{{infobox disease | name | Miscarriage | Image Human Embryo - Approximately 8 weeks estimated gestational age.jpg|right|thumb | Caption A complete spontaneous abortion at about six weeks from conception, i.e. eight weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP) | DiseasesDB | ICD10 | ICD9 | ICDO | OMIM | MedlinePlus 001488 | eMedicineSubj search | eMedicineTopic miscarriage | MeshID D000022 }} |
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In medical (and veterinary) contexts, the word "abortion" refers to any process by which a pregnancy ends with the death and removal or expulsion of the fetus, regardless of whether it is spontaneous or intentionally induced. Many women who have had miscarriages, however, object to the term "abortion" in connection with their experience, as it is generally associated with induced abortions. In recent years there has been discussion in the medical community about avoiding the use of this term in favor of the less ambiguous term "miscarriage". In 2005 the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) published a paper aiming to facilitate an update and revision of nomenclature used to describe early pregnancy events.
Labour resulting in live birth before the 37th week of pregnancy is termed "premature birth", even if the infant dies shortly afterward. The limit of viability at which 50% of fetus/infants survive longterm is around 24 weeks, with moderate or major neurological disability dropping to 50% only by 26 weeks. Although long-term survival has never been reported for infants born from pregnancy shorter than 21 weeks and 5 days, fetuses born as early as the 16th week of pregnancy may sometimes live for some minutes after birth.
A fetus that dies while in the uterus after about the 20–24th week of pregnancy is termed a "stillbirth"; the precise gestational age definition varies by country. Premature births or stillbirths are not generally considered miscarriages, though usage of the terms and causes of these events may overlap.
Miscarriage of a fetus is also called ''intrauterine fetal death'' (IUFT).
Alternatively the following terms are used to describe pregnancies that do not continue:
The following two terms consider wider complications or implications of a miscarriage:
The physical symptoms of a miscarriage vary according to the length of pregnancy:
Miscarriage may also be detected during an ultrasound exam, or through serial human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) testing. Women pregnant from ART methods, and women with a history of miscarriage, may be monitored closely and so detect a miscarriage sooner than women without such monitoring.
Several medical options exist for managing documented nonviable pregnancies that have not been expelled naturally.
Besides the feeling of loss, a lack of understanding by others is often important. People who have not experienced a miscarriage themselves may find it hard to empathize with what has occurred and how upsetting it may be. This may lead to unrealistic expectations of the parents' recovery. The pregnancy and miscarriage are hardly mentioned any more in conversation, often because the subject is too painful. This can make the woman feel particularly isolated. Inappropriate or insensitive responses from the medical profession can add to the distress and trauma experienced, so in some cases attempts have been made to draw up a standard code of practice.
Interaction with pregnant women and newborn children is often also painful for parents who have experienced miscarriage. Sometimes this makes interaction with friends, acquaintances and family very difficult.
Chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks. A pregnancy with a genetic problem has a 95% probability of ending in miscarriage. Most chromosomal problems happen by chance, have nothing to do with the parents, and are unlikely to recur. Chromosomal problems due to a parent's genes are, however, a possibility. This is more likely to have been the cause in the case of repeated miscarriages, or if one of the parents has a child or other relatives with birth defects. Genetic problems are more likely to occur with older parents; this may account for the higher miscarriage rates observed in older women.
Another cause of early miscarriage may be progesterone deficiency. Women diagnosed with low progesterone levels in the second half of their menstrual cycle (luteal phase) may be prescribed progesterone supplements, to be taken for the first trimester of pregnancy. No study has shown that general first-trimester progesterone supplements reduce the risk of threatened miscarriage (when a mother might already be losing her baby), and even the identification of problems with the luteal phase as contributing to miscarriage has been questioned.
One study found that 19% of second trimester losses were caused by problems with the umbilical cord. Problems with the placenta may also account for a significant number of later-term miscarriages.
