Mets), broadcaster Larry King and World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein. The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity lost $15.2 million, and Wiesel and his wife, Marion, lost their life savings.

Largest stake-holders

According to The Wall Street Journal the investors with the largest potential losses, including feeder funds, are:

Fairfield Greenwich Group, $7.50 billion

Tremont Capital Management, $3.30 billion

Banco Santander, $2.87 billion

Bank Medici, $2.10 billion

Ascot Partners, $1.80 billion

Access International Advisors, $1.40 billion

Fortis, $1.35 billion

HSBC, $1 billion

The potential losses of these eight investors total $21.32 billion.

Eleven investors had potential losses between $100 million and $1 billion:

Natixis SA

Carl J. Shapiro (a 95-year-old Boston philanthropist)

Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC

BNP Paribas

BBVA

Man Group PLC

Reichmuth & Co.

Nomura Holdings

Maxam Capital Management

EIM SA

Union Bancaire Privée

Twenty-three investors with potential losses of $500,000 to $100 million were also listed, with a total potential loss of $540 million. The grand total potential loss in the Wall Street Journal table is $26.9 billion.

Some investors have amended their initial estimates of losses to include only their original investment, since the profits Madoff reported to them which they were including were most likely fraudulent. Yeshiva University, for instance, said its actual incurred loss was its invested $14.5 million, not the $110 million initially estimated, which included falsified profits reported to the university by Madoff.

IRS penalties

It is estimated the potential tax penalties for foundations invested with Madoff are $1 billion.

Although foundations are exempt from federal income taxes, they are subject to an excise tax, for failing to vet Madoff's proposed investments properly, to heed red flags, or to diversify prudently. Penalties may range from 10% of the amount invested during a tax year, to 25% if they fail to try to recover the funds. The foundation’s officers, directors, and trustees face up to a 15% penalty, with up to $20,000 fines for individual managers, per investment.

Impact and aftermath

Criminal charges Aurelia Finance

Criminal charges against five directors will proceed against Swiss wealth manager Aurelia Finance, which lost an alleged $800 million of client money. The directors' assets have been frozen.

Grupo Santander

Clients primarily located in South America who invested with Madoff through the Spanish bank Grupo Santander, filed a class action against Santander in Miami. Santander proposed a settlement that would give the clients $2 billion worth of preferred stock in Santander based on each client's original investment. The shares pay a 2% dividend. Seventy percent of the Madoff/Santander investors accepted the offer.

Union Bancaire Privee

Union Bancaire Privée, invested less than $1.08 billion (of its $124.5 billion in assets) in Madoff funds.

In March 2009, Geneva-based wealth manager, Union Bancaire Privée, offered to partially compensate investors 50% of the money they initially invested with Madoff if they agree to stay with the bank for the next five years and promise not to sue.

On May 8, 2009, a lawsuit was filed against the bank on behalf of New York investor Andrea Barron in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The lawsuit is seeking class-action status for investors in UBP Funds as of December 11, 2008, and damages, including the return of management fees.

Notz Stucki

Geneva-based wealth manager, Notz Stucki's Plaza Fund, will compensate up to $103.2 million to those clients who did not specifically request access to Madoff. Compensation would be with an issue of a note payable over five years, which would be held by a separate legal entity.

Bank Medici

Bank Medici is an Austrian bank founded by Sonja Kohn, who met Madoff in 1985 while living in New York. Ninety percent of the bank's income was generated from Madoff investments. In December 2008, Medici reported that two of its funds—Herald USA Fund and Herald Luxemburg Fund—were exposed to Madoff losses. On January 2, 2009, FMA, the Austria banking regulator, took control of Bank Medici and appointed a supervisor to control the bank. Bank Medici, and its Austrian banking license is now for sale and has been sued by its customers both in the United States and in Austria. The Vienna State Prosecutor has launched a criminal investigation of Bank Medici and Kohn, who had invested an estimated $2.1 billion with Madoff. On May 28, 2009, Bank Medici lost its Austrian banking license. Kohn and the Bank are under investigation.

The Innocence Project

The Innocence Project was partly funded by the JEHT Foundation, a private charity backed by a wealthy couple, Ken and Jeanne Levy-Church, financed with Madoff's mythical money. Jeanne Levy-Church's losses forced her to shut down her Foundation, and her parents’ foundation, the Betty and Norman F. Levy Foundation, lost $244 million. JEH helped the less fortunate, especially ex-convicts. (See Participants in the Madoff investment scandal: Norman F. Levy) Madoff's corruption has deprived it of necessary funds to secure the release of others. The organization uses the latest DNA techniques to prove the innocence of the wrongfully imprisoned. On November 25, 2008, Steven Barnes was set free from jail with the evidence gained from the DNA tests, after serving 20 years for crimes he did not commit (rape and murder).

Westport National Bank

In April 2010, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal sued the Westport National Bank and Robert L. Silverman for "effectively aiding and abetting" Madoff's fraud. The suit seeks recovery of $16.2 million, including the fees that the bank collected as custodian of customers' holding in Madoff investments. Silverman's 240 clients invested about $10 million with Madoff using the Bank as the custodian. The Bank denies any wrongdoing.

Suicides

René-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet

On December 23, 2008, one of the founders of Access International Advisors LLC, René-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet, was found dead in his company office on Madison Avenue in New York City. His left wrist was slit and de la Villehuchet had taken sleeping pills, in what appeared to be suicide.

