Tajwīd ( '''') is an Arabic word for elocution, meaning proper pronunciation during recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed. It is a set of rules which govern how the Qur'an should be read. It is derived from the triliteral root '''', meaning to make well, make better, or improve. It is required by fard. There are Ten ('''') schools of Recitation, the most prevalent of which is the recitation of Imam 'Asim as transmitted by Imam Hafs.

Rules

Manners of the heart

One should understand that the Qur'an is not the word of man.

The reader should throw away all other thoughts.

One should understand the meaning.

One should be humble.

One should feel that every message in the Qur’an is meant personally for himself or herself.

One should understand the proper pronunciation of Arabic alphabet.

External manners

One should be vigilant of the purity of body, clothes, and place.

One is encouraged to face the Qiblah.

One should stop at a verse of warning and seeking protection with Allah.

One should stop at a verse of mercy and asking Allah for mercy.

One should use pure classical Arabic pronunciation, without foreign or dialectic influence.

Emission points of the letters

The emission points of the letters, or Makhaarijul Huruf, is the study of where the sounds of the different letters are emitted from. There are 17 places, in various regions of the throat, tongue, lips, nose, as well as the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (Mudd) letters.

Western phoneticians call this place of articulation.

Characteristics of the letters

The characteristics of the letters, or Siffat al Huruf, refer to the different attributes of the letters. Western phoneticians call this the manner of articulation.

Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An example of a characteristic would be the whistling (Safeer), which is an attribute sound of air escaping from a tube. Western phoneticians call this whistling characteristic fricative.

Rules of the letter NUN and tanween

The NUN sakinah and tanween (vowels that produces a "nnn" sound immediately after it) can be pronounced in four different ways: Clear (Idhar))(ء،ه،ع ،ح،غ،خ), Merged with the next letter (Idgham), Hidden (Ikhfa), and changed from a "nnn" sound to a "mmm" sound (Iqlaab).

Rules of the letter MIM

The MIM sakinah can be pronounced in three different ways, clear (Idhar), prolonged nasalization (Ghunnah), and uncloselipped (ikhfaa shafawee).

Rules of prolongation [muddud]

These rules refer to the number of beats that are pronounced when voweled letter is followed by a MUDD letter. The MUDD letters are Alif, Yaah, and Waw. The number of beats can range from 2 counts ordinarily. 4 or 5 counts when there is a ''Hamzah'' (ء), and the maximum six counts when it is followed by a shaddah.

Rules of the letter LAM

The Arabic word for "the" is ''al-'' (the letters ''alif'' and ''lam''). The ''lam'' in ''al-'' is pronounced if the letter after is "qamariyya" (lunar), but silent if the letter after is "shamsiyya" (solar).

Qalqalah

The five qalqalah letters are ق,ط,ب,ج and د. Qalqalah, literally meaning unrest, is the vibration or bouncing sound of a letter whose vowel sound was cancelled by a '''' or ''''. The lesser vibration occurs when the qalqalah letter is in the middle of a word or is at the end of the word but is joined to the word after it in continuous recitation. The moderate vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word but does not have a ''''. The greater vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word and has a ''''.

Thickness and Thinness of the letters

Some of the Arabic letters are always pronounced thick with a heavy accent (Tafkhim). Some letters are pronounced thin with a light accent (Tarqeeq). The first category of letters are called "mufakham", the latter "muraqqaq". Some letters depend on the scenario, and are sometimes pronounced thick, and sometimes thin.

See also

Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

Qari

Qari Muhammad farooq - محمد فاروق (Pakistan)

Qari Shakir Qasmi

Qirat

Qur'an reading

Quran Academy

Sciences of Qur'an

Analogous fields

Elocution, the analogous modern Western study

Phonetics

Pronuntiatio, the analogous classical Western study

References

Books and Journals

Chapter in "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an" by Kristina Nelson, American University in Cairo Press (Cairo, NY) 2001.

