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Bolesław the Brave
http://wn.com/Bolesław_the_Brave -
Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley FRS () (8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous Halley's comet.
http://wn.com/Edmond_Halley -
Jason Crump
Jason Phillip Crump (born 6 August 1975 in Bristol, England) is an Australian international motorcycle speedway rider. He is a three-time Speedway World Champion, a World Cup winner and a former World Under-21 Champion.
http://wn.com/Jason_Crump -
Jew
http://wn.com/Jew -
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews -
Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms () (7 May 18333 April 1897), was a German composer and pianist, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms' popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
http://wn.com/Johannes_Brahms -
John Graunt
John Graunt (24 April 1620 – 18 April 1674) was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. Born in London, Graunt, along with William Petty, developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age. Graunt is also considered as one of the first experts in epidemiology, since his famous book was concerned mostly with public health statistics.
http://wn.com/John_Graunt -
Karl Hanke
Karl August Hanke (24 August 1903 - 8 June 1945) was an official of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party or NSDAP). He served as governor (Gauleiter) of Lower Silesia from 1941 to 1945 and as the final Reichsführer-SS for a few days in 1945.
http://wn.com/Karl_Hanke -
Lemkos
Lemkos (), one of several quantitatively and territorially small ethnic groups who also call themselves Rusyns (), are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains. Their language has been variously described as a Lemko language in its own right or a dialect of the Ukrainian language.
http://wn.com/Lemkos -
Max Berg
Max Berg (17 April 1870 – 22 January 1947) was a German architect and urban planner.
http://wn.com/Max_Berg -
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
Otto III
http://wn.com/Otto_III -
Piotr Włostowic
Piotr Włostowic (c. 1080–1153), also known as Peter Wlast, Włost or Piotr Włast Dunin), from a Dunin family, was a Silesian noble, castellan of Wrocław (Breslau), and a ruler (możnowładca) of part of Silesia. From 1117 he was voivode (palatyn) of the king of Poland, Bolesław III Wrymouth. Part of the Łabędzie family, and son of Włostowic, he is likely to have been related to older princes of Silesia. His lands included the territories near Mount Ślęża and Piasek Island near Wrocław.
http://wn.com/Piotr_Włostowic -
Rafał Dutkiewicz
Rafał Dutkiewicz (born 1959, Mikstat) is the current mayor of the city of Wrocław, Poland (since 2002).
http://wn.com/Rafał_Dutkiewicz -
Roger Moorhouse
Roger Moorhouse (born 1968) is a British historian and author. Born in Stockport, Cheshire, he was raised in Hertfordshire and attended Berkhamsted School. Despite leaving school at 16, he was inspired to return to education by the East European Revolutions of 1989, and enrolled in the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London in 1990 to study history and politics. He graduated with an MA in 1994 and has since studied at the universities of Düsseldorf and Strathclyde.
http://wn.com/Roger_Moorhouse -
Silesians
Silesians (Silesian: Ślůnzoki; Silesian German: Schläsinger; ; ; ), are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.
http://wn.com/Silesians -
Walloons
Walloons (; , ; ) are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. The population is of mixed ancestry; asides French, it has Germanic and/or Celtic origin. More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of Wallonia. They speak regional languages such as Walloon or Picard.
http://wn.com/Walloons -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire () was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria–Hungary, which was proclaimed after declaring the Emperor of Austria also King of Hungary, a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
http://wn.com/Berlin -
Breda
Breda () is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The name Breda derived from brede Aa ('broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. As a fortified city, the city was a strategic military and political significance. Although a direct Fiefdom of the Holy Roman Emperor, the city obtained a municipal charter; the acquisition of Breda, through marriage by the house of Nassau ensured that Breda would be at the center of political and social life in the Low Countries.
http://wn.com/Breda -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Centennial Hall
The Centennial Hall (, or Hala Ludowa) is a historic building in Wrocław, Poland. It was constructed according to the plans of architect Max Berg in 1911-1913, when the city was part of the German Empire. As an early landmark of reinforced concrete architecture, it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006.
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Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation (differs from the Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival) denotes the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 as a response to the Protestant Reformation.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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German Empire
The German Empire (, called by some German historians as Kaiserlich Deutsches Reich or Kaiserreich) refers to Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II (28 November 1918). Deutsches Reich remained the official name of Germany throughout the Weimar period and most of the Nazi period until 1943, when it was changed to Großdeutsches Reich ("Great German Empire").