He lived in New Rochelle, New York and came from a very prominent French family. Although no suicide note was found at the scene, his brother Bertrand in France received a note shortly after his death in which he expressed remorse and a feeling of responsibility. In 2002, Access invested about 45% of its $1.2 billion under management with Madoff. By 2008, it managed $3 billion and raised the proportion of funds with Madoff to about 75%. De la Villehuchet had also invested all of his wealth and 20% of his brother, Bertrand's, with Madoff. Bertrand said that René-Thierry did not know Madoff but the connection was through René-Thierry's partner in AIA, French banker, Patrick Littaye.

William Foxton

On February 10, 2009, highly-decorated British soldier William Foxton, OBE, 65, shot himself in a park in Southampton, England, having lost all of his family's savings. He had invested in the Herald USA Fund and Herald Luxembourg Fund, feeder funds for Madoff from Bank Medici in Austria.

Mark Madoff

Madoff's eldest son, Mark Madoff, was found dead on December 11, 2010, two years to the day after his father turned himself in. He was found hanged inside his New York apartment in an apparent suicide, but authorities said he left no suicide note.

Mark had unsuccessfully sought a Wall Street trading job after the scandal broke, and it was reported that he was distraught over the possibility of criminal charges, as federal prosecutors were making criminal tax-fraud probes. Among the many Madoff family members being sued by the court-appointed trustee Irving Picard were three of Mark's children.

In his lawsuit, Picard stated that Mark and other Madoff family members improperly earned tens of millions of dollars, though "fictitious and backdated transactions" investment transactions, and falsely documented loans to buy real estate that weren't repaid. Picard also argued that Mark certainly was in a position to recognize the fraud of his father's firm, as Mark was a co-director of trading, was the designated head of the firm in his father's absence, and he held several securities licenses—series 7, 24 and 55 with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Following the Madoff investment scandal, the Securities and Exchange Commission's inspector general conducted an internal investigation into the agency's failures to uncover the scheme despite a series of red flags and tips. In September 2009, the SEC released a 477-page report on how the SEC missed these red flags and identifies repeated opportunities for SEC examiners to find the fraud and how ineffective their efforts were.

See also

Earl Jones (investment advisor)

Federal Reserve Bank

Financial crisis of 2007-2010

Marc Stuart Dreier

Petters Group Worldwide

Ponzi Scheme

Pyramid scheme

Scott Rothstein

Stanford Financial Group

References

External links

United States Department of Justice">Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice

113 Victim Impact Statements: Letters urging Justice June 12, 2009

Defense Attorney pre-sentencing request for leniency letter, June 22, 2009

Madoff Client List February 4, 2009

Bernard Madoff Victim Support and Advocacy Group

SEC civil complaint

SEC press release and update for investors

Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities The front page is now a placeholder for information on the case. (Archive)

Jewish charities hit by Madoff scandal BBC

Madoff Scandal ongoing coverage from the Financial Times

Ruth Madoff Biography and photos

Serious Fraud Office broadens investigation to Madoff feeders The Guardian, March 27, 2009, British government's investigation into the London activities of certain feeder funds that channeled investments to Madoff

Deposition of J. Ezra Merkin: Madoff Charities Investigation, State of New York (January 30, 2009)

Merkin Civil Fraud Complaint State of New York (April 6, 2009)

Merkin Exhibits, Civil Fraud Complaint

continued Merkin Exhibits, Civil Fraud Complaint State of New York, (April 6, 2009)

Complaint against J P Morgan Chase (April 23, 2009)

Complaint against J. Ezra Merkin (May 7, 2009)

Complaint against Harley International (Cayman) Limited (May 12, 2009)

Commonwealth of Massachusett Secretary of State Complaint (January 14, 2009)

Picard v. Cohmad Securities Corp. 09-AP-1305 (June 22, 2009)

SEC v. Cohmad Securities Corp., 09 Civ. 5680 (June 22, 2009)

Picard v. Chais et al. 08-01789 (May 1, 2009)

SEC v. Stanley Chais, 09 CIV 5681 (June 22, 2009)

Picard v. Ruth Madoff, 1:09-ap-1391 (July 29, 2009)

Bernard Madoff

Category:Corporate scandals Category:Criminal investigation Category:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes

Name	Jonathan Miller
Birth name	Jonathan Wolfe Miller
Birth date	July 21, 1934
Birth place	London, England
Spouse	Helen Rachel Collet (1956–present)

Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller CBE (born 21 July 1934) is a British theatre and opera director, author, television presenter, humorist and sculptor. Trained as a physician in the late 1950s, he first came to prominence in the 1960s with his role in the comedy review Beyond the Fringe with fellow writers and performers Peter Cook, Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett. Despite having seen few operas and not knowing how to read music, he began stage-directing them in the 1970s and has since become one of the world's leading opera directors with several classic productions to his credit. His best-known production is probably his 1982 "Mafia"-styled Rigoletto set in 1950s Little Italy, Manhattan. He has also become a well-known television personality and familiar public intellectual in the UK and US.

Biography

Early life

Miller grew up in St John's Wood, London in a well-connected Jewish family. His father Emanuel (1892–1970) was a psychiatrist specialising in child development and his mother Betty (née Spiro; 1910–1965) was a novelist and biographer. Miller's sister Sarah (died 2006) worked in television for many years and retained an involvement with Judaism that he, an atheist, has always eschewed.

