Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
above	Vegetarianism
abovestyle	background-color: lightgreen
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label2	Description
data2	A vegetarian diet is derived from plants, with or without eggs or dairy.
label3	Origins
data3	Ancient India, ancient Greece; 6th century BCE and earlier
label4	Varieties
data4	Ovo, lacto, ovo-lacto, veganism, raw veganism, fruitarianism, Buddhist vegetarianism }}

Vegetarianism encompasses the practice of following plant-based diets (fruits, vegetables, etc.), with or without the inclusion of dairy products or eggs, and with the exclusion of meat (red meat, poultry, and seafood). Abstention from by-products of animal slaughter, such as animal-derived rennet and gelatin, may also be practiced.

Vegetarianism can be adopted for different reasons: In addition to ethical reasons, motivations for vegetarianism include health, religious, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic or economic. There are varieties of the diet as well: an ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, a lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs, and an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs, dairy, and honey.

Various foods or treats, such as cake, chocolate, chips, gum, marshmallows and gummy candies, often contain unfamiliar animal ingredients, and may especially be a concern for vegetarians due to the likelihood of such additions. Vegetarians may vary in their feelings regarding these ingredients, however. While some vegetarians are unaware of animal-derived rennet's role in the usual production of cheese and may therefore unknowingly consume the product, for example, others of the diet are not bothered by its consumption. Often, animal-derived products are scrutinized by vegetarians prior to purchase or consumption.

Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods, but may include fish or poultry, or other meats on an infrequent basis. Those with diets containing fish or poultry may define "meat" only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism. A pescetarian diet, for example, includes "fish but no meat". The common use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led vegetarian groups such as the Vegetarian Society to state diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian, due to fish and birds being animals.

Etymology

The Vegetarian Society, founded in 1847, says that the word “vegetarian” is derived from the Latin word ''vegetus'' meaning lively or vigorous. Despite this, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED) and other standard dictionaries state that the word was formed from the term "vegetable" and the suffix "-arian". The OED writes that the word came into general use after the formation of the Vegetarian Society at Ramsgate in 1847, though it offers two examples of usage from 1839 and 1842.

History

The earliest records of (lacto) vegetarianism come from ancient India and ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE. In both instances the diet was closely connected with the idea of nonviolence towards animals (called ''ahimsa'' in India) and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.

Following the Christianisation of the Roman Empire in late antiquity, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe. Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons, but none of them eschewed fish. It re-emerged during the Renaissance, becoming more widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first vegetarian society was founded in the United Kingdom; Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries followed. The International Vegetarian Union, a union of the national societies, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the 20th century as a result of nutritional, ethical, and more recently, environmental and economic concerns.

Varieties of vegetarianism

There are a number of types of vegetarianism, which exclude or include various foods.

Ovo vegetarianism includes eggs but not dairy products.

Lacto vegetarianism includes dairy products but not eggs.

Ovo-lacto vegetarianism (or lacto-ovo vegetarianism) includes animal/dairy products such as eggs, milk, and honey.

Veganism excludes all animal flesh and animal products, including milk, honey, and eggs, and may also exclude any products tested on animals, or any clothing from animals. Raw veganism includes only fresh and uncooked fruit, nuts, seeds, and vegetables. Vegetables can only be cooked up to a certain temperature. Fruitarianism permits only fruit, nuts, seeds, and other plant matter that can be gathered without harming the plant.

Buddhist vegetarianism (also known as su vegetarianism) excludes all animal products as well as vegetables in the allium family (which have the characteristic aroma of onion and garlic): onion, garlic, scallions, leeks, or shallots.

Jain vegetarianism includes dairy but excludes eggs and honey, as well as root vegetables.

Macrobiotic diets consist mostly of whole grains and beans.

Some vegetarians also avoid products that may use animal ingredients not included in their labels or which use animal products in their manufacturing; for example, sugars that are whitened with bone char, cheeses that use animal rennet (enzymes from animal stomach lining), gelatin (derived from the collagen inside animals' skin, bones and connective tissue), some cane sugar (but not beet sugar) and apple juice/alcohol clarified with gelatin or crushed shellfish and sturgeon, while other vegetarians are unaware of such ingredients.

Individuals may describe themselves as "vegetarian" while practicing a semi-vegetarian diet, as some dictionary definitions pertaining to vegetarianism vary and include the consumption of fish, while other definitions exclude fish and all animal flesh. In other cases, individuals may simply describe themselves as "flexitarian". These diets may be followed by those who reduce animal flesh consumed as a way of transitioning to a complete/and or true vegetarian diet or for health, environmental, or other reasons. Semi-vegetarian diets include:

pescetarianism, which includes fish and sometimes other seafood;

pollotarianism, which includes poultry;

"pollo-pescatarian", which includes poultry and fish, or "white meat" only;

macrobiotic diets consisting mostly of whole grains and beans, but may sometimes include fish.

Semi-vegetarianism is contested by vegetarian groups who state that vegetarianism excludes all animal flesh.

Health benefits and concerns

Scientific endeavors in the area of vegetarianism have shifted from concerns about nutritional adequacy to investigating health benefits and disease prevention. The American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada have stated that at all stages of life, a properly planned vegetarian diet is "healthful, nutritionally adequate, and provides health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases". Large-scale studies have shown that mortality from ischaemic heart disease was 30% lower among vegetarian men and 20% lower among vegetarian women than in non-vegetarians. Necessary nutrients, proteins, and amino acids for the body's sustenance can be found in vegetables, grains, nuts, soymilk, eggs and dairy. Vegetarian diets offer lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, fibre, magnesium, potassium, folate, and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and phytochemicals.

Vegetarians tend to have lower body mass index, lower levels of cholesterol, lower blood pressure, and less incidence of heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, renal disease, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Non-lean red meat, in particular, has been found to be directly associated with increased risk of cancers of the esophagus, liver, colon, and the lungs. Other studies have shown no significant differences between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, or prostate cancer. A 2010 study compared a group of vegetarian and meat-eating Seventh Day Adventists in which vegetarians scored lower on depression tests and had better mood profiles.

The 2010 version of ''Dietary Guidelines for Americans,'' a report issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services every five years states:

In prospective studies of adults, compared to non-vegetarian eating patterns, vegetarian-style eating patterns have been associated with improved health outcomes—lower levels of obesity, a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and lower total mortality. Several clinical trials have documented that vegetarian eating patterns lower blood pressure.

On average, vegetarians consume a lower proportion of calories from fat (particularly saturated fatty acids); fewer overall calories; and more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C than do non-vegetarians. Vegetarians generally have a lower body mass index. These characteristics and other lifestyle factors associated with a vegetarian diet may contribute to the positive health outcomes that have been identified among vegetarians.

Nutrition

Western vegetarian diets are typically high in carotenoids, but relatively low in long-chain n-3 fatty acids and vitamin B₁₂. Vegans can have particularly low intake of vitamin B and calcium if they do not eat enough items such as collard greens, leafy greens, tempeh and tofu (soy). High levels of dietary fibre, folic acid, vitamins C and E, and magnesium, and low consumption of saturated fat are all considered to be beneficial aspects of a vegetarian diet.

