company name	GM Holden Ltd
company logo
company type	Subsidiary
foundation	1856
location	Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
key people	Mike Devereux''Chairman and Managing Director''
industry	Automotive
products	AutomobilesEngines
num employees	6,336 (March 2009)
parent	General Motors
homepage	holden.com.au }}

GM Holden Ltd is an automaker that operates in Australia, based in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The company was founded in 1856 as a saddlery manufacturer, but in the 20th century entered into the automotive field, becoming a subsidiary of the U.S.-based General Motors (GM) in 1931. After the GM takeover, the company was named General Motors-Holden's Ltd, becoming Holden Ltd in 1998, with the current name adopted in 2005.

Holden has taken charge of GM's vehicle operations in Australasia, and on their behalf, held partial ownership of GM Daewoo in South Korea between 2002 and 2009. Holden has offered a broad range of locally produced vehicles, supplemented by imported GM models. Holden has offered badge engineered Chevrolet, Nissan, Suzuki, Toyota, and Vauxhall Motors models in sharing arrangements, with Daewoo, Opel and Isuzu-sourced models sold currently.

All Australian-built Holden vehicles are manufactured at Elizabeth in South Australia, and engines are produced at the Fishermans Bend plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Historically, production or assembly plants were operated in all mainland states of Australia, with GM's New Zealand subsidiary Holden New Zealand operating a plant until 1990. The consolidation of car production at Elizabeth was completed in 1988, but some assembly operations continued at Dandenong until 1996.

Although Holden's involvement in exports has fluctuated since the 1950s, the declining sales of large cars in Australia has led the company to look to international markets to increase profitability.

History of the company

Early history

In 1852, James Alexander Holden emigrated to South Australia from Walsall, England and in 1856 established ''J.A. Holden & Co'', a saddlery business in Adelaide. In 1885 German born Henry Frederick Frost joined the business as a junior partner and J.A. Holden & Co turned into ''Holden & Frost Ltd''. Edward Holden, James' grandson, joined the firm in 1905 with an interest in automobiles. From there, the firm evolved through various partnerships and, in 1908, Holden and Frost moved into the business of minor repairs to car upholstery. The company began to produce complete motorcycle sidecar bodies in 1913, and Edward experimented with fitting bodies to different types of carriages. After 1917, wartime trade restrictions led the company to start full-scale production of vehicle body shells. J.A. Holden founded a new company in 1919, ''Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd'' (HMBB) specialising in car bodies and utilising a facility on King Wiliam Street in Adelaide. By 1923, HMBB were producing 12,000 units per year. During this time, HMBB was the first company to assemble bodies for Ford Australia until their Geelong, plant was completed. From 1924, HMBB became the exclusive supplier of car bodies for GM in Australia, with manufacturing taking place at the new Woodville, South Australia plant. These bodies were made to suit a number of chassis imported from manufacturers such as Chevrolet and Dodge. In 1926 General Motors (Australia) was established with assembly plants at Newstead, Queensland; Marrickville, New South Wales; City Road, Melbourne, Victoria; Birkenhead, South Australia; and Cottesloe, Western Australia utilizing bodies produced by Holden Motor Body Builders and imported complete knock down (CKD) chassis. The Great Depression era led to a substantial downturn in production by Holden, from 34,000 units annually in 1930 to just 1,651 units one year later. In 1931 General Motors purchased Holden Motor Body Builders and merged it with General Motors (Australia) Pty Ltd to form General Motors-Holden's Ltd (GM-H). The name "Holden" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were "GeM", "Austral", "Melba", "Woomerah", "Boomerang", "Emu" and "Canbra", a phonetic spelling of Canberra.

1940s

Holden's second full-scale car factory, located in Fishermans Bend (Port Melbourne), was completed in 1936, with construction beginning in 1939 on a new plant in Pagewood, New South Wales. However, World War II delayed car production with efforts shifted to the construction of vehicle bodies, field guns, aircraft and engines. Before the war ended, the Australian Government took steps to encourage an Australian automotive industry. Both GM and Ford provided studies to the Australian Government outlining the production of the first Australian designed car. Ford's proposal was the government's first choice, but required substantial financial assistance. GM's study was ultimately chosen because of its low level of government intervention. After the war, Holden returned to producing vehicle bodies, this time for Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac and Vauxhall. The Oldsmobile Ace was also produced from 1946 to 1948.

From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for "Australia's Own Car". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected post-war Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. Although officially designated "48-215", the car was marketed simply as the "Holden". The unofficial usage of the name "FX" originated within Holden, referring to the updated suspension 48-215 of 1953.

1950s

During the 1950s, Holden dominated the Australian car market. GM invested heavily in production capacity, which allowed the company to meet increased post-war demand for motor cars. Less expensive four-cylinder cars did not offer Holden's ability to deal with rugged rural areas. 48-215 sedans were produced in parallel with the 50-2106 coupé utility from 1951; the latter was known colloquially as the "ute" and became ubiquitous in Australian rural areas as the workhorse of choice. Production of both the utility and sedan continued with minor changes until 1953, when they were replaced by the facelifted FJ model, introducing a third panel van body style. The FJ was the first major change to the Holden since its 1948 introduction. Over time it gained iconic status and remains one of Australia's most recognisable automotive symbols. A new horizontally-slatted grille dominated the front-end of the FJ, which received various other trim and minor mechanical revisions. Although little changed from the 48-215, marketing campaigns and price cuts kept FJ sales steady until a completely redesigned model was launched. At the 2005 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney, Holden paid homage to the FJ with the Efijy concept car.

Holden's next model, the FE, launched in 1956; offered in a new station wagon body style dubbed "Station Sedan" in the company's sales literature. Strong sales continued in Australia, and Holden achieved a market share of more than 50 percent in 1958 with the revised FC model. This was the first Holden to be tested on the new ''Holden Proving Ground'' based in Lang Lang, Victoria. The opening of the Dandenong, Victoria, production facility in 1956 brought further jobs; by 1959 Holden employed 19,000 workers country-wide.

1960s

In 1960, Holden introduced its third major new model, the FB. The car's style was inspired by 1950s’ Chevrolets, with tailfins and a wrap-around windshield with "dog leg" A-pillars. By the time it was introduced, many considered the appearance dated. Much of the motoring industry at the time noted that the adopted style did not translate well to the more compact Holden. The FB became the first Holden that was adapted for left-hand-drive markets, enhancing its export potential.

In 1960, Ford unveiled the new Falcon in Australia, only months after its introduction in the United States. To Holden's advantage, the Falcon was not durable, particularly in the front suspension, making it ill-suited for Australian conditions. In response to the Falcon, Holden introduced the facelifted EK series in 1961; the new model featured two-tone paintwork and optional ''Hydramatic'' automatic transmission. A restyled EJ series came in 1962, debuting the new luxury oriented Premier model. The EH update came a year later bringing the new ''Red'' motor, providing better performance than the previous ''Grey'' motor. The HD series of 1965 saw the introduction of the ''Powerglide'' automatic transmission. At the same time, an "X2" performance option with a more powerful version of the six-cylinder engine was made available. 1966 saw the introduction of the HR, with changes in the form of new front and rear styling and higher-capacity engines. More significantly, the HR fitted standard front seat belts; Holden thus became the first Australian automaker to provide the safety device as standard equipment across all models. This coincided with the completion of the production plant in Acacia Ridge, Queensland.

