Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Gunsmoke
other name	Roughshod, A Man's Country
writer	Norman A. Fox (novel)D.D. Beauchamp (screenplay)
starring	Audie MurphySusan CabotPaul Kelly
director	Nathan Juran
producer	Aaron Rosenberg
music	Herman Stein
cinematography	Charles P. Boyle
editing	Ted J. Kent
distributor	Universal International Pictures
released	March, 1953
runtime	79 min
country
language	English }}

''Gunsmoke'' is a 1953 western film directed by Nathan Juran and starring Audie Murphy alongside Susan Cabot, Paul Kelly, Charles Drake. Gunsmoke is a Technicolor film for action star and war hero Audie Murphy.

Plot

Murphy stars as Reb Kittridge, a wandering hired gun who is hired to kill a rancher (played by Paul Kelly). The gunman has also fallen in love with the rancher's daughter (Susan Cabot). Reb mends his ways by the time ''Gunsmoke'' comes to a close.

Cast

Audie Murphy as Reb Kittridge

Susan Cabot as Rita Saxon

Paul Kelly as Dan Saxon

Charles Drake as Johnny Lake

Mary Castle as Cora Dufrayne

Jack Kelly as Curly Mather

Jesse White as Professor

Donald Randolph as Matt Telford

William Reynolds as Brazos

Chubby Johnson as Doc Farrell

Bill Radovich as Bartender

Sylvia Lewis as Saloon dancer

References

External links

Category:1953 films Category:American films Category:1950s Western films

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Audie L. Murphy
Birth date	June 20, 1924
Death date	May 28, 1971
Birth place	Kingston, Hunt County, Texas
Death place	Brush Mountain near Catawba or Roanoke, Virginia
Placeofburial	Arlington National Cemetery
Placeofburial label	Place of burial
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States ArmyArmy National Guard
Serviceyears	1942–1945 (US Army)1950–1966 (Texas National Guard)
Rank	First Lieutenant (USA) Major (TNG)
Unit	15th Infantry Regiment,3rd Infantry Division (USA)36th Infantry Division (TNG)
Battles	''World War II''Italy: Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Rome France: Operation Dragoon, Holtzwihr
Awards	30px Medal of Honor30px Distinguished Service Cross30px Silver Star30px Legion of Merit30px Bronze Star30px Purple Heart30px French Legion of Honor30px French Croix de Guerre30px Belgian Croix de guerre
Laterwork	Actor, Songwriter, Horseracing, Oil }}

Audie Leon Murphy (June 20, 1924 – May 28, 1971) was a fifth grade dropout from an extremely poor family who fought in World War II. In the course of his service, he became the most decorated American soldier of all time. After the war he became a celebrated movie star for over two decades, appearing in 44 films. He also found some success as a country music composer.

Murphy became the most decorated United States soldier of the war during twenty-seven months in action in the European Theatre. He received the Medal of Honor, the U.S. military's highest award for valor, along with 32 additional U.S. and foreign medals and citations, including five from France and one from Belgium.

Murphy's successful movie career included ''To Hell and Back'' (1955), based on his book of the same title (1949). He died in a plane crash in 1971 and was interred, with full military honors, in Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life

Murphy was born in Kingston, Hunt County, Texas, to the very poor Irish sharecropper Emmett Berry Murphy and his wife Josie Bell Killian. He grew up on farms near Farmersville and Greenville, Texas, and near Celeste, Texas. He was the sixth of twelve children, two of whom died before reaching adulthood. Emmet and Josie's children were, in order, Corrine, Charles Emmett "Buck", Vernon, June, Oneta, Audie Leon, J.W., Richard, Eugene, Nadine, Billie, and Joseph Murphy. Audie attended elementary school in Celeste until his father abandoned the family in 1936. He dropped out in the fifth grade to help support his family. He worked for one dollar per day, plowing and picking cotton on any farm that would hire him.

Murphy became very skilled with a rifle, hunting small game like squirrels, rabbits, and birds to help feed the family. One of his favorite hunting companions was neighbor Dial Henley. When Henley commented that Murphy never missed what he shot at, Murphy replied, "Well, Dial, if I don't hit what I shoot at, my family won't eat today." On May 23, 1941, when Murphy was 16, his mother died. Murphy worked at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville. Boarded out, he worked in a radio repair shop. Later that year, with the approval of his older, married sister Corrine, who was unable to help, Murphy placed his three youngest siblings in an orphanage to ensure their care. (He reclaimed them after World War II.)

Enlistment

Murphy had long dreamed of joining the military. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Murphy tried to enlist in the military, but the services rejected him because he was underage. In June 1942, shortly after his 17th birthday, his sister Corrine adjusted his birth date so he appeared to be 18 and legally able to enlist. His war memoirs, ''To Hell and Back'', maintained this misinformation, leading to later confusion and contradictory statements about his year of birth. Murphy tried once again to enlist but was turned down by the Marines and the U.S. Army paratroopers because he was too short and underweight at and . The Navy also turned him down for being underweight. The United States Army finally accepted him and he was inducted at Greenville and sent to Camp Wolters, Texas for basic training. During a session of close order drill, he passed out. His company commander tried to have him transferred to a cook and bakers' school because of his baby-faced youthfulness, but Murphy insisted on becoming a combat soldier. His wish was granted: after 13 weeks of basic training, he was sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for advanced infantry training.

Battles

Murphy still had to "fight the system" to get overseas and into action. His persistence paid off, and in early 1943 he was shipped out to Casablanca, Morocco as a replacement in 3rd Platoon, Baker Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. Murphy saw no action in Africa, but instead participated in extensive training maneuvers along with the rest of the 3rd Division. His combat initiation finally came when he took part in the invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943. Shortly after arriving, Murphy was promoted to corporal after killing two Italian officers as they tried to escape on horseback. He contracted malaria while in Sicily, an illness which put him in the hospital several times during his Army years.

After Sicily was secured from Axis forces, the 3rd Division invaded the Italian mainland, landing near Salerno in September 1943. While leading a night patrol, Murphy and his men ran into German soldiers but fought their way out of an ambush, taking cover in a rock quarry. The German command sent a squad of soldiers in, but they were stopped by intense machine-gun and rifle fire. Three German soldiers were killed and several others captured. As a result of his actions at Salerno, Murphy was promoted to sergeant.

Murphy distinguished himself in action on many occasions while in Italy, fighting at the Volturno River, at the Anzio beachhead, and in the cold, wet Italian mountains. While in Italy, his skills as a combat infantryman earned him promotions and decorations for valor.

Following its participation in the Italian campaign, the 3rd Division landed in Southern France on August 15, 1944 as part of Operation Anvil-Dragoon. Shortly thereafter, Murphy's best friend, Lattie Tipton (referred to as "Brandon" in Murphy's book ''To Hell and Back''), was killed by a German soldier in a machine gun nest who was feigning surrender. Murphy went into a rage, and single-handedly wiped out the German machine gun crew which had just killed his friend. He then used the German machine gun and grenades to destroy several other nearby enemy positions. For this act, Murphy received the Distinguished Service Cross (second in precedence only to the Medal of Honor).

During seven weeks of fighting in that campaign in France, Murphy's division suffered 4,500 casualties. Just weeks later, he received two Silver Stars for further heroic actions. Murphy, by now a staff sergeant and holding the position of Platoon Sergeant, was eventually awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant, which elevated him to the Platoon Leader position. He was wounded in the hip by a sniper's ricocheting bullet 12 days after the promotion and spent ten weeks recuperating. Within days of returning to his unit, and still bandaged, he became company commander (January 25, 1945), and suffered further wounds from a mortar round which killed two others nearby.

Medal of Honor action

The next day, January 26 (the temperature was with of snow on the ground), his unit participated in the battle at Holtzwihr, France. After fighting for some time, Murphy's unit was reduced to an effective strength of 19 out of 128. Murphy sent all of the remaining men to the rear while he shot at the Germans until he ran out of ammunition. He then climbed aboard an abandoned, burning tank destroyer and used its .50 caliber machine gun to cut down the German infantry, including one full squad of German infantry who crawled in a ditch to within of his position. He was able to call in artillery fire using a land-line telephone and, under heavy fire, was wounded in the leg. He nonetheless continued his nearly single-handed battle for almost an hour. He only stopped fighting when his telephone line to the artillery fire direction center was cut by enemy artillery. As his remaining men moved forward, he quickly organized them into a counter-attack which ultimately drove the enemy from Holtzwihr. For these actions, Murphy was awarded the Medal of Honor.

When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied simply, "They were killing my friends."

Murphy was removed from the front lines and made a liaison officer. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 22, 1945. On June 2, 1945, Lt. Gen. Alexander Patch, commander of the US Seventh Army, presented him with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit. The Legion of Merit was given him for meritorious service with the 3rd Infantry Division in France from January 22 to February 18, 1945. On June 10, Murphy left Paris by plane and arrived in San Antonio, Texas four days later.

Murphy was awarded 33 U.S. decorations and medals, five medals from France, and one from Belgium. He received every U.S. decoration for valor available to Army ground personnel at the time. He earned the Silver Star twice in three days, two Bronze Star Medals, three Purple Hearts, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Medal of Honor.

Awards, Honors, and Rank

Medal of Honor citation

The official U.S. Army citation for Murphy's Medal of Honor reads:

:Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company B 15th Infantry, 3rd Infantry Division. :Place and date: Near Holtzwihr France, January 26, 1945. :Entered service at: Dallas, Texas. Birth: Hunt County, near Kingston, Texas, G.O. No. 65, August 9, 1944. :Citation: ''Second Lt. Murphy commanded Company B, which was attacked by six tanks and waves of infantry. 2d Lt. Murphy ordered his men to withdraw to a prepared position in a woods, while he remained forward at his command post and continued to give fire directions to the artillery by telephone. Behind him, to his right, one of our tank destroyers received a direct hit and began to burn. Its crew withdrew to the woods. 2d Lt. Murphy continued to direct artillery fire, which killed large numbers of the advancing enemy infantry. With the enemy tanks abreast of his position, 2d Lt. Murphy climbed on the burning tank destroyer, which was in danger of blowing up at any moment, and employed its .50 caliber machine gun against the enemy. He was alone and exposed to German fire from three sides, but his deadly fire killed dozens of Germans and caused their infantry attack to waver. The enemy tanks, losing infantry support, began to fall back. For an hour the Germans tried every available weapon to eliminate 2d Lt. Murphy, but he continued to hold his position and wiped out a squad that was trying to creep up unnoticed on his right flank. Germans reached as close as 10 yards, only to be mowed down by his fire. He received a leg wound, but ignored it and continued his single-handed fight until his ammunition was exhausted. He then made his way back to his company, refused medical attention, and organized the company in a counterattack, which forced the Germans to withdraw. His directing of artillery fire wiped out many of the enemy; he killed or wounded about 50. 2d Lt. Murphy's indomitable courage and his refusal to give an inch of ground saved his company from possible encirclement and destruction, and enabled it to hold the woods which had been the enemy's objective.''