Protein

Protein intake in vegetarian diets is only slightly lower than in meat diets and can meet daily requirements for any person, including athletes and bodybuilders. Studies at Harvard University as well as other studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and various European countries, confirmed vegetarian diets provide sufficient protein intake as long as a variety of plant sources are available and consumed. Proteins are composed of amino acids, and a common concern with protein acquired from vegetable sources is an adequate intake of the essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesised by the human body. While dairy and egg products provide complete sources for ovo-lacto vegetarians, the only vegetable sources with significant amounts of all eight types of essential amino acids are lupin, soy, hempseed, chia seed, amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa. However, the essential amino acids can also be obtained by eating a variety of complementary plant sources that, in combination, provide all eight essential amino acids (e.g. brown rice and beans, or hummus and whole wheat pita, though protein combining in the same meal is not necessary). A 1994 study found a varied intake of such sources can be adequate.

Iron

Vegetarian diets typically contain similar levels of iron to non-vegetarian diets, but this has lower bioavailability than iron from meat sources, and its absorption can sometimes be inhibited by other dietary constituents. Vegetarian foods rich in iron include black beans, cashews, hempseed, kidney beans, lentils, oatmeal, raisins, black-eyed peas, soybeans, many breakfast cereals, sunflower seeds, chickpeas, tomato juice, tempeh, molasses, thyme, and whole-wheat bread. The related vegan diets can often be higher in iron than vegetarian diets, because dairy products are low in iron. Iron stores often tend to be lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians, and a few small studies report very high rates of iron deficiency (up to 40 %, and 58 % of the respective vegetarian or vegan groups). However, the American Dietetic Association states that iron deficiency is no more common in vegetarians than non-vegetarians (adult males are rarely iron deficient); iron deficiency anaemia is rare no matter the diet.

Vitamin B₁₂

Plants are not sources of vitamin B₁₂. According to the US National Institutes of Health "natural food sources of vitamin B₁₂ are limited to foods that come from animals." However, lacto-ovo vegetarians can obtain B₁₂ from dairy products and eggs, and vegans can obtain it from fortified foods (including some soy products and some breakfast cereals) and dietary supplements. Vitamin B₁₂ can also be obtained from yeast extract products. The research on vitamin B₁₂ sources has increased in recent years.

The human body can preserve stores of B₁₂ for up to 30 years, and reuses the vitamin without destroying the substance. However, clinical evidence shows a widespread deficiency of B₁₂ in vegans and, to lesser degree, vegetarians.

Fatty acids

Plant-based, or vegetarian, sources of Omega 3 fatty acids include soy, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, canola oil, kiwifruit and especially hempseed, algae, chia seed, flaxseed, echium seed and purslane. Purslane contains more Omega 3 than any other known leafy green. Plant foods can provide alpha-linolenic acid but not the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, which are found in low levels in eggs and dairy products. Vegetarians, and particularly vegans, have lower levels of EPA and DHA than meat-eaters. While the health effects of low levels of EPA and DHA are unknown, it is unlikely that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid will significantly increase levels. Recently, some companies have begun to market vegetarian DHA supplements containing seaweed extracts. Similar supplements providing both DHA and EPA have also begun to appear. Whole seaweeds are not suitable for supplementation because their high iodine content limits the amount that may be safely consumed. However, certain algae such as spirulina are good sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA).

Calcium

Calcium intake in vegetarians is similar to non-vegetarians. Some impaired bone mineralisation has been found among vegans who do not consume enough leafy greens, which are sources of abundant calcium. However, this is not found in lacto-ovo vegetarians. Some sources of calcium include collard greens, bok choy, kale, and turnip greens. Spinach, swiss chard and beet greens are high in calcium, but the calcium is bound to oxalate and therefore it is poorly absorbed.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D levels do not appear to be lower in vegetarians (although studies have shown that much of the general population is deficient). Vitamin D needs can be met via the human body's own generation upon sufficient and sensible exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in sunlight. Products including milk, soy milk and cereal grains may be fortified to provide a good source of Vitamin D and mushrooms provide over 2700 IU per serving (approx. 3 oz or 1/2 cup) of vitamin D₂, if exposed to just 5 minutes of UV light after being harvested; for those who do not get adequate sun exposure and/or food sources, Vitamin D supplementation may be necessary.

Longevity

A 1999 metastudy combined data from five studies from western countries. The metastudy reported mortality ratios, where lower numbers indicated fewer deaths, for fish eaters to be 0.82, vegetarians to be 0.84, occasional meat eaters to be 0.84. Regular meat eaters and vegans shared the highest mortality ratio of 1.00. The study reported the numbers of deaths in each category, and expected error ranges for each ratio, and adjustments made to the data. However, the "lower mortality was due largely to the relatively low prevalence of smoking in these [vegetarian] cohorts". Out of the major causes of death studied, only one difference in mortality rate was attributed to the difference in diet, as the conclusion states: "...vegetarians had a 24% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease than non-vegetarians, but no associations of a vegetarian diet with other major causes of death were established."

In "Mortality in British vegetarians", a similar conclusion is drawn: "British vegetarians have low mortality compared with the general population. Their death rates are similar to those of comparable non-vegetarians, suggesting that much of this benefit may be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as a low prevalence of smoking and a generally high socio-economic status, or to aspects of the diet other than the avoidance of meat and fish."

The Adventist Health Study is an ongoing study of life expectancy in Seventh-day Adventists. This is the only study among others with similar methodology which had favourable indication for vegetarianism. The researchers found that a combination of different lifestyle choices could influence life expectancy by as much as 10 years. Among the lifestyle choices investigated, a vegetarian diet was estimated to confer an extra 1–1/2 to 2 years of life. The researchers concluded that "the life expectancies of California Adventist men and women are higher than those of any other well-described natural population" at 78.5 years for men and 82.3 years for women. The life expectancy of California Adventists surviving to age 30 was 83.3 years for men and 85.7 years for women.

The Adventist health study is again incorporated into a metastudy titled "Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans?" published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which concluded that low meat eating (less than once per week) and other lifestyle choices significantly increase life expectancy, relative to a group with high meat intake. The study concluded that "The findings from one cohort of healthy adults raises the possibility that long-term (≥ 2 decades) adherence to a vegetarian diet can further produce a significant 3.6-y increase in life expectancy." However, the study also concluded that "Some of the variation in the survival advantage in vegetarians may have been due to marked differences between studies in adjustment for confounders, the definition of vegetarian, measurement error, age distribution, the healthy volunteer effect, and intake of specific plant foods by the vegetarians." It further states that "This raises the possibility that a low-meat, high plant-food dietary pattern may be the true causal protective factor rather than simply elimination of meat from the diet." In a recent review of studies relating low-meat diet patterns to all-cause mortality, Singh noted that "5 out of 5 studies indicated that adults who followed a low meat, high plant-food diet pattern experienced significant or marginally significant decreases in mortality risk relative to other patterns of intake."

Statistical studies, such as comparing life expectancy with regional areas and local diets in Europe also have found life expectancy considerably greater in southern France, where a low meat, high plant Mediterranean diet is common, than northern France, where a diet with high meat content is more common.

A study by the Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, and Institute of Physiological Chemistry looked at a group of 19 vegetarians (lacto-ovo) and used as a comparison a group of 19 omnivorous subjects recruited from the same region. The study found that this group of vegetarians (lacto-ovo) have a significantly higher amount of plasma carboxymethyllysine and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) compared to this group of non-vegetarians. Carboxymethyllysine is a glycation product which represents "a general marker of oxidative stress and long-term damage of proteins in aging, atherosclerosis and diabetes." "Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may play an important adverse role in process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and chronic renal failure."

