Coordinates	47°32′06″N53°12′29″N
settlement type	Town
name	Clara
other name
pushpin map	Ireland
pushpin label position	right
pushpin map caption	Location in Ireland
coordinates display	inline,title
coordinates type	dim:100000_region:IE
blank name sec1	Irish Grid Reference
blank info sec1
unit pref	Metric
elevation m	57
subdivision type	Country
subdivision name	Ireland
subdivision type1	Province
subdivision name1	Leinster
subdivision type2	County
subdivision name2	County Offaly
population	3001
population as of	2006
website	}}

Clara (Clóirtheach or An Clárach in Irish) is a town on the River Brosna in County Offaly and is the 10th largest town in the midlands of Ireland. The town has a population of 3001 (2006 census), however a number of well populated housing estates lie outside the town boundary making the actual population higher. Clara has plenty of local services including churches, banks, credit union, schools, supermarkets, shops, garages, pubs, nightclubs and restaurants. It has its own Garda(police) and fire station while the Midlands regional hospital is located just seven miles away in Tullamore. Clara has a strong association with sport. The successful GAA club looks after Gaelic football and hurling from under 8 to senior level. Clara also has a successful junior soccer club. The town has two swimming pools and a successful pitch and putt club. Clara's power lifting club has won a number of national and international awards. A golf driving range is located in the town also with the Esker Hills golf club located just outside the town. There is a local equestrian centre and sports centre also.

Geography

Clara is situated in the north of County Offaly near the border with County Westmeath, on national route N80 some 12 km northwest of Tullamore. Situated on a plain (Clóirtheach meaning plain or level place), the town is in reality an urban centre surrounded by a series of mini-villages. The town is connected to the River Shannon by one of its tributaries, the Brosna. Clara is the modern name of what was known as the Barony of Kilcoursey and Parish of Kilbride. The earliest known map of Clara dates from the Ordnance Survey of 1838.

History

While the town as we know it today was established by Quakers in the mid-18th century, there is evidence of community habitation for some time. Situated on the Esker Riada, the ancient thoroughfare which connected the east and west coasts of Ireland, numerous ring forts are to be found in the countryside surrounding the town suggesting that the early settlement may have been an important staging post for travellers. Just outside the town in Kilbride, the remnants of a 12th century monastery testify to the existence of a vibrant religious presence. According to tradition this monastery was founded by St Brigid of Kildare (d.c 525 AD) and is linked by an ancient road to Durrow Abbey founded by St Colm Cille (St Columba). St Brigid's original monastery, founded shortly after her religious profession - her first foundation, would have been constructed in wood and consisted of a number of buildings surrounding a central church. These buildings were replaced by stone structures in the 12th century. The original parish was named after St Brigid: Kilbride (from Cill Bhride: the Church of Brigid). The ruins of an ancient church are to be found not far from the monastery at the foot of a hill (Chapel Hill) and this may have been the original parish church.

Politically the family which had dominion over the area was the Sinnach O'Catharniagh (Fox O'Carney) clan; they were referred to as the Muinter Tadgain (people of Tadgain). The O'Catharniagh were princes of Teffia (an area in County Westmeath). The ruins of their castle, Lehinch Castle, are to be found on a hill in Kilcoursey, less than a mile from the town centre. The McAuley family are also associated with the Barony of Kilcoursey. Mass rocks are also to be found in the hills outside the town, having provided secret places for Catholics to worship during the persecution which followed the Reformation.

The Fox family owned much of the district up until the 1650s. Following the involvement of the Chieftain, Hubert Fox in a rebellion in the 1640s - he was defending Catholic interests against the Puritan Oliver Cromwell who came to Ireland to suppress uprisings against English rule. Ironically, in 1599, Fox's father, also Hubert, had signed an agreement of "surrender and regrant" with the English crown to avoid the complete destruction of his estates following the Nine Years War: the lands were returned to Fox senior in recognition of his fealty. Hubert junior, however, was not so inclined, preferring to stand by the family's traditional allegiance. Cromwell proved victorious and Fox lost his lands which were given to Samuel Rust, a Cromwellian soldier. He in turn sold the district to two families - the Armstrongs and the Bagots. The Armstrongs settled in the town and would eventually establish industries, notably a Linen factory which proved quite lucrative. Andrew Armstrong (1727–1802) built Clara House on the west side of the town in the 1770s - a fine neo-classical building. Members of the Armstrong family distinguished themselves in other areas of life. One of them, John Armstrong, uncle of Andrew, was Governor of Minorca and author of a history of the island in 1752. Andrew Armstrong died in 1802 and the estates were sold to a Cox family, another family with notable connections.

In 1825, the Goodbody family moved to Clara from Mountmellick and introduced industry into the town, trading under the name of J & L F Goodbody. Buying flour mills at Erry and Charlestown, they developed the river Brosna and used it to harness power for their factories. In 1864 the Goodbodys started a jute factory at Clashawaun. The jute was imported from India and the resulting bags were exported worldwide. In the last decades of the 20th century the factories declined and the last Goodbody's factory closed in 1984. The family had provided the people of Clara with employment in a number of areas: factory work, domestic service and farming. Other industries in the town included flour mills, distilleries, a brewery, manufacturers of tobacco, soap, candles, and clothes together with food processing companies.

As the town entered a heyday at the end of the 19th and for much of the 20th centuries, its prosperity led to a number of building projects. Stately houses litter the town and surrounding countryside as the various members of the Goodbody family set up their households. Thanks to Catholic Emancipation in 1829 a more prominent Catholic church was built on the outskirts of the town in Charlestown, but this proved too small and in the 1880s the parish, now St Brigid's Parish, built a fine neo-gothic church in the centre of the town on one side of the main square: a relic of St Brigid is preserved in the church. To cater for the needs of the townspeople, two religious orders founded communities and schools: the Franciscan Brothers arrived in 1821 and the Sisters of Mercy some years later. Other religious buildings in the town consist of St Brigid's parish church for the Church of Ireland community (Anglican Communion) looking down over the Fair Green and the Friends' Meeting Hall (Quaker) which is no longer in use. As the town prospered so did social life. Numerous cultural and sporting associations flourished in the town and continue to do so to this day.

Transport

Clara railway station opened on 3 October 1859, and located beside Railway View Housing Estate. It is on the main Dublin to Ballina / Westport / Galway railway line. Clara was once a railway junction, with a branch to Streamstown on the now disused Athlone–Mullingar link. There was also a railway junction west of Clara serving the Banagher branch line. Clara is also served by the M6 Dublin/Galway motorway with junction 6 less than 5 minutes drive from the town centre. Consultation is ongoing regarding a small airport which is proposed on lands between Clara, Tubber and Horseleap.

Notable figures

St Brigid of Ireland (c 450 – c 525). Also known as St Brigid of Kildare. Born in Faughart, Co. Louth, Ireland, St Brigid was the daughter of a pagan chieftain and Christian slave woman. She was religious by nature and when she reached maturity she took vows under St. Mel. She founded a famous monastery in Kildare (Cill Dara) which became an ecclesiastical city and eventually the cathedral city of a diocese. She was revered as a saint in her own lifetime. She is buried with St Patrick and St Columba in Downpatrick, Northern Ireland: the three are considered the patron saints of Ireland. Her association with Clara is ancient: according to tradition she founded her first monastery there, the ruins of which are still extant. She is the patron of the parish of Clara and the local Catholic church preserves a first-class relic of the saint.

Matilda de Lacy (1223–1289). Born in Lincolnshire in England in 1223, Matilda (Maud) was one of the most significant women of her time. The daughter of John de Lacy, the Earl of Lincolnshire and Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Derby, granddaughter of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath, she inherited a considerable fortune following her grandfather's death on 1241. As the eldest of her family, she inherited the family castle in Trim, Co. Meath and with it a number of estates. Unusual for women at the time, she exercised considerable power and influence. She was married to Peter de Genevre (died 1249). She founded a convent at Gageborough, a townland of Clara. She died in 1289.

Connall Mac Geoghegan (17th century). Connall Mac Geoghegan, known as Connall the Historian, lived in Lismoyny, a townland of Clara. He is noted by history as the translator of the Annals of Clonmacnoise, a chronicle of historical events in Ireland from pre-history to 1408 AD. His translation into English was complete by 1627 and was his work was praised for its understanding of the Gaelic idiom. The years of Connall's life are not known, but he was still alive in 1644.

