name | Hokkaido |
---|---|
translit lang1 | Japanese |
translit lang1 type | Japanese |
translit lang1 info | |
translit lang1 type1 | Rōmaji |
translit lang1 info1 | Hokkaidō |
blank emblem type | Symbol of Hokkaido |
subdivision type | Country |
subdivision name | Japan |
subdivision type1 | Region |
subdivision name1 | Hokkaido |
subdivision type2 | Island |
subdivision name2 | Hokkaidō |
seat type | Capital |
seat | Sapporo |
leader title | Governor |
leader name | Harumi Takahashi |
area total km2 | 83,453.57 |
area water percent | 6.4 |
area rank | 1st |
population total | 5,507,456 |
population as of | 2010-10-01 |
population rank | 8th |
population density km2 | 66.4 |
iso code | JP-01 |
blank name sec1 | Districts |
blank info sec1 | 68 |
blank1 name sec1 | Municipalities |
blank1 info sec1 | 180 |
blank name sec2 | Flower |
blank info sec2 | Hamanasu(Rugosa Rose, ''Rosa rugosa'') |
blank1 name sec2 | Tree |
blank1 info sec2 | Ezomatsu(Jezo Spruce, ''Picea jezoensis'') |
blank2 name sec2 | Bird |
blank2 info sec2 | Tanchō(Red-crowned Crane, ''Grus japonensis'') |
blank3 name sec2 | Fish |
blank3 info sec2 | Sea Bream |
website | pref.hokkaido.lg.jp }} |
name | Hokkaidō (island) |
---|---|
image caption | Hokkaido island, Japan |
native name | 北海道(本島) |
native name link | Japanese language |
location | Boundary between northwestern Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, and Sea of Okhotsk |
coordinates | |
archipelago | Japanese Archipelago |
area km2 | 77,981.87 |
highest mount | Asahidake |
elevation m | 2,290 |
country | Japan |
country admin divisions title | Prefectures |
country admin divisions | Hokkaido |
country largest city | Sapporo |
country largest city population | 1,890,561 |
population | approx. 5,600,000 |
ethnic groups | Ainu, Yamato }} |
|北海道|Hokkaidō|literally "North Sea Circuit"}}, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan's second largest island; it is also the largest and northernmost of Japan's 47 prefectural-level subdivisions. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu, although the two islands are connected by the underwater railway Seikan Tunnel. The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital, Sapporo, which is also its only ordinance-designated city.
During the Nara and Heian periods (710–1185), people in Hokkaido conducted trade with Dewa Province, an outpost of the Japanese central government. From the medieval ages, the people in Hokkaidō began to be called Ezo. Around the same time Hokkaidō came to be called or Ezogashima. The Ezo mainly relied upon hunting and fishing and obtained rice and iron through trade with the Japanese.
During the Muromachi period (1336–1573), the Japanese created a settlement at the south of the Oshima peninsula. As more people moved to the settlement to avoid battles, disputes arose between the Japanese and the Ainu. The disputes eventually developed into a war. Takeda Nobuhiro killed the Ainu leader, Koshamain, and defeated the opposition in 1457. Nobuhiro's descendants became the rulers of the Matsumae-han, which was granted exclusive trading rights with the Ainu in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (1568–1868). The Matsumae family's economy relied upon trade with the Ainu. They held authority over the south of Ezochi until the end of the Edo period in 1868.
The Matsumae clan rule over the Ainu must be understood in the context of the expansion of the Japanese feudal state. Medieval military leaders in northern Honshū maintained only tenuous political and cultural ties to the imperial court and its proxies, the Kamakura Shogunate and Ashikaga Shogunate. Feudal strongmen sometimes located themselves within medieval institutional order, taking shogunal titles, while in other times they assumed titles that seemed to give them a non-Japanese identity. In fact many of the feudal strongmen were descended from Emishi military leaders who had been assimilated into Japanese society.
There were numerous revolts by the Ainu against feudal rule. The last large-scale resistance was Shakushain's Revolt in 1669-1672. In 1789 a smaller movement, the Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion, was also crushed. After that rebellion the terms "Japanese" and "Ainu" referred to clearly distinguished groups, and the Matsumae were uniquivocally Japanese. In 1799-1821 and 1855-1858 the Edo Shogunate took direct control over Hokkaido in response to a perceived threat from Russia.