Holden began assembling the compact HA series Vauxhall Viva in 1964. This was superseded by the Holden Torana in 1967, a development of the Viva ending Vauxhall production in Australia. Holden offered the LC, a Torana with new styling, in 1969 with the availability of Holden's six-cylinder engine. In the development days, the six-cylinder Torana was reserved for motor racing, but research had shown that there was a business case for such a model. The LC Torana was the first application of Holden's new three-speed ''Tri-Matic'' automatic transmission. This was the result of Holden's A$16.5 million transformation of the Woodville, South Australia factory for its production.

Holden's association with the manufacture of Chevrolets and Pontiacs ended in 1968, coinciding with the year of Holden's next major new model, the HK . This included Holden's first V8 engine, a Chevrolet engine imported from Canada. Models based on the HK series included an extended-length prestige model, the Brougham, and a two-door coupé, the Monaro. The mainstream Holden Special was rebranded the Kingswood, and the basic fleet model, the Standard, became the Belmont. On 3 March 1969 Alexander Rhea, managing director of General Motors-Holden's at the time, was joined by press photographers and the Federal Minister of Shipping and Transport, Ian Sinclair as the two men drove the two millionth Holden, an HK Brougham off the production line. This came just over half a decade since the one millionth car, an EJ Premier sedan rolled off the Dandenong line on 25 October 1962. Following the Chevrolet V8 fitted to the HK, the first Australian-designed and mass-produced V8, the Holden V8 engine debuted in the Hurricane concept of 1969 before fitment to facelifted HT model. This was available in two capacities: and . Late in HT production, use of the new ''Tri-Matic'' automatic transmission, first seen in the LC Torana was phased in as ''Powerglide'' stock was exhausted, but Holden's official line was that the HG of 1971 was the first full-size Holden to receive it.

Despite the arrival of serious competitors—namely, the Ford Falcon, Chrysler Valiant, and Japanese cars—in the 1960s, Holden's locally produced large six- and eight-cylinder cars remained Australia's top-selling vehicles. Sales were boosted by exporting the Kingswood sedan, station wagon, and utility body styles to Indonesia, Trinidad and Tobago, Pakistan, the Philippines and South Africa in complete knock down form.

1970s

Holden launched the new HQ series in 1971. At this time, the company was producing all of its passenger cars in Australia, and every model was of Australian design; however, by the end of the decade, Holden was producing cars based on overseas designs. The HQ was thoroughly re-engineered, featuring a perimeter frame and semi-monocoque (unibody) construction. Other firsts included an all-coil suspension and an extended wheelbase for station wagons, while the utilities and panel vans retained the traditional coil/leaf suspension configuration. The series included the new prestige Statesman brand, which also had a longer wheelbase, replacing the Brougham. The Statesman remains noteworthy because it was not marketed as a "Holden", but rather a "Statesman".

The HQ framework led to a new generation of two-door Monaros, and, despite the introduction of the similar sized competitors, the HQ range became the top-selling Holden of all time, with 485,650 units sold in three years. The HQ series was facelifted in 1974 with the introduction of the HJ, heralding new front panel styling and a revised rear fascia. This new bodywork was to remain, albeit with minor upgrades through the HX and HZ series. Detuned engines adhering to government emission standards were brought in with the HX series, whilst the HZ brought considerably improved road handling and comfort with the introduction of "Radial Tuned Suspension" (RTS). As a result of GM's toying with the Wankel rotary engine, as used by Mazda of Japan, an export agreement was initiated in 1975. This involved Holden exporting with powertrains, HJ, and later, HX series Premiers as the Mazda Roadpacer AP. Mazda then fitted these cars with the ''13B'' rotary engine and three-speed automatic transmission. Production ended in 1977, after just 840 units sold.

During the 1970s, Holden ran an advertising jingle "Football, Meat Pies, Kangaroos and Holden cars", based on the "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pies and Chevrolet" jingle used by Chevrolet in the United States. Also, development of the Torana continued in with the larger mid-sized LH series released in 1974, offered only as a four-door sedan. The LH Torana was one of the few cars worldwide engineered to occupy four-, six-and eight-cylinder engines. This trend continued until Holden introduced the Sunbird in 1976; essentially the four-cylinder Torana with a new name. Designated LX, both the Sunbird and Torana introduced a three-door hatchback variant. A final UC update appeared in 1978. During its production run, the Torana achieved legendary racing success in Australia, achieving victories at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales.

In 1975, Holden introduced the compact Gemini, the Australian version of the "T-car", based on the Opel Kadett C. The Gemini was an overseas design developed jointly with Isuzu, GM's Japanese affiliate; and was powered by a 1.6-litre four-cylinder engine. Fast becoming a popular car, the Gemini rapidly attained sales leadership in its class, and the nameplate lived on until 1987.

Holden's most popular car to date, the Commodore, was introduced in 1978 as the VB. The new family car was loosely based on the Opel Rekord E body shell, but with the front from the Opel Senator grafted to accommodate the larger Holden six-cylinder and V8 engines. Initially, the Commodore maintained Holden's sales leadership in Australia. However, some of the compromises resulting from the adoption of a design intended for another market hampered the car's acceptance. In particular, it was narrower than its predecessor and its Falcon rival, making it less comfortable for three rear-seat passengers.

Holden discontinued the Torana in 1979 and the Sunbird in 1980. After the 1978 introduction of the Commodore, the Torana became the "in-between" car, surrounded by the smaller and more economical Gemini and the larger, more sophisticated Commodore. The closest successor to the Torana was the Camira, released in 1982 as Australia's version of GM's medium-sized "J-car".

1980s

The 1980s were challenging for Holden and the Australian automotive industry. The Australian Government tried to revive the industry with the Button car plan, which encouraged car makers to focus on producing fewer models at higher, more economical volumes, and to export cars. The decade opened with the shut-down of the Pagewood, New South Wales production plant and introduction of the light commercial Rodeo, sourced from Isuzu in Japan. The Rodeo was available in both two- and four-wheel drive chassis cab models with a choice of petrol and diesel powerplants. The range was updated in 1988 with the TF series, based on the Isuzu TF. Other cars sourced from Isuzu during the 1980s were the four-wheel drive Jackaroo (1981), the Shuttle (1982) van and the Piazza (1986) three-door sports hatchback. The second generation Holden Gemini from 1985 was also based on an Isuzu design, although, its manufacture was undertaken in Australia.