Miller married Helen Rachel Collet in 1956. They have two sons and a daughter.

Miller studied natural sciences and medicine at St John's College, Cambridge (MB BCh, 1959), where he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, before going on to University College London. He qualified as a medical doctor in 1959 and then worked as a hospital house officer for two years.

1960s: Beyond the Fringe

While studying medicine, Miller was involved in the Cambridge Footlights. In 1960, he helped to write and produce a musical revue, Beyond the Fringe, at the Edinburgh Festival. This launched, in addition to his own, the careers of Alan Bennett, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore. Miller quit the show shortly after its move to Broadway in 1962 and took over as editor and presenter of the BBC's flagship arts programme Monitor in 1965. All these appointments were unsolicited invitations, the Monitor appointment arose because Miller had approached Huw Wheldon about taking up a place on the BBC's director training course, in which Miller was assured that he would "pick it up as he went along". In 1966, he wrote, produced, and directed a film adaptation of Alice in Wonderland for the BBC. In 1968 he directed Whistle and I'll Come to You starring Michael Hordern, a television adaptation of M. R. James's ghost story "Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad". By 1970, his reputation in British theatre was such that he mounted a West End production of The Merchant of Venice starring Laurence Olivier.

1970s: Medical history and opera

Miller held a research fellowship in the history of medicine at University College, London from 1970 to 1973. In 1974, he also started directing and producing operas for Kent Opera and Glyndebourne, followed by a new production of The Marriage of Figaro for English National Opera in 1978. Despite only having seen a few operas and not knowing how to read music, Miller has become one of the world's leading opera directors with classic productions being Rigoletto and the operetta The Mikado.

Miller drew upon his own experiences as a physician as writer and presenter of the BBC television series The Body in Question (1978), which caused some controversy for showing the dissection of a cadaver. For a time, he was a vice president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality.

1980s: Shakespeare and neuropsychology

.]] Miller was persuaded to join the troubled BBC Television Shakespeare project (1978–85) in 1980. He became producer (1980–82) and directed six of the plays himself, beginning with a well received Taming of the Shrew starring John Cleese. In the early 1980s, Miller was a popular and frequent guest on PBS' Dick Cavett Show.

Miller wrote and presented the BBC television series States of Mind in 1983. In 1984, he studied neuropsychology with Dr. Sandra Witelson at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada before becoming a neuropsychology research fellow at Sussex University the following year.

1990s

In the 1990s, Miller wrote and presented the television series Madness (1991) and Jonathan Miller on Reflection (1998). The five-part Madness series ran on PBS in 1991. It featured a brief history of madness and interviews with psychiatric researchers, clinical psychiatrists, and patients in therapy sessions.

2000s: Atheism and return to directing

In 2004, Miller wrote and presented a TV series on atheism entitled (more commonly referred to as Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief) for BBC Four, exploring the roots of his own atheism and investigating the history of atheism in the world. Individual conversations, debates and discussions for the series that could not be included due to time constraints were aired in a six-part series entitled The Atheism Tapes. He also appeared on a BBC Two programme in February 2004, called What the World Thinks of God appearing from New York. The original three-part series was slated to air on Public Television in the United States, starting May 4, 2007, cosponsored by the American Ethical Union, American Humanist Association, Center for Inquiry, the HKH Foundation, and the Institute for Humanist Studies.

In 2007, Miller directed The Cherry Orchard at The Crucible, Sheffield, his first work on the British stage for ten years. He also directed Monteverdi's L'Orfeo in Manchester and Bristol, and Der Rosenkavalier in Tokyo and gave talks throughout Britain during 2007 called An Audience with Jonathan Miller in which he spoke about his life for an hour and then fielded questions from the audience. He also curated an exhibition on camouflage at the Imperial War Museum. He has appeared at the Royal Society of the Arts in London discussing humour (4 July 2007) and at the British Library on religion (3 September 2007).

In January 2009, after a break of twelve years, Miller returned to the English National Opera to direct his own production of La Bohème, notable for its 1930s setting. This same production will run at the Cincinnati Opera in July 2010, also directed by Miller.

Miller lives in Camden, North London.

On 15 September 2010, Miller, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.

Honours and accolades

Distinguished Supporter, British Humanist Association.

Honorary Associate, National Secular Society.

Honorary Fellow, St John's College, Cambridge (1982).

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE; 1983).

Knighted for his services to the arts (2003).

Nominated artist of honour at Bornholm thanks to his instruction in Rønne Theater (Opera Island Bornholm; 2003).

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London and Edinburgh).

Foreign Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

President, Rationalist Association (2006–present)

Parodies and representations

Private Eye (which had a falling-out with Miller) occasionally lampooned him under the name 'Dr Jonathan', depicting him as a Dr Johnson-like self-important man of learning.

The satirical television puppet show Spitting Image portrayed Miller as an anteater (lampooning his large nose), as well as featuring a segment entitled "Talking Bollocks" (the 'A' in 'Talking' combining with the 'ollo' in "Bollocks" below to create a penis), in which he discussed, with Bernard Levin, various cultural matters in a ridiculously pretentious way.

In the film for television Not Only But Always about the careers of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, Jonathan Aris played Jonathan Miller as a young man; Aris reprised the role in the BBC Radio 4 play Good Evening (2008) by Roy Smiles.

Along with the other members of Beyond the Fringe, he is portrayed in the play , by Chris Bartlett and Nick Awde.