The largest study ever of diet vs longevity and a host of western diseases was the China Project, a survey of death rates for 12 kinds of cancer for more than 2,400 counties and 880 million (96%) of their citizens. The project studied the relationship between various mortality rates and several dietary, lifestyle, and environmental characteristics in 65 mostly rural counties in China. A strong dose-response relationship was found between the amount of animal foods in the diet and the top causes of mortality in the West: heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. The project was conducted jointly by Cornell University, Oxford University, and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine over the course of 20 years.

Food safety

E. coli contamination in food has been linked to industrial-scale meat and dairy farms. ''E. coli'' infections in the US during 2006 that were traced to spinach and onions were later determined to have been caused by a neighbouring cattle and wild pig farm whose feces had contaminated the water supply.

Transmission of pathogenic ''E. coli'' often occurs via fecal-oral transmission. Common routes of transmission include unhygienic food preparation and farm contamination. Dairy and beef cattle are primary reservoirs of the ''E. coli'' strain ''O157:H7'', and they can carry it asymptomatically and shed it in their feces. Food products associated with ''E. coli'' outbreaks include raw ground beef, raw seed sprouts or spinach, raw milk, unpasteurized juice, and foods contaminated by infected food workers via fecal-oral route. In 2005, some people who had consumed triple-washed, pre-packaged lettuce were infected with ''E. coli''. In 2007, packaged lettuce salads were recalled after they were found to be contaminated with ''E. coli''. ''E. coli'' outbreaks have been traced to unpasteurised apples, orange juice, milk, alfalfa sprouts, and water.

Outbreaks of salmonella have been traced to peanut butter, frozen pot pies & puffed vegetable snacks. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, is linked by the World Health Organization to Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans.

There have been reports of fears of foot-and-mouth disease in sheep, PCBs in farmed salmon, mercury in fish, dioxin concentrations in animal products, artificial growth hormones, antibiotics, lead and mercury, pesticide contamination of vegetables and fruits, banned chemicals being used to ripen fruits.

Medical use

In Western medicine, patients are sometimes advised to adhere to a vegetarian diet. Vegetarian diets have been used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but the evidence is inconclusive whether this is effective. Certain alternative medicines, such as Ayurveda and Siddha, prescribe a vegetarian diet as a normal procedure. Maya Tiwara notes that Ayurveda recommends small portions of meat for some people, though "the rules of hunting and killing the animal, practiced by the native peoples, were very specific and detailed. Now that such methods of hunting and killing are not observed, she does not recommend the use of "any animal meat as food, not even for the Vata types."

Physiology

Humans are omnivores, based on the human ability to digest meat as well as plant foods. Nutritional experts believe that early hominids evolved into eating meat as a result of huge climatic changes that took place three to four million years ago, when forests and jungles dried up and became open grasslands and opened hunting and scavenging opportunities.

Animal-to-human disease transmissions

The consumption of meat can cause a transmission of a number of diseases from animals to humans. The connection between infected animal and human illness is well established in the case of salmonella; an estimated one-third to one-half of all chicken meat marketed in the United States is contaminated with salmonella. Only recently, however, have scientists begun to suspect that there is a similar connection between animal meat and human cancer, birth defects, mutations, and many other diseases in humans. The rate of disease among chickens is so high that the Department of Labor has ranked the poultry industry as one of the most hazardous occupations. 20% of all cows are afflicted with a variety of cancer known as bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Studies have increasingly linked BLV with HTLV-1, the first human retrovirus discovered to cause cancer. Scientists have found that a bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), the equivalent of the AIDS virus in cows, can also infect human cells. It is supposed that BIV may have a role in the development of a number of malignant or slow viruses in humans.

The proximity of animals in industrial-scale animal farming leads to an increased rate of disease transmission.

Transmission of animal influenza viruses to humans has been documented, but illness from such cases is rare compared to that caused by the now common human-adapted older influenza viruses, transferred from animals to humans in the more distant past. The first documented case was in 1959, and in 1998, 18 new human cases of H5N1 influenza were diagnosed, in which six people died. In 1997 more cases of H5N1 avian influenza were found in chickens in Hong Kong.

Whether tuberculosis originated in cattle and was then transferred to humans, or diverged from a common ancestor infecting a different species, is currently unclear. The strongest evidence for a domestic-animal origin exists for measles and pertussis, although the data do not exclude a non-domestic origin.

According to the 'Hunter Theory', the "simplest and most plausible explanation for the cross-species transmission" the AIDS virus was transmitted from a chimpanzee to a human when a bushmeat hunter was bitten or cut while hunting or butchering an animal.

Historian Norman Cantor suggests the Black Death might have been a combination of pandemics including a form of anthrax, a cattle murrain. He cites many forms of evidence including the fact that meat from infected cattle was known to have been sold in many rural English areas prior to the onset of the plague.

Eating disorders

The American Dietetic Association indicates that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders but that the evidence suggests that the adoption of a vegetarian diet does not lead to eating disorders, rather that "vegetarian diets may be selected to camouflage an existing eating disorder." Other studies and statements by dietitians and counselors support this conclusion.

Ethics and diet

Various ethical reasons have been suggested for choosing vegetarianism, usually predicated on the interests of non-human animals.

In many societies, controversy and debate have arisen over the ethics of eating animals. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals due to cultural taboo, such as cats, dogs, horses, or rabbits. Others support meat eating for scientific, nutritional and cultural reasons, including religious ones. Some meat eaters abstain from the meat of animals reared in particular ways, such as factory farms, or avoid certain meats, such as veal or foie gras. Some people follow vegetarian or vegan diets not because of moral concerns involving the raising or consumption of animals in general, but because of concerns about the specific treatment and practises involved in the raising and slaughter of animals, i.e. factory farming and the industrialisation of animal slaughter.

Ethical objections are generally divided into opposition to the act of killing in general, and opposition to certain agricultural practices surrounding the production of meat.

Ethics of killing for food

Princeton University professor and founder of the animal liberation movement, Peter Singer, believes that if alternative means of survival exist, one ought to choose the option that does not cause unnecessary harm to animals. Most ethical vegetarians argue that the same reasons exist against killing animals to eat as against killing humans to eat. Singer, in his book ''Animal Liberation'' listed possible qualities of sentience in non-human creatures that gave such creatures the scope to be considered under utilitarian ethics, and this has been widely referenced by animal rights campaigners and vegetarians. Ethical vegetarians also believe that killing an animal, like killing a human, can only be justified in extreme circumstances and that consuming a living creature for its enjoyable taste, convenience, or nutritional value is not sufficient cause. Another common view is that humans are morally conscious of their behaviour in a way other animals are not, and therefore subject to higher standards.

Opponents of ethical vegetarianism argue that animals are not moral equals to humans and so consider the comparison of eating livestock with killing people to be fallacious. This does not excuse cruelty, but it does mean animals are not morally equivalent to humans and do not possess the rights a human has.