Awards

Murphy was credited with destroying six tanks in addition to killing over 240 German soldiers and wounding and capturing many others. His principal U.S. decorations included the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, two Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit, two Bronze Stars with Valor device, and three Purple Hearts. Murphy participated in campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France and Germany, as denoted by his European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver battle star (denoting five campaigns), four bronze battle stars, plus a bronze arrowhead representing his two amphibious assault landings at Sicily and southern France. During the French Campaign, Murphy was awarded two Presidential Citations, one from the 3rd Inf, Division, and one from the 15th Inf. Regiment during the Holtzwihr action.

The French government awarded Murphy its Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He also received two ''Croix de guerre'' medals from France and the ''Croix de guerre 1940 Palm'' from Belgium. In addition, Murphy was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge. (A complete list of his awards and decorations appears later in this article.) He spent 29 months overseas and just under two years in combat with the 3rd Infantry Division, all before he turned 21.

In early June 1945, one month after Germany's surrender, he returned from Europe to a hero's welcome in his home state of Texas, where he was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches. Murphy was discharged from active duty with the U.S. Army as a First Lieutenant, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas on August 17, 1945, and discharged from the U.S. Army on September 21, 1945.

Murphy garnered nationwide recognition, appearing on the cover of ''Life'' magazine for July 16, 1945. After the Korean War broke out in June 1950, Murphy joined the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas National Guard; however, that division was not called up for combat duty. By the time he left the Guard in 1966, Murphy had attained the rank of Major.

Murphy's medals and awards are on display at the Dallas Scottish Rite Temple Museum (500 South Harwood Street, Dallas, TX 75201) and the China Room of the 15th Infantry Regiment (Kelley Hill, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Awards and decorations

{| |- | |Medal of Honor |- | |Distinguished Service Cross |- | |Silver Star (with oak leaf cluster) |- | |Legion of Merit |- | |Bronze Star (with oak leaf cluster and Valor device) |- | |Purple Heart (with two oak leaf clusters) |- | |Department of the Army Outstanding Civilian Service Award |- | |U.S. Army Good Conduct Medal |- | |Presidential Unit Citation (with oak leaf cluster) |- | |American Campaign Medal |- | |European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (with one silver service star & four bronze service stars, representing nine campaigns, and one bronze arrowhead, representing assault landing at Sicily and Southern France) |- | |World War II Victory Medal |- | |Army of Occupation Medal (with Germany Clasp) |- | |Armed Forces Reserve Medal |- | |French Legion of Honor - Grade of Chevalier |- | |French Croix de guerre (with Silver Star) |- | |French Croix de guerre (with Palm) |- | |Medal of Liberated France |- | |Belgian Croix de guerre (with 1940 Palm) |- | |French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre |- |} 65px Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar 65px Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar

Dates of rank

File:US-O4 insignia.svgFile:US-O4 insignia.svg

+	Rank !! Date !! Component
	Private_(rank)#United_States> Private	30 Jun 1942
	20px Private First Class	07 May 1943
	20px Corporal	15 Jul 1943
	20px Sergeant	13 Dec 1943
	20px Staff Sergeant	13 Jan 1944
	8px Second Lieutenant	14 Oct 1944
	8px First Lieutenant	16 Feb 1945
	20px Major||	14 Feb 1956	Texas National Guard
	20px Major	14 Feb 1956
	20px Major||	22 May 1969	United States Army Retired Reserve

Movie career

After seeing the young hero's photo on the cover of the July 16 edition of ''Life Magazine'' and sensing star potential, actor James Cagney invited Murphy to Hollywood in September 1945. Despite Cagney's expectations, the next few years in California were difficult for Murphy. He became disillusioned by the lack of work, was frequently broke, and slept on the floor of a gymnasium owned by his friend Terry Hunt. He eventually received token acting parts in the 1948 films ''Beyond Glory'' and ''Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven''. His third movie, ''Bad Boy'', gave him his first leading role.

He also starred in the 1951 adaptation of Stephen Crane's Civil War novel, ''The Red Badge of Courage'', which earned critical success. Murphy expressed great discomfort in playing himself in ''To Hell and Back.'' In 1959, he starred in the western ''No Name on the Bullet'', in which his performance was well-received despite being cast as the villain, a professional killer who managed to stay within the law.

First starring role

After returning home from World War II, Murphy bought a house in Farmersville, Texas for his oldest sister Corrine, her husband Poland Burns, and their three children. His three youngest siblings, Nadine, Billie, and Joe, had been living in an orphanage since Murphy's mother's death, He intended that they would be able to live with Corrine and Poland. However, six children under one roof were difficult for Corrine and Poland to parent, and Murphy brought his siblings to live with him.

Despite a lot of post-war publicity, his acting career had not progressed and he had difficulty making a living. Buck, Murphy's oldest brother, and his wife agreed to take Nadine in, but Murphy could not find a home for Joe. He approached James "Skipper" Cherry, a Dallas theater owner who was involved with the Variety Clubs International Boy's Ranch, a ranch near Copperas Cove, Texas. He arranged for Joe to live at the Boy's Ranch. Joe was very happy there and Murphy was able to frequently visit his brother as well as his friend Cherry. In a 1973 interview, Cherry recalled, "He was discouraged and somewhat despondent concerning his movie career."

Variety Clubs International was financing a film ''Bad Boy'' to help promote the organization's work with troubled children. Cherry called Texas theater executive Paul Short, who was producing the film, to suggest that they consider giving Murphy a significant role in the movie. Murphy performed well in the screen test, but the president of Allied Artists did not want to cast someone in a major role with so little acting experience.

Cherry, Short, and other Texas theater owners decided that they wanted Murphy to play the lead or would not finance the film. The producers agreed and Murphy's performance was well-received by Hollywood. As a result of the film, Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven-year studio contract. After a few box-office hits at Universal, the studio bosses gave Murphy increased choices in choosing his roles.

Autobiography ''To Hell and Back''

Murphy's 1949 autobiography ''To Hell and Back'' became a national bestseller. The book was ghostwritten by his friend David "Spec" McClure, already a professional writer. Murphy modestly described some of his most heroic actions—without portraying himself as a hero. He did not mention any of the many decorations he received, but praised the skills, bravery, and dedication of the other members of his platoon. Murphy even attributed a song he had written to "Kerrigan".

Murphy portrayed himself in the 1955 film version of his book with the same title, ''''To Hell and Back''''. Murphy was initially reluctant to star in ''To Hell and Back'', fearing it would appear he was cashing in on his war experience. He suggested Tony Curtis for the role. In "To Hell and Back", unlike usual Hollywood pictures where the same soldiers serve throughout the movie, Murphy's comrades are killed or wounded as they were in real life. At the film's end, Murphy is the only member of his original unit remaining. At the ceremony where Murphy is awarded the Medal of Honor, the ghostly images of his dead friends are depicted. This insistence on reality has been attributed to Murphy and his desire to honor his fallen friends.

The film grossed almost US$10 million during its initial theatrical release, and at the time became Universal Studios's biggest hit of the studio's 43-year history. The movie held the record as the company's highest-grossing motion picture until 1975, when it was surpassed by Steven Spielberg's ''Jaws''.

Murphy's oldest son, Terry Murphy, played younger brother Joe Preston Murphy (at age four). The film was introduced by General Walter Bedell Smith, United States Army, Retired. During World War II, Smith had served as Chief of Staff to General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Harold B. Simpson's 1975 comprehensive biography, ''Audie Murphy, American Soldier'', covers the breadth of Murphy's life. The book emphasizes his military exploits, and includes photos, maps, and battle-maneuver diagrams. Murphy's post-war career is also well-documented.

Filmography

In the 25 years he spent in Hollywood, Murphy made 44 feature films, 33 of them Westerns. His highest grossing film was the autobiographical ''To Hell and Back'', which was the highest grossing film for Universal Pictures, until ''Jaws'' in 1975. His films earned him close to $3 million in his 23 years as an actor. He also appeared in several television shows, including the lead in the short-lived 1961 NBC western detective series ''Whispering Smith'', set in Denver, Colorado. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Murphy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1601 Vine Street.

Music career

In addition to acting, Murphy also became successful as a country music songwriter. He teamed up with musicians and composers including Guy Mitchell, Jimmy Bryant, Scott Turner, Coy Ziegler, Ray and Terri Eddlemon. Murphy's songs were recorded and released by well-known artists including Dean Martin, Eddy Arnold, Charley Pride, Jimmy Bryant, Porter Waggoner, Jerry Wallace, Roy Clark, and Harry Nilsson. His two biggest hits were "Shutters and Boards" and "When the Wind Blows in Chicago".

Personal life

Post-war illness

Murphy was reportedly plagued by insomnia, bouts of depression, and nightmares related to his numerous battles throughout his life. His first wife, Wanda Hendrix, often talked of his struggle with this condition, even claiming that he had held her at gunpoint once. For a time during the mid-1960s, he became dependent on doctor-prescribed sleeping pills called Placidyl. When he recognized that he had become addicted to the drug, he locked himself in a motel room where he took himself off the pills, going through withdrawal for a week.

Always an advocate of the needs of America's military veterans, Murphy eventually broke the taboo about publicly discussing war-related mental conditions. In an effort to draw attention to the problems of returning Korean and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with PTSD, known then and during World War II as "battle fatigue". He called on the United States government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact that combat experiences have on veterans, and to extend health care benefits to address PTSD and other mental-health problems suffered by returning war veterans.

Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949; they were divorced in 1951. He then married former airline stewardess Pamela Archer, by whom he had two children: Terrance Michael "Terry" Murphy (born 1952) and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy (born 1954). They were named for two of his most respected friends, Terry Hunt and James "Skipper" Cherry, respectively. Murphy became a successful actor, rancher, and businessman, breeding and raising quarter horses. He owned ranches in Texas, Tucson, Arizona and Menifee, California.

Death

Shortly after noon on May 28, 1971, during Memorial Day weekend, Murphy was killed when his private plane crashed into Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, 20 miles west of Roanoke, Virginia. The pilot and four other passengers were also killed.

In 1974, a large granite marker was erected near the crash site. A close friend, Captain Carl Swickerath (whose own burial site is now directly in front of Murphy's), represented the Murphy family at the dedication.

On June 7, 1971, Murphy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. The official U.S. representative at the ceremony was decorated World War II veteran and future President George H. W. Bush. Murphy's grave site is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11. It is located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. It is the second most-visited grave site, after that of President John F. Kennedy.

The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf. Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier. An unknown person maintains a small American flag next to his engraved Government-issue headstone, which reads as follows:

:: ''Audie L. Murphy, Texas. Major, Infantry, World War II. June 20, 1924 to May 28, 1971. Medal of Honor, DSC, SS & OLC, LM, BSM & OLC, PH & 2 OLC''.

(Key to abbreviations: DSC = Distinguished Service Cross; SS = Silver Star; LM = Legion of Merit; BSM = Bronze Star Medal; PH = Purple Heart; OLC = Oak Leaf Cluster.)

An Oak Leaf Cluster signifies a subsequent award of the same decoration. First Lieutenant Murphy was one of very few company-grade officers ever to be awarded the Legion of Merit. That decoration is usually awarded only to officers of the rank of lieutenant colonel and above. At his funeral, a friend noted "''Like the man, the headstone is too small''."