The new Holden WB commercial vehicles and the Statesman WB limousines were introduced in 1980. However, the designs, based on the HQ and updated HJ, HX and HZ models from the 1970s were less competitive than similar models in Ford's lineup. Thus, Holden abandoned those vehicle classes altogether in 1984. Sales of the Commodore also fell, with the effects of the 1979 energy crisis lessening, and for the first time the Commodore lost ground to the Ford Falcon. Sales in other segments also suffered when competition from Ford intensified, and other Australian manufacturers: Mitsubishi, Nissan and Toyota gained market share. When released in 1982, the Camira initially generated good sales, which later declined because buyers considered the 1.6-litre engine underpowered, and the car's build and ride quality below-average. The Camira lasted just seven years, and contributed to Holden's accumulated losses of over A$500 million by the mid-1980s.

In 1984 Holden introduced the VK Commodore, with significant styling changes from the previous VH. The Commodore was next updated in 1986 as the VL, which had new front and rear styling. Controversially, the VL was powered by the 3.0-litre Nissan ''RB30'' six-cylinder engine and had an electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission. The engine change was necessitated by the legal requirement that all new cars sold in Australia after 1986 had to consume unleaded petrol. Because it was unfeasible to convert the existing six-cylinder engine to run on unleaded fuel, the Nissan engine was chosen as the best engine available. However, changing exchange rates doubled the cost of the engine and transmission over the life of the VL. The decision to opt for a Japanese-made transmission led to the closure of the Woodville, South Australia assembly plant. Confident by the apparent sign of turnaround, GM paid off Holden's mounted losses of A$780 million on 19 December 1986. At GM headquarters’ request, Holden was then reorganised and recapitalised, separating the engine and car manufacturing divisions in the process. This involved the splitting of Holden into ''Holden's Motor Company'' (HMC) and ''Holden's Engine Company'' (HEC). For the most part, car bodies were now manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, with engines as before, confined to the Fishermans Bend plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The engine manufacturing business was successful, building four-cylinder ''Family II'' engines for use in cars built overseas. The final phase of the Commodore's recovery strategy involved the 1988 VN, a significantly wider model powered by the American-designed, Australian-assembled 3.8-litre Buick V6 engine. In the previous year, Nissan Pulsar hatchbacks were rebadged as the Holden Astra, as a result of a deal with Nissan. This arrangement ceased in 1989 when Holden entered a new alliance with Toyota, forming a new company: United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI). UAAI resulted in Holden selling rebadged versions of Toyota's Corolla and Camry, as the Holden Nova and Apollo respectively, with Toyota re-branding the Commodore as the Lexcen.

1990s

The company changed throughout the 1990s, increasing its Australian market share from 21 percent in 1991 to 28.2 percent in 1999. Besides manufacturing Australia's best selling car, which was exported in significant numbers, Holden continued to export many locally produced engines to power cars made elsewhere. In this decade, Holden adopted a strategy of importing cars it needed to offer a full range of competitive vehicles. During 1998, General Motors-Holden's Ltd name was shortened to "Holden Ltd".

On 26 April 1990 GM's New Zealand subsidiary, Holden New Zealand, announced that production at the assembly plant based in Trentham would be phased out and that vehicles would be imported duty-free. This came after the 1984 closure of the Petone assembly line due to low output volumes. During the 1990s Holden, other Australian automakers and trade unionists pressured the Australian Government to halt the lowering of car import tariffs. By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22.5 percent from 57.5 percent ten years earlier, and by 2000 were planning to reduce this even further down to 15 percent. Holden was critical, saying that Australia's population was not large enough, and that the changes could tarnish the local industry.

Holden re-introduced its defunct Statesman name in 1990, this time under the Holden marque, as the Statesman and Caprice. For 1991, Holden updated the Statesman and Caprice with a range of improvements, including the introduction of four-wheel anti-lock brakes (ABS), although a rear-wheel system had been standard on the Statesman Caprice from March 1976. ABS was added to short-wheelbase Commodore range in 1992. Another returning variant was the full-size utility, this time based on the Commodore. The VN Commodore received a major facelift in 1993 with the VR. Compared to the VN, approximately 80 percent of car was new. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body and a "twin-kidney" grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the 2002 VY model. Holden introduced the all-new VT Commodore in 1997, the outcome of an A$600 million development programme that spanned more than half a decade. The new model sported a rounded exterior body shell, improved dynamics, and many firsts for an Australian-built car. A stronger body structure increased crash safety. The Buick-sourced V6 engine, produced locally, powered the Commodore range, as did the 5.0-litre Holden V8 engine, replaced in 1999 by the 5.7-litre ''LS'' unit.

The UAAI badge-engineered cars first introduced in 1989 sold in far fewer numbers than anticipated, but the Holden Commodore, Toyota Camry, and Corolla were all successful when sold under their original nameplates. UAAI was dissolved in 1996, and Holden returned to selling only GM products. This signalled the closure of the Dandenong, Victoria facility, the sole plant for Corolla and Nova production. The Holden Astra and Vectra, both designed by Opel in Germany, replaced the Toyota-sourced Holden Nova and Apollo. This came after the 1994 introduction of the Opel Corsa replacing the already available Suzuki Swift as the source for the Holden Barina. Sales of the full-size Holden Suburban SUV sourced from Chevrolet commenced in 1998—lasting until 2001. Also in 1998, local assembly of the Vectra began at Elizabeth, South Australia. These cars were exported to Japan and Southeast Asia with Opel badges. However, the Vectra did not achieve sufficient sales in Australia to justify local assembly, and reverted to being fully imported in 2000.

2000s

Holden's market surge from the 1990s reversed in the 2000s decade. In Australia, Holden's market share dropped from 27.5 percent in 2000 to 15.2 percent in 2006. From March 2003, Holden no longer held the number one sales position in Australia, losing ground to Toyota.

This overall downturn affected Holden's profits; the company recorded a combined gain of A$842.9 million between 2002 and 2004, and a combined loss of A$290 million between 2005 and 2006. Factors contributing to the loss included the development of an all-new model, the strong Australian dollar and the cost of reducing the workforce at the Elizabeth plant, including the loss of 1,400 jobs after the closure of the third-shift assembly line in 2005, after two years in operation. Holden fared better in 2007, posting an A$6 million loss. This was followed by an A$70.2 million loss in the 2008, an A$210.6 million loss in 2009, and a profit of A$112 million in 2010. On 18 May 2005, "Holden Ltd" became "GM Holden Ltd", coinciding with the resettling to the new Holden headquarters on 191 Salmon Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria.

Holden caused controversy in 2005 with their Holden Employee Pricing television advertisement, which ran between October and December 2005. The campaign publicised, "for the first time ever, all Australians can enjoy the financial benefit of Holden Employee Pricing". However, this did not include a discounted dealer delivery fee and savings on factory fitted options and accessories that employees received. At the same time, employees were given a further discount between 25 and 29 percent on selected models.

Holden revived the Monaro coupe in 2001. Based on the VT Commodore architecture, the coupe attracted worldwide attention after being shown as a concept car at Australian auto shows. The VT Commodore received its first major update in 2002 with the VY series. A mildly facelifted VZ model launched in 2004, introducing the ''High Feature'' engine. This was built at the Fishermans Bend facility completed in 2003, with a maximum output of 900 engines per day. This has reportedly added A$5.2 billion to the Australian economy; exports account for about A$450 million alone. After the VZ, the ''High Feature'' engine powered the all-new VE Commodore. In contrast to previous models, the VE no longer utilises an Opel-sourced platform adapted both mechanically and in size.