“Theory and Practice of Tajwid,” Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, IV, Leiden, Brill, 2007 (or still in press)

External links

Tajweed Study - Online resource for Tajweed study with lessons organised in chapters with audio samples

Tajweed Practice - Practice pronouncing common letter combinations with Tajweed

Studyislaam.org - Hifdh - Learn the fundamentals of Tajwid

Youtube.com - Articulation of the Arabic Alphabet in Order of Articulation based upon the rules of Tajwid

Recitation in Tajwid

Tajweed in English - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English and French speakers.[ New videos on makharij [(points of articulations)] ]

Tajweed Podcast - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English speakers

AboutTajweed.com - Rules of Tajweed

Tajwid.info - Tajwid with audio examples

Altafsir.com - Qura'n and Recitations

Category:Qur'an reciting

ar:تجويد fa:تجوید fr:Tajwid id:Tajwid he:תג'ויד ms:Tajwid pl:Tadżwid ru:Тажвид sv:Tajwīd tt:Тәҗвид tr:Tecvid

Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
name	Yasir Qadhi
residence	Memphis, TN
birth place	Houston, Texas
nationality	American
education	Associate's degree in ArabicB.A. in Islamic SciencesMaster of Arts in Islamic Theology(Islamic University of Madinah)B.Sc in Chemical Engineering(University of Houston)
alma mater	Islamic University of MadinahUniversity of Houston
occupation	Instructor
title	Dean of Academic Affairs, AlMaghrib Institute
religion	Islam
website	MuslimMatters.org
footnotes	}}

Yasir Qadhi (ياسر قاضي) is an American Muslim writer and Islamic instructor for the Al-Maghrib Institute. He has written a number of books and spoken in lectures about Islam and contemporary issues on Muslims.

Biography

Qadhi was born in Houston, TX, to parents of Pakistani origin,however; he completed his primary secondary education in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, graduating as a valedictorian of his class. Afterwards, he returned to Houston to complete a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Houston. When asked why he chose a secular degree instead of an Islamic one first, he remarked:

:"As a Muslim child growing up in America, you are expected to become an engineer or a doctor. It is just understood."

Shortly after working for Dow Chemical for a short stint, he went to the Islamic University of Madinah in Madinah, Saudi Arabia to attain both a bachelor's and master's degree in specific disciplines within Islamic studies.. Initially, he completed a second bachelor's degree in Arabic from the university's College of Hadith and Islamic Sciences, and went on to complete an master's degree in Islamic Theology from the College of Dawah.

He returned to the United States in 2005, after nearly 10 years in Saudi Arabia. At the present time, he is teaching in the Religious Studies Department of Rhodes College, in Memphis, TN. Additionally, he is completing a doctoral in theology at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.

Qadhi describes himself as a revivalist in the Islamic sense, and likens some of the practices he endorses similar to those practiced by conservative Christian groups and Orthodox Jews in America, particularly with regard to dietary laws, family values, and modest dress for women.

Activities

Qadhi was recently featured in a front-page NY Times Magazine article by Pulitzer Prize winner Andrea Elliott shedding light on Qadhi's activities and biography.

He is the Dean of Academic Affairs and instructor for the AlMaghrib Institute, a double-weekend based seminar that he and other American Muslims instructors run, where instructors travel to designated locations in the U.S., UK and Canada (and more recently, Malaysia) to teach Islamic studies in English. He gives regular sermons and lectures, and also appears on a number of Islamic satellite channels: (Islam Channel in England; Huda TV in Egypt; Al-Fajr Channel in Egypt; and Peace TV in India, the U.K., and the U.S), where he teaches theology, ''Seerah'', ''Tajweed'', and other topics. He is also one of the founding members and Islamic specialists at MuslimMatters.org, a blogzine for American Muslims.

Holocaust Remarks and Subsequent Revisionism

''The Daily Telegraph'' reported that, in 2001, Qadhi (whom the newspaper characterized as a "hard-line conservative preacher") described the Holocaust as a hoax, and claimed that "Hitler never intended to mass-destroy the Jews", and "All this [the Holocaust] is false propaganda". The telegraph also reported that Qadhi later retracted his statements, stating that he had been misled. Qadhi, acknowledging that he made negative remarks about Jews and that he had reformed since then, said that even in the 2001 lecture he never denied "the actual occurrence of the Holocaust, or express any support or admiration for Hitler, or claim that all Jews were worthy of being despised or hated", directly disputing the Telegraph's assertion of Qadhi believing the holocaust to be a hoax. He called it a "one-time mistake", stating that "I firmly believe that the Holocaust was one of the worst crimes against humanity that the 20th century has witnessed."

