Official name	Enschede
Image shield	Enschede_wapen.svg
Coordinates region	NL
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Netherlands
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Overijssel
Area footnotes	(2006)
Area total km2	142.75
Area land km2	141.09
Area water km2	1.67
Population as of	31 May 2009
Population note	Source: CBS, Statline.
Settlement type	Municipality
Population total	156109
Population density km2	1108
Timezone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Timezone dst	CEST
Utc offset dst	+2

Enschede (), also known as ''Eanske'' in the local dialect of Twents, is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel and in the Twente region. The municipality of Enschede consisted of the city of Enschede until 1935, when the rural municipality of Lonneker, which completely surrounded the city, was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede which began in the 1860s and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal.

Population centres

Boekelo

Enschede

Glanerbrug

Lonneker

Usselo

History

Pre-industrialisation

The early history of Enschede is largely unknown, but a settlement existed around the Old Marketplace in early medieval times. The name of this settlement is mentioned as ''Anescede'' or Enscede meaning either "near the border" (with Bentheim) or "near the Es" and sported a church, a marketplace and a fortified aristocratic house.

Enschede was granted city rights around 1300 which were confirmed in 1325 by Bishop Jan III van Diest and henceforth was allowed to protect itself with a wall. Because a stone wall was too expensive (since stone had to be imported), Enschede had a system of ditches, palisades and hedges instead, which is still reflected in the street-names ''Noorderhagen'' and ''Zuiderhagen'' (North Hedge and South Hedge, respectively). The city plan of this era is still recognisable in the street-pattern.

Because the medieval city was largely built of wood and stone houses were the exception, fire was a constant risk and a series of fires in 1517, 1750 and again on 7 May 1862 earned the people from Enschede the nickname ''Brandstichters'' (arsonists).

Industrialisation

The last fire coincided with the start of the growth of the city into a large production center of textiles, originally as a cottage industry, but since the start of the 19th century on an industrial scale, especially the manufacture of ''bombazijn'' (a mixture of cotton and linen) proved an export hit. One such factory to have produced textiles in the late 19th century is the Hardick & Seckel Factory.

The industrialisation stimulated a large increase in population, which at first was rather chaotic. The names of the slums (like ''De Krim'' and ''Sebastopol'') are still notorious, although they have long since been torn down. In 1907 the ''laissez faire'' mentality was dropped and Enschede was the first city in the Netherlands to draw up an official expansion-plan, incorporating the (surrounding) municipality of Lonneker.

World War II

During the Second World War Enschede was one of the first Dutch cities to be captured by the Germans, being the city closest to Germany. Resistance members helped many of the Jews from Enschede to hide on farms in the vicinity. Out of approximately 1300 Jews in Enschede, 500 were saved (38.5%), compared to less than 20% in the rest of the Netherlands. This high survival rate is attributed to three members of the Jewish Council of Enschede, Sig Menko, Gerard Sanders and Isidoor Van Dam who took the initiative, against the advice of the Jewish Council of Amsterdam, of urging their community to go into hiding and not to answer the call-up of the Germans for "labour in the East". They were in a position to support these directions to their flock since they had access to funds, to power in the community and to a well-developed underground movement headed by a prominent Protestant minister, Leendert Overduin (Yad Vashem). Due to carelessness the resistance group was betrayed by an infiltrator and all its members were killed by German soldiers while gathered in a basement. The Germans threw in some grenades, a few days before the allied troops liberated the city. Even though "De ondergrondse" (the resistance, litt. the underground) was the main resistance group, many other citizens risked their lives, for example by rescuing allied pilots who where shot down while on bombing missions. Because it was close to Germany (only a few kilometers from the town of Gronau in Germany) and housed a German command center, Enschede was frequently bombed by allied troops, aiming for the German command center or mistaking Enschede for a German city. Enschede was liberated on 1 April 1945 by Allied, mainly Canadian, troops.

The end of the industrial age

In the 1970s the textile production in Enschede came to a halt, due to fierce competition from mainly the Far East. This had a profound effect on the populace. Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands and (de facto) went bankrupt. Large areas of industrial wasteland came to mark the city.

With the support of the national government, this property was acquired and rebuilt. The city center was rendered a ''car-free'' zone, the importance of Enschede as a ''Euregional Centre'' was stimulated and Enschede managed to rise from the ashes (for once not literally).