Uncontrolled diabetes greatly increases the risk of miscarriage. Women with controlled diabetes are not at higher risk of miscarriage. Because diabetes may develop during pregnancy (gestational diabetes), an important part of prenatal care is to monitor for signs of the disease.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a risk factor for miscarriage, with 30-50% of pregnancies in women with PCOS being miscarried in the first trimester. Two studies have shown treatment with the drug metformin to significantly lower the rate of miscarriage in women with PCOS (the metformin-treated groups experienced approximately one-third the miscarriage rates of the control groups). However, a 2006 review of metformin treatment in pregnancy found insufficient evidence of safety and did not recommend routine treatment with the drug.
High blood pressure during pregnancy, known as preeclampsia, is sometimes caused by an inappropriate immune reaction (paternal tolerance) to the developing fetus, and is associated with the risk of miscarriage. Similarly, women with a history of recurrent miscarriages are at risk of developing preeclampsia.
Severe cases of hypothyroidism increase the risk of miscarriage. The effect of milder cases of hypothyroidism on miscarriage rates has not been established. The presence of certain immune conditions such as autoimmune diseases is associated with a greatly increased risk of miscarriage. The presence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage with an odds ratio of 3.73 and 95% confidence interval 1.8–7.6.
Certain illnesses (such as rubella, chlamydia and others) increase the risk of miscarriage.
Tobacco (cigarette) smokers have an increased risk of miscarriage. An increase in miscarriage is also associated with the father being a cigarette smoker. The husband study observed a 4% increased risk for husbands who smoke fewer than 20 cigarettes/day, and an 81% increased risk for husbands who smoke 20 or more cigarettes/day.
Cocaine use increases miscarriage rates. Physical trauma, exposure to environmental toxins, and use of an IUD during the time of conception have also been linked to increased risk of miscarriage.
Antidepressants specially paroxetine and venlafaxine can lead to spontaneous abortion.
The age of the mother is a significant risk factor. Miscarriage rates increase steadily with age, with more substantial increases after age 35.
If the bleeding is light, making an appointment to see one's doctor is recommended. If bleeding is heavy, there is considerable pain, or there is a fever, then emergency medical attention is recommended to be sought.
No treatment is necessary for a diagnosis of complete abortion (as long as ectopic pregnancy is ruled out). In cases of an incomplete abortion, empty sac, or missed abortion there are three treatment options: With no treatment (watchful waiting), most of these cases (65–80%) will pass naturally within two to six weeks. This path avoids the side effects and complications possible from medications and surgery. Medical management usually consists of using misoprostol (a prostaglandin, brand name Cytotec) to encourage completion of the miscarriage. About 95% of cases treated with misoprostol will complete within a few days. Surgical treatment (most commonly vacuum aspiration, sometimes referred to as a D&C; or D&E;) is the fastest way to complete the miscarriage. It also shortens the duration and heaviness of bleeding, and avoids the physical pain associated with the miscarriage. In cases of repeated miscarriage, D&C; is also the most convenient way to obtain tissue samples for karyotype analysis (cytogenetic or molecular), although it is also possible to do with expectant and medical management. D&C;, however, has a higher risk of complications, including risk of injury to the cervix (e.g. cervical incompetence) and uterus, perforation of the uterus, and potential scarring of the intrauterine lining (Asherman's syndrome). This is an important consideration for women who would like to have children in the future and want to preserve their fertility and reduce the chance of future obstetric complications.
The risk of miscarriage decreases sharply after the 10th week LMP, i.e. when the fetal stage begins. The loss rate between 8.5 weeks LMP and birth is about two percent; loss is “virtually complete by the end of the embryonic period."
The prevalence of miscarriage increases considerably with age of the parents. One study found that pregnancies from men younger than 25 years are 40% less likely to end in miscarriage than pregnancies from men 25–29 years. The same study found that pregnancies from men older than 40 years are 60% more likely to end in miscarriage than the 25–29-year age group. Yet another study found an increased risk in women, by the age of 45, on the order of 800% (compared to the 20–24 age group in that study), 75% of pregnancies ended in miscarriage.