In July 2010, he was selected to participate in an official delegation of US Imams and religious leaders to visit the concentration camps at Auschwitz and Dachau. The Imams subsequently released a joint statement condemning anti-Semitism and labelling Holocaust denial as against the ethics of Islam.

Views on Jihad

Yasir Qadhi has presented papers on ''jihad'' movements. In 2006, at a conference at Harvard Law School, Qadhi presented a 15-minute analysis of the theological underpinnings of one of the first militant movements of modern Saudi Arabia, headed by Juhayman al-Otaibi, which gained international attention when it held the Grand Mosque of Mecca hostage in 1979. In another paper, presented in September 2009 at an international conference at University of Edinburgh on understanding ''jihad'' in the modern world, he discussed how a specific legal ruling (''fatwā'') of the medieval theologian Ibn Taymiyya was used both by ''jihadist'' and pacifist groups to justify their positions. The paper has been critiqued however by Salafi commentators. Qadhi has been involved in de-radicalization efforts in the U.S., and was a participant in the U.S. Counter-Radicalization Strategy conference organized by the National Counterterrorism Center in the summer of 2008.

Umar Abdulmutallab, the al-Qaeda member who attempted to bomb Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on Christmas Day 2009, was a student at "Ilm Summit", a 16-day AlMaghrib Institute Islamic education conference in August 2008 at which Qadhi was an instructor. Qadhi said of Abdulmutallab, who attended some of the classes that he taught, "He was a very quiet individual, tight-lipped and shy, and he did not ask a single question during the discussions. He barely interacted with the other students at the conference." Qadhi recalled speaking to Abdulmutallab, and remembered that he was "very reserved in his responses." Abdulmutallab also attended two seminars organized by the AlMaghrib Institute in London in the months before the event in Houston, Qadhi said.

In 2006 Qadhi, noting that Muslims are routinely detained and questioned at airports and other ports of entry, said that the main problem the Muslim community has "is the presumption of guilt. It is the singling out of people just because of their looks or their identity." Qadhi said he himself was on a secret watch list, but had no idea how he got on the list. His name has since been cleared from that list.

Works

Books authored or co-authored

''Riyaa: Hidden Shirk'', 103 pages, Abu Ammaar Yasir Al-Qathi, Dar-al-Fatah, 1996, ISBN 8172317530

''An introduction to the sciences of the Qura̓an'', Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al-Hidaayah Pub., 1999, ISBN 1-898649-32-4

''An Explanation of the Four Principles of Shirk'', 60 pages, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Yasir Qadhi, Al-Hidaayah, 2000, ISBN 1-898649-52-9

''Du’a : The Weapon of the Believer'', Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al Hidaayah Publishing & Distribution, 2001, ISBN 1-898649-51-0

''15 Ways to Increase Your Earnings from the Quran and Sunnah'', Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al Hidaayah Publishing & Distribution, 2002, ISBN 1-898649-56-1

''An explanation of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Kashf al-Shubuhat: a critical analysis of shirk'', Abū Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Al-Hidaayah, 2003, ISBN 1-898649-62-6

See also

Islam in the United States

List of Da'ees

Dawah

References

External links

MuslimMatters bio (where Qadhi blogs)

Qadhi Audio and Books

Qadhi Video and Audio Lectures from Halal Tube

Qadhi on the Deen Show

Qadhi on the Doha Debates

Doha Debates participant

Video of Qadhi's talk "Perfect Justice: Debunking the Male Bias Myth", April 22, 2006

Video of Qadhi's talk at Global Peace and Unity Conference, 2006

Video of Qadhi's talk at Global Peace and Unity Conference, 2008

Kilday, Anne Marie, "'For the benefit of all mankind'; Local conference highlights Quran's teachings about the importance of honoring animals", ''Houston Chronicle'', December 23, 2006

Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Islamic studies scholars Category:American Muslims Category:University of Houston alumni Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni Category:Yale University alumni Category:American people of Pakistani descent Category:American people of Indian descent Category:Muslim theologians

ar:ياسر قاضي

Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
name	Mishary Rashid Al-Afasy
birth date	September 05, 1976
birth place	Kuwait
religion	Islam
occupation	Imam, Qari, Khateeb, Munshid (Nasheed Artist) }}

Sheikh Mishary bin Rashid Alafasy (; born in Kuwait in September 5, 1976) is a Kuwaiti national and a qari. He is the Imam of Masjid Al-Kabir (Grand Mosque (Kuwait)) in Kuwait City, and leads the taraweeh prayers in Ramadan every year. He studied at the College of the Quran and Islamic Studies at the Islamic University of Madinah and specialized in the ten readings and translations of the Quran. Also, he has been certified by a number of scholars of Quran. He makes frequent appearances on television. Many of his recitations can be also found on YouTube or MukminTV.

On March 24, 2007 Sheikh Mishary traveled to the United States of America and visited two mosques: Islamic Center of Irvine in California, and the ICD (Islamic Center of Detroit) in Michigan. He was escorted by Suleiman Salem throughout the week to various mosques, mostly in Detroit, Dearborn, Ann Arbor, and Hamtramck. The audio tapes of his recitations during his visit to America can be found on his website, and also on YouTube or MukminTV.

On September 2009, Sheikh Mishary traveled to the ICOI or Islamic Center of Irvine, but had to leave early due to family emergency.

On October 25, 2008, Sheikh Mishary was awarded the first Arab Creativity Oscar by the Arab Creativity Union in Egypt. The event was sponsored by the General Secretary of the League of Arab States Mr. Amr Mousa as a recognition of Sheikh Mishary Alafasy role in promoting Islamic principles and teachings utilizing the modern technology to deliver the peaceful message of Islam.

There are two Space channels for Sheikh Meshary, The first is Alafasy TV and another more recent channel, Alafasy Q. Sheikh Mishary is also a munshid. Samples can be found on the Alafsy official website.

In August 2009, Sheikh Alafasy released a nasheed video called "Ramadan" under the Zain label, in which he sings in Arabic, English, and French. A voice-only recording, it was positively received in the Muslim world with television stations broadcasting throughout the month. The video can be viewed through YouTube.

During the month of Ramadan, in 2010, Al-Afasy returned to the ICOI to once again lead the taraweeh prayer.

Family

He is married, has two daughters and one son. He is referred to by the kunya-- "Abu Rashid".

Nasheed Albums

#Uyoon Al Afaaee (2004) #Laysa Al Gharib (2005) #Haneeni (2006) #Qalbi Sagheer (2007) #Zekrayat (2008) #Ramadan (2009) #Anaqeed(2010) #Daughters of the Wind (2011)

See also

Quran

Qirat

Tajweed

References

External links

Official Site

Alafasy's Ramadan nasheed, August 2009

Recitation by Sheikh Mishary Rashed Al-afasy

Tala al Badru Sheikh Mishary Alafasy Nasheed

Alafasy on Qaree.com

Recitation Of Mishari

Sheikh Mishary Rashed Alafasy

Alafasy Albums

Islamway Radio Quran Recitation

SunniPath Library – Quran Recitation by Mishary Rashed al-Efasy

AlafasyTalk

Hi Quality Mp3 of Mishary Rashed al-Efasy

Thealif.com – Listen Quran online

Category:Living people Category:1976 births Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni Category:Qur'an reciters Category:Kuwaiti imams Category:21st-century imams

ar:مشاري راشد العفاسي de:Mishary Rashid Al-Afasy fr:Mishary Rashid Al-Afassy id:Al-Afasy ms:Mishary Rashid Al-Afasy

Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
name	Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari
birth date	194 AH
birth place	Bukhara
death date	256 AH
death place	Khartank, near Samarqand
occupation	Scholar
nationality	Persian
tradition movement	Shafi'i and Ijtihad
influences	Ahmad ibn HanbalAli ibn al-MadiniYahya ibn Ma'in Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh
influenced	Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
signature size	}}

Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari (Persian/Arabic: محمد بن اسماعيل بن ابراهيم بن مغيره بن بردزبه بخاری), popularly known as Bukhari or Imam Bukhari, (196-256AH / 810-870AD), was a Sunni Islamic scholar of Persia. He authored the hadith collection named ''Sahih Bukhari'', a collection which Sunni Muslims regard as the most authentic of all hadith compilations.