Treatment of animals

Ethical vegetarianism has become popular in developed countries particularly because of the spread of factory farming, faster communications, and environmental consciousness. Some believe that the current mass demand for meat cannot be satisfied without a mass-production system that disregards the welfare of animals, while others believe that practices like well-managed free-ranging and consumption of game, particularly from species whose natural predators have been significantly eliminated, could substantially alleviate the demand for mass-produced meat.

Religion and diet

Jainism teaches vegetarianism as moral conduct as do some major sects of Hinduism. Buddhism in general does not prohibit meat eating, while Mahayana Buddhism encourages vegetarianism as beneficial for developing compassion. Other denominations that advocate a fully vegetarian diet include the Seventh-day Adventists, the Rastafari movement, the Ananda Marga movement and the Hare Krishnas. Sikhism does not equate spirituality with diet and does not specify a vegetarian or meat diet.

Hinduism

Most major paths of Hinduism hold vegetarianism as an ideal. There are three main reasons for this: the principle of nonviolence (ahimsa) applied to animals; the intention to offer only "pure" (vegetarian) food to a deity and then to receive it back as prasad; and the conviction that non-vegetarian food is detrimental for the mind and for spiritual development. Hindu vegetarians usually eschew eggs but consume milk and dairy products, so they are lacto-vegetarians.

However, the food habits of Hindus vary according to their community and according to regional traditions. Historically and currently, those Hindus who eat meat prescribe Jhatka meat.

Thirukkural – Classical tamil couplets

Thiruvalluvar in his Thirukkural has written 10 couplets on Avoidance Of Meat-Eating (251 to 260) (pulal unnaamai). He said that meat-eating and compassion or tenderness towards all life are incompatible. That is why he asks in anguish, "How can a meat-eater have compassion?" The chapter on the virtue of not killing animals and not eating their flesh has been held up as the crowning aspect of the ever-widening ripple of love (Anbu) expanding into compassion (Arul). Meat-eating is "at once the cause and consequence of butchery."

Thannoon perukkarkuth thaanpiridhu uoonunbaan Enganam aalum arul? – Kural 251

"It is inconsistent with the way of living compassion to fatten oneself on the flesh of a fellow-creature."

Jainism

Followers of Jainism believe that everything from animals to inanimate objects have life in different degree and they go to great lengths to minimise any harm to it. Most Jains are lacto-vegetarians but more devout Jains do not eat root vegetables because this would involve the killing of plants. Instead they focus on eating beans and fruits, whose cultivation do not involve killing of plants. No products obtained from dead animals are allowed. Jains hold self termination from starvation as the ideal state and some dedicated monks do perform this act of self annihilation. This is for them an indispensable condition for spiritual progress. Some particularly dedicated individuals are fruitarians. Honey is forbidden, because its collection is seen as violence against the bees. Some Jains do not consume plant parts that grow underground such as roots and bulbs, because tiny animals may be killed when the plants are pulled up.

Buddhism

Theravadins in general eat meat. If Buddhist monks "see, hear or know" a living animal was killed specifically for them to eat, they must refuse it or else incur an offense. However, this does not include eating meat which was given as alms or commercially purchased. In the Theravada canon, Buddha did not make any comment discouraging them to eat meat (except specific types, such as human, elephant, horse, dog, snake, lion, tiger, leopard, bear, and hyena flesh) but he specifically refused to institute vegetarianism in his monastic code when a suggestion had been made.

In several Sanskrit texts of Mahayana Buddhism, Buddha instructs his followers to avoid meat. However, each branch of Mahayana Buddhism selects which sutra to follow, and some branches, including the majority of Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, do eat meat, while most Chinese Buddhists do not.

Sikhism

The tenets of Sikhism do not advocate a particular stance on either vegetarianism or the consumption of meat, but leave the decision of diet to the individual. The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, however, prohibited "Amritdhari" Sikhs, or those that follow the Sikh Rehat Maryada (the Official Sikh Code of Conduct) from eating Kutha meat, or meat which has been obtained from animals which have been killed in a ritualistic way. This is understood to have been for the political reason of maintaining independence from the then-new Muslim hegemony, as Muslims largely adhere to the ritualistic halal diet.

"Amritdharis" that belong to some Sikh sects (e.g. Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Damdami Taksal, Namdhari and Rarionwalay, etc.) are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese). This vegetarian stance has been traced back to the times of the British Raj, with the advent of many new Vaishnava converts. In response to the varying views on diet throughout the Sikh population, Sikh Gurus have sought to clarify the Sikh view on diet, stressing their preference only for simplicity of diet. Guru Nanak said that over-consumption of food (Lobh, Greed) involves a drain on the Earth's resources and thus on life. Passages from the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (the holy book of Sikhs, also known as the ''Adi Granth'') say that it is "foolish" to argue for the superiority of animal life, because though all life is related, only human life carries more importance: "Only fools argue whether to eat meat or not. Who can define what is meat and what is not meat? Who knows where the sin lies, being a vegetarian or a non-vegetarian?" The Sikh langar, or free temple meal, is largely lacto-vegetarian, though this is understood to be a result of efforts to present a meal that is respectful of the diets of any person who would wish to dine, rather than out of dogma.

Judaism

While it is neither required nor prohibited for Jews to eat meat, a number of medieval scholars of Jewish religion (e.g., Joseph Albo and Isaac Arama) regard vegetarianism as a moral ideal, not just because of a concern for the welfare of animals, but because the slaughter of animals might cause the individual who performs such acts to develop negative character traits. Therefore, their concern was with regard to possible harmful effects upon human character rather than with animal welfare. Indeed, Rabbi Joseph Albo maintains that renunciation of the consumption of meat for reasons of concern for animal welfare is not only morally erroneous but even repugnant.

One modern-day scholar who is often cited as in favour of vegetarianism is the late Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the Chief Rabbi of Mandate Palestine. In his writings, Rabbi Kook speaks of vegetarianism as an ideal, and points to the fact that Adam did not partake of the flesh of animals. In context, Rabbi Kook makes those comments in his portrayal of the eschatological (messianic) era. However, he personally refrained from eating meat except on the Sabbath and Festivals, and one of his leading disciples, Rabbi David Cohen, known as the "Nazirite" of Jerusalem, was a devout vegetarian. Several other members of Rabbi Kook's circle were also vegetarians.

According to some Kabbalists, only a mystic, who is able to sense and elevate the reincarnated human souls and "divine sparks", is permitted to consume meat, though eating the flesh of an animal might still cause spiritual damage to the soul. A number of Orthodox Jewish vegetarian groups and activists promote such ideas and believe that the halakhic permission to eat meat is a temporary leniency for those who are not ready yet to accept the vegetarian diet.

Translation of the Torah's Ten Commandments states, "Thou shalt not murder." Some people argue that this can also be taken as meaning not to kill at all, animals nor humans, or at least "that one shall not kill unnecessarily," in the same manner that onerous restrictions on slavery in the Bible have been interpreted by modern theologians as to suggest banning the practice. The Torah also commands people to ritually slaughter animals when killing them, and goes into precise detail on the rituals of both animal sacrifice and ordinary slaughter (shechita). According to medieval sage Rabbi Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz, author of the Torah commentary Kli Yakar, the complexity of these laws was intended to discourage the consumption of meat.