Category:Abortion Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium Category:Pregnancy with abortive outcome
br:Kolladenn ca:Avortament espontani cs:Potrat da:Spontan abort de:Fehlgeburt et:Nurisünnitus es:Aborto espontáneo eu:Berezko abortu fa:سقط خ?دبهخ?دی fr:Fausse couche ko:유산 hi:गर्भस्राव it:Aborto#Aborto spontaneo he:הפלה ?בעית kn:ಗರ್ಭಪಾತ sw:Mimba kuharibika lt:Persileidimas nl:Miskraam ja:?産 no:Spontanabort pl:Poronienie pt:Aborto espontâneo qu:Sulluy ru:Выкиды? sq:Aborti sk:Prirodzený potrat so:Dhicis fi:Keskenmeno sv:Missfall tl:Nakunan ta:கர?ச்சித?வ? te:మిస్క్యారేజ్ tr:Düşük uk:Викидень vi:Hư thai zh-yue:?產 zh:?产This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
show name | 19 Kids and Counting |
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genre | Family reality |
runtime | approx. 23 minutes; specials approx. 46 minutes. |
creator | Figure 8 Films |
featuring | Duggar family |
country | United States |
network | TLC |
first aired | September 29, 2008 |
last aired | present |
num seasons | 7 |
num episodes | 129 |
list episodes | List of 19 Kids and Counting episodes |
producer | Sean Overbeeke |
composer | Scott Pearson, David Imhof |
preceded by | 17 Kids and Counting (2008), 18 Kids and Counting (2009) |
website | http://www.duggarfamily.com/ |
website title | The Duggar Family |
production website | http://tlc.discovery.com/tv/duggars/19-kids-and-counting.html }} |
''19 Kids and Counting'' (formerly ''17 Kids and Counting'' and ''18 Kids and Counting'') is an American reality television show that airs on TLC. The show is about the Duggar family, which consists of parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar and their 19 children—nine girls and ten boys (including two sets of fraternal twins), who all have names beginning with the letter "J". The show is set to premiere season eight on September 27, 2011.
Jim Bob has one older sister, Deanna, whose daughter Amy occasionally appears on the show. Michelle has six siblings. Jim Bob and Michelle first met when Michelle experienced a religious conversion and Jim Bob, along with another church member, were sent for follow-up visits. They were married on July 21, 1984.
The Duggars elected to delay having children and practiced birth control. It was three years before Josh, their eldest child, was born. They then resumed using birth control; despite precautions, Michelle conceived again but suffered a miscarriage. Believing the miscarriage was due to the contraceptive, the Duggars quit birth control. As they explain, they decided to allow God to determine the number of children they would have. Shortly thereafter, Michelle became pregnant again, this time with her first set of twins, Jana and John-David. Thereafter, approximately every year and a half, Michelle gave birth.
The Duggars are conservative Christians, and due to their fundamentalist biblical beliefs, they practice the following: The only television the family watches are wholesome family programming on DVDs, and various historical events. Internet use is restricted. The male family members keep their hair cut short (by cutting their own hair to save money), while the females keep their hair long. The children are home-schooled using a mix of materials, including those of Switched On Schoolhouse, Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP), and Accelerated Christian Education (ACE). The kids are discouraged from dating, but rather undergo courtship, wherein all meetings between a couple are chaperoned, and the couple abstains from physical contact. Also, the young man seeks permission from the young woman's father to become engaged.
The Duggars raise their children using a buddy system, wherein an older sibling is assigned to a younger sibling and assists in their primary care. According to Michelle, "They help them with their little phonics lessons and games during the day and help them practice their music lessons. They will play with them or help them pick out the color of their outfit that day and just all of those types of things." In 2004, Michelle Duggar won the "Young Mother of the Year Award" in Arkansas, which is sponsored by American Mothers Incorporated.