Bibliography

;Books (1994 Jonathan Cape [pop-up book]) (pop-up book intended for children) (The Applause Acting Series) (University Research Lecture Series No. 5) [collection of his photographs]

;Editor

;Contributor

* — Jonathan Miller: 'King Lear in Rehearsal: A Talk' and seven other essays Essays by Jonathan Miller Geoffrey O'Brien, Charles Rosen, Tom Stoppard and Garry Wills

;Introductions and forewords (directors note) (introduction)

Filmography

Presenter

Monitor (1962; also editor).

The Body in Question (1978).

(1990).

Madness (1991).

Jonathan Miller's Opera Works (1997), 6 episodes.

Jonathan Miller on Reflection (1998).

(2004).

The Atheism Tapes (2004).

Director

Alice in Wonderland (1966; BBC television drama; Also writer and producer; Provides commentary track on DVD version)

Whistle and I'll Come to You (1968; BBC television drama).

BBC Television Shakespeare (1978–85):

*The Taming of the Shrew (1980), starring John Cleese.

*Timon of Athens (1981), starring Jonathan Pryce.

*Antony and Cleopatra (1981), starring Colin Blakely.

*Othello (1981), starring Anthony Hopkins and Bob Hoskins.

*Troilus and Cressida (1981) .

*King Lear (1982), starring Michael Hordern.

Interviewer

The Atheism Tapes (2004).

Interviewee

Miller appears on the Puccini and Bach DVDs of this BBC series. In the Bach episode, he discusses his affection for the famous "Erbarme Dich" aria of the St Matthew Passion. Miller appears in this one-hour program on the painter.

Stage productions

Musical revue

Beyond the Fringe (performer, writer, producer; Edinburgh Festival, 1960).

Beyond the Fringe (performer, writer; John Golden Theatre, 27 October 1962 to 30 May 1964; 667 performances).

Oratorium

St. Matthew's Passion (Director; St. George's Theatre, London, February 1994) with Paul Goodwin. A dramatized production of J.S. Bach's masterpiece, recorded for BBC Television.

Drama

The Merchant of Venice (Director; Cambridge Theatre, 1970) starring Laurence Olivier.

Danton's Death (Director; 1972) starring Christopher Plummer.

Long Day's Journey Into Night (Director; Broadhurst Theatre, 28 April to 29 June 1986; 54 performances).

King Lear (Director; Vivian Beaumont Theatre 4 March to 18 April 2004; 33 performances).

The Cherry Orchard (Director; Crucible Theatre, 2007). Miller's return to the English stage after a ten-year absence.

Opera

Così fan tutte (Stage director; Kent Opera, 1974). The first of seven operas Miller directed for Kent Opera.

Rigoletto (Stage director; 1975). Set in the 19th century.

Le nozze di Figaro (Stage director; English National Opera, 1978). A televised version was made in 1991.

Rigoletto (Stage and video director; English National Opera, 1982). Set in 1950s Little Italy, Manhattan.

La traviata (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera, 1989).

La fanciulla del West (Stage and video director; 1991).

The Mikado (Stage and video director; English National Opera, 1987) starring Eric Idle.

Le nozze di Figaro (Stage director and producer; Metropolitan Opera, 1998)

Die Zauberflöte (Stage and video director; 2000).

Tamerlano (Stage and video director; 2001).

Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Stage and video director; 2003).

Falstaff (Stage director; New National Theatre Tokyo, 2004).

Jenůfa (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera with New York City Opera in Cooperstown, New York, 29 July to 29 August 2006).

L'Orfeo (Stage director; Manchester and Bristol productions, 200?).

Der Rosenkavalier (Stage director; New National Theatre Tokyo, 2007).

La traviata (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera, 2009).

La bohème (Stage director; Cincinnati Opera, 2010).

Pelléas et Mélisande (Stage director; Metropolitan Opera, 2005 and 2010).

Further reading

Miller is the subject of a forthcoming biography, In Two Minds by The Independent on Sunday's theatre critic Kate Bassett, due to be published in November 2010. The title refers to Miller's career which has embraced both medicine and the arts, and to his riven feelings and deep regrets about having given up working as a doctor to become an internationally renowned drama and opera director.

Books about Miller

On Miller and the satire boom

See also

National Secular Society

Rationalist Association

Las Meninas

References

External links

Production details, Theatre Archive, University of Bristol

Can English Satire Draw Blood?

Jonathan Miller bio. - Miller's agents

Audio: Jonathan Miller in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum

What the World Thinks of God

Jonathan Miller radio series on the origin of life - "Self Made Things"

A six-part history of Public Health in England (includes a spill-over interview series)

Jonathan Miller's choices on "Desert Island Discs"

Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief

Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:People from London Category:Academics of the University of Sussex Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:Alumni of University College London Category:Atheism activists Category:British television presenters Category:British theatre directors Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:English atheists Category:English humanists Category:English Jews Category:English satirists Category:English writers Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Jewish atheists Category:Materialists Category:Olivier Award winners Category:Opera directors Category:Tony Award winners

Name	Bernard Lawrence Madoff
Image name	BernardMadoff.jpg
Birth name	Bernard Lawrence Madoff
Birth date	April 29, 1938
Birth place	Queens, New York, US
Place of residence	Manhattan, New York, United States
Education	Hofstra University (1960)
Employer	Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities
Known for	Ponzi scheme, Chairman of NASDAQ (prior)
Nationality	American
Spouse	Ruth Alpern Madoff (1959–present)
Occupation	Former stock broker, financial adviser, and Chairman of NASDAQ
Conviction status	Incarcerated at Butner Federal Correctional Institution; born April 29, 1938) is an incarcerated American felon, former stock broker, investment advisor, non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market, and the admitted operator of what has been described as the largest Ponzi scheme in history.

in current dollar terms) that Madoff earned from working as a lifeguard and sprinkler installer. Initially, the firm made markets (quoted bid and ask prices) via the National Quotation Bureau's Pink Sheets. In order to compete with firms that were members of the New York Stock Exchange trading on the stock exchange's floor, his firm began using innovative computer information technology to disseminate its quotes. After a trial run, the technology that the firm helped develop became the NASDAQ.