Classical Greek and Roman

Ancient Greek philosophy has a long tradition of vegetarianism. Pythagoras was reportedly vegetarian (and studied at Mt. Carmel, where some historians say there was a vegetarian community), as his followers were expected to be. Socrates was reportedly vegetarian, and in his dialogue of what people, or at least Philosopher-rulers, in an ideal republic should eat, he described only vegetarian food. He specified that if meat-eating was allowed, then society would require more doctors.

Roman writer Ovid concluded his magnum opus Metamorphoses, in part, with the impassioned argument (uttered by the character of Pythagoras) that in order for humanity to change, or metamorphose, into a better, more harmonious species, it must strive towards more humane tendencies. He cited vegetarianism as the crucial decision in this metamorphosis, explaining his belief that human life and animal life are so entwined that to kill an animal is virtually the same as killing a fellow human.

Christianity

Vegetarianism is not a common practice in current Christian culture. However, Seventh Day Adventists and traditional monastics stress vegetarianism. As well, members of the Orthodox Church may follow a vegetarian diet during 'fast' times. The concept and practice of vegetarianism have scriptural and historical support.

There is also a strong association between the Quaker tradition within Christianity and vegetarianism dating back at least to the 18th century. The association grew in prominence during the 19th century, coupled with growing Quaker concerns in connection with alcohol consumption, vivisection and social purity. The association between the Quaker tradition and vegetarianism, however, becomes most significant with the founding of the Friends' Vegetarian Society in 1902 "to spread a kindlier way of living amongst the Society of Friends."

Islam

Followers of Islam, or Muslims, have the freedom of choice to be vegetarian for medical reasons or if they do not personally like the taste of meat. However, the choice to become vegetarian for non-medical reasons can sometimes be controversial. Though some more traditional Muslims may keep quiet about their vegetarian diet, the number of vegetarian Muslims is increasing.

Vegetarianism has been practiced by some influential Muslims including the Iraqi theologian, female mystic and poet Râbi‘ah al-‘Adawîyah of Basrah, who died in the year 801, and the Sri Lankan sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen who established The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in Philadelphia. The former Indian president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is also famously a vegetarian.

In January 1996, The International Vegetarian Union announced the formation of the Muslim Vegetarian/Vegan Society.

Many non-vegetarian Muslims will select vegetarian (or seafood) options when dining in non-halal restaurants. However, this is a matter of not having the right kind of meat rather than preferring not to eat meat on the whole. He stated that there are no requirements that Bahá'ís become vegetarian, but that a future society would gradually become vegetarian. `Abdu'l-Bahá also stated that killing animals was contrary to compassion. While Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith stated that a purely vegetarian diet would be preferable since it avoided killing animals, both he and the Universal House of Justice, the governing body of the Bahá'ís have stated that these teachings do not constitute a Bahá'í practice and that Bahá'ís can choose to eat whatever they wish but should be respectful of others' beliefs.

Rastafari

Within the Afro-Caribbean community, a minority are Rastafari and follow the dietary regulations with varying degrees of strictness. The most orthodox eat only "Ital" or natural foods, in which the matching of herbs or spices with vegetables is the result of long tradition originating from the African ancestry and cultural heritage of Rastafari. Most Rastafari are vegetarian.

Utensils made from natural material such as stone or earthenware are preferred.

Environment and diet

Environmental vegetarianism is based on the concern that the production of meat and animal products for mass consumption, especially through factory farming, is environmentally unsustainable. According to a 2006 United Nations initiative, the livestock industry is one of the largest contributors to environmental degradation worldwide, and modern practices of raising animals for food contributes on a "massive scale" to air and water pollution, land degradation, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. The initiative concluded that "the livestock sector emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global."

In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases and is responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO₂ equivalents. By comparison, all of the world's transportation (including all cars, trucks, buses, trains, ships, and planes) emits 13.5% of the CO₂. Animal farming produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide and 37% of all human-induced methane. Methane has about 21 times more Global Warming Potential (GWP) than carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide has 296 times the GWP of CO₂.

Animals fed on grain, and those that rely on grazing, need far more water than grain crops. According to the USDA, growing the crops necessary to feed farmed animals requires nearly half of the United States' water supply and 80% of its agricultural land. Additionally, animals raised for food in the U.S. consume 90% of the soy crop, 80% of the corn crop, and a total of 70% of its grain.

When tracking food animal production from the feed through to consumption, the inefficiencies of meat, milk and egg production range from 4:1 up to 54:1 energy input to protein output ratio. This firstly because the feed first needs to be grown before it is eaten by the cattle, and secondly because warm-blooded vertebrates need to use a lot of calories just to stay warm (unlike plants or insects). An index which can be used as a measure is the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance, which indicates, for example, that only 10% is converted to body substance by beef cattle, versus 19–31% by silkworms and 44% by German cockroaches. Ecology professor David Pimentel has claimed, "If all the grain currently fed to livestock in the United States were consumed directly by people, the number of people who could be fed would be nearly 800 million." To produce animal-based food seems to be, according to these studies, typically much less efficient than the harvesting of grains, vegetables, legumes, seeds and fruits. However, this would not apply to animals that are grazed rather than fed, especially those grazed on land that could not be used for other purposes. Nor would it apply to cultivation of insects for food, which may be more environmentally sustainable than eating food coming from cattle farming. Meat produced in a laboratory (called in vitro meat) may be also more environmentally sustainable than regularly produced meat.

According to the theory of trophic dynamics, it requires 10 times as many crops to feed animals being bred for meat production as it would to feed the same number of people on a vegetarian diet. Currently, 70% of all the wheat, corn and other grain produced is fed to farmed animals. This has led many proponents of vegetarianism to believe that it is ecologically irresponsible to consume meat. Rearing a relatively small number of grazing animals can be beneficial, though, as the Food Climate Research Network at Surrey University reports: "A little bit of livestock production is probably a good thing for the environment.

In May 2009, Ghent, Belgium, was reported to be "the first [city] in the world to go vegetarian at least once a week" for environmental reasons, when local authorities decided to implement a "weekly meatless day". Civil servants would eat vegetarian meals one day per week, in recognition of the United Nations' report. Posters were put up by local authorities to encourage the population to take part on vegetarian days, and "veggie street maps" were printed to highlight vegetarian restaurants. In September 2009, schools in Ghent are due to have a weekly ''veggiedag'' ("vegetarian day") too.

Labor conditions and diet

Some groups, such as PETA, promote vegetarianism as a way to offset poor treatment and working conditions of workers in the contemporary meat industry. These groups cite studies showing the psychological damage caused by working in the meat industry, especially in factory and industrialised settings, and argue that the meat industry violates its labourers' human rights by assigning difficult and distressing tasks without adequate counselling, training and debriefing. However, the working conditions of agricultural workers as a whole, particularly non-permanent workers, remain poor and well below conditions prevailing in other economic sectors. Accidents, including pesticide poisoning, among farmers and plantation workers contribute to increased health risks, including increased mortality. According to the International Labour Organization, agriculture is one of the three most dangerous jobs in the world.

Economics and diet

Similar to environmental vegetarianism is the concept of economic vegetarianism. An economic vegetarian is someone who practices vegetarianism from either the philosophical viewpoint concerning issues such as public health and curbing world starvation, the belief that the consumption of meat is economically unsound, part of a conscious simple living strategy or just out of necessity. According to the Worldwatch Institute, "Massive reductions in meat consumption in industrial nations will ease their health care burden while improving public health; declining livestock herds will take pressure off rangelands and grainlands, allowing the agricultural resource base to rejuvenate. As populations grow, lowering meat consumption worldwide will allow more efficient use of declining per capita land and water resources, while at the same time making grain more affordable to the world's chronically hungry."