Leading up to the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa Shogunate realized there was a need to prepare northern defenses against a possible Russian invasion and took over control of most of Ezochi. The Shogunate made the plight of the Ainu slightly easier, but did not change the overall form of rule.
Hokkaido was known as Ezochi until the Meiji Restoration. Shortly after the Boshin War in 1868, a group of Tokugawa loyalists led by Enomoto Takeaki proclaimed the island's independence as the Republic of Ezo, but the rebellion was crushed in May 1869. Ezochi was subsequently put under control of , Hakodate Prefectural Government). When establishing the , the Meiji Government introduced a new name. After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido; and regional subdivisions were established, including the provinces of Oshima, Shiribeshi, Iburi, Ishikari, Teshio, Kitami, Hidaka, Tokachi, Kushiro, Nemuro and Chishima.
The primary purpose of the development commission was to secure Hokkaido before the Russians extended their control of the Far East beyond Vladivostok. Kuroda Kiyotaka was put in charge of the venture. His first step was to journey to the United States and recruit Horace Capron, President Grant's Commissioner of Agriculture. From 1871 to 1873 Capron bent his efforts to expounding Western agriculture and mining with mixed results. Capron, frustrated with obstacles to his efforts returned home in 1875. In 1876 William S. Clark arrived to found an agricultural college in Sapporo. Although he only remained a year, Clark left lasting impression on Hokkaido, inspiring the Japanese with his teachings on agriculture as well as Christianity. His parting words, ''"Boys, be ambitious!"'' can be found on public buildings in Hokkaido to this day. Whatever the impact these Americans had, the population of Hokkaido boomed from 58,000 to 240,000 during that decade.
In 1882, the Development Commission was abolished, and Hokkaido was separated into three prefectures, , , and . In 1886, the three prefectures were abolished, and Hokkaido was put under the . Hokkaido became equal with other prefectures in 1947, when the revised Local Autonomy Law became effective. The Japanese central government established the as an agency of the Prime Minister's Office in 1949 to maintain its executive power in Hokkaido. The Agency was absorbed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2001. and the of the Ministry still have a strong influence on public construction projects in Hokkaido.
During the last days of World War II, about 1500 bombers, including B-29 Superfortresses, launched from Task Force 38 attacked Hokkaido through firebombing on July 14, and 15, 1945. A total of 78 cities, towns, and villages were raided and the most damaged were Hakodate, Muroran, and Nemuro.
The island of Hokkaido is located at the north end of Japan, near Russia, and has coastlines on the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Pacific Ocean. The center of the island has a number of mountains and volcanic plateaus, and there are coastal plains in all directions. Major cities include Sapporo and Asahikawa in the central region and the port of Hakodate facing Honshu.
The governmental jurisdiction of Hokkaido incorporates several smaller islands, including Rishiri, Okushiri Island, and Rebun. (By Japanese reckoning, Hokkaido also incorporates several of the Kuril Islands.) Because the prefectural status of Hokkaido is denoted by the ''dō'' in its name, it is rarely referred to as "Hokkaido Prefecture", except when necessary to distinguish the governmental entity from the island.
The island ranks 21st in the world by area. It is 3.6% smaller than the island of Ireland while Hispaniola is 6.1% smaller than Hokkaido. By population it ranks 20th, between Ireland and Sicily. Hokkaido's population is 4.7% less than that of the island of Ireland, and Sicily's is 12% lower than Hokkaido's.
In 1993, an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 generated a tsunami which devastated Okushiri, killing 202. An earthquake of magnitude 8.0 struck near the island on September 25, 2003, at 19:50:07 (UTC).
National parks | |
Shiretoko National Park* | 知床 |
Akan National Park | 阿寒 |
Kushiro Shitsugen National Park | 釧路湿原 |
Daisetsuzan National Park | 大雪山 |
Shikotsu-Toya National Park | 支笏洞爺 |
Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park | 利尻礼文サロベツ |
Quasi-national parks (準国立公園) | |
Abashiri Quasi-National Park | 網走 |
Hidaka Sanmyaku-Erimo Quasi-National Park | 日高山脈襟裳 |
Niseko-Shakotan-Otaru Kaigan Quasi-National Park | ニセコ積丹小樽海岸 |
Ōnuma Quasi-National Park | 大沼 |
Shokanbetsu-Teuri-Yagishiri Quasi-National Park | 暑寒別天売焼尻 |
Twelve prefectural natural parks (道立自然公園). The prefectual natural parks cover 146,802 ha, the largest area of any prefecture.