Jim Bob served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002 and is a real estate agent, author, and investor. The Duggars' income is derived from the rental proceeds of the commercial properties they own. They live debt-free, which Jim Bob has said is "the fruit of Jim Sammons' Financial Freedom Seminar" he attended years ago (Sammons' Seminar is endorsed by IBLP). Their 650 square meter (7,000 square foot) house was built by the family itself over the course of six years with minimal assistance from friends, primarily in the form of instruction. The home was completed on January 20, 2006. The painting, decorating, furnishings, appliances, and other finishing touches, such as a stocked pantry, were provided by Discovery Networks and corporate sponsors as part of the one-hour television special. The work on and completion of the house were the focus of a one-hour television special entitled ''16 Children and Moving In''.
The family was able to take Josie home to Tontitown on June 23, 2010. Michelle Duggar reported that Josie is doing very well, and weighs about 9 pounds. "She has a double chin now," Michelle said. "It is so precious". Josie now weighs 15 lbs. 12 ounces and is healthy.
Now that their newest addition is doing well, the family has discussed the possibility of having more children in an exclusive May 2010 interview with Radar Online. Michelle was quoted as saying:
"We would love more! I'm 44, almost 45 this September. I know that my mommy years are probably numbered, and I don't know how many more children God will see fit to give me."It is something we've been praying about because we do love children. Each child really is a gift and that doesn't mean just our children. We asked the Lord to give us a love of children the way He loves children. That is something that we've prayed about, and we'll just see what the Lord has in store for our family in the future."
! | Name | ! Date of Birth | ! Notes | |
1 | Joshua "Josh" James | March 03, 1988 | Married with 2 children | |
2 | Jana Marie | |||
3 | John-David | |||
4 | Jill Michelle | May 17, 1991 | ||
5 | Jessa Lauren | November 04, 1992 | ||
6 | Jinger Nicole | December 21, 1993 | ||
7 | Joseph Garrett | January 20, 1995 | ||
8 | Josiah Matthew | August 28, 1996 | ||
9 | Joy-Anna | October 28, 1997 | ||
10 | Jedidiah Robert | |||
11 | Jeremiah Robert | |||
12 | Jason Michael | April 21, 2000 | ||
13 | James Andrew | July 07, 2001 | ||
14 | Justin Samuel | November 15, 2002 | ||
15 | Jackson Levi | May 23, 2004 | Birth via C-section; featured in Discovery Health special | |
16 | Johannah Faith | October 11, 2005 | Birth featured in a Discovery Health special | |
17 | Jennifer Danielle | August 02, 2007 | Birth featured in a Discovery Health special | |
18 | Jordyn-Grace Makiya | December 18, 2008 () | Birth via C-section | |
19 | Josie Brooklyn | December 10, 2009 () | Birth via emergency C-section; featured in a TLC special |
Joshua's children | ||
! | ! Name | ! Date of Birth |
1 | Mackynzie Renée | October 08, 2009 () |
2 | Michael James | June 15, 2011 () |
! Name | ! Relationship | ! Notes |
Anna Keller Duggar | Josh’s wife | Born June 23, 1988; from Putnam County, Florida; the fifth of eight children; mother of two children |
Jimmy Lee Duggar | Jim Bob’s father | February 3, 1936–February 9, 2009 |
Mary Duggar | Jim Bob’s mother | Born May 26, 1941; known as Grandma Duggar on the show |
Deanna Jordyn | Jim Bob’s sister | Married to Terry Jordyn; Amy’s mother |
Amy Jordyn Duggar | Jim Bob’s niece | Born September 30, 1986; a country singer (she sang "Amazing Grace" in the closing credits of the episode about her grandfather's death) |
Garrett Floyde Ruark | Michelle's father | December 7, 1924–June 18, 2010; appeared in one episode (his wife, Ethel, passed away on August 11, 1991) |
!Title | !Region 1 | !Discs |
Season 1 | ||
Season 2 | ||
Season 3 | ||
Season 4 | ||
Season 5 | ||
Category:2008 American television series debuts Category:2000s American television series Category:2010s American television series Category:American reality television series Category:English-language television series Category:TLC (TV channel) programs Category:Television shows set in Arkansas Category:People from Arkansas
fr:Famille DuggarThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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