Demographics

A research study conducted on more than 8,000 people, and published in the ''British Medical Journal'', suggested that children with an above-average IQ may have a higher chance of becoming vegetarians in their adulthood.

Gender

A 1992 market research study conducted by the Yankelovich research organisation claimed that "of the 12.4 million people [in the US] who call themselves vegetarian, 68% are female, while only 32% are male."

At least one study indicates that vegetarian women are more likely to have female babies. A study of 6,000 pregnant women in 1998 "found that while the national average in Britain is 106 boys born to every 100 girls, for vegetarian mothers the ratio was just 85 boys to 100 girls." Catherine Collins of the British Dietetic Association has dismissed this as a "statistical fluke".

Country-specific information

See also

Ecotarian

Health food restaurant

List of diets

List of vegetarians

Meat-free day

Satya

Vegetarian cuisine

Vegetarian Diet Pyramid

Vegetarian or vegan cat food

Vegetarianism and Romanticism

Notes

References

External links

Vegetarian and Vegan Information

Resources/Support for Vegetarians

International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition

Shattering The Meat Myth: Humans Are Natural Vegetarians by Kathy Freston, ''The Huffington Post'', June 11, 2009

Famous Vegetarians – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Can Sikhs Eat Meat?

Sikh History on Diet

Simple and healthy vegetarian cooking by Cecilia Carvalho by Cecilia Carvalho, ''My Veggie Recipes'', February 1, 2011

Category:Animal rights Category:Diets Category:Ethical theories Category:Intentional living

ar:النباتية bg:Вегетарианство ca:Vegetarianisme cs:Vegetariánství cy:Llysieuaeth da:Vegetarisme de:Vegetarismus et:Taimetoitlus el:Χορτοφαγία es:Vegetarianismo eo:Vegetarismo fa:گیاه‌خواری fr:Végétarisme ga:Feoilséanadh gl:Vexetarianismo ko:채식주의 hi:शाकाहार hr:Vegetarijanska prehrana id:Nabatiwan is:Grænmetishyggja it:Vegetarismo he:צמחונות ka:ვეგეტარიანელობა lv:Veģetārisms lt:Vegetarizmas jbo:nalre'ucti hu:Vegetarianizmus mk:Вегетаријанство ms:Vegetarian nl:Vegetarisme ja:ベジタリアニズム no:Vegetarianisme ps:سابه خوړونکي pl:Wegetarianizm pt:Vegetarianismo ro:Vegetarianism ru:Вегетарианство simple:Vegetarianism sk:Vegetariánstvo sl:Vegetarijanstvo sr:Vegetarijanstvo sh:Vegetarijanstvo fi:Kasvissyönti sv:Vegetarianism ta:தாவர உணவு முறை th:มังสวิรัตินิยม tr:Vejetaryenlik uk:Вегетаріанство vi:Ăn chay zh:素食主義

This is a list of notable people who have claimed or been reported to have adhered to a vegetarian diet at some point during their life, listed by nationality. In the cases where a person's vegetarian status is disputed or they no longer adhere to a vegetarian diet, this is noted next to their entry as ''disputed'' or ''former''.

Even though the vegetarian diet encompasses veganism, this list does not include those who are identified as vegan, who are listed separately.

Argentina

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Assyria

Australia

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Austria-Hungary

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Austria

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Belgium

Brazil

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Canada

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China

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Czechoslovakia

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Czech Republic

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Egypt

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Finland

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France

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Germany

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Iceland

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India

}} observes: “As Zen roshi, Philip Kapleau points out (see his ''Cherish All Life''), any attempt by Theravadins and others to attribute to the Buddha himself, words permitting the consumption of meat involve a blatant falsification and corruption of sacred texts!” |group="nb"}}}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

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Israel

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Italy

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Jamaica

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Latvia

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Mexico

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Netherlands

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Norway

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Persia

Peru

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Philippines

Poland

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Portugal

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Roman Empire

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Russia

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Spain

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Sri Lanka

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Sweden

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Switzerland

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Syria

Turkey

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United Kingdom

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United States

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Uruguay

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Fictional characters

Aang Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Arsene Lupin Elizabeth Costello The Eloi Frankenstein's monster Lisa Simpson Phoebe Buffay Sha Wujing Sun Wukong Superman (in the Birthright storyline) Xuanzang Zhu Bajie

Notes

References

External links

Museum of Vegetarianism – International Vegetarian Union

List of 553 famous vegetarians and 57 possible vegetarians

List of vegetarians according to category

Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Vegetarians

cs:Seznam vegetariánů hi:शाकाहारी महापुरुषों की सूची hu:Híres vegetáriánusok listája nl:Lijst van bekende vegetariërs en veganisten ja:著名なベジタリアンの一覧 pt:Anexo:Lista de veganos ru:Список известных вегетарианцев sk:Zoznam vegetariánov fi:Luettelo tunnetuista kasvissyöjistä tr:Vejetaryenler listesi

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Graham Hill
nationality	British
birth date	February 15, 1929
death date	November 29, 1975
years	–
team(s)	Lotus, BRM, Brabham, Hill
races	179 (176 starts)
championships	2 (, )
wins	14
podiums	36
points	270 (289)
poles	13
fastest laps	10
first race	1958 Monaco Grand Prix
first win	1962 Dutch Grand Prix
last win	1969 Monaco Grand Prix
last race	1975 Monaco Grand Prix }}

years	-,
team(s)	Team LotusPorsche AGNART/Rob WalkerAston MartinBRMMaranello ConcessionairesAlan Mann Racing LtdEquipe Matra-Simca Shell
best finish	1st ()
class wins	1 () }}

Norman Graham Hill (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London.

Graham Hill is the only driver to win the so-called ''Triple Crown of Motorsport'' — 24 Hours of LeMans, Indianapolis 500 and Formula One World Championship — and, with his son Damon, is part of the only father and son pair both to have won the Formula One World Championship. His grandson Josh, Damon's son, is also a promising racing driver.

Biography

Professional history

After serving in the Royal Navy as an Engine Room Artificer, Hill re-joined Smiths Instruments. Graham did not pass his driving test until he was 24 years old, and he himself described his first car as "A wreck. A budding racing driver should own such a car, as it teaches delicacy, poise and anticipation, mostly the latter I think!" He had been interested in motorcycles but in 1954 he saw an advertisement for the Universal Motor Racing Club at Brands Hatch offering laps for 5 shillings. He made his debut in a Cooper 500 Formula 3 car and was committed to racing thereafter. Graham joined Team Lotus as a mechanic soon after but quickly talked his way into the cockpit. The Lotus presence in Formula One allowed him to make his debut at the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix, retiring with a halfshaft failure.

In 1960, Hill joined BRM, and won the world championship with them in 1962. Hill was also part of the so-called 'British invasion' of drivers and cars in the Indianapolis 500 during the mid-1960s, triumphing there in 1966 in a Lola-Ford.