Biography

Early life

He was born in 810/194 in the city of Bukhara in Khorasan (now in Uzbekistan). His father, Ismail Ibn Ibrahim, was a known hadith scholar who died while he was young.

The historian al-Dhahabi described his early academic life:

Travels

At age of sixteen, he, together with his brother and widowed mother made the pilgrimage to Makkah. From there he made a series of travels in order to increase his knowledge of hadith. He went through all the important centres of Islamic learning of his time, talked to scholars and exchanged information on hadith. It is said that he heard from over 1,000 men, and learned over 700,000 traditions.

After sixteen years' absence he returned to Bukhara, and there drew up his ''al-Jami' as-Sahih'', a collection of 7,275 tested traditions, arranged in chapters so as to afford bases for a complete system of jurisprudence without the use of speculative law.

His book is highly regarded among Sunni Muslims, and considered the most authentic collection of hadith (a minority of Sunni scholars consider Sahih Muslim, compiled by Bukhari's student Imam Muslim, more authentic). Most Sunni scholars consider it second only to the Qur'an in terms of authenticity. He also composed other books, including ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'', which is a collection of hadiths on ethics and manners, as well as two books containing biographies of hadith narrators (see isnad). It is said that his collection of hadith became sort of an obsession of his. He used all of his money to travel, and never became wealthy.

Last years

In the year 864/250, he settled in Nishapur. It was in Neyshābūr that he met Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. He would be considered his student, and eventually collector and organiser of hadith collection Sahih Muslim which is considered second only to that of al-Bukhari. Political problems led him to move to Khartank, a village near Samarkand where he died in the year 870/256

Writings

Below is a summary of the discussion of Bukhari's available works in Fihrist Muṣannafāt al-Bukhāri by Umm 'Abdullāh bint Maḥrūs, Muḥammad ibn Ḥamza and Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad.

Works describing narrators of hadith

Bukhari wrote three works discussing narrators of hadith with respect to their ability in conveying their material: the "brief compendium of hadith narrators," "the medium compendium" and the "large compendium" (al-Tarikh al-Kabīr, al-Tarīkh al-Ṣaghīr, and al-Tarīkh al-Awsaţ). The large compendium is published and well-identified. The medium compendium was thought to be the brief collection and was published as such. The brief compendium has yet to be found. Another work, al-Kunā, is on patronymics: identifying people who are commonly known as "Father of so-and-so". Then there is a brief work on weak narrators: al-Ḍu'afā al-Ṣaghīr.

Hadith Works

Two of Bukhari's hadith works have reached us: al-Adab al-mufrad ("the book devoted to matters of respect and propriety") and ''al-Jāmi’ al-Musnad al-Sahīh al-Mukhtaṣar min umūr Rasûl Allāh wa sunnanihi wa ayyāmihi'' – ''The abridged collection of sound reports with chains of narration going back all the way to the Prophet regarding matters pertaining to the Prophet, his practices and his times.'' – also known as Sahih Bukhari

School of thought

Imam al-Bukhari was from the Shafi school of thought"

He is recorded as being both anti-Mu'tazili and anti-Rafidhi. In one of his books on creed, he wrote: “I don’t see any difference between praying Salah behind a ''Jahmi'' or a ''Rafidhi'' and a Christian or a Jew. They (Jahmiyyah/Rāfida) are not to be greeted,, nor are they to be visited, nor are they to be married, nor is their testimony to be accepted, nor are their sacrifices to be eaten abc.”.

References

Further reading

Abdul-Jabbar, Ghassan. ''Bukhari.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.

External links

http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1126&category;=13

Biography of Muhammad al-Bukhari

Category:810 births Category:870 deaths Category:Islamic studies scholars Category:Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam Category:Hadith compilers Category:Hadith scholars Category:Shafi'is

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