Throughout the 1990s, Opel had also been the source of many Holden models. To increase profitability, Holden looked to the South Korean Daewoo brand for replacements after acquiring a 44.6 percent stake—worth US$251 million—in the company in 2002 as a representative of GM. This was increased to 50.9 percent in 2005, but when GM further increased its stake to 70.1 percent around the time of its 2009 Chapter 11 reorganisation, Holden's interest was relinquished and transferred to another (undisclosed) part of GM. The commencement of the Holden-branded Daewoo models began with the 2005 Holden Barina, which based on the Daewoo Kalos, replaced the Opel Corsa as the source of the Barina. In the same year, the Viva, based on the Daewoo Lacetti, replaced the entry-level Holden Astra Classic, although the new-generation Astra introduced in 2004 continued on. The Captiva crossover SUV came next in 2006. After discontinuing the Frontera and Jackaroo models in 2003, Holden was only left with one all-wheel drive model: the Adventra, a Commodore-based station wagon. The fourth model to be replaced with a South Korean alternative was the Vectra by the mid-size Epica in 2007. As a result of the split between GM and Isuzu, Holden lost the rights to use the "Rodeo" nameplate. Consequently, the Holden Rodeo was facelifted and relaunched as the Colorado during 2008. Following Holden's successful application for a A$149 million government grant to build a localised version of the Chevrolet Cruze in Australia from 2011, Holden in 2009 announced that it would initially import the small car unchanged from South Korea as the Holden Cruze. Following the grant announcement, Kevin Rudd, Australia's then Prime Minister, stated that production would support 600 new jobs at the Elizabeth facility. However, this failed to take into account the 600 jobs that Holden previously announced would be shed when production of the ''Family II'' engine is set to wrap up in late 2009.

Vehicle lineup

Corporate affairs and identity

+ 2007 sales and production<		style="background:#e8f4f8;">Vehicle sales	Units
	104,848
Light commercial vehicles	33,554
Sport utility vehicles	11,091
style="text-align:right;">Total	146,680
style="background:#e8f4f8;"	Vehicle production	Units
style="text-align:right;">Total	107,795
style="background:#e8f4f8;"	Engine production	Units
	136,699
	132,722
style="text-align:right;">Total	269,421
style="background:#e8f4f8;"	Exports	Units
Engines	173,463
Vehicles	36,534
style="text-align:right;">Total	209,997

As of 22 March 2010, chairman and managing director Mike Devereux heads operations at Holden. Vehicles are sold countrywide through the Holden Dealer Network (310 authorised stores and 12 service centres), which employs more than 13,500 people.

Since the 1960s, Holden models have been a staple of domestic touring car racing, and the quasi-factory Holden Racing Team (HRT) has successfully participated in V8 Supercar racing. In 1987, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) was formed in partnership with Tom Walkinshaw, who primarily manufactures modified, high-performance Commodore variants. To further reinforce the brand, HSV introduced the HSV Dealer Team into the V8 Supercar fold in 2005 under the naming rights of Toll HSV Dealer Team.

The logo, or "Holden lion and stone" as it is known, has played a vital role in establishing Holden's identity. In 1928, Holden's Motor Body Builders appointed Rayner Hoff to design the emblem. The logo refers to a prehistoric fable, in which observations of lions rolling stones led to the invention of the wheel. With the 1948 launch of the 48-215, Holden revised its logo and commissioned another redesign in 1972 to better represent the company. The emblem was reworked once more in 1994.

Exports

Holden began to export vehicles in 1954, sending the FJ to New Zealand. Exports to New Zealand have continued ever since, but to broaden their export potential, Holden began to cater their Commodore, Monaro and Statesman/Caprice models for both right- and left-hand drive markets. The Middle East is now Holden's largest export market, with the Commodore sold as the Chevrolet Lumina since 1998, and the Statesman since 1999 as the Chevrolet Caprice. Pontiac in North America also imported Commodore sedans from 2008 through to 2009 as the G8. The G8's cessation was a consequence of GM's Chapter 11 bankruptcy resulting in the demise of the Pontiac brand.

Sales of the Monaro began in 2003 to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe. Later on in the year, a modified version of the Monaro began selling in North America as the Pontiac GTO, and under the Monaro name through Vauxhall dealerships in the United Kingdom. This arrangement continued through to 2005 when the car was discontinued. The long-wheelbase Statesman sales in the Chinese market as the Buick Royaum began in 2005, before being replaced in 2007 by the Statesman-based Buick Park Avenue. Statesman/Caprice exports to South Korea also began in 2005. These Korean models were sold as the Daewoo Statesman, and later as the Daewoo Veritas from 2008. Holden's move into international markets has been profitable; export revenue increased from A$973 million in 1999 to just under $1.3 billion in 2006.

Notes

References

;Books

;Internet :* Part One, Part Two, Part Three (PDF).

;Journals

Category:Car manufacturers of Australia Category:Companies established in 1856 Category:General Motors marques Category:General Motors subsidiaries Category:Motor vehicle companies Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Australia

ar:هولدن be:Holden ca:Holden cs:Holden da:Holden de:Holden (Automarke) et:Holden es:Holden fa:هالدن fr:Holden (constructeur automobile) ko:홀덴 hr:Holden id:Holden it:Holden (azienda) ka:Holden lt:Holden nl:Holden (automerk) ja:ホールデン (自動車) no:Holden (bil) pl:Holden pt:Holden ro:Holden ru:Holden sah:Holden sco:Holden simple:Holden fi:Holden sv:Holden th:โฮลเดน tr:Holden (otomobil üreticisi) uk:Holden wuu:霍顿汽车

Ophélie Kleerekoper-Winter (born 20 February 1974 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French singer and actress.

Biography

Her father David Alexandre Winter, was a Dutch pop singer during the 1970s, while her mother was a French fashion model, who is now her agent. Her brother Michael is a singer and TV-presenter.

Winter moved to the United States to be close to her father after her parents divorced when she was just 2 years old. It was in the United States that Winter studied dance, singing, music, and acting. At the age of 17, she left for Paris where she lived with her mother and brother. It was there she was discovered by a modeling agent on the Champs-Élysées, and after three years of modeling, she decided to become a singer and an actress. The singer Prince wrote her a song.

She currently resides in Paris making various TV appearances. Her look-alike puppet is in the French show "Les Guignols de l'info" (1988).

Singing career

Her desire to become a singer began after a friend of her father's, who was also a singer, was looking for a young female to join him in a duet. Winter accepted and began recording. She now has released four albums: ''No Soucy!'', which her brother collaborated on, ''Privacy'', ''Explicit Lyrics'' and ''Résurrection''.