In 1967, back at Lotus, Hill helped to develop the Lotus 49 with the new Cosworth-V8 engine. After team mates Jim Clark and Mike Spence were killed in early 1968, Hill led the team, and won his second world championship in 1968 . The Lotus had a reputation of being very fragile and dangerous at that time, especially with the new aerodynamic aids which caused similar crashes of Hill and Jochen Rindt at the 1969 Spanish Grand Prix. A crash at the 1969 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen broke his legs and interrupted his career.

Upon recovery Hill continued to race in F1 for several more years, but never again with the same level of success. Colin Chapman, believing Hill was a spent force, placed him in Rob Walker's team for 1970, sweetening the deal with one of the brand-new Lotus 72 cars. Although Hill scored points in 1970 he started the season far from fully fit and the 72 was not fully developed until late in the season. Hill moved to Brabham for 1971-2; his last win in Formula One was in the non-Championship International Trophy at Silverstone in 1971 with the "lobster claw" Brabham BT34. But the team was in flux after the retirements of Sir Jack Brabham and then Ron Tauranac's sale to Bernie Ecclestone; Hill did not settle there.

Hill was known during the latter part of his career for his wit and became a popular personality - he was a regular guest on television and wrote a notably frank and witty autobiography when recovering from his 1969 accident, Life At The Limit. Hill was also irreverently immortalized on a Monty Python episode ("It's the Arts (or: Intermission)" sketch called "Historical Impersonations"), in which a Gumby appears asking to "see John the Baptist's impersonation of Graham Hill." The head of St. John the Baptist appears on a silver platter, which runs around the floor making putt-putt noises of a race car engine.

Hill was involved with four films between 1966 and 1974, including appearances in Grand Prix and Caravan to Vaccarès, in which he appeared as a helicopter pilot.

Although Hill had concentrated on F1 he also maintained a presence in sports car racing throughout his career (including two runs in the Rover-BRM gas turbine car at Le Mans). As his F1 career drew to a close he became part of the Matra sports car team, taking a victory in the 1972 24 Hours of Le Mans with Henri Pescarolo. This victory completed the so-called ''Triple Crown'' of motorsport which is alternatively defined as winning either: the Indianapolis 500 (won by Hill in 1966), the 24 Hours of Le Mans (1972) and the Monaco Grand Prix (1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969), or the Indianapolis 500, the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the Formula One World Championship (1962, 1968). Using either definition, Hill is still the only person ever to have accomplished this feat.

With works drives becoming hard to find, Hill set up his own team in 1973: Embassy Hill with sponsorship from Imperial Tobacco. The team used chassis from Shadow and Lola before evolving the Lola into its own design in 1975. After failing to qualify for the 1975 Monaco Grand Prix, where he had won five times, Hill retired from driving to concentrate on running the team and supporting his protege Tony Brise.

Hill's record of 176 Grand Prix starts remained in place for over a decade, being equalled by Jacques Laffite.

Family

Hill married Bette in 1955. Being so short of cash having designated it to his racing career, Bette paid for the wedding. They had two daughters, Brigitte and Samantha, and a son, Damon who later became Formula One World Champion, the only son of a former champion to do so.

Rowing

Before taking up motor racing, Hill spent several years actively involved in rowing. Initially, he rowed at Southsea Rowing Club, while stationed in Portsmouth with the Royal Navy and at Auriol Rowing Club in Hammersmith. He met Bette at a Boxing Day party at Auriol and, while courting her, he also coached her clubmates at Stuart Ladies' Rowing Club on the River Lea.

In 1952 he joined London Rowing Club, then as now one of the largest and most successful clubs in Great Britain. From 1952 to 1954, Hill rowed in twenty finals with London, usually as stroke of the crew, eight of which resulted in wins. He also stroked the London eight in the highly prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta, losing a semi-final to Union Sportif Metropolitaine des Transports, France by a length.

Through his racing career he continued to support rowing and London. In 1968 when the club began a financial appeal to modernise its clubhouse, Hill launched proceedings by driving an old Morris Oxford, which had been obtained for £5, head-on into a boundary wall. Hill made three runs to reduce the wall to rubble, and the car was subsequently sold for £15.

Hill felt that the experience gained in rowing helped him in his motor-racing. He wrote in his autobiography:

"I really enjoyed my rowing. It really taught me a lot about myself, and I also think it is a great character-building sport...The self discipline required for rowing and the 'never say die' attitude obviously helped me through the difficult years that lay ahead."

Famously, Hill adopted the colours and cap design of London Rowing Club for his racing helmet - dark blue with white oar-shaped tabs. His son Damon and his grandson Josh later adopted the same colours.

Death

In November 1975, returning from the Paul Ricard circuit, France, Hill was killed when the Piper Aztec aeroplane he was piloting crashed while attempting to land in foggy conditions near Arkley golf course in North London. The crash also resulted in the deaths of team manager Ray Brimble, mechanics Tony Alcock and Terry Richards, up-and-coming driver Tony Brise and designer Andy Smallman; all from the Embassy Hill team.

His funeral was at St Albans Abbey, UK.

After his death, Silverstone village, home to the track of the same name, named a road, Graham Hill, after him. Graham Hill Bend at Brands Hatch is also named in his honour.

Race results

Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

! Year

! Entrant

! Chassis

! Engine

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! 15

! WDC

List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems>Pts.

Team Lotus

!

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NC

0

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Coventry Climax

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bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

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! [[Team Lotus">Team Lotus

! [[Coventry Climax

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NC

0

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Coventry Climax

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bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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! [[Team Lotus

!

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bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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! NC

! 0

!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

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15th

4

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

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bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

Owen Racing Organisation">Team Lotus

! [[Coventry Climax

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

15th

4

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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Owen Racing Organisation

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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! 16th

! 3

Owen Racing Organisation">British Racing Motors

! [[Coventry Climax

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

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bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

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! 16th

! 3

Owen Racing Organisation

!

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

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bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

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!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Owen Racing Organisation">British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

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bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Owen Racing Organisation

!

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Owen Racing Organisation">British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

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bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

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Owen Racing Organisation

!

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

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5th

17

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

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[[Team Lotus">British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

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bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

5th

17

! [[British Racing Motors

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

[[Team Lotus

!

7th

15

! [[Team Lotus

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Team Lotus">Team Lotus

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

7th

15

! [[Team Lotus

! [[British Racing Motors

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Team Lotus

!

!rowspan="2"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

Gold Leaf">Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

!rowspan="2"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

Gold Leaf Team Lotus

!

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! 7th

! 19

! [[Rob Walker Racing Team">Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! 7th

! 19

! [[Rob Walker Racing Team

!

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

13th

7

[[Brooke Bond">Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

13th

7

[[Brooke Bond

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

Oxo (food)

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Team Lotus

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

Brabham BT33>BT33

!

21st

2

Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

21st

2

Brabham BT34>BT34

!

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

Brabham BT33>BT33

!

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

15th

4

Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

15th

4

Brabham BT37>BT37

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Embassy Racing">Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Embassy Racing

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

Embassy Racing with Graham Hill">Shadow Racing Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

Embassy Racing with Graham Hill

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

! 18th

! 1

!rowspan="2"

! [[Lola Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

NC

0

! [[Embassy Hill

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

* Hill entered the [[1958 German Grand Prix">Lola Cars ! [[Ford Motor Company bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" ! 18th ! 1 !rowspan="2" ! [[Lola Cars ! [[Ford Motor Company bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#FFCFCF" NC 0 ! [[Embassy Hill ! [[Ford Motor Company bgcolor="#FFCFCF" * Hill entered the [[1958 German Grand Prix in a Formula Two chassis.