Some questions arose about the nature of the plane crash that claimed Murphy's life. In April 1971, Murphy had sought the release of his friend, Teamster Union president Jimmy Hoffa, from federal prison on conviction in 1964 of jury tampering. (Murphy had tried to persuade Edward Grady Partin of Baton Rouge, the Teamsters business agent who had provided immunized testimony against Hoffa, to recant his earlier claims.) Following Murphy's death, Arthur Egan, who had worked with Murphy in the bid to get Hoffa freed, said he suspected that the fatal plane crash was not an accident. Hoffa was freed seven months after Murphy's death, and no forensic evidence has arisen to suggest the plane crash was in any way connected to the Hoffa case.

Other honors

July 8, 1948: Murphy was awarded the title of “Honorary Citizen” of Ramatuelle, France by the municipal council, under the presidency of Mainaur Bathisi Henri, Mayor of the Commune. The village of Ramatuelle is where Audie Murphy earned the Distinguished Service Cross during the invasion of Southern France in August 1944.

July 17, 1948: In Paris, France, Murphy was made an honorary member in the 159th French Alpine Regiment.

September 10, 1948: Audie Murphy Rodeo Arena was dedicated to Murphy . It is located one mile east of Euless, Texas on Highway 183.

February 12, 1949: During special and unprecedented ceremonies at Texas A&M; University, Murphy became the first honorary cadet Colonel in the history of the institution, thus making him an Aggie.

February 15, 1949: Murphy was made an honorary member of the Texas Rangers in the Governor's office. This was followed up on July 2, 1949 when Murphy was presented with a second Honorary Commission in the Texas Rangers in ceremonies at Falfurrias, Texas.

February 14, 1955: Initiated into the Scottish Rite of Long Beach, California and became 32 degree KCCH Mason on 12-11-65

February 9, 1960: Murphy received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1971: The Audie Murphy Patriotism Award is named in honor of Murphy. The award is presented annually to an "outstanding American patriot" or "an outstanding group of individuals who most exemplify the true ‘Spirit of America.’ The Chamber of Commerce of Decatur, Alabama instituted the Audie Murphy Patriotism Award to take place during their “Spirit of America Festival.” Dignitaries honored at the ceremony included General Omar Bradley, General Alexander Haig, Senator Jeremiah Denton, Colonel Charles Scott and astronaut John W. Young. Murphy was to be the first recipient, but was killed, Memorial Day Weekend, May 28, 1971. His widow, Pamela Murphy, accepted this award on his behalf. It is now rendered on July 4 of each year.

November 11, 1972: a bronze plaque, 21-3/4” x 31 –3/4”, honoring the memory of Murphy, was accepted for permanent and prominent display in the lobby of Patriotic Hall, County of Los Angeles, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs at 1816 South Figueroa Street.

March 2, 1973: The Main Post Gymnasium, Building 2818, at the United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia was designated in memorialization orders as the Audie Murphy Fitness Center.

On November 17, 1973, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital in San Antonio, Texas was dedicated. There is a one-ton bronze, eight-foot-tall statue of Murphy, created by sculptress Jimilu Mason. He is dressed in battle fatigues holding a rifle with bayonet; inside the hospital, a museum depicts his life and contains items including his uniform, other clothing, books and pictures.

November 10, 1974: At the Audie L. Murphy Crash Memorial Site, Brush Mountain, Virginia stands a plaque in tribute to Murphy at the site of his death. The plaque is mounted on the large granite stone and was erected by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 5311, Christiansburg, Virginia.

January 21, 1975: The Society of The Third Infantry Division outpost in Richardson, Texas was chartered as the Audie L. Murphy Outpost # 35.

April 20, 1977: VFW Post 1837, Dallas, Texas was designated as Audie L. Murphy Memorial Post No. 1837.

1981: Murphy inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

November 3, 1984: A six-foot bronze statue of Murphy was dedicated at Camp Mabry, Texas Army National Guard Academy, Austin, Texas. Noted artist Bill Leftwich of Fort Davis, Texas designed this tribute. After World War II, Murphy joined the 36th Infantry Division (associated with the Texas Army National Guard) and eventually attained the rank of Major.

August 23, 1985: During the Third Annual Western Stars Awards in Woodland Hills, California, the Golden Boot Award, a Special Memorial Award in honor of Murphy, was presented to Mrs. Pamela Murphy.

April 23, 1986: Murphy was posthumously inducted into the Alamo Area National Guard Hall of Fame during ceremonies in San Antonio, Texas. Murphy was the seventh Hall of Fame Honoree.

September 1, 1986, the U.S. Army established the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club at Fort Hood, Texas. This elite membership group recognizes noncommissioned officers (sergeants) who have displayed "the integrity, professionalism, commitment to mentoring subordinate soldiers, leadership abilities and personal ethics exemplified by Audie L. Murphy." In 1994, the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club spread Army-wide, to all commands with installations retaining the selection process for their own NCOs.

March 23, 1990: Murphy was one of three Medal of Honor recipients to have a building dedicated in his honor at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Murphy’s building is designated as “Murphy Hall.”

May 14, 1991: The railroad overpass within the City of Greenville (Greenville, Texas) between Crockett Street, St. John Street, Stuart Street and Hamphill Street was designated as the “Audie L. Murphy Memorial Overpass.”

October 14, 1991: The West African nation of Sierra Leone issued a set of 12 stamps recognizing key World War II Motion Pictures. One stamp, Le 2 value, honors Murphy in “To Hell and Back” (Scott No. 1409).

October 18, 1993: The country of Guyana in NE South America issued a set of 11 stamps in tribute to World War II. One stamp, $6.40 value, recognizes Murphy’s Medal of Honor action on January 26, 1945 (Scott No. 2697).

July 20, 1995: Nevis Island of St. Kitts and Nevis, one of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, issued a souvenir sheet of stamps commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The End of World War II. The sheet consists of eight stamps each with a value of $1.25. One stamp honors Murphy. (Scott No. 2446)

March 16, 1996: The Country Music Association of Texas honored and inducted Murphy into their Hall of Fame during ceremonies which took place at the VFW Post # 3892 in Harker Heights, Texas.

March 16, 1996: The National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center inducted Murphy into their Hall of Fame during ceremonies in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the “35th Annual Western Heritage Awards”.

June 1996 the Texas Legislature officially declared his birthdate, June 20, as "Audie Murphy Day".

U.S. Highway 69 North, from North Greenville city limits to Fannin County line was renamed "The Audie Murphy Memorial Highway".

June 20, 1996: House Concurrent Resolution (H.C.R. No. 46) resolved that the House accept for and in behalf of the State of Texas, the oil painting of Murphy in uniform by Dallas, Texas artist Kipp Soldwedel. Furthermore, it was resolved that this portrait be appropriately hung in a place of honor in the State Capitol Building with the portraits of other distinguished Texans.

In 1999, then-Governor George W. Bush also issued a proclamation declaring June 20 to officially be "Audie Murphy Day" in the State of Texas.

From the mid-1990s through the present, an annual celebration of Murphy and other veterans in all branches of service has been held on the weekend closest to Murphy's birthday at the American Cotton Museum (recently renamed the Audie Murphy/American Cotton Museum) in Greenville and in Farmersville. The museum houses a large collection of Murphy memorabilia and personal items.

May 3, 2000, Murphy was honored with his portrait on a thirty-three cent United States postage stamp.

The Audie Murphy Middle School in Fort Hood, Texas is named in his honor.

January 29, 2000: A plaque, 1.20 meters high and 2.70 meters long, was unveiled in Holtzwihr, France by local authorities and veterans. The plaque depicts Murphy on his tank destroyer. It was attached to a wall at the site where Murphy carried out his famous Medal of Honor action.

September 1, 2000: The Gun Museum in the Confederate Research Center at The Harold B. Simpson History Complex at Hill College in Hillsboro, Texas was re-named the “Audie Murphy WW II Gallery of the Texas Heritage Museum”.

September 2000: A full size bronze bust of Murphy was dedicated outside City Hall, Greenville, Texas. The bust rests on a one-ton granite base.

March 9, 2001: Department of The Army Headquarters, 3rd Infantry Division, Mechanized Multinational Division (North) Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina dedicated part of the visitors lodging facilities on Eagle Base, Tuzla. The building is the "Audie Murphy Inn" and provides comfortable accommodations for soldiers and their families.

June 22, 2002: Ten foot, 2,200 pound hollow bronze statue of Murphy, created by Gordon Thomas, mounted on 15 ton granite base was unveiled and dedicated at 1 p.m. on the grounds of the Audie Murphy - American Cotton Museum in Greenville, Texas.

August 15, 2004: Killeen Independent School District, located at Killeen, Texas dedicated a brand new middle school named Audie Murphy Middle School.

September 2004: Murphy plaque was dedicated at the Masonic Lounge in North Hollywood, CA

October 23, 2004: During a yearly event, an Audie Murphy Star was dedicated at the Fort Worth Stockyards National Historic District. A "Texas Trail of Fame" was established to honor those individuals who have made a significant contribution to our Western way of life. Murphy's star can be found on Main Street near the Western Museum.

October 21, 2005: The 8th Annual Silver Spur Awards took place in Studio City, CA. and was sponsored by “Reel Cowboys.” Michael Dante presented to Murphy's widow, Pamela Murphy, while sons Terry and James Murphy looked on.

July 11, 2007: Ft. Stewart, Georgia: Audie Murphy Soldier Support Center was established where soldiers, families and civilians arriving, leaving or transferring within the army can take care of all their paperwork.

August 5, 2010, the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District in South Texas dedicated and opened its newest middle school, "Audie Murphy Middle School."

November 2010: Audie Murphy was nominated for a posthumous bestowal of the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor, the highest military award within the State of Texas. The nomination was filed by Texas State Representative Dan Flynn as HCR 22. As of April 2011, the matter is still in committee.

See also

Audie Murphy legacy

Notes

References

Gossett, Sue. ''The Films and Career of Audie Murphy'', N.C., Empire Publishing, 1996.

Graham, Don. ''No Name on the Bullet'', N.Y.: Viking, 1989.

Murphy, Audie. ''To Hell and Back'', N.Y.: Holt, 1949.

Editors, ''Super GI'', Life Magazine-World War II-Special Issue,Vol 8, number 6, Spring-Summer 1985, 28.

Whiting, Charles. ''American Hero'' Eskdale Publishing, 2000 ISBN 0-7505-1908-8

External links

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In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' by Homer. The ''Iliad'' relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the ''Odyssey'' describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.

The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.

The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern day Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.

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Sources

The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art. There is no single, authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, some of which report contradictory versions of the events. The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The ''Iliad'' covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the ''Odyssey'' concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca, following the sack of Troy.

Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the ''Cypria'', ''Aethiopis'', ''Little Iliad'', ''Iliou Persis'', ''Nostoi'', and ''Telegony''. Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in Proclus' ''Chrestomathy''. The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions. Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the ''Iliad'', ''Odyssey'', and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally, in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Visual art, such as vase-painting, was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated.

In later ages playwrights, historians, and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War. The three great tragedians of Athens, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, wrote many dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War. Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil. In Book 2 of the ''Aeneid'', Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic ''Iliou Persis''.