The firm functioned as a third-market provider, which bypassed exchange specialist firms, by directly executing orders over the counter from retail brokers.

Madoff was "the first prominent practitioner" of payment for order flow, in which a dealer pays a broker for the right to execute a customer's order. This has been called a "legal kickback." Some academics have questioned the ethics of these payments. Madoff has argued that these payments did not alter the price that the customer received.

Madoff was active in the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), a self-regulatory securities industry organization and has served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and on the Board of Governors of the NASD.

Government access

Since 1991, Madoff and his wife have contributed about $240,000 to federal candidates, parties and committees, including $25,000 a year from 2005 through 2008 to the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. The Committee has returned $100,000 of the Madoffs' contributions to Irving Picard, the bankruptcy trustee who oversees all claims. Senator Charles E. Schumer returned almost $30,000 received from Madoff and his relatives to the trustee, and Senator Christopher J. Dodd donated $1,500 to the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, a Madoff victim.

The Madoff family gained access to Washington's lawmakers and regulators through the industry's top trade group. The Madoff family has long-standing, high-level ties to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the primary securities industry organization. Bernard Madoff sat on the Board of Directors of the Securities Industry Association, which merged with the Bond Market Association in 2006 to form SIFMA.

Madoff's brother Peter then served two terms as a member of SIFMA’s Board of Directors. He stepped down from the Board of Directors of SIFMA in December 2008, as news of the Ponzi scheme broke. Bernard Madoff's niece Shana Madoff was active on the Executive Committee of SIFMA's Compliance & Legal Division, but resigned her SIFMA position shortly after her uncle's arrest.

In 2004 Genevievette Walker-Lightfoot, a lawyer in the SEC's Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations, informed her supervisor branch chief Mark Donohue that her review of Madoff found numerous inconsistencies and recommended further questioning. However, because of agency pressure to investigate the mutual fund industry, she had to conclude work on the probe. Donohue's boss, Eric Swanson, an assistant director of the department, married Shana Madoff, after the investigation concluded in 2005. A spokesman for Swanson, who has left the SEC, said he "did not participate in any inquiry of Bernard Madoff Securities or its affiliates while involved in a relationship" with Shana Madoff.

While awaiting sentencing, Madoff met with the SEC's Inspector General, H. David Kotz, who is conducting an investigation into how regulators failed to detect the fraud despite numerous red flags.

Since Madoff's arrest, the SEC has been criticized for its lack of financial expertise and lack of due diligence, despite having received complaints from Harry Markopolos and others for almost a decade. The SEC's Inspector General, H. David Kotz, found that since 1992, there were six botched investigations of Madoff by the SEC, either through incompetent staff work or neglecting allegations of financial experts and whistle-blowers.

Investment scandal

Concerns about Madoff's business surfaced as early as 1999, when financial analyst Harry Markopolos informed the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that he believed it was legally and mathematically impossible to achieve the gains Madoff claimed to deliver. He was ignored by the Boston SEC in 2000 and 2001, as well as by Meaghan Cheung at the New York SEC in 2005 and 2007 when he presented further evidence. He has since published a book, , about the frustrating efforts he and his team made over a ten-year period to alert the government, the industry, and the press about the Madoff fraud.

Others also contended it was inconceivable that the growing volume of Madoff accounts could be competently and legitimately serviced by his documented accounting/auditing firm, a three-person firm with only one active accountant.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation complaint says that during the first week of December 2008, Madoff confided to a senior employee, identified by Bloomberg News as one of his sons, that he said he was struggling to meet $7 billion in redemptions. Madoff said that “he had recently made profits through business operations, and that now was a good time to distribute it." On March 20, 2009, an appellate court denied Madoff's request to be released from jail and returned to home confinement until his June 29, 2009, sentencing. On June 22, 2009, Sorkin hand-delivered a customary pre-sentencing letter to the judge requesting a sentence of 12 years, because of tables cited from the Social Security Administration that his life span is predicted to be 13 years.

On June 26, 2009, Chin ordered Madoff to forfeit $170 million in assets. Prosecutors asked Chin to sentence Madoff to the maximum 150 years in prison. Irving Picard indicated that "Mr. Madoff has not provided meaningful cooperation or assistance."

In settlement with federal prosecutors, Madoff's wife Ruth agreed to forfeit her claim to US$85 million in assets, leaving her with $2.5 million in cash. The order allowed the SEC and Court appointed trustee Irving Picard to pursue Ruth Madoff's funds.

In February 2009, Madoff reached an agreement with the SEC, banning him from the securities industry for life.