Fireworks disaster

On 13 May 2000, a fireworks storage in Enschede exploded, destroying the entire neighborhood of Roombeek and killing 23 people, including 4 firemen. This catastrophe is known in the Netherlands as the Vuurwerkramp (fireworks disaster).

In 2001 a referendum confirmed the proposal of the city council to expand the built-up area into the Usseler Es, an area of historic cultural significance and of geological importance, as it was here that the Usselo horizon was discovered.

Large scale construction and renovation activities in the city center have been ongoing for several years.

Economy

The city is a former centre of textile production. When this industry left the area for cheaper production centers in South-East Asia, Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands. The biggest challenge of the city is to prevent higher educated (wealthy) citizens from moving to the west (Randstad). Decades of renovation work in the city center have been carried out with the goal of making Enschede more attractive to this group.

Modern shopping centers and department stores that until recently were only found in much larger cities have been opened. Enschede is host to many yearly festivals and the Old Market Square is often the venue for events, live music and other activities on the weekend. After some hesitation on the part of the city council, Enschede was able to host Roze Zaterdag in the summer of 2004 which was a huge success. This not only gave the local economy a boost, but also drew positive attention to Enschede's gay community, the largest in the east of the Netherlands.

Like the German capital Berlin Enschede has a troubled urban economy, but is still home to a vibrant artistic scene. Also the city's laid-back attitude, by some attributed to the relatively low economic activity of its inhabitants (labour participation was about 57% in 2006) and the large numbers of students, artists and (semi-) government employees, make for a 'Berlinesque' athmosphere.

The proximity to Germany has, historically, been another major factor in the city's economic activity, ranging from the smuggling of coffee and tobacco in the 19th and 20th century, to large numbers of Germans, who visit the city's shops and (especially) the weekly markets. Therefore, most natives of Enschede speak German more or less fluently.

The city is co-operating with the nearby municipalities of Almelo, Borne and Hengelo as ''Netwerkstad Twente''. A draft law plan to merge Enschede with Hengelo and Almelo was defeated in parliament under the influence of opposition from the other towns.

The world famous Grolsch beer is brewed in Enschede.

Research, education and health care

The Universiteit Twente (Twente University), a university with mostly technical studies, is located in Enschede. It's one of the three technical universities in the Netherlands (besides Delft University of Technology and Eindhoven University of Technology). The Universiteit Twente is also the only large campus university in the Netherlands. The university has courses in pure technical studies such as Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Informatics/Computer Science and Industrial Engineering and also offers courses in Communication, Psychology, Economical Sciences, Business, Public Administration, Applied Medicine and Biomedical Technology; the latter attract a broader public. Since 2006, the programme of European Studies has been added to the university's offerings.

Enschede is also home to one of the three campuses of Saxion University of Applied Sciences (Saxion Hogeschool Enschede), a polytechnical school offering internationally recognized Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees in a wide range of fields, including engineering, economics and health care. The other campuses are located in Deventer and Apeldoorn.

The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (known by its abbreviation ITC) is famous for its MSc, Master's, Diploma and PhD courses in Geo-Information Science for developing countries. Students from all over the world attend the ITC.

Enschede also has an academy of arts and design combined with a conservatory named ArtEZ.

The Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) hospital is one of the largest top-clinical hospitals of the Netherlands and features important tertiary care departments, fulfilling a supraregional role. It includes a level I trauma center as well. The hospital is strongly involved in higher medical education, with up to 300 medical students following their internships in the hospital at any given time, closely working together with the University of Twente's Technical Medicine program training a new type of technically specialized doctors.

Transportation

Enschede is a terminus station of the NS railway lines from the west.

To the east there is a line to Gronau, Germany, which has two more stations in the Netherlands: Enschede De Eschmarke and Glanerbrug. The line is served by:

DB Regionalbahn Westfalen (part of the German Deutsche Bahn), to Münster

Prignitzer Eisenbahn ((PE Holding AG, Arriva)) to Dortmund.

There is no track connection between the two systems. The through line had been retained for eventual NATO use during the Cold War even after through passenger service was ended (September 1981), although it was left in serious disrepair in later years. With the renewal of service to Germany (May 2001) the track was severed; there is a gap of about 30 centimeters between them .