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Gestapo
The Gestapo (; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("security police").
http://wn.com/Gestapo -
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guadalajara () is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,579,174 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,095,715 in 2008, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in Estado de México. The city's economy is based on industry, especially information technology with a large number of international firms having manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metro Area. Other, more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and food processing are also important. Guadalajara is the cultural center of Mexico, considered by most to be the home of Mariachi music and host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the International Film Festival of Guadalajara and the Guadalajara International Book Fair and a number of internationally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds. It is also home to the Chivas football/soccer team, one of the two most popular in Mexico.
http://wn.com/Guadalajara_Jalisco -
Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
http://wn.com/Israel -
Kobierzyce
Kobierzyce () is a village in Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Kobierzyce. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
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Kraków
Kraków (), also spelled Krakow or Cracow ( [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?ggkrak03.wav listen]), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Its historic centre was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites as the first of its kind. Situated on the Vistula River () in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic centres. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596; the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
http://wn.com/Kraków -
L'viv
http://wn.com/L'viv -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania -
Lviv
Lviv ( L’viv, ; ; ; ; ; see also ) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically also for Ukraine’s neighbour, Poland, as the city before WWII and the following population transfers was the second most important Polish cultural centre. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.
http://wn.com/Lviv -
Macedonia (country)
http://wn.com/Macedonia_(country) -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
http://wn.com/Microsoft -
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, is the common name for the country of Germany while governed by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) from 1933 to 1945. Third Reich () denotes the Nazi state as a historical successor to the medieval Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) and to the modern German Empire (1871–1918). Nazi Germany had two official names, the Deutsches Reich (German Reich), from 1933 to 1943, when it became Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich).
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Province of Silesia
http://wn.com/Province_of_Silesia -
Racławice Panorama
'The Racławice Panorama' (Polish: Panorama Racławicka) is a monumental (15 × 114 meter) panoramic painting depicting the Battle of Racławice, during the Kościuszko Uprising. It is currently located in Wrocław, Poland. The painting is one of only a few preserved relics of a genre of 19th century mass culture, and the oldest in Poland. The panorama stands in a circular fashion and, with the viewer in the center, presents different scenes at various viewing angles. A special kind of perspective used in the painting and additional effects (lighting, artificial terrain) create a feeling of reality.
http://wn.com/Racławice_Panorama -
Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan ( ) is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2007, the population was 133,400. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
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San Sebastián
Donostia-San Sebastián ( ; , known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián) is the capital city of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country, Spain. Locals call themselves donostiarras both in Spanish and Basque. Its population is 183,090 (2007 estimate), and the population of its metropolitan area is 405,099.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony ( ; ) is a state of Germany, located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area (18,413 km²) and the sixth largest in population (4.3 million), of Germany's sixteen states.
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Skopje
Skopje (, ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Szczytnicki Park
Szczytnicki Park in Wrocław, Poland is located to the east of Plac Grunwaldzki and the old Oder river, and covers approximately 1 square kilometre of land. The park, besides offering many sightseeing attractions, also has many dendrological rarities.
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Toronto
Toronto (, colloquially or ) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which is home to over 8.1 million residents—approximately 25% of Canada's population. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006 Census.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vienne
Vienne () is a département of France, named after the river Vienne.
http://wn.com/Vienne -
Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
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Wrocław Cathedral
The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Wrocław, (, ), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław and a landmark of the city of Wrocław in Poland. The cathedral, located in the Ostrów Tumski district, is a Gothic church with Neo-Gothic additions. The current standing cathedral is the fourth church to have been built on the site.
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Wrocław County
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Wrocław Główny
http://wn.com/Wrocław_Główny -
Wrocław Main Station
Wrocław Main Station (Polish Wrocław Główny) is the biggest and most important passenger rail station of the southwestern Polish city of Wrocław. Built in the mid-19th century near the center of the city, until 1945 it was known as Breslau Hauptbahnhof. It also is the biggest rail station of Lower Silesia, located at the junction of several important routes.
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Wrocław Palace
The Wrocław Palace in Wrocław, Poland was bought by Frederick the Great of Prussia from the Baron of Spätgen in 1750 and converted into a royal residence.