Legend

The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus' summary, along with the ''Iliad'', ''Odyssey'', and ''Aeneid'', supplemented with details drawn from other authors.

Origins of the war

The plan of Zeus

According to Greek mythology, Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus. Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera, and had many relationships from which many children were born. Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth, he envisioned Momus or Themis, who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth, especially of his demigod descendants.

The wedding of Peleus and Thetis, the Apple of Discord, and the Judgement of Paris

:''See also Judgement of Paris.''

Zeus came to learn from either Themis or Prometheus, after Heracles had released him from Caucasus, that, like his father Cronus, one of his sons would overthrow him. Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea-nymph Thetis, with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast, would become greater than his father. Possibly for one or both of these reasons, Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus son of Aiakos, either upon Zeus' orders, or because she wished to please Hera, who had raised her.

thumb |400px |This painting depicts Paris surveying Aphrodite naked, along with the other two goddesses standing by. (''[[El Juicio de Paris (Simonet)|El Juicio de Paris'' (The Judgment of Paris) by Enrique Simonet, 1904)]]

All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis' wedding and brought many gifts, except Eris ("Discord"), who was stopped at the door by Hermes, on Zeus' order. Insulted, she threw from the door a gift of her own: a golden apple (το μήλον της έριδος) on which were inscribed the word καλλίστῃ ''Kallistēi'' ("To the fairest"). The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. They quarreled bitterly over it, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who, unaware of his ancestry, was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida, because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy. The goddesses appeared to him naked, after bathing in the spring of Ida, and because he was unable to decide between them, they resorted to bribes. Athena offered Paris wisdom, skill in battle, and the abilities of the greatest warriors; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite, and, after several adventures, returned to Troy, where he was recognized by his royal family.

Peleus and Thetis bore a son, whom they named Achilles. It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life, or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry. Furthermore, when Achilles was nine years old, Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help. A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant. Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day, but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her. According to some versions of this story, Thetis had already destroyed several sons in this manner, and Peleus' action therefore saved his son's life. Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the River Styx, the river that runs to the under world, making him invulnerable wherever he had touched the water. Because she had held him by the heel, it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury (hence the expression "Achilles heel" for an isolated weakness). He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors. After Calchas' prophesy, Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of king Lycomedes, where he was disguised as a girl. At a crucial point in the war, she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus (see below).

Elopement of Paris and Helen

The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, one of the daughters of Tyndareus, King of Sparta. Her mother was Leda, who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan. Accounts differ over which of Leda's four children, two pairs of twins, were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus. However, Helen is usually credited as Zeus' daughter, and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother. Helen had scores of suitors, and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently.

Finally, one of the suitors, Odysseus of Ithaca, proposed a plan to solve the dilemma. In exchange for Tyndareus' support of his own suit towards Penelope, he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen, regardless of whom he chose. The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse, although not without a certain amount of grumbling.

Tyndareus chose Menelaus. Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power. He had humbly not petitioned for her himself, but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf. He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb, a sacrifice of 100 oxen, if he won Helen, but forgot about it and earned her wrath. Menelaus inherited Tyndareus' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers, Castor and Pollux, became gods, and when Agamemnon married Helen's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae.

Paris, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission, went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up, to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle, Crateus. Hera, still jealous over his judgement, sent a storm. The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds, Nephele. The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus. For Homer the true Helen was in Troy. The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy. Paris, fearful of getting caught, spent some time there and then sailed to Troy.

Paris' abduction of Helen had several precedents. Io was taken from Mycenae, Europa was taken from Phoenicia, Jason took Medea from Colchis, and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles, who gave her to Telamon of Salamis. According to Herodotus, Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece, and expected no retribution, since there had been none in the other cases.

The gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition

According to Homer, Menelaus and his ally, Odysseus, traveled to Troy, where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means.

Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath. He agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen.

Odysseus and Achilles

Since Menelaus's wedding, Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son, Telemachus. In order to avoid the war, he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt. Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough's path, and Odysseus turned aside, unwilling to kill his son, so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war.

According to Homer, however, Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning, and traveled the region with Pylos' king, Nestor, to recruit forces.

At Skyros, Achilles had an affair with the king's daughter Deidamia, resulting in a child, Neoptolemus. Odysseus, Telamonian Ajax, and Achilles' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles. Achilles' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war, but, according to one story, they blew a horn, and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders, rather than fleeing. According to another story, they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry, and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry.

Pausanias said that, according to Homer, Achilles did not hide in Skyros, but rather conquered the island, as part of the Trojan War.

First gathering at Aulis

The Achean forces first gathered at Aulis. All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus. Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships, he sent only one real ship, led by the son of Mygdalion, and 49 ships made of clay. Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae's war against Troy, but only as a co-commander, which he was granted. The last commander to arrive was Achilles, who was then 15 years old.

Following a sacrifice to Apollo, a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow's nest in a plane tree nearby. It ate the mother and her nine babies, then was turned to stone. Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war.

Telephus

When the Achaeans left for the war, they did not know the way, and accidentally landed in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus, son of Heracles, who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there. In the battle, Achilles wounded Telephus, who had killed Thersander. Because the wound would not heal, Telephus asked an oracle, "What will happen to the wound?". The oracle responded, "he that wounded shall heal". The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm. Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia. A new gathering was set again in Aulis.

Telephus went to Aulis, and either pretended to be a beggar, asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound, or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom, demanding the wound be healed. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound, and Telephus was healed. Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy.

The second gathering

Eight years after the storm had scattered them, the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. But when they had all reached Aulis, the winds ceased. The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she. The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice Iphigenia, who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus. Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition. According to some versions, Agamemnon relented, but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place, or that at the last moment, Artemis took pity on the girl, and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb. Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate.

The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships, in the second book of the ''Iliad''. They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Dodecanese islands, Crete, and Ithaca, comprising 1178 pentekontoroi, ships with 50 rowers. Thucydides says that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships, and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men, while Philoctetes' ships only had the fifty rowers, these probably being maximum and minimum. These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men. Another catalogue of ships is given by Apollodorus that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers. Some scholars have claimed that Homer's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document, possibly the Achaean commander's order of operations. Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer.

The second book of the ''Iliad'' also lists the Trojan allies, consisting of the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas, Zeleians, Adrasteians, Percotians, Pelasgians, Thracians, Ciconian spearmen, Paionian archers, Halizones, Mysians, Phrygians, Maeonians, Miletians, Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians. Nothing is said of the Trojan language; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian-speaking, and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders. It should be noted, however, that the Trojans and Achaeans in the ''Iliad'' share the same religion, same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language, though this could be dramatic effect.

Nine years of war

Philoctetes

Philoctetes was Heracles' friend, and because he lit Heracles's funeral pyre when no one else would, he received Heracles' bow and arrows. He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War, where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans. They stopped either at Chryse for supplies, or in Tenedos, along with the rest of the fleet. Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake. The wound festered and had a foul smell; on Odysseus's advice, the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos. Medon took control of Philoctetes's men. While landing on Tenedos, Achilles killed king Tenes, son of Apollo, despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo. From Tenedos, Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam, composed of Menelaus, Odysseus, and Palamedes, asking for Helen's return. The embassy was refused.

Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years, which was a deserted island according to Sophocles' tragedy ''Philoctetes'', but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans.

Arrival

Calchas had prophesied that the first Achean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die. Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land. Finally, Protesilaus, leader of the Phylaceans, landed first. Odysseus had tricked him, in throwing his own shield down to land on, so that while he was first to leap off his ship, he was not the first to land on Trojan soil. Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat, though the Trojans conceded the beach. In the second wave of attacks, Achilles killed Cycnus, son of Poseidon. The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city. Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story, though others list Aeneas, Achates, or Ephorbus as his slayer. The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula, across the Troad. After Protesilaus' death, his brother, Podarces, took command of his troops.

Achilles' campaigns

The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years. This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources, which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war. After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year. Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money. They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula. Troy was never completely besieged, thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor. Reinforcements continued to come until the very end. The Acheans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles, and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe.

Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans, leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies. According to Homer, Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands. According to Apollodorus, he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle. He also captured Lyrnassus, Pedasus, and many of the neighbouring cities, and killed Troilus, son of Priam, who was still a youth; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age, Troy would not fall. According to Apollodorus, :''He also took Lesbos and Phocaea, then Colophon, and Smyrna, and Clazomenae, and Cyme; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos, the so-called Hundred Cities; then, in order, Adramytium and Side; then Endium, and Linaeum, and Colone. He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus, and further Antandrus, and many other cities.''

Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south. Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus, Monenia, Mythemna (in Lesbos), and Peisidice.

Among the loot from these cities was Briseis, from Lyrnessus, who was awarded to him, and Chryseis, from Hypoplacian Thebes, who was awarded to Agamemnon. Achilles captured Lycaon, son of Priam, while he was cutting branches in his father's orchards. Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos, where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy. Only 12 days later Achilles slew him, after the death of Patroclus.

Ajax and a game of ''petteia''

Ajax son of Telamon laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor, a son-in-law of Priam, was king. Polymestor surrendered Polydorus, one of Priam's children, of whom he had custody. He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas, killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa. Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks, both on Mount Ida and in the countryside.

Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (''petteia''). They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle. The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were only saved by an intervention of Athena.

The death of Palamedes

Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain, but came back empty-handed. When scorned by Palamedes, Odysseus challenged him to do better. Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain.

Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son. In revenge, Odysseus conceived a plot where an incriminating letter was forged, from Priam to Palamedes, and gold was planted in Palamedes' quarters. The letter and gold were "discovered", and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason.

However, Pausanias, quoting the ''Cypria'', says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes, while he was fishing, and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well, which they said contained gold, then stoned him to death.

Palamedes' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice, but was refused. In revenge, Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them. Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands, most significantly Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, who was seduced by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes.

Mutiny

Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achaean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the Cypria, Achilles forced the army to stay. According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of Anius, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army.

The ''Iliad''

Chryses, a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis, came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter. Agamemnon refused, and insulted Chryses, who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill-treatment. Enraged, Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague. Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague, and took Achilles' concubine Briseis as his own. Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him, Achilles decided he would no longer fight. He asked his mother, Thetis, to intercede with Zeus, who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles, the best warrior of the Achaeans.

After the withdrawal of Achilles, the Achaeans were initially successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armour and lead his army. Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armour from the body of Patroclus.

Achilles, maddened with grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial. The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus. Afterwards, Priam came to Achilles' tent, guided by Hermes, and asked Achilles to return Hector's body. The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead. The ''Iliad'' ends with the funeral of Hector.

After the ''Iliad''

Penthesilea and the death of Achilles

Shortly after the burial of Hector, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, arrived with her warriors. Penthesilea, daughter of Otrere and Ares, had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte. She was purified from this action by Priam, and in exchange she fought for him and killed many, including Machaon (according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by Eurypylus), and according to another version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. Penthesilia was then killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes. Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto.