Hubert Fox (17th century). The Irish love a rebel, and Hubert Fox can stake a claim to this affection. Chief of the Fox clan in the 17th century he resisted English rule and fought against Cromwellian forces. He lost his estates and fled his ancestral home, Lehinch castle, in 1641 with a price of 400 pounds on his head: the English even promised outlaws a pardon if they delivered Fox into their hands. A testament to the loyalty of the Irish, no one did, and he disappeared from history. Many lines of the Fox family today claim descent from him.

Fr James Dillon (c 1643- ?). Fr Dillon was the Catholic pastor of the parish of Kilbride (Clara). Born around 1643, he was ordained priest in 1688 in Ballyleoge, Co. Galway. He was appointed to the parish in 1704. He was an astounding pastor, but given the nature of the times he was the victim of much persecution. He was betrayed a number of times to the priest-hunters and several times arrested for carrying out his ministry, spending time in prison and almost dying of his ill-treatment at one stage. The date of his death is unknown, but he was buried in the cemetery of St Brigid's monastery in Kilbride.

Andrew Armstrong (1727–1802). As noted above, Armstrong was a successful industrialist in the town. Born in 1727 the son of Warenford Armstrong of Ballycumber and Elizabeth Bagot of Newtown. He was responsible for Clara's prominence as a manufacturing town in the late 18th/early 19th centuries.

Robert Goodbody (1781–1860). Born in Mountmellick, County Laois, Ireland, on April 9, 1781, he was the son of Quaker parents, Mark Goodbody and Elizabeth Pim. The Goodbodys were already a prominent merchant family in the Midlands, but Robert would prove to be the one who would strengthen the family's position in Ireland's industrial elite. He moved to Clara on October 17, 1825 when he took over Brosna Mills and from this industry he founded a dynasty of merchants who would dominate not only the commercial life of the Midlands, but have considerable influence in Ireland and abroad. He married twice and had six children. When he was 74 years old he began writing his Memoirs which constitute not only an autobiography but also a valuable record of events in the Midlands including the rebellion of 1798, an important uprising against English rule in Ireland.

Vivian Mercier (1919–1989). Vivian Mercier was a foremost literary historian. Born in Clara in 1919 he studied at Portora Royal School in Enniskillen (Oscar Wilde's alma mater) and afterwards at Trinity College, Dublin, where he completed his doctorate entitled Realism in Irish Fiction. After a spell in Ireland working for a literary periodical, he went to the US where he held a number of positions in various universities, finally accepting a professorship at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1974. The same year he married his second wife, the Irish writer Eilis Dillon. He published a number of works in the area of literature and was a committed defender of the Irish language (Gaelic), writing a landmark work on Irish literature in 1964. He was also regarded as an authority on the works of Samuel Beckett. He died in 1989 and is buried in Clara with his wife, Eilis.

Br Placidus Timmons, OSF (1948–1997). Larry Timmons was born in Delvin, County Westmeath on April 17, 1948. He entered the Franciscan Brothers (Third Order of Penance) taking the name Br , and after profession was appointed to the Franciscan Monastery in Clara where he spent a number of years as a teacher in the Boy's Primary School. He was a popular figure in the parish, involved in numerous organisations and with a deep concern for the young and poor. In 1982 he was transferred to the Order's mission house in Kenya where he spent fifteen years teaching and helping improve the living standards of the local communities he served. On January 22, 1997 during an armed break-in, Br Placidus was shot dead. An investigation into his death revealed that his death was not an unfortunate mistake, but was in fact, deliberate: he was murdered for his efforts to obtain justice for the victims of a corrupt regime. His remains were brought back to Clara and a large crowd attended his funeral. He is buried in the community cemetery of the Franciscan Brothers. He is regarded as a martyr for justice by many.

Brian Cowen (born 1960) Taoiseach (Prime Minister of Ireland) from 2008 to 2011. Son of Bernard Cowen, former TD and Junior Minister for Agriculture. He took office on 7 May 2008, heading a coalition government led by his Fianna Fáil party that includes the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats, with the support of independent TDs. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the constituency of Laois–Offaly since 1984. He previously served as Minister for Labour (1992–1993), Minister for Energy (1993), Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications (1993–1994), Minister for Health and Children (1997–2000), Minister for Foreign Affairs (2000–2004) and Minister for Finance (2004–2008). He served as Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008. He became leader of Fianna Fáil on the resignation of Bertie Ahern. On 7 May 2008 following the resignation of Bertie Ahern as Taoiseach, Cowen was nominated in the Dáil and elected Taoiseach. Some commentators describe him as the unluckiest taoiseach ever. Within a short period of him taking office Ireland was hit by the global recession, a construction industry collapse and a near-collapse of the country's banks leading to job losses, wage reductions,etc. This caused him and his government to take many unpopular decisions. Brian Cowen's term as Taoiseach came to an end following the general election in February 2011. He did not contest the election and stepped down from public life.

Michelle McKeon-Bennett (born 1974) current (Space Life Science researcher). Daughter of Michael and Margaret M^cKeon, was chosen in 2002 to travel to NASA, Florida as a potential astronaut candidate, after she approached NASA researchers regarding her research on bog plants. It was not until September 2003 that she began research into the use of Sphagnum Moss from Clara Bog for space applications. She developed a system that allowed water to be filtered and plants to grow in the enclosed environment of a space orbiter (shuttle) and planetary colony. She returned to Ireland (and [Limerick Institute of Technology]) in September 2004 and continued her research link with NASA, Kennedy Space Centre Florida under a student transfer programme from LIT with Dynamac Corporation, the space life science company contracted to NASA to carry out space life science research. She established the Controlled Environment Laboratory for Life Sciences (CELLS) in LIT in 2008, and successfully obtained funding to purchase state-of-the-art growth chambers to the exact specifications as those in Kennedy Space Centre, Florida. They are the only ones in of this specification in Europe. She currently has 6 postgraduate students based in LIT with placements in Kennedy Space Centre researching the use of Irish plants in space research with terrestrial applications such as health foods and natural pharmaceutical products. In 2005 she was made Head of Department of Applied Science, LIT and is currently developing a new space science programme for undergraduate students, the first in Ireland. In 2009, she made it to the third last round of astronaut selection in Europe.

Professional golfer Shane Lowry comes from Clara. He was born on April 2, 1987 and comes from a strong sporting background. His father Brendan played Gaelic football for Offaly, winning a senior All-Ireland medal in 1982. Shane's mother Brigid, nee Scanlon, comes from a prominent sporting and musical family from Clara. Shane attended Clara's St. Francis boys national school and Clara vocational school. During his school years he played both football and hurling. At the age of 12 he developed an interest in pitch and putt and quickly began winning numerous prizes in the sport. In his mid teens Shane's interest turned to golf. Within a couple of years he was rising within the ranks of the amateur golf circuit. In 2009 he came to international attention when he won the Irish open golf championship, as an amateur. He turned professional shortly afterwards.

Guglielmo Marconi

One of Clara's visitors provide it with some notability in the history of modern communications: Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was born in Bologna, Italy on April 25, 1874, the son of Giuseppe Marconi and Annie Jameson, the daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle, County Wexford, Ireland. He grew up and was educated in Italy proudly aware of his Irish and Italian heritages.

In 1895 he began the experiments which would eventually lead to his invention of the radiotelegraph system. He was a frequent visitor to Ireland and in 1905 he married the Hon. Beatrice O'Brien, the daughter of the 14th Baron Inchiquin. The marriage broke down and the couple were granted an annulment in 1927, after which he married the Countess Bezzi-Scali of Rome. He received numerous awards and honours including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 and was conferred with the hereditary title of Marchese in 1929. He died in Rome on 20 July 1937.

Marconi was a friend of the Goodbody family and it was during one of his visits to Robert Goodbody at Inchmore House in Clara that he conducted some of his experiments which made important advances in the development of the radiotelegraph system. Marconi received considerable backing from the Goodbody family.

Special Area of Conservation

Main article Clara bog

Two kilometres from the town centre lies Clara Bog, a raised bog which contains rare flora. It was considered for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Clara Bog visitor centre is located beside the town's library. A bog boardwalk (Accessible from Ballinough, off Tullamore road) is very popular with local walkers, but is virtually unknown to visitors. The board walk allows walkers to safely cross the surface of the bog.