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Wrocław water tower
This historic Wrocław water tower is situated in Borek, the district of Krzyki that is the southern borough of Wrocław, Poland.
http://wn.com/Wrocław_water_tower
- Amber Road
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- Wrocław water tower
- Wrocław-Fabryczna
- Wrocław-Stare Miasto
- Wrocław-Śródmieście
- WTS Wrocław
- Włodzimierz Suleja
- Śląsk Wrocław
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- The Girl Under the Lantern
- Train in the Fog
- Dig Your Own Graves
- Lullaby (For a Dead Child)
- The Beauty & The Nightmare
- Scontrum I
- Scontrum II
- Scontrum III
- Chanson De Guerre
- Under a Green Sea
- I Saw Him Drowning
- The Best Boys Are Buried in the Ground
- Different Days (instrumental)
- I Dreamt of Charges (Mk II)
- Iron Pylons (Mk II)
- And Should the Spring Come...
- Warszawa
- Last Train
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- [untitled]
- Before the Autumn Storm
- Let Loose Werewolves!
- Der Sieg
- Peste I
- Der Gott War Nicht Mit Uns
- Feuertaufe
- Peste II
- Monsters
- Peste III
- Sleep When We're Dead
- Peste IV
- Those Were the Days
- Blood Banner
- Untitled
- We Didn't Knew
- Was Haben Wir Gemacht?
- Peste V
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![Rally Berlin Breslau [Wrotzlaw] 2006](http://web.archive.org./web/20120103045251im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kkl1Ldx0GZg/0.jpg "Rally Berlin Breslau [Wrotzlaw] 2006")
Rally Berlin Breslau [Wrotzlaw] 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Published: 07 Jul 2006
- Uploaded: 03 Dec 2011
- Author: marathonrallycom
Video von der fünften Etappe Sulecin/Zagan
http://wn.com/Rally_Berlin_Breslau_ Wrotzlaw _2006
Breslau, ein Spaziergang durch die Altstadt
Breslau, die schlesische Schönheit an der Oder, so stand es im Reiseprospekt. Das hat uns neugierig gemacht und wir sind hingefahren. Und hier sind die Bilder aus der Altstadt, dem Großen Ring mit den barocken Prachthäusern und dem Rathaus aus dem 16. Jahrhundert, der Elisabethkirche mit den Altaristenhäusern Hänsel und Gretel und der Universität mit dem Denkmal des Fechters. Schaut es euch an.
http://wn.com/Breslau,_ein_Spaziergang_durch_die_Altstadt
breslau
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 04 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Oct 2011
- Author: mrkuba1000
to film o starym wrocławiu
http://wn.com/breslau
Dresden - Breslau / Wroclaw Rally 2011 - Scenes Prologue & SS01 & 02
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Published: 02 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: marathonrally
Short Videoclip from the Breslau / Wroclaw Rally 2011 - Team Kotterer in Mercedes Axor and crash of Mercedes SK from Leon de Wit / Holland - see more at marathonrally.com/de
http://wn.com/Dresden__Breslau_/_Wroclaw_Rally_2011__Scenes_Prologue_SS01_02
Ghosts Of Breslau: Scontrum II
Beautiful and sad ambient/ martial industrial track from the new Sacred Place album.