While they were away, Memnon of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Eos, came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam. He did not come directly from Ethiopia, but either from Susa in Persia, conquering all the peoples in between, or from the Caucasus, leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians. Like Achilles, he wore armour made by Hephaestus. In the ensuing battle, Memnon killed Antilochus, who took one of Memnon's blows to save his father Nestor. Achilles and Memnon then fought. Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes; the weight containing that of Memnon sank, and he was slain by Achilles. Achilles chased the Trojans to their city, which he entered. The gods, seeing that he had killed too many of their children, decided that it was his time to die. He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo. In another version he was killed by a knife to the back (or heel) by Paris, while marrying Polyxena, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo, the site where he had earlier killed Troilus. Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour, saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. Like Ajax, he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke, at the mouth of the Danube River, where he is married to Helen.

The Judgment of the Arms: Achilles' armour and the death of Ajax

A great battle raged around the dead Achilles. Ajax held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away. When Achilles' armour was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors. Agamemnon, unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans. Alternatively, the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges in that, following Nestor's advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. A girl said that Ajax was braver: :''For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero, Peleus' :''son: this great Odysseus cared not to do.'' :To this another replied by Athena's contrivance: :''Why, what is this you say? A thing against reason and untrue! :''Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her :''shoulder; but she could not fight. For she would fail with fear :''if she should fight.'' (Scholiast on Aristophanes, Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib) According to Pindar, the decision was made by secret ballot among the Acheans. In all story versions, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achean warriors. In his frenzy he scourged two rams, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus. In the morning, he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector, so that it pierced his armpit, his only vulnerable part. According to an older tradition, he was killed by the Trojans who, seeing he was invulnerable, attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move, thus dying of starvation.

The prophecies

After the tenth year, it was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles' bow, which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos. Odysseus and Diomedes retrieved Philoctetes, whose wound had healed. Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris.

According to Apollodorus, Paris' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen. Deiphobus prevailed, and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt. Ida. Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy, so Odysseus waylaid Helenus. Under coercion, Helenus told the Acheans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops' bones, persuaded Achilles' son Neoptolemus to fight for them, and stole the Trojan Palladium.

The Greeks retrieved Pelop's bones, and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus, who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes's court in Scyros. Odysseus gave him his father's arms. Eurypylus, son of Telephus, leading, according to Homer, a large force of ''Kêteioi'', or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus, arrived to aid the Trojans. He killed Machaon and Peneleus, but was slain by Neoptolemus.

Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognized by Helen. Homesick, Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium.

Trojan Horse

The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse—a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena, from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo, with the inscription:

:''The Greeks dedicate this thank-offering to Athena for their return home''.

The hollow horse was filled with soldiers led by Odysseus. The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos.

When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone, believing the war was over, they "joyfully dragged the horse inside the city", while they debated what to do with it. Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks, others thought they should burn it, while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena.

Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse. While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo, she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed. Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons, Laocoön and both his sons, or only his sons, a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida. The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration. Sinon, an Achaean spy, signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when "it was midnight and the clear moon was rising" and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards.

The Sack of Troy

The Acheans entered the city and killed the sleeping population. A great massacre followed which continued into the day. :''Blood ran in torrents, drenched was all the earth, :''As Trojans and their alien helpers died. :''Here were men lying quelled by bitter death :''All up and down the city in their blood.''

The Trojans, fuelled with desperation, fought back fiercely, despite being disorganized and leaderless. With the fighting at its height, some donned fallen enemies' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting. Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers. The outlook was grim though, and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city.

Neoptolemus killed Priam, who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard. Menelaus killed Deiphobus, Helen's husband after Paris' death, and also intended to kill Helen, but, overcome by her beauty, threw down his sword and took her to the ships.

Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena's altar while she was clinging to her statue. Because of Ajax's impiety, the Acheaens, urged by Odysseus, wanted to stone him to death, but he fled to Athena's altar, and was spared.

Antenor, who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen, and who had advocated so, was spared, along with his family. Aeneas took his father on his back and fled, and, according to Apollodorus, was allowed to go because of his piety.

The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils. Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon. Neoptolemus got Andromache, wife of Hector, and Odysseus was given Hecuba, Priam's wife.

The Achaeans threw Hector's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy, either out of cruelty and hate or to end the royal line, and the possibility of a son's revenge. They (by usual tradition Neoptolemus) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost, either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him.

Aethra, Theseus' mother, and one of Helen's handmaids, was rescued by her grandsons, Demophon and Acamas.

The returns

The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Acheans, and decided that most would not return home. A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island. Additionally, Nauplius, in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes, set up false lights in Cape Caphereus (also known today as Cavo D'Oro, in Euboea) and many were shipwrecked.

Nestor, who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting, was the only hero who had a fast and safe return. Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely, but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy.

Ajax the Lesser, who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods, never returned. His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena, who borrowed one of Zeus' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces. The crew managed to land in a rock, but Poseidon struck it, and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned. He was buried by Thetis in Myconos or Delos.

Teucer, son of Telamon and half-brother of Ajax, stood trial by his father for his half-brother's death. He was not allowed to land and was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus. He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms. He left with his army (who took their wives) and founded Salamis in Cyprus. The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus' sons (and not to Megara).

Neoptolemus, following the advice of Helenus, who accompanied him when he traveled over land, was always accompanied by Andromache. He met Odysseus and they buried Phoenix, Achilles' teacher, on the land of the Ciconians. They then conquered the land of the Molossians (Epirus) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache, Molossus, to whom he later gave the throne. Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles, and so did Alexander the Great, whose mother was of that royal house. Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed to be descended from Heracles. Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it, and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife. After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia's throne. He had a feud with Orestes, son of Agamemnon, over Menelaus' daughter Hermione, and was killed in Delphi, where he was buried. In Roman myths, the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus, who married Andromache. They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees, including Aeneas, who paid a visit there during his wanderings.

Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia, where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus, but Callirrhoe, the king's daughter, took pity upon him, and assisted him in escaping. He then accidentally landed in Attica, in Phaleron. The Athenians, unaware that they were allies, attacked them. Many were killed, and Demophon took the Palladium. He finally landed in Argos, where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery. In disgust, he left for Aetolia. According to later traditions, he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy.

Philoctetes, due to a sedition, was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy, where he founded the cities of Petilia, Old Crimissa, and Chone, between Croton and Thurii. After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer, to whom also he dedicated his bow.

According to Homer, Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound. Another tradition later formed. After the war, Idomeneus's ship hit a horrible storm. Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew. The first living thing he saw was his son, whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed. The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete. His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy, and then to Colophon, in Asia Minor, where he died. Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes.

House of Atreus

According to the ''Odyssey'', Menelaus's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt, where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds. Only five of his ships survived. According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake, and the real Helen was in Egypt, where she was reunited with Menelaus. Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium (Heaven) after his death. Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy.

Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos. His wife Clytemnestra (Helen's sister) was having an affair with Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, Agamemnon's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it. Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia, Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon. Cassandra foresaw this murder, and warned Agamemnon, but he disregarded her. He was killed, either at a feast or in his bath, according to different versions. Cassandra was also killed. Agamemnon's son Orestes, who had been away, returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father. He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father's throne.

The Odyssey

Odysseus' ten year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer's ''Odyssey''. Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans; there Odysseus had many adventures, including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus, and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades. On the island of Thrinacia, Odysseus' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun-god Helios. For this sacrilege Odysseus' ships were destroyed, and all his men perished. Odysseus had not eaten the cattle, and was allowed to live; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia, and lived there with the nymph Calypso. After seven years, the gods decided to send Odysseus home; on a small raft, he sailed to Scheria, the home of the Phaeacians, who gave him passage to Ithaca.

Once in his home land, Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar. He was recognised by his dog, Argos, who died in his lap. He then discovered that his wife, Penelope, had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent, despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property. With the help of his son Telemachus, Athena, and Eumaeus, the swineherd, he killed all of them except Medon, who had been polite to Penelope, and Phemius, a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope. Penelope tested Odysseus and made sure it was him, and he forgave her. The next day the suitors' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena.

The Telegony

The ''Telegony'' picks up where the ''Odyssey'' leaves off, beginning with the burial of the dead suitors, and continues until the death of Odysseus. Some years after Odysseus' return, Telegonus, the son of Odysseus and Circe, came to Ithaca and plundered the island. Odysseus, attempting to fight off the attack, was killed by his unrecognized son. After Telegonus realized he had killed his father, he brought the body to his mother Circe, along with Telemachus and Penelope. Circe made them immortal; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe.

The Aeneid

The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem ''The Aeneid'' by Virgil. Writing during the time of Augustus, Virgil has his hero give a first-person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the ''Aeneid'' 's twelve books; the Trojan Horse, which does not appear in "The Iliad", became legendary from Virgil's account.

Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city, among them his son Ascanius (also known as Iulus), his trumpeter Misenus, father Anchises, the healer Iapyx, his faithful sidekick Achates, and Mimas as a guide. His wife Creusa is killed during the sack of the city. Aeneas also carries the Lares and Penates of Troy, which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome's own security.

The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.

At Cumae, the Sibyl leads Aeneas on an archetypal descent to the underworld, where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide; this book of the ''Aeneid'' directly influenced Dante, who has Virgil act as his narrator's guide. Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome, which it was his duty to found, and returns to the world of the living. He negotiates a settlement with the local king, Latinus, and was wed to his daughter, Lavinia. This triggered a war with other local tribes, which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa, ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia's son Silvius. Roman myth attempted to reconcile two different founding myths: three hundred years later, in the more famous tradition, Romulus and Remus founded Rome. The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of Julius Caesar, whose family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas's son Iulus (hence the Latin ''gens'' name ''Iulius''), and during the reign of Augustus; see for instance the ''Tabulae Iliacae'' and the "Troy Game" presented frequently by the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Dates of the Trojan War

Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age, several dates are given for the fall of Troy. They usually derive from genealogies of kings. Ephorus gives 1135 BC, Sosibius 1172 BC, Eratosthenes 1184 BC/1183 BC, Timaeus 1193 BC, the Parian marble 1209 BC/1208 BC, Dicaearchus 1212 BC, Herodotus around 1250 BC, Eretes 1291 BC, while Douris 1334 BC. As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23/24 Thargelion (July 6 or 7), Hellanicus 12 Thargelion (May 26) while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion (July 7) or the 23rd of Ponamos (October 7).

The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors, destroyed in 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its follower Troy VIIa, destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC, was long considered a poorer city, but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate.

Historical basis

The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate. Most classical Greeks thought that the war was an historical event, but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry. For instance, the historian Thucydides, who is known for his critical spirit, considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy. Euripides started changing Greek myths at will, including those of the Trojan War. Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War never had happened and Troy never existed. Then Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of Troy and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Illium, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war.

In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the ''Iliad'' and other classical sources, notably Strabo's ''Geographia''. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the ''Iliad''.

In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history, its true nature is and will be unknown. Hittite archives, like the Tawagalawa letter mention of a kingdom of ''Ahhiyawa'' (Achaea, or Greece) that lies beyond the sea (that would be the Aegean) and controls Milliwanda, which is identified with Miletus. Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of ''Wilusa'' (Ilios or Ilium). The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation, beyond the Seha river. While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium (that is, Troy) is always controversial, in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance. In the Alaksandu treaty (ca. 1280 BC) the king of the city is named Alakasandu, and Paris's son of Priam's name in the ''Iliad'' (among other works) is Alexander. The Tawagalawa letter (dated ca. 1250 BC) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says: :''Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war...''