Picard has sued Madoff's sons, Mark and Andrew, his brother Peter, and Peter's daughter, Shana, for negligence and breach of fiduciary duty, for $198 million. The defendants had received over $80 million in compensation since 2001 and "used the bank account at BLMIS like a personal piggy bank." The trustee believes they knew about the fraud because of their personal investments in the scheme, the longevity of the fraud, and because of their work at the company including roles as corporate and compliance officers. Since 1995, Peter Madoff had invested only $14, but withdrew over $16 million. Mark and Andrew Madoff withdrew more than $35 million from a small original investment.

Mechanics of the fraud

According to the Securities and Exchange Commission indictment against Annette Bongiorno and Joann Crupi, two back office workers who worked for Madoff, they created false trading reports based on the returns that Madoff ordered for each customer. For example, once Madoff determined a customer's return, one of the back office workers would enter a false trade from a previous date and then enter a false closing trade in the amount of the required profit, according to the indictment. Prosecutors allege that Bongiorno used a computer program specially designed to backdate trades and manipulate account statements. They quote her as writing to a manager in the early 1990s "I need the ability to give any settlement date I want."

Affinity fraud

Affected institutions include Yeshiva University, the Women's Zionist Organization of America, the Elie Wiesel Foundation and Steven Spielberg's Wunderkinder Foundation. Jewish federations and hospitals have lost millions of dollars, forcing some organizations to close. The Lappin Foundation, for instance, was temporarily forced to halt operations because it had invested its entire $8 million endowment with Madoff. Affected institutions also include Stony Brook University Foundation and the James Harris Simons family foundation.

Size of loss to investors

David Sheehan, chief counsel to trustee Picard, stated on September 27, 2009, that about $36 billion was invested into the scam, returning $18 billion to investors, with $18 billion missing. About half of Madoff's investors were "net winners," earning more than their investment. The withdrawal amounts in the final six years are subject to "clawback" (return of money) lawsuits.

Former SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt has estimated the actual net fraud to be between $10 and $17 billion. Erin Arvedlund, who publicly questioned Madoff's reported investment performance in 2001, stated that the actual amount of the fraud will never be known, but is likely between $12 and $20 billion. As of September 2010 approximately $1.5 billion have been recovered for distribution to the net losers that were invested in BLMIS directly. Mr. Picard currently has approved approximately $5.6 billion in claims.

Plea, sentencing, and prison life

On March 12, 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal offenses, including securities fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, money laundering, making false statements, perjury, theft from an employee benefit plan, and making false filings with the SEC. The plea was the response to a criminal complaint filed two days earlier, which stated Madoff had defrauded his clients of almost $65 billion in the largest Ponzi scheme in history. Madoff insisted he was solely responsible for the fraud.

On November 3, 2009, David Friehling, Madoff's accounting front man plead guilty to securities fraud, investment adviser fraud, making false filings to the Securities and Exchange Commission, and obstructing the IRS. Madoff's right hand man, Frank DiPascali pleaded guilty in August, 2009, and is awaiting bail.

Madoff's plea allocution stated he began his Ponzi scheme in 1991. He admitted he had never made any legitimate investments with his clients' money during this time; instead, he deposited the money into his business account at Chase Manhattan Bank. Chase and its successor, JPMorgan Chase, may have earned as much as $483 million from his bank account. He was committed to satisfying his clients' expectations of high returns, despite an economic recession. He admitted to false trading activities masked by foreign transfers and false SEC filings. He told the Court his intention had always been to resume legitimate trading activity, but it proved "difficult, and ultimately impossible" to reconcile his client accounts. In the end, Madoff said, he realized that his scam would eventually be exposed.

On June 29, 2009, Chin sentenced Madoff to the maximum sentence of 150 years in federal prison. Madoff's lawyers originally asked the judge to impose a sentence of 7 years because of Madoff's old age.

Madoff apologized to his victims, saying, "I have left a legacy of shame, as some of my victims have pointed out, to my family and my grandchildren. This is something I will live in for the rest of my life. I'm sorry." He added, "I know that doesn't help you," after his victims recommended to the judge that he receive a life sentence. Chin had not received any mitigating letters from friends or family testifying to Madoff's good deeds. "The absence of such support is telling," he said.

Chin also said that Madoff had not been forthcoming about his crimes. "I have a sense Mr. Madoff has not done all that he could do or told all that he knows," said Chin, calling the fraud "extraordinarily evil," "unprecedented" and "staggering," and that the sentence would deter others from committing similar frauds. Chin also agreed with prosecutors' contention that the fraud began at some point in the 1980s, and also noted that Madoff's crimes were "off the charts" since federal sentencing guidelines for fraud only go up to $400 million in losses.

Ruth did not attend court but issued a statement, saying "I am breaking my silence now because my reluctance to speak has been interpreted as indifference or lack of sympathy for the victims of my husband Bernie's crime, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. I am embarrassed and ashamed. Like everyone else, I feel betrayed and confused. The man who committed this horrible fraud is not the man whom I have known for all these years."

Incarceration

, where Madoff is incarcerated]] Madoff's attorney asked the judge to recommend that the Federal Bureau of Prisons place Madoff in the Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville, which is located from Manhattan. The judge, however, only recommended that Madoff be sent to a facility in the Northeast United States. Madoff was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution Butner Medium near Butner, North Carolina, about northwest of Raleigh; he is Bureau of Prisons Register #61727-054. Jeff Gammage of the Philadelphia Inquirer said "Madoff's heavy sentence likely determined his fate." On October 13, 2009, it was reported that Madoff experienced his first prison yard fight with another senior citizen inmate. When he began his sentence, Madoff's stress levels were so severe that he broke out in hives and other skin maladies soon after.