http://wn.com/Ghosts_Of_Breslau_Scontrum_II
Igor Boxx 'Last Party In Breslau' (Official Video)
The official video for Igor Boxx (Skalpel)'s track 'Last Party In Breslau', from the forthcoming new album 'Breslau', released on Ninja Tune November 2010. Directed by: Dariusz Szermanowicz & Łukasz Tunikowski Produced by grupa #13 Postproduction: MINT Photography: Bartek Bujko 'Breslau' will be released 29th November 2010 on Ninja Tune, on LP/CD/Download Pre-order the album at the Ninjashop (includes a free 5-track digital EP) - www.ninjatune.net Get a free download of 'Last Party In Breslau' at www.ninjatune.net Tracklist - 1. Breslau 2. Alarm 3. Festung 4. Fear of a Red Planet 5. Russian Percussion 6. In Flames 7. Street Fighting 8. Execution 9 9. Last Party in Breslau 10. Bunker Sweetheart 11. Nightwatch 12. Tank 13. Goliath 14. Downfall www.ninjatune.net
http://wn.com/Igor_Boxx_'Last_Party_In_Breslau'_Official_Video
Chess Tactics: S. Levitsky - Frank Marshall (Breslau, 1912)
Frank James Marshall (August 10, 1877 -- November 9, 1944), was the US Chess Champion from 1909-1936, and was one of the world's strongest chess players in the early part of the 20th century. --- Stepan (Stefan) Levitsky (Levitski, Lewitzki) (25 April 1876, Serpukhov -- 21 March 1924, Glubokaya) was a Russian chess master. In 1899 he took 3rd in Moscow (All Russian Masters' Tournament, 1st RUS-ch, Mikhail Chigorin won). In 1903 he took 8th in Kiev (3rd RUS-ch, Chigorin won). In 1905/06 he tied for 8-11th in Sankt Petersburg (4th RUS-ch, Gersz Salwe won). In 1907 he took 2nd, behind Eugene Znosko-Borovsky, in St Petersburg. He lost a match to Simon Alapin (0 : 5) at St Petersburg 1907. Stepan Levitsky won at Sankt Petersburg 1911 (All-Russian Amateur Tournament). In July--August 1912, he tied for 13-14th in Breslau (18th DBS--Congress, Rubinstein and Oldrich Duras won). In August--September 1912, he took 3rd in Vilna (8th RUS-ch, Akiba Rubinstein won). In 1913 he lost a match to Alexander Alekhine (3 : 7) in Sankt Petersburg. In 1913/14, he took 13th in St Petersburg (9th RUS-ch, Alekhine and Aron Nimzowitsch won). He introduced the Queen's Bishop Attack, known as the Levitsky Attack (1.d4 d5 2.Bg5) in the Queen's Pawn Game (D 00). --- If you like this video please subscribe to this channel and vorojtsov newletter at www.vorojtsov.net Thank you! ---
http://wn.com/Chess_Tactics_S_Levitsky__Frank_Marshall_Breslau,_1912
Dresden-Breslau 2010: Mud and Water Legs in Recz / dresno to wroclaw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Published: 08 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 19 Oct 2011
- Author: marathonrally
Dresden Breslau / Dresno Wroclaw Rally 2010 - Stages in Poland Recz and Okonek, playing in mud and water / Germany to Wroclaw / Poland... see more at dresdenbreslau.com or marathonrally.com
http://wn.com/Dresden-Breslau_2010_Mud_and_Water_Legs_in_Recz_/_dresno_to_wroclaw
Berlin Breslau 2007 Compilation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Published: 18 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: DiondenBraber
A compilation i put together of some awesome footage, cut alot of blabla out and pepped up the collors a bit.. Full version @ www.4x4fotos.nl
http://wn.com/Berlin_Breslau_2007_Compilation
Ghosts of Breslau - Peste III
Ghosts of Breslau song "Peste III" from "Peste" album.
http://wn.com/Ghosts_of_Breslau__Peste_III
Breslau 2008 Best off Teil 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Published: 02 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 25 Jun 2011
- Author: videostudiovojta
Magpul Truck in the Breslau Rallye tackles mud hole
Breslau Rallye is hard. REALLY hard. Day 3 of the race was a long one. 150ishk long race circling camp that took the drivers through swamps, river crossings, and mud holes like this one.
http://wn.com/Magpul_Truck_in_the_Breslau_Rallye_tackles_mud_hole
Magpul Sponsored Truck "BAM BAM" in Euro Breslau Rallye amost runs over mad photographer
The Breslau Adventure Rallye is second only to the famous Paris/Dakar in terms of size but is far more brutal for off road vehicles. When we heard that this would be the FIRST AND ONLY US entry in THE HISTORY of the race we signed up immediately as primary sponsor for the team. In this section Bam Bam moves past a stuck truck only to have to emergency stop to miss a crazy photographer who positioned himself in the middle of the course. Photographer is fine and our team was not deducted any points. The photographer was warned about "those who play stupid games, win stupid prizes".
http://wn.com/Magpul_Sponsored_Truck_BAM_BAM_in_Euro_Breslau_Rallye_amost_runs_over_mad_photographer
Worlds fastest eating of watermelon 10 seconds Breslau Ont at BANC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Published: 04 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 05 Dec 2011
- Author: tomsquirks
contest took men some 10 mins to eat their watermelon but a lady ate it in 10 seconds. A world record right here in Breslau Ontario! Breslau All Nations Church
http://wn.com/Worlds_fastest_eating_of_watermelon_10_seconds_Breslau_Ont_at_BANC
Close combat in the Fortress of Breslau (Mar 1945)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Published: 13 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: WW2GermanNewsreels
German Wartime Newsreel. Die Deutsche Wochenschau Nr.755 (22 March 1945) Breslau: District Party Director Hanke at command post; men and women build defensive installations; street battle.