Formerly under the Hittites, the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (ca. 1274 BC). In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV (ca. 1240–1210 BC) campaigned against this federation. Under Arnuwanda III (ca. 1210–1205 BC) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean. It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation. This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia (and Telephus' wounding), Achilles's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia. Most of these regions were part of Assuwa. It has also been noted that there is great similarity between the names of the Sea Peoples, which at that time were raiding Egypt, as they are listed by Ramesses III and Merneptah, and of the allies of the Trojans.

That most Achean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence. Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenean era preferred to claim descendance from exiles of the Trojan War.

Popular culture

A full listing of works inspired by the Trojan War has not been attempted, since the inspiration provided by these events produced so many works that a list that merely mentions them by name would be larger than the full tale of the events of the war. The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art, most famously Homer's ''Iliad'', set in the last year of the siege. Some of the others include ''Troades'' by Euripides, ''Troilus and Criseyde'' by Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Troilus and Cressida'' by William Shakespeare, ''Iphigenia'' and ''Polyxena'' by Samuel Coster, ''Palamedes'' by Joost van den Vondel and ''Les Troyens'' by Hector Berlioz.

Films based on the Trojan War include ''Troy'' (2004). The war has also been featured in many books, television series, and other creative works.

References

Further reading

Ancient authors

Apollodorus, ''Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus'', translated by Michael Simpson, The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). ISBN 0-87023-205-3.

Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus: The Library'', translated by Sir James George Frazer, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.

Euripides, ''Andromache'', in ''Euripides: Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba'', with an English translation by David Kovacs. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. (1996). ISBN 0-674-99533-3.

Euripides, ''Helen'', in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. ''Helen'', translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.

Euripides, ''Hecuba'', in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. ''Hecuba'', translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.

Herodotus, ''Histories'', A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; ISBN 0-674-99133-8. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].

Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'', (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol 1, Books I–II, ISBN 0-674-99104-4; Vol 2, Books III–V, ISBN 0-674-99207-5; Vol 3, Books VI–VIII.21, ISBN 0-674-99300-4; Vol 4, Books VIII.22–X, ISBN 0-674-99328-4.

Proclus, ''Chrestomathy'', in Fragments of the ''Kypria'' translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914 (public domain).

Proclus, ''Proclus' Summary of the Epic Cycle'', trans. Gregory Nagy.

Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'', in ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', Arthur Sanders Way (Ed. & Trans.), Loeb Classics #19; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. (1913). (1962 edition: ISBN 0-674-99022-6).

Strabo, ''Geography'', translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924)

Modern authors

Burgess, Jonathan S. 2004. ''The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle'' (Johns Hopkins). ISBN 0-8018-7890-X.

Castleden, Rodney. ''The Attack on Troy''. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-84415-175-1).

Durschmied, Erik. ''The Hinge Factor:How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History''. Coronet Books; New Ed edition (7 Oct 1999).

Frazer, Sir James George, ''Apollodorus: The Library'', two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.

Graves, Robert. ''The Greek Myths'', Penguin (Non-Classics); Cmb/Rep edition (April 6, 1993). ISBN 0-14-017199-1.

Kakridis, J., 1988. Ελληνική Μυθολογία ("Greek mythology"), Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens.

Karykas, Pantelis, 2003. Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ("Mycenean Warriors"), Communications Editions, Athens.

Latacz, Joachim. ''Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery''. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-926308-6).

Simpson, Michael. ''Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus'', The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). ISBN 0-87023-205-3.

Strauss, Barry. ''The Trojan War: A New History''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7432-6441-X).

''Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic'', edited by Martin M. Winkler. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4051-3182-9; paperback, ISBN 1-4051-3183-7).

Wood, Michael. ''In Search of the Trojan War''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0-520-21599-0); London: BBC Books, 1985 (ISBN 0-563-20161-4).

External links

Was There a Trojan War? Maybe so. From Archeology, a publication of the Archeological Institute of America. May/June 2004

The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link

The Legend of the Trojan War

Mortal Women of the Trojan War

The Historicity of the Trojan War The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania.

The Greek Age of Bronze "Trojan war"

The Trojan War: A Prologue to Homer's Iliad

Category:1180s BC Category:People of the Trojan War Category:Trojans Category:Greek mythology Category:War in mythology

af:Trojaanse Oorlog ar:حصار طروادة az:Troya müharibəsi bs:Trojanski rat br:Brezel Troia bg:Троянска война ca:Guerra de Troia cs:Trojská válka cy:Rhyfel Caerdroea da:Den trojanske krig de:Trojanischer Krieg et:Trooja sõda el:Τρωικός πόλεμος es:Guerra de Troya eo:Troja milito eu:Troiako gerra fa:جنگ تروآ fr:Guerre de Troie fur:Vuere di Troie gl:Guerra de Troia ko:트로이아 전쟁 hi:ट्रॉय का युद्ध hr:Trojanski rat id:Perang Troya is:Trójustríðið it:Guerra di Troia he:מלחמת טרויה ka:ტროის ომი kk:Троя соғысы la:Bellum Troianum lv:Trojas karš lt:Trojos karas hu:Trójai háború mk:Тројанска војна mt:Gwerra ta' Trojja arz:حرب طرواده nl:Trojaanse Oorlog ja:トロイア戦争 no:Den trojanske krig pl:Wojna trojańska pt:Guerra de Troia ro:Războiul troian ru:Троянская война scn:Guerra di Troia simple:Trojan War sk:Trójska vojna sl:Trojanska vojna sr:Тројански рат sh:Trojanski rat fi:Troijan sota sv:Trojanska kriget ta:றோய்யன் போர் th:สงครามกรุงทรอย tr:Truva Savaşı uk:Троянська війна ur:ٹرائے کی جنگ vec:Guera de Troia vi:Chiến tranh thành Troia yi:טרויאנישער קריג zh:特洛伊战争

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Barbara Stanwyck
birth name	Ruby Catherine Stevens
birth date	July 16, 1907
birth place	Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
death date	January 20, 1990
death place	Santa Monica, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress
years active	1927–86
spouse	Frank Fay (1928–35)Robert Taylor (1939–51) }}

Barbara Stanwyck (July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress. A film and television star, known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional with a strong screen presence, and a favorite of directors including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang and Frank Capra. After a short but notable career as a stage actress in the late 1920s, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, before turning to television.

Stanwyck was nominated for the Academy Award four times, and won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe. She was the recipient of honorary lifetime awards from the Motion Picture Academy, the Film Society of Lincoln Center, the Golden Globes, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and the Screen Actors Guild, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and is ranked as the eleventh greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute.

Early life and career

Barbara Stanwyck was born Ruby Catherine Stevens in Brooklyn, New York on July 16, 1907. She was the fifth and youngest child of Byron and Catherine (née McGee) Stevens; the couple were working-class natives of Chelsea, Massachusetts, of English and Irish extraction, respectively. When Ruby was four, her mother was killed when a drunken stranger pushed her off a moving streetcar. Two weeks after the funeral, Byron Stevens joined a work crew digging the Panama canal; and was never seen again. Ruby and her brother Byron were raised by their elder sister Mildred, five years Ruby's senior. When Mildred got a job as a John Cort showgirl, Ruby and Byron were placed in a series of foster homes (as many as four in a year), from which Ruby often ran away. Ruby attended various public schools in Brooklyn, where she received uniformly poor grades and routinely picked fights with the other students.

During the summers of 1916 and 1917, Ruby toured with Mildred, and practiced her sister's routines backstage. Another influence toward performing was watching the movies of Pearl White, whom Ruby idolized. At age 14, she dropped out of school to take a job wrapping packages at a Brooklyn department store. Soon after she took a job filing cards at the Brooklyn telephone office for a salary of $14 a week, a salary that allowed her to become financially independent. She disliked both jobs; she was interested in show business, but her sister Mildred discouraged the idea, so Ruby next took a job cutting dress patterns for ''Vogue'', however customers complained about her work and she was fired. Her next job was as a typist for the Jerome H. Remick Music Company, a job she reportedly enjoyed; however her true interest was still show business and her sister gave up trying to dissuade her.

In 1923, a few months short of her 16th birthday, Ruby auditioned for a place in the chorus at the Strand Roof, a night club over the Strand Theatre in Times Square. A few months thereafter she obtained a job as a Ziegfeld girl in the 1922 and 1923 editions of the Ziegfeld Follies. For the next several years, she worked as a chorus girl, performing from midnight to seven a.m. at nightclubs owned by Texas Guinan; she also occasionally served as a dance instructor at a speakeasy for gays and lesbians owned by Guinan.

In 1926, Ruby was introduced to Willard Mack by Billy LaHiff, who owned a popular pub frequented by showpeople. Mack was casting his play ''The Noose''; LaHiff suggested that the part of the chorus girl could be played by a real chorus girl, and Mack agreed to let Ruby audition. Ruby obtained the part, but the play was not a success. In a bid to add pathos to the drama, Ruby's part was expanded. At the suggestion of either Mack or David Belasco, Ruby adopted the stage name of Barbara Stanwyck; the "Barbara" came from Barbara Frietchie and the "Stanwyck" from English actress Jane Stanwyck. ''The Noose'' re-opened on October 20, 1926, became one of the most successful of the season, running for nine months and 197 performances. Stanwyck co-starred with actors Rex Cherryman and Wilfred Lucas.

Her performance in ''The Noose'' earned rave reviews, and she was summoned by film producer Bob Kane to make a screen test for his upcoming 1927 silent film ''Broadway Nights'' where she won a minor part of a fan dancer after losing out on the lead role, because she could not cry during the screen test. This marked Stanwyck's first film appearance. She played her first lead part on stage that year in ''Burlesque''; the play was critically panned, but Stanwyck's performance netted her rave reviews. While playing in ''Burlesque'', Stanwyck was introduced to actor Frank Fay by Oscar Levant; Stanwyck and Fay both later claimed they had hated each other immediately, but became close after the sudden death of fellow actor Rex Cherryman at the age of 30. Cherryman had become ill early in 1928, and his doctor had advised a sea voyage; while on a ship to Paris, where he and Stanwyck had arranged to meet, Cherryman died of septic poisoning. Stanwyck and Fay married on August 26, 1928, and moved to Hollywood.

Film career

Stanwyck's first sound film was ''The Locked Door'' (1929), followed by ''Mexicali Rose'' in 1929. Neither film was successful; nonetheless, Frank Capra chose Stanwyck for his ''Ladies of Leisure'' (1930). Numerous memorable roles followed, among them the children's nurse who saves two would be juvenile murder victims in ''Night Nurse'' (1931), the ambitious woman from "the wrong side of the tracks" in ''Baby Face'' (1933), the self-sacrificing mother in ''Stella Dallas'' (1937), the con artist who falls for her would-be victim (played by Henry Fonda) in ''The Lady Eve'' (1941), the woman who talks an infatuated insurance salesman (Fred McMurray) into killing her husband in ''Double Indemnity'' (1944), the columnist caught up in white lies and Christmas romance in ''Christmas in Connecticut'' (1945) and the doomed wife in ''Sorry, Wrong Number'' (1948). Stanwyck was reportedly one of the many actresses considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in ''Gone With The Wind'' (1939), although she wasn't given a screen test. In 1944, Stanwyck was the highest-paid woman in the United States.