Indy 500 results

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" ! Year || Car number || Start || Qual. speed || Speedrank || Finish || Lapscompleted || Lapsled || Racestatus|| Chassis |- !1966 | 24 || 15 || 159.243 || 23 || 1 || 200 || 10 || Running || Lola-Ford |- !1967 | 81 || 31 || 163.317 || 21 || 32 || 23 || 0 || Piston || Lotus-Ford 42/B1 |- !1968 | 70 || 2 || 171.208 || 2 || 19 || 110 || 0 || Crash T2 || Lotus - Pratt&Whitney; 56/3 |}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Starts |3 |- !Poles |0 |- !Front Row |1 |- !Wins |1 |- !Top 5 |1 |- !Top 10 |1 |- !Retired |2 |}

Hill's 1966 victory marked the first win by a rookie driver since Frank Lockhart's 1927 win and the last until Juan Montoya's visit to Victory Lane in 2000.

Hill entered the 1969 Indianapolis 500, but his car (Lotus-Ford Chassis 64/2) was withdrawn during practice along with those of Mario Andretti and Jochen Rindt due to delays rectifying problems associated with hub failure on Andretti's car.

Credits

Hill's easy wit and charm helped him become a television personality, notably on the BBC show ''Call My Bluff'' with Patrick Campbell and Frank Muir. For a number of years in the early 1970s he appeared as one half of a double act, with Jackie Stewart, as an insert within the BBC ''Sports Personality of the Year'' show.

In 1990, Hill was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

A one-off BBC Four documentary called ''Graham Hill: Driven'' was first broadcast on 26 May 2008.

References

External links

Graham Hill profile at The 500 Owners Association

Grand Prix History - Hall of Fame, Graham Hill

Graham Hill Statistics

Graham Hill Photos

Graham Hill, The Stig

The Greatest 33

}} }}

Category:1929 births Category:1975 deaths Category:English racecar drivers Category:English Formula One drivers Category:Formula One World Drivers' Champions Category:Formula One drivers and team owners Category:Lotus Formula One drivers Category:Indianapolis 500 drivers Category:Indy 500 winners Category:International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Category:International Race of Champions drivers Category:Accidents involving fog Category:Aviators killed in aircraft crashes in the United Kingdom Category:People from Hampstead Category:Sportspeople from London Category:BRDC Gold Star winners Category:Monaco Grand Prix winners Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:British Touring Car Championship drivers Category:Tasman Series drivers Category:Accidental deaths in England

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Never Shout Never
landscape	yes
background	group_or_band
alias	NeverShoutNever! NeverShoutNever
origin	Joplin, Missouri, United States
genre	Pop rock
years active	2007–present
label	Warner Bros.SireLoveway
associated acts	Mister OwlEatmewhileimhot!GONZO
website	nevershoutnever.com
current members	Christofer Drew Caleb Denison Taylor MacFee Hayden Kaiser
past members	Patrick Carrie Jamie Sheridan Hayden Benton Dustin Dobernig Nathan Ellison }}

Never Shout Never is an American pop rock band, formed in Joplin, Missouri in 2007. The band has released two albums and six extended plays. Their third album, Time Travel, is set to be released on September 20, 2011.

Career

Christofer Drew Ingle began making music as NeverShoutNever in September 2005. His first exposure came through the internet, where he achieved success on MySpace before issuing The Yippee EP on July 29, 2008. On July 30, 2008, he was featured on TRL, where he performed his single "Bigcitydreams." He toured with Hellogoodbye and Ace Enders in the fall of 2008.

As of November 17, 2008, the official spelling of Ingle's alias became NeverShoutNever! It had previously been listed as Never Shout Never on iTunes and his management company's site. An official statement regarding the reason behind the spelling change has not been made available. In an interview, Ingle revealed that there is no longer an exclamation point after his name and that he will spell NeverShoutNever as one word when he is feeling happy, but three words when he isn't.

Never Shout Never started touring with The Scene Aesthetic, The Honorary Title, and The Bigger Lights in late February 2009 and then toured with bands such as Forever the Sickest Kids, The Cab, We The Kings,and Mercy Mercedes, among others in spring 2009 as part of The Bamboozle Roadshow 2009. He played at both The Bamboozle Left 2009 and The Bamboozle 2009.

The Summer EP was released on June 23, 2009. The first single off the EP, titled "Happy," was released on iTunes on March 3, 2009.

It was announced on May 29, 2009, that Ingle had signed to Warner Bros. Records, ending a major-label bidding war. As part of the deal, Ingle will run and make releases on his own imprint label, Loveway Records.

The debut album from Never Shout Never, ''What Is Love?'', was produced by Butch Walker and released in January of 2010. Never Shout Never's second full length album, Harmony, was released in August of the same year.

In November 2010, Never Shout Never co-headlined the Harmony Tour, where they had fans gather can foods to help those in need. As a gift to the fans, Never Shout Never and The Maine released a live split EP. As of December 21, 2010, the split EP is available for free download on Never Shout Never's website.

The band's hometown, Joplin, Missouri, was destroyed by a tornado on May 22, 2011. Following the destruction, Christofer began a relief fund with United Way to raise $1 million for his hometown. To raise awareness about the devastation of Joplin, Christofer took video footage of the destruction and posted it on YouTube on June 1, 2011. The video, which features the song "Time Travel," encouraged viewers to donate to the relief of the town via his United Way fund

Never Shout Never's third full-length album will be entitled Time Travel and is set to be released on September 20, 2011.

Discography

Studio albums

''What Is Love?'' (Sire, 2010)

''Harmony'' (Sire, 2010)

''Time Travel'' (Sire, 2011)

Extended plays

''Demo-shmemo'' (Self released, 2008)

''The Yippee'' (Loveway, 2008)

''Me & My Uke'' (Loveway, 2009)

''The Summer'' (Loveway, 2009)

''Never Shout Never'' (Sire, 2009)

''Melody'' (Sire, 2010)

Live albums

''Never Shout Never & The Maine'' (Warner Bros., 2010)

''Love (Live)'' (Self released, 2011)

''To Pick A Town Up'' (Self released, 2011)

Compilation albums

''Year One'' (Self released, 2011)

Featured albums

''Almost Alice'' (Buena Vista, 2010)

''Punk Goes Classic Rock'' (Fearless, 2010)

Members

Current members

Christofer Drew - vocals, piano, guitar (2007-present)

Caleb Denison - drums, guitar, vocals (2009-present)

Taylor MacFee - bass, vocals (2010-present)

Hayden Kaiser - guitar, vocals (2010-present)

Former members

Patrick Carrie - guitar, vocals (2009)

Jamie Sheridan - guitar (2009)

Hayden Benton - drums, vocals (2009)

Dustin Dobernig - piano, keyboard (2009-2010)

Nathan Ellison - percussion, drums (2009-2010)

References

External links

Never Shout Never at MTV

Never Shout Never at Purevolume

Interview with Never Shout Never on Shockhound

Interview with Never Shout Never on ''Thought Catalog''

Category:Sire Records artists Category:Musicians from Missouri Category:People from Joplin, Missouri

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