Discography

''No Soucy !'' (1996)

* Released singles :

"Le feu qui m'attise" ("The Air That I Breathe"); "Dieu m'a donné la foi" ("Living In Me"); "Shame on U"; "Rien que pour lui"; "Keep It on the Red Light" (feat. Coolio)

''Privacy'' (1998)

* Released singles : "Je marche à l'envers" ("I Spy"); "Elle pleure" ("Cry"); "Je cours" ("Up Where I Belong"); "Ce que je suis" ("What a Girl Wants")

''Explicit Lyrics'' (2002)

* Released singles : "Sache"; "Tout le monde le fait"; "Yeah yeah yeah"

''Résurrection'' (2009)

* Released singles : "Affection"; "BB t'es mon sunshine (Sunshine Remix)"

Filmography

''Hommes, Femmes, Mode D'Emploi'' (''Men, Women: A User's Manual'') (1996)

''Tout Doit Disparaitre'' (''Everything Must Go'') (1997)

''Bouge!'' (''Move!'') (1997)

''Folle D'Elle'' (''Crazy About Her'') (1999)

''2001: A Space Travesty'' (2000)

''She'' (2001)

''Les Jolies Choses'' (2001)

''Ma Femme Est Une Actrice'' (2001)

''Mauvais Esprit'' (''Mean Spirit'') (2003)

References

External links

Official website (in French & English)

Ophélie Winter at Myspace

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:People from Boulogne-Billancourt Category:French pop singers Category:French female singers Category:French film actors Category:French people of Dutch descent

de:Ophélie Winter eo:Ophélie Winter fr:Ophélie Winter it:Ophélie Winter ru:Уинтер, Офелия

name	Nathan Fake
background	non_performing_personnel
born	1 March 1983
origin	Norfolk, England
genre	IDM, neo-trance, Progressive house
occupation	Producer
years active	2003–present
website	www.nathanfake.co.uk
notable instruments	}}

Nathan Fake is an English electronic music artist from Norfolk, who has released numerous singles as well as two full-length albums on labels such as Border Community and Traum Schallplatten. His music has been used in soundtracks for TV shows and an advertisement.

In 2006, his debut album ''Drowning in a Sea of Love'' was released on Border Community. The album received very good reviews in the music press and was voted the second best album of the year in the Mixmag 2006 Best Album list. He released his second album ''Hard Islands'' in 2009.

Discography

Albums

''Drowning in a Sea of Love'' (2006) - Border Community

''Hard Islands'' (2009) - Border Community

EP

''Outhouse'' (2003) - Border Community

''Watlington Street EP'' (2004) - Saw Recordings

''The Sky Was Pink'' (2004) - Border Community

''Dinamo EP'' (2005) Traum Schallplatten

''Silent Night'' (2005) - Border Community 7" release

''Drowning in a Sea of Remixes'' (Remix EP) (2006) - Border Community

''You Are Here'' (2007) - Border Community

Remixes

Avus - "Real (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Border Community (2004)

Perc - "Closer (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Premier Sounds (2004)

DJ Remy - "Scrambled (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Additive Records (2004)

Steve Lawler - "Out at Night (Nathan's Night In)" - Subversive Records (2004)

Tiefschwarz - "Isst (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Fine Records (2005)

Shocking Pinks - "Dressed To Please (Nathan Fake Remix)" - DFA Records (2008)

Vincent Oliver - "Cluods in The Haeds (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Lo Recordings (2008)

Grasscut - "Muppet (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Ninja Tune (2010)

Jon Hopkins - "Wire (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Double Six Recordings (2010)

Walls - "Gaberdine" - Kompakt (2010)

PVT - "Light Up Bright Fires (Nathan Fake Remix)" - Warp Records (2010)

Radiohead - "Morning Mr Magpie (Nathan Fake RMX)" (2011)

Compilation appearances

''Numb Chance'' (2006) - Elektronische Musik: Interkontinental 5 - Traum Schallplatten

Collaborations

"Lava Flow" (collaboration with Milky Globe) (2006) - LoEB

Television

The track "Grandfathered" was used in an ad for the Motorola Pebl phone.

The track "You Are Here" was used in the ''CSI: Miami'' episode "Miami Confidential". The FortDax remix is used as the theme tune to BBC Four's ''Newswipe with Charlie Brooker''.

References

External links

Nathan Fake Official Site

Border Community

Nathan Fake feature on BBC Collective

Video tutorial on composing by Nathan Fake

Nathan Fake Mixtape on Andrew Meza's BTS Radio

Category:Living people Category:English record producers Category:English electronic musicians Category:1983 births

de:Nathan Fake es:Nathan Fake fr:Nathan Fake it:Nathan Fake ja:ネイサン・フェイク sv:Nathan Fake

name	William Holden
birth name
birth date	April 17, 1918
birth place	O'Fallon, Illinois, U.S.
death date
death place	Santa Monica, California, U.S.
death cause	exsanguination following a fall
occupation	Actor, wildlife conservationist
years active	1938–81
spouse	(divorced) }}

William Holden (April 17, 1918 – November 12, 1981) was an American actor. Holden won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1954 and the Emmy Award for Best Actor in 1974. One of the biggest box office draws of the 1950s, he was named one of the "Top 10 Stars of the Year" six times (1954–1958, 1961) and appeared on the American Film Institute's AFI's 100 Years…100 Stars list as #25..

Early life and career

Holden, oldest of three sons (brothers were Robert and Richard), was born William Franklin Beedle, Jr. in O'Fallon, Illinois, the son of Mary Blanche (née Ball), a schoolteacher, and William Franklin Beedle, Sr., an industrial chemist. Growing up, Holden was raised in the Methodist church, and while some sources cite him as a Congregationalist, Holden identified himself as a Methodist throughout his life. The family, which moved to South Pasadena, California when he was three, was of English descent; Holden's paternal great-grandmother, Rebecca Westfield, was born in England in 1817, while some of his mother's ancestors emigrated in the 17th century to Millenback, Lancaster County, Virginia in the U.S. from England.

After graduating from South Pasadena High School, Holden attended Pasadena Junior College, where he became involved in local radio plays. Contrary to legend and theatre publicity, he did not study at the Pasadena Playhouse, nor was he discovered in a play there. Rather, he was spotted by a talent scout from Paramount Pictures in 1937 while playing the part of an 80-year-old man, Marie Curie's father-in-law, in a play at the Playbox, a separate and private theatre owned by Pasadena Playhouse director Gilmor Brown. His first film role was in ''Prison Farm'' the following year.

Hollywood's "Golden Boy"

Holden's first starring role was in ''Golden Boy'' (1939), in which he played a violinist turned boxer. That was followed by the role of George Gibbs in the film adaptation of ''Our Town''.

After Columbia Pictures picked up half of his contract, he alternated between starring in several minor pictures for Paramount and Columbia before serving as a 2nd lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, where he acted in training films. Beginning in 1950, his career took off when Billy Wilder tapped him to star as the down-at-the-heels screenwriter Joe Gillis, who is taken in by faded silent-screen star Norma Desmond (Gloria Swanson) in ''Sunset Boulevard'', for which Holden earned his first Best Actor Oscar nomination.