Recent

Clara continues to be an industrial town albeit not to the same extent as it had been. Farming remains an important way of life for many. Plans for urban renewal are currently underway. There is a strong musical tradition in the area producing numerous singers and bands of various genres and the Clara Musical Society.

Sharon Touhey got to the final of the model agent, aired on RTÉ in spring 2009. She is currently repeating her leaving certificate in Ard Scoil Chiarain Naofa, Clara.

See also

List of towns and villages in Ireland

External links

Local Website

Various articles on the history of Clara

Robert Goodbody's Memoirs

Clara Bog

Local job vacancy listings online

Clara railway station

References

Category:Towns and villages in County Offaly

Category:Articles on towns and villages in Ireland possibly missing Irish place names

fr:Clara (Irlande) ga:An Clárach it:Clara (Irlanda) pl:Clara (Irlandia) ru:Клара (Оффали) sv:Clara vi:Clara

Coordinates	47°32′06″N53°12′29″N
name	Justin Bieber
background	solo_singer
birth name	Justin Drew Bieber
birth date	March 01, 1994
birth place	London, Ontario, Canada
origin	Stratford, Ontario, Canada
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion, trumpet
genre	Pop, R&B;, teen pop
occupation	Singer, musician, actor
years active	2009–present
label	Island, RBMG
associated acts	Usher
website	justinbiebermusic.com }}

Justin Drew Bieber ( , born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian pop/R&B; singer, songwriter and actor. Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun, who came across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher, and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid. Bieber's debut single, "One Time", was released in 2009 and peaked in the top ten in Canada and charted in the top thirty in several international markets. His debut album, the seven-track EP My World, followed in November 2009, and was soon certified platinum in the United States (it was later reissued with two bonus tracks). He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the Billboard Hot 100.

Bieber's first full-length studio album, My World 2.0, was released in March 2010. It debuted at number one or within the top ten in several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby". The music video of "Baby" is currently ranked as the most viewed and most discussed YouTube video. Bieber followed-up the release of his debut album with his first headlining tour, the My World Tour, the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never – The Remixes, and the 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never – which had an opening weekend gross that nearly matched the record for the biggest opening weekend for a concert-film. Bieber released his second studio album, Under the Mistletoe in November 2011, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Bieber has received numerous awards, including Artist of the Year at the 2010 American Music Awards — and has been nominated for numerous awards, including Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards.

Life and career

1994–2007: Childhood and youth

Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario, and was raised in Stratford, Ontario. Bieber's mother, Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Mallette, was 18 years old when she became pregnant with her son. Mallette, originally from Stratford, raised her son with the help of her parents, Bruce and Diane. Mallette worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Jeremy Jack Bieber, who married another woman and had two children. Bieber's paternal great-grandfather was a German immigrant to Canada. His mother's ancestry is French Canadian. Bieber attended French immersion school at Stratford school Jean Sauve.

During his childhood, Bieber was interested in hockey, soccer, and chess; he often kept his musical aspirations to himself. As he grew up, Bieber taught himself to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet. In early 2007, when he was twelve, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and placed second. Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B; songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew. Chris Hicks, Bieber's A&R; at Island/Def Jam, explained the young artist's huge online following to HitQuarters by saying:

"He was doing something different. He was an attractive white kid singing very soulful R&B; hits. That set him apart immediately from anyone in his range because no one was covering or singing these kind of records. But equally important was that you believed in these songs – it was real. And you wanted to hear more."

2008–10: Discovery, My Worlds, and subsequent releases

While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident. Impressed, Braun tracked down the theater Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette. Mallette was reluctant because of Braun's Jewish religion; she remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label! ... you don’t want this Jewish kid to be Justin’s man, do you?" However, after praying with her church elders and receiving their encouragement, she permitted Braun to fly Bieber, then 13, to Atlanta, Georgia, to record demo tapes. A week after arriving, Bieber sang for R&B; singer/songwriter Usher. Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher. Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber, but lost the bidding war to Usher. Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact Antonio L.A. Reid of Island Def Jam Music Group. Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam where he would be able manage Bieber's career at the label. At that point, Bieber and his mother moved to Atlanta temporarily, also the home of Usher and Braun, to record and get counseling from Braun. Braun became Bieber's manager.

Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album. The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009, and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009 it had success in international markets. The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand. Bieber's first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me", and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes store and charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100. "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top fifteen in Canada and the US, being certified Gold in the latter. My World was eventually certified Platinum in the US and Double Platinum in both Canada and the UK. To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show, The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park with Rihanna. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.

Bieber performed Stevie Wonder's "Someday at Christmas" for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which was broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television broadcaster TNT. Bieber was also one of the performers at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009. Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of We Are The World (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version. On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag" recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.

"Baby", the lead single from his debut album, My World 2.0, which features Ludacris, was released in January 2010 and became his biggest hit thus far, charting at number five in the U.S. and reaching the top ten in seven other countries. Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the U.S. Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews". It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963. My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, and Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries. To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 and Park. Bieber collaborated with Sean Kingston on his single "Eenie Meenie" which also appeared on Bieber's debut album. The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets. thumb|left|Bieber performing at the Conseco Fieldhouse, in August 2010 On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live. On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City. The second single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. The single reached number ten in Canada, number fifteen in the United States, and the top twenty in multiple international countries.

On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0. In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet. That same month his music video, "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and most disliked YouTube video ever. In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.

Bieber began recording his second album in July 2010 in New York City. At this point, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was when he recorded his first album. In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit anymore. We have to lower the key when I sing live." British singer/songwriter Taio Cruz confirmed in July 2010 that he is writing songs for Bieber's next album. Hip hop producer Dr. Dre produced two songs with Bieber in July 2010 but it is unknown if they were made for the album, which is currently due for a 2011 release. Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother". Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed. Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would release an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic. It was released on Black Friday in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a completely new song titled "Pray".

2011–present: Never Say Never film, Under the Mistletoe and Believe

A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated grossing of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theaters. It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go With It, which grossed $31 million. Never Say Never is said to have exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary. The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.

On February 27, 2011, Bieber attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with American actress and singer Selena Gomez, confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair. The relationship has since continued to garner significant media attention.

In June 2011, Bieber was ranked number 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star and 1 of 7 musicians on the list raking in with $53 million earned in a 12 month period. On November 1, 2011, Bieber released Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release. Bieber is currently recording his third studio album entitled Believe. Kanye West and Drake are confirmed to be featured on the album.

Image

The Observer newspaper in the UK published a report indicating that Justin Bieber is more influential in the social networking sphere than Barack Obama or The Dalai Lama. According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Long before he released his EP, My World, in mid-November, the YouTube videos attracted millions of views. Braun recognized the appeal. Prior to flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun. Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly; his account was reported in November 2010 to have over 6 million followers. Since then he has been consistently gaining followers at an average of 24,000 per day. The accounts also serve marketing purposes; for example, Bieber's music video for "One Time" only began selling quickly after it was uploaded to YouTube. Usher comments that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly." As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard Kenny, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image. After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ("Wassup man, how you doin'?" or "It's like, you know, whateva' ") suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers."

Bieber is often featured in teen magazines such as Tiger Beat, and has been labeled as a "teen hearthrob". Bieber has released a collection of nail varnishes to raise awareness for charity. Wax statues of Bieber are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York, Amsterdam and London. His change of hairstyle in 2010, and the consequent alterations to Bieber products, led to it being called 'the most expensive musical haircut of all time; one company spent $100,000 to fix its dolls for the 2011 Christmas season.

Personal views

Bieber is a Christian, and said he has a relationship with Jesus, talks to him and that "he's the reason I'm here".

Bieber's comments in a February 2011 profile in Rolling Stone sparked controversy. Asked whether a person should wait until marriage to have sex, Bieber responded, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." Asked about his opinion on abortion, Bieber said he does not "believe in abortion" and that it is "like killing a baby". When asked about abortion in cases of rape, he said, "Well, I think that's really sad, but everything happens for a reason. I don't know how that would be a reason. I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that." In the same interview, Bieber talked about homosexuality, stating that "It's everyone's own decision to do that. It doesn’t affect me and shouldn't affect anyone else", and Rolling Stone commented, "It is not clear whether he intended to label homosexuality as a lifestyle choice." However, Bieber has also contributed to the It Gets Better Project, a project started in response to the suicide of Billy Lucas, a teenager who was the target of anti-gay bullying.

Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining United States citizenship, praising Canada as being "the best country in the world", citing its health care system as an example.

Criticism

Bieber has been criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, his teen-pop music, image, and frequent media attention. He has been a frequent target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, notably by users of Internet message board 4chan and users of YouTube. Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph speculated that "Bieber's character also appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics, with many remarks commenting on his youthful appearance, his teen-pop songs, his image as a heart-throb to young teenage girls and his manner of speech".

Discography

My World 2.0 (2010)

Under the Mistletoe (2011)

Believe (2012)

Tour

2009: Urban Behavior Tour

2010–2011: My World Tour

Filmography

rowspan="4"Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Himself

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
rowspan="2"	2009	True Jackson, VP	>rowspan="3"| Guest star
My Date With...
	Silent Library (MTV series)>Silent Library
School Gyrls (film)	School Gyrls	Cameo
Saturday Night Live
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation	Jason McCann
Hubworld	Guest star
The X Factor (UK)	Performer
rowspan="9"	2011	|	Guest star
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation	Jason McCann
Khloé & Lamar	|Episode:The Father In Law (uncredited) Himself playing the NBA Celebrity All Star Game
Saturday Night Live
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never	Himself
Dancing With The Stars	Guest star
So Random!	Himself
Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade	Guest star
The X Factor (UK)	Performer

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1994 births Category:Canadian child singers Category:Canadian Christians Category:Canadian dance musicians Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States Category:Canadian Internet personalities Category:Canadian male singers Category:Canadian people of French descent Category:Canadian people of German descent Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian rhythm and blues singers Category:Child pop musicians Category:Hip hop singers Category:Island Records artists Category:Musicians from Ontario Category:People from Stratford, Ontario Category:Living people

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Coordinates	47°32′06″N53°12′29″N
name	Jay Park
genre	Hip Hop, R&B;, Pop
background	solo_singer
birth name	Park Jaebeom (박재범)
birth date	April 25, 1987
Occupation	B-boy, dancer, singer, rapper, songwriter, composer, actor
Years active	2008–present
Label	JYP Entertainment (2008-2010)Digital Media Wire Entertainment (2010-present)Sidus HQ Entertainment (2010- present)
Website	www.jaypark.comtwitter.com/jaybumaom facebook.com/jaypaom }}

Title	Korean name
Color	khaki
Hangul	박재범
Hanja
Rr	Bak Jae-beom
Mr	Pak Chaebŏm
Tablewidth	245 }}

Park Jaebeom (Hangul: 박재범, born April 25, 1987), also known as Jay Park, is an American b-boy, dancer, singer, rapper, songwriter, composer, producer and actor. He was a member and leader of South Korean boyband 2PM, and is part of Seattle-based b-boy crew Art of Movement.

Early Years

As a young Korean-American born and raised in Edmonds, Washington, Park showed great interest in hip hop music and breakdancing in particular. He joined a local b-boy crew called Art of Movement (AOM) during his early high school years. In 2004, he auditioned in Seattle for Korea-based JYP Entertainment (JYPE). The company's founder, Park Jin-young himself watched Park's audition and brought him to Korea, in January 2005 to receive further training in dancing, rapping, singing, and the Korean language.

2PM

Park first appeared through MNET's Hot Blood, a documentary-style reality program that showed the future members of idol groups 2AM and 2PM in training, with Park finishing at the #1 top spot with the most fan votes and getting the position of 2PM's leader. On September 4, 2008, 2PM debuted with the song “10 Point Out of 10 Points” (10점 만점에 10점) on music program M! Countdown after the release of their first mini-album "Hottest Time of the Day" a few days prior. Park and 2PM garnered further popularity as featured participants in the third season of MBC’s variety show “Idol Army”. However, it was their promotions for “Again and Again” that catapulted the group’s status in Korean music, and earned them first place awards for a capped 3 successive weeks in music programs, SBS’s Inkigayo and Mnet’s M! Countdown in May 2009. Similar success continued for their follow-up single “I Hate You” (니가 밉다).

Aside from 2PM's music activities, Park featured in the song "正" ("Jeong") with Yeeun of the Wonder Girls for the television drama "Conspiracy in the Court"'s OST, and V.O.S's "To Luv...". He also participated in special stage performances such as Navi's "마음이 다쳐서" ("Heart Damage") on May 3, 2009, and K.Will's "1초에 한방울" ("One Drop per Second") on June 20, 2009. He also became a regular cast member in several variety programs, including Star King and Introducing a Star's Friend. In August 2009, he and Kara member Nicole Jung became the new hosts for cultural variety show Nodaji.

Myspace Controversy

On September 4, 2009, unfavorable comments towards Korea were found on Park’s personal Myspace account from 2005. The comments, written in English to a friend (I hate Korea. I wanna come back"), were misinterpreted and mistranslated by Korean media, quickly spreading across hundreds of news articles. In what has been termed a show of “explosive nationalism”, citizens displayed overwhelming rage over the posts with many demanding for his expulsion from Korea. Park expressed deep remorse and shame over his past, forgotten words and issued an official apology. In this letter, he explained the unhappiness that he experienced during his early days as a trainee in an unfamiliar country where he lacked family, the ability to easily communicate, and an understanding of the culture. Although outraged protesters demanded that Park should be removed from 2PM, JYP Entertainment CEO Park Jin-young stated on September 7 that he was going to continue to remain part of the group. The following day, Park announced on his official fancafe that he would be leaving the group for a while to calm the situation and return to his hometown in Seattle, United States. He also apologized to the other 2PM members, and promised “I will come back a better person.” Park Jin-young confirmed that 2PM would continue as a 6-member group. Additionally, due to the sensitive topic of Park's departure, all 2PM members were withdrawn from their regular appearances on variety shows, and the final episode of their reality show "Wild Bunny" was postponed indefinitely. The remaining 6 members of 2PM re-filmed their music video for "Heartbeat" without Park on October 31, 2009. During a press conference, it was revealed that Park's vocals would not be removed from the older songs he promoted with 2PM, but he would be completely absent from the newer tracks.

After Jaebeom's Departure

2PM's first official album was titled "1:59PM", which the members stated in an interview was to represent Park's absence. Through their acceptance speeches at end-of-year award shows for Again & Again", the members thanked Park and reiterated their wish for his return. At the M.net Asian Music Awards, the group paid homage to him during their performance of "Again & Again" with a spotlight shown over his usual position in the dance formation and his lines left unsung. The six 2PM members also mentioned their plan to distribute their income from their 1st album with him. Information on a press conference planned for January 24, 2010 regarding Park's situation was leaked by the press, but this was shortly denied by JYP Entertainment.

Fan Movement

After Park returned to the United States, fans changed their perspective on the matter when they realised that his MySpace messages had been severely mistranslated and taken out of context. Several protests and projects were immediately put into action, designed to inform JYP Entertainment and the general public about the huge support for Park's return to 2PM.

Boycotts on 2PM-endorsed products and protests for Park's return to the group began to take place, not only in South Korea, but internationally as well. Various forums and fan cafes all over the world organized silent protests and flash dance mobs. International fans also raised money for the Jay Sky Banner project, renting a private jet flying with a banner across the Seattle sky at 2:00PM with the message "J, WHAT TIME IS IT NOW?". Seattle's local broadcasting news station, KOMO News, did a brief segment about the event.

Several 2PM fan communities also contributed generous donations to charities in Park's name. A major Korean fanclub UNDERGROUND donated a total of $10,000 USD to the children's foundation in Haiti under the name "People Waiting For 2PM Leadja Park Jaebeom". By May 2010, their donations to different charities have been estimated to be around $100,000 USD. International fansites also organized charity drives, with a North American-based fan community donating $1,000 USD to send books to international Korean adoptees every year.

On several instances, Park was the number one trending topic on Twitter, even topping the Oscars on March 8, 2010. Park's fanbase revealed that they plan to release a self-produced album in his honor on March 27, 2010, commemorating 200 days since his departure from Korea. However, because the album had been prepared since January, during the time where public opinion on 2PM had changed, the fans decided it would be in the best interest to not release the CDs, instead mailing 10-20 copies to Park's hometown in Seattle.