There is also Enschede Drienerlo railway station, near the football stadium.

See also :de:Bild:Dortmund-Gronau-Enschede.gif and railway services in Nordrhein-Westfalen 407 and 412.

Enschede has a combined regional civil airport, Enschede Airport, and Airbase Twenthe of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The latter was closed in 2007; the former was closed in 2008. Enschede is situated at the south-east terminus of the Twentekanaal.

There is also a network of buslines connecting nearly every part of the city with the centre. Enschede also has bus connections to nearby cities, like Hengelo, Oldenzaal and south towards Haaksbergen, Neede and Eibergen. The citylines are exploited by Connexxion, under the Twents-branche. The interlocal lines are exploited by Connexxion and Syntus.

Culture

There are several museums in Enschede, among them the Rijksmuseum Twenthe for art. A museum of natural history and a museum dedicated to the history of the textiles industry, both closed in January 2007, have merged, and have reopened in April 2008 in new premises on a new location under the name TwentseWelle (Source/Well of Twente). The new location is situated in Roombeek, where a fireworks disaster took place in 2000. The new museum is located partly in an renovated old textile factory, in reference to Enschede's textile history, and partly in a adjourning new building, designed by the Amsterdam-based firm SeARCH (project architect: Bjarne Mastenbroek).

Sports

Enschede is well-known for its local association football club, FC Twente. Twente were the 2010 Eredivisie champions.

The oldest marathon of the Netherlands, and the second oldest of Europe, is the Enschede Marathon.

The Student Rowing Club D.R.V. Euros has produced several national champions and one Olympic Champion.

The female Fieldhockeyers of EHV play in the second highest competition, "Overgangsklasse", of the Netherlands.

DOS-WK plays in the highest competition of korfball, the 'Korfbal League'.

Enschede (Old Church to University) is the final stage of the Batavierenrace, a footrace relay beginning in Nijmegen, contested mostly by university student teams and claimed to be the largest relay races in the world, with 8000 participants.

Twin towns

Palo Alto, USA, since 1980 Dalian, People's Republic of China, since 2009

Notable people born in Enschede

:''See also People from Enschede''

Jan Cremer (1940) – writer and traveller

Bert Doorn (1949) – politician

Tomás Gómez Franco (1968) - Spanish politician

Noor Holsboer (1967) – field hockey defender

Nico Molenkamp (1920) – artist lately of Tilburg

Kees van Baaren (1906) – composer

Tino Tabak (1946) – retired cyclist

Jasper van 't Hof (1947) – piano player

Willem Wilmink (1936–2003) – poet and writer

Rudolph De Ram (1955) – artist and photographer

Hans van Abeelen (1936) – first Dutch behavior geneticist

Willem Piet Regenspurg (1894) – artist

See also

Eschede, Germany

References

External links

University of Twente

ITC (International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation)

Saxion Universities

Rijksmuseum Twenthe

Video footage of the fireworks disaster

Literature

Alfred Hagemann/Elmar Hoff (Hg.):'' Insel der Träume. Musik in Gronau und Enschede (1895–2005)'', Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2006.

Category:Cities in the Netherlands Category:Populated places in Overijssel

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playername	Marc Janko
fullname	Marc Janko
dateofbirth	June 25, 1983
cityofbirth	Vienna
countryofbirth	Austria
height
position	Striker
currentclub	Twente
clubnumber	21
youthyears1	1991–2002 |youthclubs1 Admira Wacker
years1	2002–2005 |clubs1 Admira Wacker |caps1 13 |goals1 2
years2	2005–2010 |clubs2 Red Bull Salzburg |caps2 108 |goals2 75
years3	2010– |clubs3 Twente |caps3 33 |goals3 19
nationalyears1	2006– |nationalteam1 Austria |nationalcaps1 19 |nationalgoals1 7
pcupdate	15 May 2011
ntupdate	23 June 2010 (UTC) }}

Marc Janko (born 25 June 1983 in Vienna) is an Austrian football player, who currently plays for Dutch Eredivisie side FC Twente.

Janko has in various seasons been known as a goal-getter, scoring 77 goals in 121 Austrian Bundesliga matches. He has played for Admira Wacker Mödling and Red Bull Salzburg.