Following this breakthrough film, he played a series of roles that combined good looks with cynical detachment, including a prisoner-of-war entrepreneur in ''Stalag 17'' (1953), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, a pressured young engineer/family man in ''Executive Suite'' (1954), an acerbic stage director in ''The Country Girl'' (1954), a conflicted jet pilot in the Korean War film ''The Bridges at Toko-Ri'' (1954), a carefree playboy in '' Sabrina'' (1954), a wandering braggart in ''Picnic'' (1955), a dashing war correspondent in ''Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing'' (1955), an ill-fated prisoner in ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'' (1957), a World War II tug boat captain in ''The Key'' (1958), and an American Civil War military surgeon in ''The Horse Soldiers'' (1959), which also starred John Wayne.

He also played a number of sunnier roles in light comedy, such as the handsome architect pursuing virginal Maggie McNamara in the controversial Production Code-breaking ''The Moon is Blue'' (1953), as Judy Holliday's tutor in ''Born Yesterday'' (1950), as a playwright captivated by Ginger Rogers' character in ''Forever Female'' (1953) and as Humphrey Bogart's younger brother, a playboy, in ''Sabrina'' (1954), which also starred Audrey Hepburn.

Holden starred in his share of forgettable films — which he was forced to do by studio contracts — such as ''Paris When It Sizzles'' (1964), also co-starring Audrey Hepburn. By the mid-1960s, his roles were having less critical and commercial impact.

In 1954, Holden was featured on the cover of ''Life''.

Later career

In 1969, Holden starred in director Sam Peckinpah's graphically violent Western ''The Wild Bunch'', winning much acclaim. Also in 1969, Holden starred in director Terence Young's family film ''L'Arbre de Noel,'' co-starring Italian actress Virna Lisi, based on the novel of the same name by Michel Bataille. This film was originally released in the United States as ''The Christmas Tree'' and on home video as ''When Wolves Cry.''

Five years later, he starred with Paul Newman and Steve McQueen in ''The Towering Inferno''. He was also praised for his Oscar-nominated leading performance in Sidney Lumet's ''Network'' (1976), playing an older version of the character type he had perfected in the 1950s, only now more jaded and aware of his own mortality.

In 1974 Holden won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his portrayal of a cynical, tough veteran LAPD street cop in the television film ''The Blue Knight'', based upon the best-selling Joseph Wambaugh novel of the same name.

In 1980, Holden appeared in ''The Earthling'' with child actor Ricky Schroder, playing a loner dying of cancer who goes to the Australian outback to end his days, meets a young boy whose parents have been killed in an accident, and teaches him how to survive. Schroder later named one of his sons Holden.

During his last years, he also appeared in ''When Time Ran Out'' and Blake Edwards's ''S.O.B.''. His second Irwin Allen film, When Time Ran Out was a critical and commercial failure and heavily disliked by Holden himself; his final film S.O.B., directed by Blake Edwards, was more successful and a Golden Globe-nominated picture.

Personal life

Holden was married to actress Ardis Ankerson (stage name Brenda Marshall) from 1941 until their divorce (after many long separations) in 1971. They had two sons, Peter Westfield (born November 17, 1943) and Scott Porter (born May 2, 1946; died January 21, 2005, San Diego, California). He also adopted his wife's daughter, Virginia, from her first marriage.

Holden was best man at the marriage of his friend Ronald Reagan to Nancy Davis in 1952; however, he never involved himself in politics.

In 1954, during the filming of ''Sabrina'', Holden and Audrey Hepburn became romantically involved, and she hoped to marry him and have children. She broke off the relationship when Holden revealed that he could no longer have children. In 1964, he was again paired up with Hepburn in ''Paris When It Sizzles'', but behind the scenes, the set was plagued with problems. Holden tried without success to rekindle a romance with the now-married Hepburn. That, combined with his alcoholism, made the situation a challenge for the production.

He maintained a home in Switzerland and also spent much of his time working for wildlife conservation as a managing partner in an animal preserve in Africa. His Mount Kenya Safari Club in Nanyuki, Kenya (founded 1959) became a mecca for the international jet set.

In 1966, in Italy, he killed another driver in a drunk driving accident. He received an eight-month suspended sentence for vehicular manslaughter.

In 1972, he began a nine-year relationship with actress Stefanie Powers which sparked her interest in animal welfare. After his death, Powers set up the William Holden Wildlife Foundation at Holden's Mount Kenya Game Ranch.

His younger brother, Robert W. "Bobbie" Beedle, was a Navy fighter pilot who was killed in action in World War II, on January 5, 1945. After ''The Bridges at Toko-Ri'' (1955) was released, Beedle was remembered by his squadron-mates as having been very much like Holden's character Lt. Harry Brubaker.

In 2011 it was revealed that First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy had an affair with Holden in retaliation for her husband's indiscretions.

Death

According to the Los Angeles County Coroner's autopsy report, on November 12, 1981, Holden was alone and intoxicated in his apartment in Santa Monica, California, when he slipped on a throw rug, severely lacerated his forehead on a teak bedside table, and bled to death. Evidence suggests he was conscious for at least half an hour after the fall. It is probable that he may not have realized the severity of the injury and did not summon aid, or was unable to call for help. His body was found four days later.

Holden had dictated in his will that the Neptune Society cremate him and scatter his ashes in the Pacific Ocean. No funeral or memorial service was held, per his wishes.

Filmography

Features

''Prison Farm'' (1938) (uncredited)

''Million Dollar Legs'' (1939) (uncredited)

''Golden Boy'' (1939)

''Invisible Stripes'' (1939)

''Our Town'' (1940)

''Those Were the Days!'' (1940)

''Arizona'' (1940)

''I Wanted Wings'' (1941)

''Texas'' (1941)

''The Fleet's In'' (1942)

''The Remarkable Andrew'' (1942)

''Meet the Stewarts'' (1942)

''Young and Willing'' (1943)

''Blaze of Noon'' (1947)

''Dear Ruth'' (1947)

''Variety Girl'' (1947)

''The Man from Colorado'' (1948)

''Rachel and the Stranger'' (1948)

''Apartment for Peggy'' (1948)

''The Dark Past'' (1948)

''Streets of Laredo'' (1949)

''Miss Grant Takes Richmond'' (1949)

''Dear Wife'' (1949)

''Father Is a Bachelor'' (1950)

''Sunset Boulevard'' (1950)

''Union Station'' (1950)

''Born Yesterday'' (1950)

''Force of Arms'' (1951)

''Submarine Command'' (1951)

''Boots Malone'' (1952)

''The Turning Point'' (1952)

''Stalag 17'' (1953)

''The Moon Is Blue'' (1953)

''Forever Female'' (1953)

''Escape from Fort Bravo'' (1953)

''Executive Suite'' (1954)

''Sabrina'' (1954)

''The Country Girl'' (1954)

''The Bridges at Toko-Ri'' (1954)

''Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing'' (1955)

''Picnic'' (1955)

''The Proud and Profane'' (1956)