Dismissal from JYPE

On February 25, 2010, JYPE announced that they had permanently terminated Park’s contract with collective agreement among the other 6 members of 2PM. The company claimed a moral, but not illegal, personal “mistake” he did in December of the previous year. No other explanation was offered, despite multiple reassurances given by JYPE on his status in 2PM during the period between December and this announcement, including the publicity for the group’s first full-length album 1:59PM which asserted to the public and their fans that a 2PM without Mr. Park was incomplete. A conference that JYPE held two days after the announcement later for 87 representatives from major 2PM fan communities reaffirmed the company and members’ collective decision to continue 2PM with six members but failed to provide any further justification behind the dismissal of Park, the group’s leader.

Reappearance through YouTube

Beginning in November 2009, eagle-eyed fans found and spread footage of b-boying battles that he had attended and participated in uploaded on Youtube, despite his initial efforts to cover his face from the view of cameras. On March 6, 2010, Jaebeom and the Art of Movement crew participated in the charity event "Breakin' 4 Haiti", with the proceeds going to Haiti victims.

On March 15, 2010, Park created his own YouTube channel. His first post was a video where he sings a rendition of "Nothin' On You" (with his own rap and lyrics) in his bathroom. The video went viral and reached over 2,000,000 views in less than 24 hours. In Korea, the original song by B.o.B and Bruno Mars topped the Cyworld background music chart in a matter of hours upon the video's release, beating Girls' Generation's song "Run Devil Run" that was released the following day. "Nothin' on You" also reached #1 on other music sites such as Dosirak, Melon, MNET, Bugs, and Soribada, profiting $300,000 in sales through the effects of Park's video. On his 'About Me' page, Park left a message thanking his fans for their support. He also encouraged fans not to hate remaining 2PM members on his behalf.

On March 18, an American online entertainment channel "stirfrytv.com" did a brief report on Park's video during their "But, What Do I Know?" segment, garnering much attention from international online viewers. On March 19, Digital Media Wire published an article emphasizing Park's potential of crossing over to the American entertainment market.

American Activities

On March 29, 2010, Rutgers Korean Student Association announced on their website that Park and fellow Art of Movement members Dialtone, ChaCha and Junior would appear as surprise special guests at an annual Korean American festival event called Project Korea III: KSA Cinderella Story at Rutgers University, New Jersey on April 3, 2010. Merely hours after the festival finished, several videos of the event were uploaded onto internet portal sites, where footage of Park acting as an MC and dancing to Beyonce's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" on stage drew much positive interest.

On April 14, an associate involved in the production of American dance film Hype Nation confirmed that Park had been cast as the movie's main character. Filming is set to begin in June 2010, with more than 70% of the scenes to be shot in South Korea. It was stated that Park will also contribute to the original soundtrack.

On April 20, it was announced on allhiphop.com that Park is recording under Teddy Riley and has completed tracks with Snoop Dogg and T-Pain. This was later confirmed to be for Park's solo album. On the same day via notification through Defense Productions' official Twitter, it was also announced that Park will be participating in a concert presented by Defense Productions & Epidemic to be held on May 30, 2010, performing along with Art of Movement, Kero One, MYK and Dok2 from Mapthesoul.com, and Dumbfoundead. Sponsored by Allkpop, this concert will mark Park's second major public appearance.

On April 24, Dumbfoundead released a collaboration track featuring Park and Clara Chung on his website, titled "Clouds". The same day, stirfrytv featured Park in a "Youtube Spotlight" video, where he gives his first interview since the Myspace controversy. In the video, he also confirms his role in Hype Nation and thanks his fans for their support.

It was revealed that Park will return to Korea through Incheon International Airport with the staff of Hype Nation, Art of Movement, and his parents between May 31 and June 1, 2010. Also being prepared are a press conference for Park's involvement in the movie (which was later revealed to be falsely reported), and a fanmeeting.

Park is to release his first official single titled "Demon", produced by Teddy Riley and originally meant for Michael Jackson, as well as singing 4 songs for Hype Nation's original soundtrack. Also confirmed was Park's participation in the Hype Nation world tour with B2K that will begin in December, touring across 10 American cities and major cities in Asia.

On May 22, 2010, Park took part in major hip-hop event Claws Out in Seattle as a judge, while fellow Art of Movement member Junior competed.

On May 29, 2010, Los Angeles-based entertainment attorney Ned Sherman, also Founder and CEO of Digital Media Wire, Inc., announced that he would be Park's entertainment legal representative, also stating that several projects for Park were in the works.

On May 30, 2010, Park appeared with Kero One, Dumbfoundead, MYK and DOK2 at The Showbox Sodo in Seattle for a concert along with few members of AOM.

Return to Korea and Present activities

On June 18, 2010, Park arrived in Korea at Incheon International Airport, received a warm welcome from thousands of fans, making history as the biggest crowd ever at the said airport 'Park Jaebeom's returned' became the biggest headline in Korea that day. "JayIsBack" shot up immediately on the trending topics on Twitter on June 18 at 9:30 AM GMT. Pictures of Park in Hype Nation were released on July 2, and Park was able to meet with the Korean media for interviews for the first time, talking about his current activities. It was also revealed that his single "Demon" would be included in Hype Nation's original soundtrack.

On July 6, 2010, Park had finished featuring in a song by a famous Korean composer for a rookie female singer preparing for debut, as well as having received love calls for a drama appearance. Aside from holding a series of nationwide fanmeetings for his Korean fans starting August 3, 2010 in Seoul, it was confirmed he held 8 other Asian fanmeetings in Taipei, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia throughout the month of September to November. 12 of the fanmeetings were reportedly sold out within one day.

On July 8, 2010, it was reported that Park will sign a contract with Sidus HQ for his domestic Korean activities in terms of acting and singing, where his management states that he plans to redebut as a rookie artist. It was also revealed that Jung Hoontak, President of Sidus HQ, has been involved in Park's activities since May when Park traveled to Taiwan to film a music video. The contract with Sidus HQ was finalized on July 16, 2010.

In addition to having featured on "Nothin' on You", Park will also release a single album titled "믿.어.줄.래" ("Will You Believe Me") containing 3 tracks, including a rearranged Korean version of "Nothin' on You". Renowned composer Park Geuntae, who was a part of the production, revealed that the song will have a newly added melody and style to fit Park's characteristics. The English and Korean lyrics were written by Park himself. Announced to be released on July 13, 2010. The song immediately reached #1 on Cyworld and Bugs music charts, and also on other music sites as Monkey3 , Soribada , Dosirak and Melon within the hour of its release. On YouTube, Park also uploaded a short music video for the song on the same day. The single album sold 21,989 physical copies on the first day of release, coming in at #1 in sales and #7 in the overall ranking of albums released from January 2010 to July 13, 2010. With more than 41,316 copies sold at the end of 2010 making the album place at #32 on Gaon's year end chart, Park earned approximately 700 million won from his single album, which placed him at #3 in the overall annual ranking of album released until at the end of July 2010.

Sidus HQ released the news at their official website that other American Dance Movie than Hype Nation 3D, Park also will be cast as one of the lead actors in the upcoming Korean Movie titled 'Mr Idol'. The movie will be in the cinema around Summer 2011. Ironically, the film features an idol group who is forced to replace their lead singer with an indie band member.

Park finally announced through his twitter 'jaybumaom' that he will be making his official solo comeback to Korean entertainment as he is currently preparing his Korean mini album. The album is believe to be released on April 2011 and it has been confirmed that the tracks on the album will be written by Park himself.

Park was chosen by MusiqSoulChild and Ne-Yo as a special guest for tour their concerts in Seoul, Korea. Park also performed a duet song 'Love' with MusiqSoulChild at the same stage and he also cooperate with Ne-Yo for charity event before performed as an opener guest for Ne-Yo's concert.

On 6 January 2011, Park was announced as the winner in ‘Best Web Video’ Category around the globe for his song ‘Nothing on You’ at the Mashable Awards. This video has a special meaning to his fans who've been missing him since it was a sign for his comeback after had been hiatus for few months. He also has been nominated in ‘Must Follow Personality’ category and finished 2nd as a runner up.

On 28 March 2011, Park was finalist and received the most voted in the special category 'Connecting people award', a joint venture between Shorty Awards and Nokia for his contribution connecting communities worldwide and encouraging people to do good deeds, charities and many more. Park also was a finalist in the celebrity category at the same event.