On December 18, 2009, Madoff was moved to Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, and was treated for several facial injuries. A former inmate later claimed that the injuries were received during an alleged altercation with another inmate. Other news reports described Madoff's injuries as more serious and including "facial fractures, broken ribs, and a collapsed lung". The Federal Bureau of Prisons said Madoff signed an affidavit on December 24, 2009, which indicated that he had not been assaulted and that he had been admitted to the hospital for hypertension.

See also

Affinity fraud

FBI

Financial crisis of 2007–2010

K1 fund, a German ponzi-scheme

Participants in the Madoff investment scandal‎

Ponzi scheme

Recovery of funds from the Madoff investment scandal‎

White-collar crime

References

External links

United States Department of Justice">Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice

Archive of the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities website

Madoff's current location within the Bureau of Prisons system

Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:2008 in economics Category:21st-century American criminals Category:American businesspeople Category:American fraudsters Category:American Jews Category:American money managers Category:American money launderers Category:American people of Austrian descent Category:American people of Romanian descent Category:American perjurors Category:American philanthropists Category:American prisoners and detainees Category:American white-collar criminals Category:Brooklyn Law School alumni Category:Confidence tricksters Category:Far Rockaway High School alumni Category:Fraudsters Category:Hofstra University alumni Category:Jewish philanthropists Category:Madoff investment scandal Category:NASDAQ Category:People from Far Rockaway, Queens Category:People from Manhattan Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Category:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes

Name	Arthur Miller
Nationality	American
Birthdate	October 17, 1915
Birthplace	New York City, New York
Deathdate	February 10, 2005
Deathplace	Roxbury, Connecticut, USA
Occupation	Playwright, essayist
Alma mater	University of Michigan| notableworks = Death of a Salesman, The Crucible and A View From The Bridge
Awards	Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1949), Kennedy Center Honors (1984)
Spouse	Mary Slattery (1940–1956) Marilyn Monroe (1956–1961) Inge Morath (1962–2002)
Relatives	Joan Copeland (sister) Kermit Miller (brother) Rebecca Miller (daughter) Daniel Miller (son) Daniel Day-Lewis (son-in-law)

Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) His father, an illiterate but wealthy businessman, owned a women's clothing store employing 400 people. The family, including his younger sister Joan, lived on East 110th Street in Manhattan and owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens. They employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, Brooklyn. As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family make ends meet.

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked as a reporter and night editor for the student paper, the Michigan Daily. It was during this time that he wrote his first work, No Villain. Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain. He was mentored by Professor Kenneth Rowe, who instructed him in his early forays into playwriting. Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater throughout the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000. In 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award. The couple had two children, Jane and Robert. Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high-school football injury to his left kneecap.

Early career

In 1940 Miller wrote The Man Who Had All the Luck, which was produced in New Jersey in 1940 and won the Theatre Guild's National Award. The play closed after four performances and disastrous reviews. In his book Trinity of Passion, author Alan M. Wald conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the Communist Party around 1946", using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine The New Masses. In 1946 Miller's play All My Sons, the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on Broadway (earning him his first Tony Award, for Best Author) and his reputation as a playwright was established.

In 1948 Miller built a small studio in Roxbury, Connecticut. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of Death of a Salesman. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play, Death of a Salesman premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949 at the Morosco Theatre, directed by Elia Kazan, and starring Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a Tony Award for Best Author, the New York Drama Circle Critics' Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times. who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party. After speaking with Kazan about his testimony Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692. opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its initial release, today The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world

1956–1964

In 1956 a one-act version of Miller's verse drama, A View From The Bridge, opened on Broadway in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, A Memory of Two Mondays. The following year, Miller returned to A View from the Bridge, revising it into a two-act prose version, which Peter Brook produced in London.

In June 1956 Miller left his first wife Mary Slattery, and on June 29, he married Marilyn Monroe.

When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career, The couple remained together until Inge's death in 2002. Arthur Miller's son-in-law, actor Daniel Day-Lewis is said to have visited Daniel frequently, and to have persuaded Arthur Miller to reunite with his adult son.

Later career

In 1964 Miller's next play was produced. After the Fall is a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. The play reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan: they collaborated on both the script and the direction. After the Fall opened on January 23, 1964 at the ANTA Theatre in Washington Square Park amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, called Maggie, on stage. During this period Miller wrote the penetrating family drama, The Price, produced in 1968.

In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the Soviet Union after he campaigned for the freedom of dissident writers.

In 1983, Miller traveled to the People's Republic of China to produce and direct Death of a Salesman at the People's Art Theatre in Beijing. The play was a success in China In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work, Timebends, was published. Before it was published, it was well-known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; in Timebends Miller talks about his experiences with Monroe in detail.

In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2001 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Miller for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. Miller's lecture was entitled "On Politics and the Art of Acting." Miller's lecture analyzed political events (including the recent U.S. presidential election of 2000) in terms of the "arts of performance", and it drew attacks from some conservatives such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace", and George Will, who argued that Miller was not legitimately a "scholar".

In 1999 Miller was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to “a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind’s enjoyment and understanding of life.” On May 1, 2002, Miller was awarded Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama". Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of lymphatic cancer at the age of 78. The following year Miller won the Jerusalem Prize.