''Toward the Unknown'' (1956)

''The Bridge on the River Kwai'' (1957)

''The Key'' (1958)

''The Horse Soldiers'' (1959)

''The World of Suzie Wong'' (1960)

''Satan Never Sleeps'' (1962)

''The Counterfeit Traitor'' (1962)

''The Lion'' (1962)

''Paris, When It Sizzles'' (1964)

''The 7th Dawn'' (1964)

''Alvarez Kelly'' (1966)

''Casino Royale'' (1967)

''The Devil's Brigade'' (1968)

''The Wild Bunch'' (1969)

''The Christmas Tree'' (1969)

''Wild Rovers'' (1971)

''The Revengers'' (1972)

''Breezy'' (1973)

''Open Season'' (1974)

''The Blue Knight'' (1974)

''The Towering Inferno'' (1974)

''Network'' (1976)

''Fedora'' (1978)

''Damien: Omen II'' (1978)

''Escape to Athena'' (1979) (uncredited cameo)

''Ashanti'' (1979)

''The Earthling'' (1980)

''When Time Ran Out'' (1980)

''S.O.B.'' (1981)

Short subjects

''Reconnaissance Pilot'' (1943)

''Wings Up'' (1943)

''You Can Change the World'' (1951)

Awards and nominations

Academy Award

Best Actor Nomination for ''Sunset Boulevard'' (1951)

Best Actor Award for ''Stalag 17'' (1954)

Best Actor Nomination for ''Network'' (1977)

BAFTA Award

Best Foreign Actor Nomination for ''Picnic'' (1955)

Best Foreign Actor Nomination for ''Network'' (1976)

Emmy Award

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor – Miniseries or a Movie Award for ''The Blue Knight'' (1974)

References

Bibliography

''The Films of William Holden,'' by Lawrence J. Quirk, Citadel Press 1973

''Golden Boy: The Untold Story of William Holden,'' by Bob Thomas, St. Martin's Press 1983

''The Complete Films of William Holden,'' by Lawrence J. Quirk, Citadel Press 1986

''Growing Up with William Holden: A Memoir,'' by Virginia Holden Gaines (Stepdaughter), 2007

''William Holden: A Biography,'' by Michelangelo Capua, McFarland Press 2010

External links

Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

William Holden Wildlife Foundation

Category:1918 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Accidental deaths from falls Category:Accidental deaths in California Category:American people of English descent Category:American film actors Category:American Methodists Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners Category:California Republicans Category:Emmy Award winners Category:First Motion Picture Unit personnel Category:Individuals associated with animal welfare Category:Pasadena City College alumni Category:People from Pasadena, California Category:People from St. Clair County, Illinois Category:United States Army Air Forces officers Category:Western (genre) film actors Category:Animal rights advocates

an:William Holden ca:William Holden cs:William Holden da:William Holden de:William Holden el:Γουίλιαμ Χόλντεν es:William Holden eu:William Holden fa:ویلیام هولدن fr:William Holden ko:윌리엄 홀든 hr:William Holden id:William Holden it:William Holden he:ויליאם הולדן kn:ವಿಲಿಯಮ್ ಹೋಲ್ಡನ್ la:Gulielmus Holden nl:William Holden ja:ウィリアム・ホールデン no:William Holden pl:William Holden pt:William Holden ro:William Holden ru:Холден, Уильям simple:William Holden sr:Вилијам Холден sh:William Holden fi:William Holden sv:William Holden tl:William Holden th:วิลเลียม โฮลเดน tr:William Holden yo:William Holden zh-yue:威廉荷頓 zh:威廉·荷頓

name	Kim Novak
birth name	Marilyn Pauline Novak
birth date	February 13, 1933
birth place	Chicago, Illinois, United States
years active	1954–91
spouse	Richard Johnson (1965–66)Dr. Robert Malloy (1976–present)
residence	Eagle Point, Oregon, US }}

Kim Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress. She is best known for her performance in the 1958 film ''Vertigo''. Novak retired from acting in 1991 and has since become an artist of oil paintings. She lives with her veterinarian husband on a ranch in Eagle Point, Oregon, where they raise livestock.

Early life

Kim Novak was born Marilyn Pauline Novak in Chicago, Illinois, to Joseph and Blanche (née Kral) Novak. Her father was a second-generation Czech immigrant while her mother had a Bohemian-Czech background. Her father worked as a dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad and both her parents had been teachers.

While attending David Glasgow Farragut High School, she won a scholarship to the Art Institute of Chicago. After leaving school, she began a career modeling teen fashions for a local department store. She later received a scholarship at a modeling academy and continued to model part-time. She worked as an elevator operator, a sales clerk and a dental assistant.

After a job touring the country as a spokesman for a refrigerator manufacturer, "Miss Deepfreeze", Novak moved to Los Angeles, where she continued to find work as a model.

Career

The 20-year-old actress began with an uncredited role in ''The French Line'' (1954). Eventually, she was seen by a Columbia Pictures talent agent and filmed a screen test. Novak was signed to a six-month contract, and the studio changed her first name to Kim. Novak debuted as Lona McLane that same year in ''Pushover'' opposite Fred MacMurray and Philip Carey, and played the femme fatale role of Janis in ''Phffft!'' opposite Judy Holliday, Jack Lemmon, and Jack Carson. Novak's reviews were good. People were eager to see the new star, and she received an enormous amount of fan mail. After playing Madge Owens in ''Picnic'' (1955) opposite William Holden, Novak won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer and for World Film Favorite. She was also nominated for the British BAFTA Film Award for Best Foreign Actress. That same year she played Molly in ''The Man with the Golden Arm'' with Frank Sinatra. In 1957 she worked with Sinatra again for ''Pal Joey'', which also starred Rita Hayworth, and starred in ''Jeanne Eagels'' with Jeff Chandler. She was on the cover of the July 29, 1957, issue of ''Time Magazine''. That same year, she went on strike, protesting her salary of $1,250 per week.

In 1958, Novak starred in the Alfred Hitchcock-directed classic thriller ''Vertigo'', playing the roles of a brunette shopgirl, Judy Barton, and a blonde woman named Madeleine Elster.

Today, the film is considered a masterpiece of romantic suspense, though Novak's performance has received mixed reviews. Critic David Shipman thought it "little more than competent", while David Thomson sees it as "one of the major female performances in the cinema". Hitchcock, rarely one to praise actors, dismissed Novak in a later interview. "You think you're getting a lot," he said of her ability, "but you're not." That same year, she again starred alongside Stewart in ''Bell, Book and Candle,'' a comedy tale of modern-day witchcraft that did moderately well at the box office. In 1960, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in the critically acclaimed ''Strangers When We Meet'' also featuring Walter Matthau and Ernie Kovacs. In 1962, Novak produced her own movie, financing her own production company in association with Filmways Productions. ''Boys' Night Out'', in which she starred with James Garner and Tony Randall. It was received mildly well by critics and the public. She was paired with Lemmon for a third and final time that year in a mystery-comedy, ''The Notorious Landlady''.