Park released his first Korean Mini Album titled "Take A Deeper Look" on 27 April 2011, with the title track "Abandoned". This mini album contained 7 songs where 6 out of 7 seven songs were written and produced by himself. His first performance of the song was on 30 April 2011 at the 9th Annual Korean Music Festival in Los Angeles, where he performed as one of the headlining acts. The album received explosive response from the public as 50,000 copies album sold out in just within 5 days. It has been reported the album already sold more than 71,000 copies in less than 2 weeks and the album is ranked #2 in yearly Hanteo chart. Music Industry predicted that the album will probably take over #1 spot in anytime. In addition, Park ranked consistently high on the iTunes top 10 R&B;/Soul albums chart and ranked #1 in Canada, #1 in Denmark, #2 in United States, #3 in Australia, #3 in Norway, #4 in Japan, #5 in Italy and #6 in France. Park also made his debut stage in Music shows such as Music Bank (TV series) on May 7, 2011 for the first time in 2 years as a solo artist and made history as the first artist crowned winner at a debut stage. He won Music Bank (TV series) again on May 13, 2011.

On August 6, he participated in his first "Immortal Song 2" episode. He performed "Candy" by H.O.T. with Moon Hee-joon. He had won his round and received 2nd place overall on his first episode. Jay followed up with his own rendition of "Aemo" by Kim Soo-hee on the next episode. His remix was well received. On his next appearance of "Immortal Song 2", Jay performed "Tell Me the Truth" by Jinusean with Solbi, Jang Hyuk and Kim Sooro. That performance won Jay the competition for that episode, allowing him to choose the order for the next episode. For his fourth appearance, Jay again made his own version of "Feel Good Day" by Kim Wan-sun.

Discography

Extended Plays

Extended Play	Tracklisting
	* Release date: 27. April 2011		# Touch The Sky (Feat. The Quiett)	# Abandoned (Feat. Dok2)	# 오늘밤 (Tonight Feat. Kang Min Kyung of Davichi)	# 너 없이 안돼 (I Can't Be Without You)	# Don't Let Go	# Level 1000 (With Dok2)	# Bestie

Digital Single	Tracklisting
	* Release date: 13. July 2010	* Gaon Chart Peak Position: 1				# 믿어줄래 (Nothin’ On You) Full melody version / Korean	# Count On Me (Nothin’ on You) Full melody version / English	# 믿어줄래 (Nothin’ on You) – Subman & KYU Remix

Digital Single	Tracklisting
	* Release date: 04. September 2010		# Bestie (English)	# Bestie (Korean)	# Bestie (Remix)

Singles {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"|Title ! colspan="1"| Peak positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Album |- ! align="center"|KOR |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2010 ! scope="row"| "Demon" (Promo Single) |align="center"|— |align="center" rowspan="1"|— |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2011 ! scope="row"| "Abandoned" (featuring Dok2) |align="center"|6 |align="center" rowspan="2"|Take A Deeper Look |- ! scope="row"| "오늘밤 (Tonight)" (featuring Kang Min Kyung of Davichi) |align="center"|22 |}

Other Charted Songs {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"|Title ! Peak positions ! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Album |- ! align="center"|KOR |- |align="center" rowspan="5"|2010 ! scope="row"| "믿어줄래 (Full Melody Korean Version)" |align="center"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|믿어줄래 (Count On Me) |- ! scope="row"| "Count On Me (Full Melody English Version)" |align="center"|33 |- ! scope="row"| "베스티 (Bestie)" |align="center"|21 |align="center" rowspan="2"|Bestie (Digital Single) |- ! scope="row"| "베스티 (Bestie) (Remix)" |align="center"|73 |- ! scope="row"| "스피치리스 (Speechless)"(featuring Cha Cha Malone) |align="center"|74 |align="center" rowspan="1"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="4"|2011 ! scope="row"| "너 없이 안돼 (I Can't Be Without You)" |align="center"|45 |align="center" rowspan="4"|Take A Deeper Look |- ! scope="row"| "Touch The Sky"(featuring The Quiett) |align="center"|41 |- ! scope="row"| "Level 1000"(featuring Dok2) |align="center"|46 |- ! scope="row"| "I'll Be There"(featuring 박재범) |align="center"|31 |}

See also

2PM discography

Awards

!Year	!Awards
2010		*Naver Male Solo Most Popular Search	*Best Web Video - 2010 Mashable Awards

Music Programs

These are collection of Jay Park wins on Korea's televised music shows. Music Bank on KBS.

Music Bank

Year	Date	Song

References

External links

Official Website

SidusHQ Official Website

Jay's twitter

Jay's facebook

Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:American musicians of Korean descent Category:American rappers of Asian descent Category:American rappers Category:American breakdancers Category:People from Seattle, Washington Category:2PM members

fr:Jay Park ko:박재범 ms:Jay Park ja:パク・ジェボム pt:Jay Park th:ปาร์ก แจบอม vi:Jay Park zh:朴宰范

Clara Schumann (née Clara Josephine Wieck; 13 September 1819 – 20 May 1896) was a German musician and composer, considered one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era. She exerted her influence over a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital and the tastes of the listening public. Her husband was the composer Robert Schumann. She and her husband encouraged Johannes Brahms, and she was the first pianist to give public performances of some of Brahms' works, notably the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel.

Early life

Clara Josephine Wieck was born in Leipzig on 13 September 1819 to Friedrich and Marianne Wieck (née Tromlitz). Her parents divorced when she was four years old; Clara was raised by her father. In March 1828, at the age of eight, the young Clara Wieck performed at the Leipzig home of Dr. Ernst Carus, director of a mental hospital at Colditz Castle, and met another gifted young pianist invited to the musical evening named Robert Schumann, nine years older than she. Schumann admired Clara's playing so much that he asked permission from his mother to discontinue his studies of the law, which had never interested him much, and take music lessons with Clara's father, Friedrich Wieck. While taking lessons, he took rooms in the Wieck household, staying about a year.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, Clara left on a concert tour to Paris via other European cities, accompanied by her father. She gave her first solo concert at the Leipzig Gewandhaus. In Weimar, she performed a bravura piece by Henri Herz for Goethe, who presented her with a medal with his portrait and a written note saying, "For the gifted artist Clara Wieck." During that tour, Niccolò Paganini was in Paris, and he offered to appear with her. However, her Paris recital was poorly attended as many people had fled the city due to an outbreak of cholera.

At the age of 18, Clara Wieck performed a series of recitals in Vienna from December 1837 to April 1838. Austria's leading dramatic poet, Franz Grillparzer, wrote a poem entitled "Clara Wieck and Beethoven" after hearing Wieck perform the Appassionata Sonata during one of these recitals. Wieck performed to sell-out crowds and laudatory critical reviews; Benedict Randhartinger, a friend of Franz Schubert, gave Wieck an autograph copy of Schubert's Erlkönig, inscribing it "To the celebrated artist, Clara Wieck." Frédéric Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt, who came to hear one of Wieck's concerts and subsequently "praised her extravagantly in a letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale and later, in translation, in the Leipzig journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik." On 15 March, Wieck was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso"), Austria's highest musical honor.

In her early years her repertoire, selected by her father, was showy and popular, in the style common to the time, with works by Kalkbrenner, Henselt, Thalberg, Herz, Pixis, Czerny, and her own compositions. As she matured, however, becoming more established and planning her own programs, she began to play works by the new Romantic composers, such as Chopin, Mendelssohn and, of course, Robert Schumann, as well as the great, less showy, more "difficult" composers of the past, such as Scarlatti, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. She also frequently appeared in chamber music recitals of works by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms.

Marriage

Robert Schumann had been attracted to Clara since she was fifteen. By the time she was seventeen, Schumann was in love with her. The next year (1837), Schumann asked her father Friedrich for Clara's hand in marriage, but he refused.

During the next year (Clara's nineteenth), Friedrich did everything he ever could to prevent her from marrying Schumann, forcing the lovers to take him to court. During this period Schumann, inspired by his love for Wieck, wrote many of his most famous lieder. They eventually married on September 12, 1840. She continued to perform and compose after the marriage even as she raised seven children, an eighth child having died in infancy. In the various tours on which she accompanied her husband, she extended her own reputation beyond Germany, and her efforts to promote his works gradually made his work accepted throughout Europe.

In 1853, Johannes Brahms, aged twenty, met Clara and Robert in Düsseldorf and immediately impressed both of them with his talent. Brahms became a lifelong friend to Clara, sustaining her through the illness of Robert, asking for her advice about new compositions, even caring for her young children while she went on tour. They remained good friends up until Clara's death; however, there is no historic evidence that their relationship was ever more than just friendship.