!colspan="3" align="center" | ||
!! !!align="left" | ||
Kushiro Wetland | :ja:釧路湿原 | |
Lake Kutcharo | :ja:クッチャロ湖 | |
Lake Utonai | :ja:ウトナイ湖 | |
Kiritappu Wetland | :ja:霧多布湿原 | |
Lake Akkeshi, Bekkanbeushi Wetland | :ja:厚岸湖・別寒辺牛湿原 | |
Miyajima Marsh | :ja:宮島沼 | |
Uryūnuma Wetland | :ja:雨竜沼湿原 | |
Sarobetsu Mire | :ja:サロベツ原野 | |
Lake Tōfutsu | :ja:濤沸湖 | |
Lake Akan | :ja:阿寒湖 | |
Notsuke Peninsula, Notsuke Bay | :ja:野付半島・:ja:野付湾 | |
Lake Fūren, Shunkunitai | :ja:風蓮湖・:ja:春国岱 |
There is a plan to reorganize the 14 subprefectures as 9 , but as of 2009, the implementation of the plan has stalled.
Before the current political divisions and after 1869, Hokkaidō was divided into provinces. See Former Provinces of Hokkaidō.
Unlike the other major islands of Japan, Hokkaido is normally not affected by the June-July rainy season and the relative lack of humidity and typically warm, rather than hot, summer weather makes its climate an attraction for tourists from other parts of Japan.
In winter, the generally high quality of powder snow and numerous mountains in Hokkaidō make it one of Japan's most popular regions for snow sports. The snowfall usually commences in earnest in November and ski resorts (such as those at Niseko, Furano and Rusutsu) usually operate between December and April. Hokkaido celebrates its winter weather at the Sapporo Snow Festival.
During the winter, passage through the Sea of Okhotsk is often complicated by large floes of drift ice. Combined with high winds that occur during winter, this frequently brings air travel and maritime activity to a halt beyond the northern coast of Hokkaido.
Hokkaido's largest city is the capital, Sapporo. Other major cities include Hakodate in the south and Asahikawa in the central region. Other important population centers include Kushiro, Obihiro, Kitami, Abashiri, and Nemuro.
Hokkaido has the highest rate of depopulation in Japan. In 2000, 152 (71.7%) of Hokkaido's 212 municipalities were shrinking. Altogether, shrinking municipalities in Japan in the same year numbered 1,171.
However, agriculture and other primary industries play a large role in Hokkaido's economy. Hokkaido has nearly one fourth of Japan's total arable land. It ranks first in the nation in the production of a host of agricultural products, including wheat, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beet, onions, pumpkins, corn, raw milk, and beef. Hokkaido also accounts for 22% of Japan's forests with a sizable timber industry. The prefecture is also first in the nation in production of marine products and aquaculture.
Tourism is an important industry, especially during the cool summertime when visitors are attracted to Hokkaido's open spaces from hotter and more humid parts of Japan. During the winter, skiing and other winter sports bring other tourists, and increasingly international ones, to the island.
Within Hokkaido, there is a fairly well-developed railway network (see Hokkaidō Railway Company), but many cities can only be accessed by road.
Hokkaido is home to one of Japan's three Melody Roads, which is made from grooves cut into the ground, which when driven over causes a tactile vibration and audible rumbling transmitted through the wheels into the car body.
Hokkaido has 37 universities (7 national, 5 local public, and 25 private universities), 34 junior colleges, and 5 colleges of technology (4 national and 1 local public colleges). National universities located in Hokkaido are: Hokkaido University (former Sapporo Agricultural College)
The sports teams listed below are based in Hokkaido.
As of July 2008, 73 individual municipalities in Hokkaido have sister city agreements with 111 cities in 19 different countries worldwide.
Category:Islands of Japan Category:Prefectures of Japan Category:Ainu
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