Miller died of heart failure after a battle against cancer, pneumonia and congestive heart disease at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from hospital the previous month. He died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of Death of a Salesman), aged 89, surrounded by Barley, family and friends.

Legacy

Miller's career as a writer spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, Miller was considered to be one of the greatest dramatists of the twentieth century. some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage, and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect. Miller's alma mater, the University of Michigan opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March, 2007. Per his express wish, it is the only theatre in the world that bears Miller's name.

Christopher Bigsby wrote Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005. The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement".

Miller's papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin.

Works

Stage plays

No Villain (1936)

They Too Arise (1937, based on No Villain)

Honors at Dawn (1938, based on They Too Arise)

The Grass Still Grows (1938, based on They Too Arise)

The Great Disobedience (1938)

Listen My Children (1939, with Norman Rosten)

The Golden Years (1940)

The Man Who Had All the Luck (1940)

The Half-Bridge (1943)

All My Sons (1947)

Death of a Salesman (1949)

An Enemy of the People (1950, based on Henrik Ibsen's play An Enemy of the People)

The Crucible (1953)

A View from the Bridge (1955)

A Memory of Two Mondays (1955)

After the Fall (1964)

Incident at Vichy (1964)

The Price (1968)

Fame (television play, 1970)

The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)

The Archbishop's Ceiling (1977)

The American Clock (1980)

Playing for Time (television play, 1980)

Elegy for a Lady (short play, 1982, first part of Two Way Mirror)

Some Kind of Love Story (short play, 1982, second part of Two Way Mirror)

I Think About You a Great Deal (1986)

Playing for Time (stage version, 1985)

I Can’t Remember Anything (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)

Clara (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)

The Last Yankee (1991)

The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991)

Broken Glass (1994)

Mr Peter’s Connections (1998)

Resurrection Blues (2002)

Finishing the Picture (2004)

Non-fiction

Situation Normal (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of Ernie Pyle.

In Russia (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.

In the Country (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut and profiles of his various neighbors.

Chinese Encounters (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the Cultural Revolution. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists as they try to regain the sense of freedom and place they lost during Mao Zedong's regime.

Salesman in Beijing (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. He describes the idiosyncrasies, understandings, and insights encountered in directing a Chinese cast in a decidedly American play.

Timebends: A Life, Methuen London (1987) ISBN 0413414809. Like Death of a Salesman, the book follows the structure of memory itself, each passage linked to and triggered by the one before.

Radio plays

The Pussycat and the Plumber Who Was a Man (1941)

William Ireland’s Confession (1941)

Joel Chandler Harris (1941)

Captain Paul (1941)

The Battle of the Ovens (1942)

Thunder from the Mountains (1942)

I Was Married in Bataan (1942)

Toward a Farther Star (1942)

The Eagle’s Nest (1942)

The Four Freedoms (1942)

That They May Win (1943)

Listen for the Sound of Wings (1943)

Bernardine (1944)

I Love You (1944)

Grandpa and the Statue (1944)

The Philippines Never Surrendered (1944)

The Guardsman (1944, based on Ferenc Molnár’s play)

Pride and Prejudice (radio play, 1944, based on Jane Austen’s novel)

The Story of Gus (1947)

The Reason Why (1970)

Assorted fiction

Focus (novel, 1945)

"The Misfits" (short story, 1957)

I Don’t Need You Anymore (short stories, 1967)

"Homely Girl" (short story, 1992, published in UK as "Plain Girl: A Life" 1995)

"The Performance" (short story)

Presence: Stories (short stories, 2007)

Screenplays

All My Sons

The Hook (1947)

The Misfits (1961)

Everybody Wins (1984)

The Crucible (1995)

Death of a Salesman (1985)

Collections

Kushner, Tony, ed. Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961 (Library of America, 2006) ISBN 978-1-93108291-4.

Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978 ISBN 0140049037.

Steven R Centola, ed. Echoes Down the Corridor: Arthur Miller, Collected Essays 1944-2000, Viking Penguin (US)/Methuen (UK), 2000 ISBN 0413756904

Biographies and critical studies of Miller

, Christopher Bigsy (1988)

Arthur Miller & Company, Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)

, Christopher Bigsby (2005)

Remembering Arthur Miller, Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)

Arthur Miller 1915–1962, Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)

The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature), Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)

Arthur Miller 1962–2005, Christopher Bigsby (February 2011)

See also

Hollywood blacklist

International PEN

References

Specific references: General references:

Bigsby, Christopher (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, Cambridge 1997 ISBN 0521559928

Fisher, James, "Miller In An Hour," introduction by Robert Brustein, Hanover, NH: Smith and Kraus, 2009.

Martin Gottfried, Arthur Miller, A Life, Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003 ISBN 0571219462

Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978.

Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

External links

Arthur Miller Society, including a chronology

A Visit With Castro – Miller's article in The Nation, January 12, 2004

;Interviews

Miller interview, Humanities, March–April 2001

;Obituaries

New York Times Obituary

NPR Obituary

CNN Obituary

Category:American dramatists and playwrights Category:Jewish American writers Category:Jewish dramatists and playwrights Category:Writers from Connecticut Category:Writers from New York City Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:American atheists Category:Jewish atheists

Category:Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners Category:Tony Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Olivier Award winners Category:Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York) alumni Category:People from New York City Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Connecticut Category:Deaths from heart failure Category:Marilyn Monroe Category:PEN Category:1915 births Category:2005 deaths