Later career

Clara Schumann's reputation brought her into contact with the leading musicians of the day, including Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Liszt. She also met violinist Joseph Joachim who became one of her frequent performance partners. Clara Schumann often took charge of the finances and general household affairs due to Robert's mental instability. Part of her responsibility included making money, which she did by giving concerts, although she continued to play throughout her life not only for the income, but because she was a concert artist by training and by nature. Robert, while admiring her talent, wanted a traditional wife to bear children and make a happy home, which in his eyes and the eyes of society were in direct conflict with the life of a performer. Furthermore, while she loved touring, Robert hated it.

After Robert's death (July 29, 1856), Clara devoted herself principally to the interpretation of his works. But when she first visited England in 1856 largely through the good offices of William Sterndale Bennett, the English composer and friend of her late husband, the critics received Robert's music with a chorus of disapproval. She returned to London in 1865 and continued her visits annually, with the exception of four seasons, until 1882. She also appeared there each year from 1885 to 1888.

She played a particular role in restoring Brahms's D minor concerto to the general repertory; it had fallen out of favour after its premiere, and was only rehabilitated in the 1870s, thanks mainly to the efforts of Clara Schumann and Brahms himself.

She was initially interested in the works of Liszt, but later developed an outright hostility to him. She ceased to play any of his works; she suppressed her husband's dedication to Liszt of his Fantasie in C major when she published Schumann's complete works; and she refused to attend a Beethoven centenary festival in Vienna in 1870 when she heard that Liszt and Richard Wagner would be participating.

She was particularly scathing of Wagner. Of Tannhäuser, she said that he "wears himself out in atrocities"; she described Lohengrin as "horrible"; and she wrote that Tristan und Isolde was "the most repugnant thing I have ever seen or heard in all my life".

In 1878 she was appointed teacher of the piano at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, a post she held until 1892, and in which she contributed greatly to the improvement of modern piano playing technique.

She held Anton Bruckner, whose 7th Symphony she heard in 1885, in very low esteem. She wrote to Brahms, describing it as "a horrible piece". But she was more impressed with Richard Strauss's early Symphony in F minor in 1887.

Clara Schumann played her last public concert in Frankfurt on March 12, 1891. The last work she played was Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Haydn, in the piano-duet version.

She suffered a stroke on March 26, 1896, dying on May 20, at age 76. She is buried at Bonn's Alter Friedhof (Old Cemetery) with her husband.

She was portrayed onscreen by Katharine Hepburn in the 1947 film Song of Love, in which Paul Henreid played Robert Schumann and Robert Walker starred as a young Johannes Brahms.

Legacy

Although for many years after her death Clara Schumann was not widely recognized as a composer, as a pianist she made an impression which lasts until today. She was one of the first pianists to perform from memory, making that the standard for concertizing. Trained by her father to play by ear and to memorize, she gave public performances from memory as early as age thirteen, a fact noted as something exceptional by her reviewers.

She was also instrumental in changing the kind of programs expected of concert pianists. In her early career, before her marriage to Robert, she played what was then customary, mainly bravura pieces designed to showcase the artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg, Herz, or Henselt. And, as it was also customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, works such as her Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and her popular Scherzo (Op. 10). However, after settling into married life, probably under the influence of Robert, her performances focused almost exclusively on more serious music by Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Schumann.

Clara Schumann's influence has reached us as well through her teaching, which emphasized a singing tone and expression, with technique entirely subordinated to the intentions of the composer. One of her students, Mathilde Verne, carried her teaching to England where she taught, among others, Solomon; while another of her students, Carl Friedberg, carried the tradition to the Juilliard School in America, where his students included Malcolm Frager and Bruce Hungerford.

And, of course, Clara was instrumental in getting the works of Robert Schumann recognized, appreciated and added to the repertoire. She promoted him tirelessly, beginning when his music was unknown or disliked, when the only other important figure in music to play Schumann occasionally was Liszt, and continuing until the end of her long career.

Character

Clara Schumann was the main breadwinner for her family through giving concerts and teaching, and she did most of the work of organizing her own concert tours. She refused to accept charity when a group of musicians offered to put on a benefit concert for her. In addition to raising her own large family, when one of her children became incapacitated, she took on responsibility for raising her grandchildren. During the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849, she famously walked into the city through the front lines, defying a pack of armed men who confronted her, rescued her children, then walked back out of the city through the dangerous areas again.

Her family life was punctuated by tragedy. Four of her eight children and her husband predeceased her, and her husband and one of her sons ended their lives in insane asylums. Her first son Emil died in 1847, aged only one. Her husband Robert had a mental collapse, attempted suicide in 1854, and was committed to an insane asylum for the last two years of his life. In 1872 her daughter Julie died, leaving two small children. In 1879, her son Felix, aged 25, died. Her son Ludwig suffered from mental illness, like his father, and, in her words, had to be "buried alive" in an institution. Her son Ferdinand died at the age of 43 and she was required to raise his children. She herself became deaf in later life and she often needed a wheelchair.

Clara's portrait is also used on a front of a 100DM bill.

Music of Clara Schumann

As part of the broad musical education given her by her father, Clara Wieck learned to compose, and from childhood to middle age she produced a good body of work. At age fourteen she wrote her piano concerto, with some help from Robert Schumann, and performed it at age sixteen at the Leipzig Gewandhaus with Mendelssohn conducting.

As she grew older, however, she lost confidence in herself as a composer, writing, "I once believed that I possessed creative talent, but I have given up this idea; a woman must not desire to compose — there has never yet been one able to do it. Should I expect to be the one?" In fact, Wieck-Schumann composed nothing after the age of thirty-six.

Today her compositions are increasingly performed and recorded. Her works include songs, piano pieces, a piano concerto, a piano trio, choral pieces, and three Romances for violin and piano. Inspired by her husband's birthday, the three Romances were composed in 1853 and dedicated to Joseph Joachim, who performed them for George V of Hanover. He declared them a "marvellous, heavenly pleasure."

Wieck-Schumann was the authoritative editor of her husband's works for the publishing firm of Breitkopf & Härtel.

Quotations

"Clara has composed a series of small pieces, which show a musical and tender ingenuity such as she has never attained before. But to have children, and a husband who is always living in the realm of imagination, does not go together with composing. She cannot work at it regularly, and I am often disturbed to think how many profound ideas are lost because she cannot work them out."

"Composing gives me great pleasure...there is nothing that surpasses the joy of creation, if only because through it one wins hours of self-forgetfulness, when one lives in a world of sound."

Works

Clara Schumann's published works are listed below by date of publication. Twenty-five additional unpublished or lost works may be found in Reich, Nancy B., Clara Schumann, The Artist and The Woman, appendix.

1831· Quatre Polonaises pour le pianoforte, Op. 1.

1832· 9 Caprices en forme de valse pour le piano, Op. 2. Dedicated to Madame Henriette Foerster, née Weicke.

1833· Romance variée pour le piano, Op. 3 (C major). Dedicated to Monsieur Robert Schumann.

1834· Walzer fűr Gesang und Klavier. Song with text by Johann Peter Lyser. Published in collection Lyser's Liedersammlung.

1835· Valses romantiques pour le piano, Op. 4. Dedicated to Madame Emma Eggers née Garlichs. The Valses were orchestrated but none of the instrumental parts survive.

1835· Quatre pieces caractéristiques, Op. 5 (1. Le Sabbat; 2. Caprice à la Boléro; 3. Romance: 4. Ballet des Revenants). Dedicated to Mademoiselle Sophie Kaskel.

1836· 6 Soirées musicales, Op. 6 (1. Toccatina in A minor; 2. Nocturne in F Major; 3. Mazurka in G minor; 4. Ballade in D minor; 5. Mazurka in G major; 6. Polonaise in A minor). Dedicated to Madame Henriette Voigt.

1836· Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 7: Premier concert pour le piano-forte avec accompagnement d'orchestre (ou de quintour). (1 Allegro maestoso; 2 Romanze. Andante non troppo con grazia; 3 Finale. Allegro non troppo; allegro molto). Dedicated to Monsieur Louis Spohr. A draft exists of the last movement, orchestrated by Robert Schumann and in Schumann's hand.

1837· Variations de concert pour le pianoforte, sur la Cavatine du Pirate, de Bellini, Op. 8. Dedicated to Monsieur Adolph Henselt.