In 1964 she played the vulgar waitress Mildred Rogers in a remake of W. Somerset Maugham's drama ''Of Human Bondage'' opposite Laurence Harvey, and starred as barmaid Polly, "The Pistol" in Billy Wilder's ''Kiss Me, Stupid'' with Ray Walston and Dean Martin. Both films were critically panned. After playing the title role in ''The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders'' (1965) with Richard Johnson, Novak took a break from Hollywood acting. She continued to act, although infrequently, taking fewer roles as she began to prefer personal activities over acting

Her comeback came in a dual role as a young actress, Elsa Brinkmann, and an early-day movie goddess who was murdered, Lylah Clare, in producer-director Robert Aldrich's ''The Legend of Lylah Clare'' (1968) with Peter Finch and Ernest Borgnine for MGM. The movie did not do well. After playing a forger, Sister Lyda Kebanov, in ''The Great Bank Robbery'' (1969) opposite Zero Mostel, Clint Walker, and Claude Akins, she stayed away from the screen for another four years. She then played the role of Auriol Pageant in the horror anthology film ''Tales That Witness Madness'' (1973), which also starred Joan Collins. She starred as veteran showgirl Gloria Joyce in the made-for-TV movie ''The Third Girl From the Left'' (1973), and played Eva in ''Satan's Triangle'' (1975). She was featured in the 1977 western ''The White Buffalo'' with Charles Bronson, and in 1979 she played Helga in ''Just a Gigolo'' co-starring David Bowie.

In 1980, Novak played Lola Brewster in the mystery/thriller ''The Mirror Crack'd'', based on the story by Agatha Christie and co-starring Angela Lansbury, Tony Curtis, Rock Hudson and Elizabeth Taylor. She and Taylor portrayed rival actresses. She made occasional television appearances over the years. She co-starred with Ben Kingsley in the 1990 film ''The Children''.

Her most recent appearance on the big screen to date came as a terminally ill writer with a mysterious past in the thriller ''Liebestraum'' (1991), opposite Kevin Anderson and Bill Pullman. However, owing to battles with the director over how to play the role, her scenes were cut. Novak later admitted in a 2004 interview that the film was a mistake. She said

"I got so burned out on that picture that I wanted to leave the business, but then if you wait long enough you think, 'Oh, I miss certain things.' The making of a movie is wonderful. What's difficult is afterward when you have to go around and try to sell it. The actual filming, when you have a good script—which isn't often—nothing beats it."

In an interview with Stephen Rebello in the July 2005 issue of ''Movieline's Hollywood Life'', Novak admitted that she had been "unprofessional" in her conduct with the film's director, Mike Figgis.

Novak has not ruled out further acting. In an interview in 2007, she said that she would consider returning to the screen "if the right thing came along."

Novak appeared for a question-and-answer session about her career on July 30, 2010, at the Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles, where the American Cinematheque hosted a tribute to her coinciding with the August 3 DVD release of "The Kim Novak Collection."

Along with Tippi Hedren, Eva Marie Saint and Joan Fontaine, she will participate to the Motion Picture Academy Tribute to the “Hitchcock Blondes” (2011).

Honors

For her contribution to motion pictures, Novak was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6332 Hollywood Boulevard.

In 1995, Novak was ranked 92nd by ''Empire Magazine'' on a list of the 100 sexiest stars in film history. In 1955, she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer-Female. In 1957, she won another Golden Globe–for World Favorite female actress. In 1997, Kim won an Honorary Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. In 2003, a Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to Novak by Eastman Kodak.

In 2005, British fashion designer Alexander McQueen named his first It bag the Novak.

Personal life

Novak has been married to veterinarian Dr. Robert Malloy (born 1940) since March 12, 1976. The couple resides on a ranch where they raise horses and llamas. Novak has two stepchildren.

Novak was previously married to English actor Richard Johnson from March 15, 1965, to April 23, 1966. The two have remained friends. Novak dated Sammy Davis, Jr. and Ramfis Trujillo, in the late 1950s and actor Michael Brandon in the 1970s. She was engaged to director Richard Quine in the early 1960s.

On July 24, 2000, her home in Eagle Point, Oregon, was partially destroyed by fire. Novak lost scripts, several paintings, and a computer containing the only draft of her unfinished autobiography. Of the loss Novak said:

"I take it personally as a sign that maybe I’m not supposed to write my biography; maybe the past is supposed to stay buried. It made me realize then what was really valuable. That’s the day I wrote a gratitude list. We’re safe and our animals are safe."

In December 2001, her home in Oregon was robbed of more than $200,000 worth of firearms and tools. Three men were arrested and charged with burglary, theft, and criminal conspiracy.

In 2006, Novak was injured in a horseback riding accident. She suffered a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage but made a full recovery within a year.

Novak is an artist who paints in watercolor and oil as well as creating sculpture, stained glass design, poetry, and photography.

In October 2010, it was reported that Novak had been diagnosed with breast cancer according to her manager, Sue Cameron. Cameron also noted that Novak is "undergoing treatment" and that "her doctors say she is in fantastic physical shape and should recover very well."

Filmography

''The French Line'' (1954) (uncredited)

''Pushover'' (1954)

''Phffft!'' (1954)

''Son of Sinbad'' (1955) (uncredited)

''5 Against the House'' (1955)

''Picnic'' (1955)

''The Man with the Golden Arm'' (1955)

''The Eddy Duchin Story'' (1956)

''Jeanne Eagels'' (1957)

''Pal Joey'' (1957)

''Vertigo'' (1958)

''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958)

''Middle of the Night'' (1959)

''Strangers When We Meet'' (1960)

''Pepe'' (1960) (cameo)

''The Notorious Landlady'' (1962)

''Boys' Night Out'' (1962)

''Of Human Bondage'' (1964)

''Kiss Me, Stupid'' (1964)

''The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders'' (1965)

''The Legend of Lylah Clare'' (1968)

''The Great Bank Robbery'' (1969)

''Tales That Witness Madness'' (1973)

''Satan's Triangle'' (1975)

''The White Buffalo'' (1977)

''Just a Gigolo'' (1979)

''The Mirror Crack'd'' (1980)

''The Children'' (1990)

''Liebestraum'' (1991)

References

Further reading

External links

Photographs and literature

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:American painters Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American people of Czech descent Category:Actors from Chicago, Illinois Category:Actors from Illinois Category:People with cancer Category:People from Eagle Point, Oregon Category:People from Jackson County, Oregon

an:Kim Novak ast:Kim Novak ca:Kim Novak de:Kim Novak es:Kim Novak eo:Kim Novak fr:Kim Novak fy:Kim Novak id:Kim Novak it:Kim Novak la:Kim Novak hu:Kim Novak nl:Kim Novak ja:キム・ノヴァク no:Kim Novak pl:Kim Novak pt:Kim Novak ro:Kim Novak ru:Новак, Ким sl:Kim Novak sr:Ким Новак sh:Kim Novak fi:Kim Novak sv:Kim Novak tr:Kim Novak vi:Kim Novak zh:金·露華