Pauline Kael described Stanwyck's acting, "[she] seems to have an intuitive understanding of the fluid physical movements that work best on camera" and in reference to her early 1930s film work "early talkies sentimentality ... only emphasizes Stanwyck's remarkable modernism."

Stanwyck was known for her accessibility and kindness to the backstage crew on any film set. She knew the names of their wives and children, and asked after them by name. Frank Capra said she was "destined to be beloved by all directors, actors, crews and extras. In a Hollywood popularity contest she would win first prize hands down."

Television career

When Stanwyck's film career declined in 1957, she moved to television. Her – series ''The Barbara Stanwyck Show'' was not a ratings success but earned her first Emmy Award. The – Western series ''The Big Valley'' on ABC made her one of the most popular actresses on television, winning her another Emmy. She was billed as "Miss Barbara Stanwyck", and her role as frontier family matron Victoria Barkley was likened to that of Ben Cartwright, played by Lorne Greene in the series ''Bonanza''. Stanwyck's costars included Richard Long as Jarrod Thomas Barkley, (who had been in Stanwyck's 1953 film ''All I Desire''), Peter Breck as the hot headed Nick Barkley, Linda Evans as the seductress Audra Barkley, and Lee Majors as Heath Barkley, the son fathered out-of-wedlock by the Stanwyck character's husband.

Years later, Stanwyck earned her third Emmy for ''The Thorn Birds''. In , she made three guest appearances on the hit primetime soap opera ''Dynasty'' prior to the launch of its ill-fated spin-off series ''The Colbys'' in which she starred alongside Charlton Heston, Stephanie Beacham and Katharine Ross. Unhappy with the experience, Stanwyck remained with the series for only one season (it lasted for two), and her role as Constance Colby Patterson would prove to be her last. Earl Hamner Jr. (producer of ''The Waltons'') had initially wanted Stanwyck for the lead role of Angela Channing on the successful 1980s soap opera, ''Falcon Crest'', but she turned it down; the role was ultimately given to her best friend Jane Wyman.

William Holden credited her with saving his career when they co-starred in ''Golden Boy'' (1939). They remained lifelong friends. When Stanwyck and Holden were presenting the Best Sound Oscar, Holden paused to pay a special tribute to Stanwyck. Shortly after Holden's death, Stanwyck returned the favor. Upon receiving her honorary Oscar, she said aloud: "And tonight, my golden boy, you got your wish."

Personal life

Her first husband was actor Frank Fay. They were married on August 26, 1928. On December 5, 1932, they adopted a son, Dion Anthony "Tony" Fay. (He and Stanwyck eventually became estranged.) The marriage was a troubled one; Fay's successful career on Broadway did not translate to the big screen, whereas Stanwyck achieved Hollywood stardom, after a bumpy start. Fay did not shy from physical confrontations with his young wife, especially when he was inebriated. Some claim that this union was the basis for ''A Star is Born''. The couple divorced on December 30, 1935. Subsequently, Stanwyck won custody of their adoptive son.

In 1936, while making the film ''His Brother's Wife'', Stanwyck met and fell in love with her co-star, Robert Taylor. Following a whirlwind romance, the couple began living together. Their 1939 marriage was arranged with the help of Taylor's studio MGM, a common practice in Hollywood's golden age. She and Taylor enjoyed time together outdoors during the early years of their marriage, and were the owners of acres of prime West Los Angeles property. Their large ranch and home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Brentwood, Los Angeles is to this day referred to by locals as the old "Robert Taylor ranch".

Taylor reportedly had affairs during the marriage. When Stanwyck learned of Taylor's fling with Lana Turner, she filed for divorce in 1950 when a starlet made Turner's romance with Taylor public. The decree was granted on February 21, 1951. After the divorce, they acted together in Stanwyck's last feature film ''The Night Walker'' (1964). Stanwyck never remarried, collecting alimony of 15 percent of Taylor's salary until his death in 1969.

Stanwyck had an affair with actor Robert Wagner, whom she met on the set of ''Titanic''. Wagner, who was 22, and Stanwyck, who was 45 at the beginning of the affair, had a four-year romance, as described in Wagner's 2008 memoir, ''Pieces of My Heart''. Stanwyck broke off the relationship.

She was reportedly a conservative-minded Republican along with such contemporaries as William Holden, Ginger Rogers, and Gary Cooper.

Later years

Stanwyck's retirement years were active, with charity work outside the limelight. Her decline began after she was robbed and assaulted inside her Beverly Hills home in 1981. The following year, while filming ''The Thorn Birds'', the inhalation of special-effects smoke on the set caused her to contract bronchitis. The illness was compounded by her cigarette habit; she had been a smoker since age 9 until four years before her death.

Death

Stanwyck died of congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at Saint John's Health Center, in Santa Monica, California, in 1990. Her body was cremated, and her ashes scattered in Lone Pine, California.

Filmography

Awards and honors

Academy Awards

1938 - ''nominated'' - "Best Actress in a Leading Role" - ''Stella Dallas''

1942 - ''nominated'' - "Best Actress in a Leading Role" - ''Ball of Fire''

1945 - ''nominated'' - "Best Actress in a Leading Role" - ''Double Indemnity''

1949 - ''nominated'' - "Best Actress in a Leading Role" - ''Sorry, Wrong Number''

1982 - ''won'' - Honorary Award: "For superlative creativity and unique contribution to the art of screen acting."

Emmy Awards

1961 - ''won'' - "Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead)" - ''The Barbara Stanwyck Show''

1966 - ''won'' - "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series" - ''The Big Valley''

1967 - ''nominated'' - "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series" - ''The Big Valley''

1968 - ''nominated'' - "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series" - ''The Big Valley''

1983 - ''won'' "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Special" - ''The Thorn Birds'' (part 1)

Golden Globes

1966 - ''nominated'' - "Best TV Star - Female" - ''The Big Valley''

1967 - ''nominated'' - "Best TV Star - Female" - ''The Big Valley''

1968 - ''nominated'' - "Best TV Star - Female" - ''The Big Valley''

1984 - ''won'' - "Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV" - ''The Thorn Birds''

1986 - ''won'' - Cecil B. DeMille Award

Other awards

1967 - ''won'' - Screen Actors Guild - Life Achievement Award

1981 - ''won'' - Film Society of Lincoln Center - Gala Tribute

1981 - ''won'' - Los Angeles Film Critics Association - Career Achievement Award

1987 - ''won'' - American Film Institute - Life Achievement Award

Hollywood Walk of Fame - star at 1751 Vine Street

In 1973, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Notes

Bibliography

Bachardy, Don. ''Stars in My Eyes.'' University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. ISBN 0299167305.

Balio, Tino. ''Grand design: Hollywood as a modern business enterprise, 1930-1939'' University of California Press, 1995; ISBN 0520203348.

"A Century of Stanwyck." ''The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN)'' by John Beifuss on July 16, 2007

Chierichetti, David, and Edith Head. ''Edith Head: the life and times of Hollywood's celebrated costume designer''. HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0060567406.

Eyman, Scott. "The Lady Stanwyck". ''The Palm Beach Post (FL)'', July 15, 2007. pg. 1J; accessed through Access World News on 16 June 2009.

Flint, Peter B. "Barbara Stanwyck, Actress, Dead at 82.", ''The New York Times''. January 22, 1990; pg. D11.

Hall, Dennis. ''American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things that have shaped our culture.'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006; ISBN 027598429X.

Hirsch, Foster. ''The Dark Side of the Screen: Film Noir.'' Da Capo Press, 2008; ISBN 0306817721.

King, Susan. "Wagner Memoir Tells of Wood Death, Stanwyck Affair." ''San Jose Mercury News (CA)'' October 5, 2008, pg. 6D; accessed through Access World News on June 16, 2009.

Lesser, Wendy. ''His Other Half: Men Looking at Women Through Art''. Harvard University Press, 1992; ISBN 0674392116.

Madsen, Axel. ''Stanwyck: A Biography''. HarperCollins, 1994. ISBN 006017997X.

Muller, Eddie. ''Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir''. St. Martin's Griffin, 1998; ISBN 0312180764.

Nassour, Ellis, and Beth A. Snowberger. "Stanwyck, Barbara". ''American National Biography Online'' (subscription only), February 2000; accessed July 1, 2009.

Schackel, Sandra. "Barbara Stanwyck: Uncommon Heroine." In ''Back in the saddle: essays on Western film and television actors.'' McFarland Publishing, 1998; ISBN 078640566X.

"The Rumble: An Off-the-Ball Look at Your Favorite Sports Celebrities", ''New York Post'', December 31, 2006; accessed June 16, 2009.

External links

That Old Feeling: Ruby in the Rough Time Magazine, 2001

Saluting Stanwyck: A Life On Film Los Angeles Times, 1987

Category:1907 births Category:1990 deaths Category:20th-century actors Category:Actors from New York City Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:American people of Canadian descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American radio actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:California Republicans Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure Category:Deaths from emphysema Category:Emmy Award winners Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Western (genre) film actors Category:Ziegfeld Girls

an:Barbara Stanwyck ca:Barbara Stanwyck cy:Barbara Stanwyck da:Barbara Stanwyck de:Barbara Stanwyck es:Barbara Stanwyck eo:Barbara Stanwyck eu:Barbara Stanwyck fr:Barbara Stanwyck hr:Barbara Stanwyck it:Barbara Stanwyck he:ברברה סטנוויק nl:Barbara Stanwyck ja:バーバラ・スタンウィック no:Barbara Stanwyck pl:Barbara Stanwyck pt:Barbara Stanwyck ru:Барбара Стэнвик simple:Barbara Stanwyck sr:Барбара Стенвик sh:Barbara Stanwyck fi:Barbara Stanwyck sv:Barbara Stanwyck tr:Barbara Stanwyck uk:Барбара Стенвік vi:Barbara Stanwyck zh:芭芭拉·斯坦威克

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Beverly Garland
birth date	October 17, 1926
birth place	Santa Cruz, California, United States
death date
death place	Hollywood Hills, California, United States
birth name	Beverly Lucy Fessenden
othername	Beverly Campbell
occupation	Actress
years active	1950—2005
spouse	Bob Campbell (1945)Richard Garland (1951-1953)Filmore Crank (1960-1999) (his death) 2 children }}

Beverly Garland (October 17, 1926 – December 5, 2008) was an American film and television actress, businesswoman, and hotel owner. Garland gained prominence for her role as Fred MacMurray's second wife, "Barbara Harper Douglas", in the 1960s sitcom ''My Three Sons'' (a role she played from 1969 until the series ended in 1972 and for which she is mostly identified). In the 1980s, she co-starred as Kate Jackson's widowed mother, "Dotty West", in the television series ''Scarecrow and Mrs. King'', on CBS. She also had a recurring role as Ginger Jackson on The WB Television Network series ''7th Heaven''.