1838· Impromptu in G major. Souvenir de Vienne.

1839· Scherzo No. 1 in D minor, Op. 10.

1840· Trois Romances pour le pianoforte, Op. 11 (1. E-flat minor, Andante; 2. G minor. Andante; 3. A major, Moderato). Dedicated to Monsieur Robert Schumann.

1841· Am Strande. Song with text by Robert Burns. Published in Neue Zeitung für Musik, July 1841.

1841· 3 songs: Zwőlf Gedichte aus F. Rűckert's Liebesfrűling fűr Gesang und pianoforte von Robert und Clara Schumann, Op. 12: 2. Er ist gekommen in Sturm und Regen; 4. Liebst du um Schönheit; 11. Warum willst du and’re Fragen? (these were published as part of Robert Schumann's Gedichte aus Liebesfrühling'', Op. 37)

1841· Die gute Nacht, die ich dir sage.

1842· Piano Sonata in G minor (1. Allegro; 2. Adagio con espressione e ben legato; 3. Scherzo; Trio; 4 Rondo).

1843· 6 songs: Sechs lieder mit begleitung des pianoforte, Op. 13: 1. Ihr Bildnis. Ich stand in dunklen Träumen; 2. Sie liebten sich beide; 3. Liebeszauber; 4. Der Mond kommt still gegangen; 5. Ich hab’in deinem Auge; 6. Die stille Lotusblume. Dedicated to Queen Caroline Amalie of Denmark.

1843· O weh des Scheidens, das er tat.

1844· Impromptu in E major (published in Album du gaulois, 1885).

1845· Scherzo No. 2 in C minor, Op. 14: Deuxième scherzo pour le pianoforte, Op. 14. Dedicated to Madame Tutein née Siboni.

1845· Quatre pièces fugitives, Op. 15 (1. F major, Larghetto; 2. A minor, In poco agitato; 3. D major, Andante espressivo; 4. G major, Scherzo). Dedicated to Marie Wieck. Scherzo originally composed for unpublished Sonatine.

1845· 3 Preludes and Fugues: III Praeludien und fugen für das pianoforte, Op. 16: (1. B flat major; 2. B flat major; 3. D minor).

1847· Piano Trio in G minor: Trio fur pianoforte, violine und violoncello, Op. 17: (1. Allegro moderato; 2. Scherzo. Tempo di menuetto; 3. Andante; 4. Allegretto). Some emendations on autograph seem to be by Robert Schumann.

1848· Mein Stern ("O du mein Stern"). Song with text by Friederike Serre.

1854· Variations on a Theme of Robert Schumann: Variationen für das pianoforte über ein thema von Robert Schumann, Op. 20. Dedicated to Robert Schumann.

1855· Drei romanzen für pianoforte, Op. 21. Dedicated to Johannes Brahms.

1855· Drei romanzen für pianoforte und violine, Op. 22. Dedicated to Joseph Joachim.

1855· Sechs lieder aus jucunde von Hermann Rollet, Op. 23 (1. Was weinst du, Blümein?; 2. An einem lichten Morgen; 3. Geheimes Flüstern; 4. Auf einem grünem Hügel; 5. Das ist ein tag; 6. O lust, O lust''. Dedicated to Livia Frege.

1885· Impromptu. Published in Album du Galois.

1870· Cadenzas (2) for Beethoven Piano Concerto in G Major, op. 58.

1870· Cadenzas for Beethoven Piano Concerto in C Minor, op. 37.

1891· Cadenzas (2) for Mozart Piano Concerto in D Minor (K. 466).

1977· Romanze für Clavier. Published in Clara Schumann, Romantische Klaviermusik, vol. 2.

Notes

References

Boyd, Melinda. "Gendered Voices: The 'Liebesfrüling' Lieder of Robert and Clara Schumann." 19th-Century Music 23 (Autumn 1999): 145–162.

Gould, John. "What Did They Play? The Changing Repertoire of the Piano Recital from the Beginnings to 1980." The Musical Times 146 (Winter 2005): 61–76.

Hall, George. "Schumann, Clara (Josephine)." The Oxford Companion to Music [n.d.]. Accessed through Grove Music Online on 30 June 2009.

Kopiez, Reinhard, Andreas C. Lehmann and Janina Klassen. "Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization." Poetics, Volume 37, Issue 1, February 2009: 50–73.

Litzmann, Berthold. Clara Schumann: An Artist's Life. New York: Da Capo Press, 1979. ISBN 0306795825.

Burstein, L. Poundie. "Their Paths, Her Ways: Comparison of Text Settings by Clara Schumann and Other Composers." Women and Music — A Journal of Gender and Culture 6 (2002): 11ff. Accessed through the International Index to Music Periodicals on 29 June 2009.

Rattalino, Piero. Schumann. Robert & Clara. Varese: Zecchini Editore, 2002. ISBN 8887203148.

Reich, Nancy B. "Clara Schumann." In Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986. ISBN 025201246.

Reich, Nancy B. Clara Schumann, The Artist and The Woman. Revised edition. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. ISBN 0801486378.

Reich, Susanna. Clara Schumann: Piano Virtuoso. 1999. Reprint. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005. ISBN 0618551603.

External links

Kreusch-sheet-music.net - Free Scores by Clara Schumann

Complete works of Clara Schumann-Wieck.

Goldenwattle.net - Play about Clara Schumann

Clara Schumann: Impromptu op.9 "Soirée de Vienne"

March in Es dur, for piano duet, Clara Schumann's last work in Youtube.com

Scherzo Nr.2 Op.14 Youtube.com

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Clara Rockmore (March 9, 1911May 10, 1998) was a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument.

Biography

Born as Clara Reisenberg in (present-day) Vilnius, Lithuania, Rockmore was a child prodigy on the violin and entered the Imperial conservatory of Saint Petersburg at the age of five. She studied violin under the virtuoso Leopold Auer, and remains to this day the youngest student ever to be admitted to the institution. Unfortunately, bone problems due to childhood malnutrition forced her to abandon violin performance past her teen years. That however led her to discover the newborn electronic instrument and become the most renowned female player of the theremin.

Rockmore had several gifts that enabled her to play the theremin so well. Her classical training gave her an advantage over the many theremin performers who lacked this background. She possessed absolute pitch from birth, helpful in playing an instrument that generates tones of any pitch throughout its range, not just those those defined by equal temperament. She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She also had the advantage of working directly with Léon Theremin from the early days of the instrument's commercial development in the United States.

Rockmore, as the mature musician she was, saw the limitations of the original instrument and helped to develop the instrument to fulfill her needs, making several suggestions to improve the theremin as a performing instrument. Such suggestions, like a faster volume antenna, wider musical range, and control over the instrument's tone color were incorporated by the inventor in later versions. She had a special theremin tailored by Léon Theremin himself to meet her unique requirements.

She developed a whole technique for playing the instrument, including a fingering system, which allowed her to perform accurately fast passages and large note leaps without the much known portamento on theremin.

Her older sister was the concert pianist Nadia Reisenberg. Although Theremin proposed to her, Rockmore married attorney Robert Rockmore, and thereafter used his name professionally.

She died in New York City on May 10, 1998, aged 87.

Albums

Film and video

References

Notes

External links

The Official Nadia Reisenberg Clara Rockmore Foundation Website

A Short Photo-biography of Clara Rockmore

In Clara's Words - An interview Clara Rockmore gave to Bob Moog in 1977.

In Clara’s Home – Her Last Years, and the Summer of 1997 - An essay, written by Steve J. Sherman, Clara Rockmore's great-nephew and Nadia Reisenberg's grandson, providing an in-depth account of Clara Rockmore’s life during her last decade, up until her death in 1998.

A MySpace page devoted to Clara Rockmore

Nadia Reisenberg / Clara Rockmore Foundation

Streamable NPR "All Songs Considered" show featuring 'Summertime' performed by Clara Rockmore

Clara Rockmore at ThereminWorld

Clara Rockmore. La diva del éter (spanish bio by Audionautas)

Rara avis II: Léon Theremin, Clara Rockmore y el instrumento que se toca sin ser tocado

Category:1911 births Category:1998 deaths Category:American Jews Category:Electronic musicians Category:Jewish musicians Category:Lithuanian Jews Category:Theremin players Category:Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni Category:People from New York City Category:People from Vilnius

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