He is the son of Eva Janko, who won a bronze medal in the women's Javelin event at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Club career

Red Bull Salzburg

Janko is a very well known tall striker who started his career playing at the traditional club Admira Wacker from Mödling, Lower Austria. After successful years he came to Red Bull Salzburg. He was one of the most important players for the team and in the end of the 2005 season he scored 11 goals in 10 matches.

2008-2009 Season

He started the 2008–09 season in great fashion, scoring 5 goals in the first 2 games. On 16 November 2008, Janko became the all-time club leader for goals scored in one season for Salzburg. His 25 goals in less than half a season, surpassed previous record-holder Oliver Bierhoff, who scored 23 during the 1990-91 season. Janko continued his scoring streak with a four goal performance against league rival Altach. On 6 December 2008, he surpassed Toni Polster as the all-time half-season scoring champion by registering 30 goals in 20 matches.

He scored 5 hat tricks in the league during the season, including a four-goal performance after coming on as a second-half substitute against SCR Altach (Salzburg won the game 4-3 due to his goals). In total he scored an impressive 39 goals (plus 9 assists) in only 34 games as RB Salzburg won the league.

Due to his 39 goals scored in the 2008-2009 season, he became the goal leader for all leagues worldwide during the year. His success caught the attention of several English Premier League clubs and Celtic, however, he signed a new contract with Red Bull on 30 January 2009, which will keep him in Salzburg until June 2013.

2009-2010 Season

Though there were constant rumors and speculation that Janko would sign with a different club, he stayed with the Red Bulls. Through 21 games that season, Janko scored 12 goals which currently puts him in second place in the Austrian Bundesliga behind teammate Roman Wallner. His best games were a 4-goal effort against FC Carinthia on October 4, and a pair of goals scored against Josko Ried on February 13, 2010.

Janko was also an integral part of the Salzburg team that enjoyed success in its pool play in the UEFA Europa League. He had a strong performance against Standard Liege on 19 February 2010, scoring his side's 2 goals in a 3-2 loss in the first tie of the Round of 32.

FC Twente

Marc Janko signed a 4-year contract with FC Twente Enschede in the Netherlands on June 21, 2010 and was given the number #21 shirt previously worn by fellow countryman Marko Arnautović. Twente will pay Red Bull Salzburg an amount between 4 and 7 million euro. On 8 May 2011, Janko scored the winning goal of the 2011 KNVB Cup Final against Ajax in the 117th minute to seal a 3-2 victory.

Career statistics

|- |2002–03||rowspan="3"|Admira Wacker||rowspan="3"|Austrian Bundesliga||?||?||?||?||?||?||?||? |- |2003–04||?||?||?||?||?||?||?||? |- |2004–05||13||2||?||?||?||?||13||2 |- |2005–06||rowspan="5"|Red Bull Salzburg||rowspan="5"|Austrian Bundesliga||18||11||?||?||?||?||18||11 |- |2006–07||8||2||?||?||2||1||10||3 |- |2007–08||14||5||?||?||0||0||14||5 |- |2008–09||34||39||1||1||1||0||36||40 |- |2009–10||34||18||?||?||6||4||40||22 |- |2010–11|||FC Twente|||Eredivisie||29||14||4||2||6||1||39||17 |- |2011–12|||FC Twente|||Eredivisie||4||5||1||1||1||2||2||4 |- 121||77||1||1||9||5||125||83 30||15||5||3||7||3||42||21 151||92||6||4||16||8||172||104

International career

He made his debut for Austria in a May 2006 friendly match against Croatia and earned his second cap in October that year against Liechtenstein. In 2009, he scored one of Austria's two goals against Lithuania on October 10, 2009. Four days later, he scored Austria's lone goal against France. So far he has scored 7 goals in 19 matches for the team.

Honours

Club

Red Bull Salzburg

*Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2006-07, 2008-09, 2009-10

FC Twente'''

*KNVB Cup: 2011

* Johan Cruijff Schaal: 2011

Individual

Austrian Football Bundesliga Topscorer: 2008-09 (39 goals)

References

External links

Official website - Marc Janko

Player profile - Red Bulls Salzburg

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:People from Vienna Category:Austrian footballers Category:Austria international footballers Category:VfB Admira Wacker Mödling players Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players Category:Austrian Football Bundesliga players Category:FC Twente players Category:Austrian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands Category:Eredivisie players

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