Biography

Early life and career

Garland was born Beverly Lucy Fessenden in Santa Cruz, California, the daughter of Amelia Rose, a businesswoman, and James Atkins Fessenden, a singer and salesman. Garland grew up in Glendale, California. Her 1950s acting roles tended to be tough women who could handle themselves in violent situations. 1956 was a busy year for Garland: she played a female marshal in the Western ''Gunslinger'' with Chris Alcaide as her deputy; a prison escapee in ''Swamp Women''; and a scientist's wife who battles an alien in ''It Conquered the World''. All three movies were directed by Roger Corman and riffed in the 1990s by ''Mystery Science Theater 3000''. Garland then starred as undercover police officer "Casey Jones" in the syndicated television series ''Decoy''.

Television success

In 1957, Garland made television history as the star of the syndicated TV series ''Decoy'', the first American television police series with a woman in the starring role. However, it only lasted a single season of thirty-nine episodes. Despite its relatively short run, this groundbreaking series paved the way for many future police/detective shows starring women, such as NBC's'' Police Woman'' starring Angie Dickinson, ABC's'' Honey West'' starring Anne Francis, CBS's ''Cagney and Lacey'' starring Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless, and ABC'S ''Charlie's Angels'' starring Kate Jackson.

Garland appeared twice as Doris Denny Bona in the episodes "Remember the Alamo" and "The Widow of Kill Cove" in 1960 in Rod Cameron's syndicated private detective series ''COronado 9''. In 1957, she guest starred as Elli Austin in the episode "Rodeo Rough House" of another of Cameron's syndicated series, ''State Trooper''. She also appeared in the 1955 episode "Man Down, Woman Screaming" of Cameron's first syndicated series, ''City Detective'', the story of a tough New York City police lieutenant. She appeared too as Sarah Garvey in the episode "Cattle Drive to Casper" in the NBC anthology series ''Frontier''. At about this time, she also appeared in the first Brian Keith series ''Crusader'', a Cold War drama.

Garland guest starred in 1963 as Marya Stone in the episode "What Did She Mean By Good Luck?" in NBC's medical drama about psychiatry, ''The Eleventh Hour''. She also appeared in a season one episode of ''The Fugitive'' entitled "Smoke Screen".

In the 1964-1965 television season, Garland co-starred in the role of Ellie Collins with Bing Crosby as husband Bing Collins in the ABC sitcom ''The Bing Crosby Show''. Carol Faylen and Diane Sherry played her teenaged daughters.

Although Garland co-starred with Anthony Perkins and Tuesday Weld in the 1968 feature film ''Pretty Poison'', she is best known for playing suburban moms on several TV series. Garland appeared as "Barbara Harper Douglas," second wife of "Steve Douglas" (Fred MacMurray), for the final three seasons of ''My Three Sons'' (1969–72) and as "Dotty West," mother of "Mrs. King" (Kate Jackson), on all four seasons of the lighthearted espionage drama ''Scarecrow and Mrs. King'' (1983–87). Garland was also featured in the successful series ''Remington Steele'' as the mother of Stephanie Zimbalist's character, detective Laura Holt.

Her decades of TV guest appearances range from the first-season ''Twilight Zone'' episode "The Four of Us Are Dying," about a con artist with a thousand faces (1960). Garland also guest starred in an episode in the final season of ''Kung Fu''. She reprised her earlier Western personae as a tough gun-slinging widow. She appeared on the ''Mary Tyler Moore Show'' as a long-ago girlfriend of Lou Grant. Garland also had a recurring role as "Lois Lane's" mother on the 1990s TV series ''Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman'', starring Teri Hatcher. On ''7th Heaven'', she appeared as the stepmother of Annie Camden, opposite Graham Jarvis, Annie's father. Peter Graves, the brother of James Arness, appeared in ''7th Heaven'' as Eric Camden's father, with Barbara Rush in the role of Eric's mother. In addition to working with Graves on ''7th Heaven'', Garland also starred opposite James Arness in four ''Gunsmoke'' episodes until the long-running western ended in 1975.

On radio, Garland was an original player of the California Actors Radio Theatre. C.A.R.T. often recorded its programs on the grounds of Garland's hotel in The Beverly Garland Little Theater which was decorated with large movie posters from many of Garland's feature films.

For her contribution to the television industry, Garland has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.

Business career

Garland owned and operated the Beverly Garland's Holiday Inn (4222 Vineland Avenue) in North Hollywood at the time of her death.

Personal life

In 1999, her husband of 39 years, businessman Filmore Crank, died. Subsequently, Garland combined her acting career with an increased devotion to the hotel Crank built and named for her. Situated on the former Gene Autry property and originally built as a Howard Johnson's Motor Lodge in the 1970s, the sprawling 255-room Spanish-Mission style resort Beverly Garland Holiday Inn and Conference Center is located in North Hollywood.

Garland's daughter, actress Carrington Garland is perhaps best known for her portrayal of the third Kelly Capwell on the soap opera ''Santa Barbara''.

Death

On December 5, 2008, Garland died in the mid-century contemporary house in the Hollywood Hills that was her home of over 40 years. A memorial service and reception was attended by several hundred people on December 13 at her namesake hotel property, Beverly Garland's Holiday Inn in North Hollywood. Her body was cremated.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Other notes
		Miss Foster	Credited as Beverly Campbell
	Laura Lawson	TV, 1 episode
1951		Armorclad Mentoring Isabelle in opera ''Caesar''	Uncredited
1953	''The Neanderthal Man''	Nola Mason, waitress
1954		Estelle Collins	TV, 1 episode, nominated for Best Actress in a Single Performance Emmy Award
1954–1956	''Four Star Playhouse''	Various roles	TV, 4 episodes
	''Swamp Women''	Vera
''Navy Log''	Sally	TV, 1 episode
1955–1959		Louise Benson/Clara	TV, 2 episodes
		Maria Perrin	TV, 1 episode
''It Conquered the World''	Claire Anderson
1956–1957	''Wire Service''	Ellen Gale	TV, 2 episodes
1956–1959	''Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater''	Various roles	TV, 4 episodes
		Nurse Nadine Storey
''Playhouse 90''	Gay Sherman	TV, 1 episode
''The Joker Is Wild''	Cassie Mack
1957–1959		Casey Jones	TV, 37 episodes
	''Yancy Derringer''	Coco LaSalle	TV, 2 episodes
''The Alligator People''	Joyce Webster, aka Jane Marvin
''Hawaiian Eye''	Rena Harrison	TV, 1 episode
1959–1963		Jennie Colby	TV, 3 episodes
1959–1967		Mrs. Barko	TV, 6 episodes
	''Tales of Wells Fargo	Pearl Hart	TV, 1 episode
	Sally Lind	TV, 1 episode
	Irene Vance	TV, 1 episode
	Ruth Kenton	TV, 1 episode
		Jean	TV, 1 episode
	Caroline	TV, 1 episode
1961	''Danger Man''	Ann/Cynthia	TV
1961–1962		Ann/Cynthia	TV, 2 episodes
1962		Episode "Summer Lightning"	TV, 1 episode
	''Cain's Hundred''	Jeanette	TV, 1 episode
''The Nurses''	Ginny Nemets	TV, 1 episode
		Katherine Channing	TV, 1 episode
''Twice-Told Tales''	Alice Pyncheon
	Nurse Doris Stillwell	TV, 1 episode
		TV, 1 episode
1963–1970	''Gunsmoke''	Various roles	TV, 4 episodes
1964	''Kraft Suspense Theatre''	JoAnne Kling	TV, 1 episode
	''A Man Called Shenandoah''	Kate	TV, 1 episode
	Aggie	TV, 1 episode
1966	''Pistols 'n' Petticoats''	Ross Guttley	TV, 1 episode
1967	''Judd, for the Defense''	Dorothy Shaw	TV, 1 episode
1967–1969	''The Wild Wild West''	Celia Rydell/Sally Yarnell	TV, 2 episodes
	''The Mothers-in-Law''	Audrey Fleming	TV, 1 episode
	Mrs. Stepanek
1968–1973	''Mannix''	Edna Restin	TV, 3 episodes
1969	''Here's Lucy''	Secretary	TV, 1 episode (uncredited)
1969–1972	''My Three Sons''	Barbara Harper Douglas	TV, 74 episodes
1970	''Then Came Bronson''	Beth Morse	TV, 1 episode
	''The Mod Squad''		TV, 1 episode
''Temperatures Rising''	Claudia	TV, 1 episode
1972–1975	''Marcus Welby, M.D.''	Nancy Zimmer	TV, 2 episodes
	''Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law''	Mrs. Varni	TV, 1 episode
''The Rookies''	Pat Whitfield	TV, 1 episode
	Cecilia Thatcher	TV, 1 episode
''The New Adventures of Perry Mason''	Laura Lee	TV, 1 episode
''Love, American Style''	Maria Lombardi	TV, 1 episode
	''Where the Red Fern Grows''	Mother
''Airport 1975''	Mrs. Scott Freeman
	Andrea Reynolds	TV, 1 episode
1974–1975		Kay/Madeline Stockwood	TV, 2 episodes
1975	''The Mary Tyler Moore Show''	Veronica Ludlow	TV, 1 episode
1976–1977	''Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman''	Cookie LaRue	TV, 16 episodes
	''The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries''	Thelma	TV, 1 episode
''Lanigan's Rabbi''		TV, 1 episode
''The Tony Randall Show''	Sylvia Needleman	TV, 1 episode
		Hanna	TV, 1 episode
''Charlie's Angels''	Pat Justice	TV, 1 episode
''Roller Boogie''	Lillian Barkley
	''Trapper John, M.D.''	Mrs. Kaufman	TV, 2 episodes
	Emma
	''Hart to Hart''	Real Grandma	TV, 1 episode
		TV, 1 episode
''Magnum, P.I.''	Florence Russell	TV, 1 episode
''Matt Houston''	Mrs. Chapman	TV, 1 episode
1982–1983	''Remington Steele''	Abigail Holt	TV, 2 episodes
1983–1987	''Scarecrow and Mrs. King''	Dorothy "Dotty" West	TV, 88 episodes
		Alice Korman	TV, 1 episode
''Finder of Lost Loves''	Lucy Rowens	TV, 1 episode
1991	''P.S. I Luv U''	Emma	TV, 1 episode
	''Friends''	Aunt Iris	TV, 1 episodes
	Eva	TV, 1 episodes
1995–1997	''Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman''	Ellen Lane	TV, 6 episodes
1997	''Diagnosis: Murder''	Stella	TV, 1 episode
1997–2004	''7th Heaven''	Ginger	TV, 9 episodes
1998		Grandma	TV, 2 episodes
1998	''The Angry Beavers''	High Priestest	The Mighty Knot Head
2002		Herself (contestant)	TV Moms Edition (1st one voted off)

Notes

External links

Beverly Garland's Universal Studios Hollywood Hotel

Obituary in the Los Angeles Daily News

Category:1926 births Category:2008 deaths Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:People from Santa Cruz, California Category:Actors from California

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