http://wn.com/Close_combat_in_the_Fortress_of_Breslau_Mar_1945
Dresden - Breslau / Wroclaw Rally 2011 - Scenes Recz and Zagan Poland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 02 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Sep 2011
- Author: marathonrally
Short Videoclip from the Breslau / Wroclaw Rally 2011 - Some scenes from the stages in Racz and Zagan (Poland)
http://wn.com/Dresden__Breslau_/_Wroclaw_Rally_2011__Scenes_Recz_and_Zagan_Poland
Rod "Slasher" Breslau at MLG Raleigh PART 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Published: 03 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 11 Oct 2011
- Author: CyberSportsNetwork
In an effort to shed some light on one of competitive gaming's most influential and long-standing personalities, Rachel sits down with Rod "Slasher" Breslau to discuss past achievements, notable contributions, current views, and some fond memories.
http://wn.com/Rod_Slasher_Breslau_at_MLG_Raleigh_PART_1/3
The Sauer Organ in Jahrhunderthalle Breslau
Another historic organ recording, again from a gigantic organ, this time by Sauer in the extraordinary building called the Jahrhunderthalle or Centennial Hall, Breslau. It contained 200 stops and 15133 pipes over 5 manuals. You might struggle to find Breslau on the map, as today its known as Wroclaw (Poland) but at the time the structure was designed and built, the city was part of the German Empire. The organ was dismantled up after WWII and a large part of it became the nucleus of the organ now in Wroclaw cathedral. Sadly this is a fragment only of the second half of the old warhorse, Bach's toccata & fugue in D minor BWV 565. Its played here by Gerhard Zeggert, recorded on 9th January 1937. The rest of this recording was not available online, I found this recording by accident. For the specification, please cut & paste this link www.ondamar.demon.co.uk/schemes/misc/ger/bres.htm. The hall was designed by the architext Max Burg in 1913, and it still survives today protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. It was so named as it was 100 years after the battle where Napolean I was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. The building is the largest of several pavillions in Scheitniger Park, the cupola of the hall is constructed of reinforced concrete, with an internal diameter of 69m & 42m high, and was the largest building of its type when completed. It has seating for 6000 people. It was renamed Hala Ludowa or People's Hall after Poland came under the control of the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Sauer_Organ_in_Jahrhunderthalle_Breslau
Breslau przed wojna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 06 May 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: radionet08
Film pochodzi ze strony Wratislaviae Amici (wroclaw.hydral.com.pl ) - każdy kto interesuje się Wrocławiem powinien ją znać i odwiedzać.
http://wn.com/Breslau_przed_wojna
Breslau Rallye 2011 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 14 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Oct 2011
- Author: LoneWolfTransglobal
Trailer for Breslau Rallye 2011 DVD, in Association with Challenger 4x4. Music by ORIJIN - 'Money On My Mind' DVD is available for Purchase from Challenger 4x4.
http://wn.com/Breslau_Rallye_2011_Trailer
Festung Breslau mod trailer2 Sabaton-Panzerkampf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Published: 14 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: MatBerserker
Trailer of Festung Breslau mod for M&B. More info heare: forums.taleworlds.net Music Sabaton-Panzerkampf
http://wn.com/Festung_Breslau_mod_trailer2_Sabaton-Panzerkampf
![Namysłów [naˈmɨswuf] (German: Namslau) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship. Located along the Widawa River, it is the capital of Namysłów County. Its population was 18,985 in 2007.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120103045251/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/93/54/be01f0ccf8fce298dceed77fa674_medium.jpg "Namysłów [naˈmɨswuf] (German: Namslau) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship. Located along the Widawa River, it is the capital of Namysłów County. Its population was 18,985 in 2007.")
![Milicz [ˈmilit ͡ʂ] (German: Militsch) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Milicz County, and of the smaller administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Milicz. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies on the Barycz river, approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of the regional capital Wrocław. As at 2006, the town has a population of 12,004.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120103045251/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/99/cb/714492c99dbe4b87851a1ee89529_medium.jpg "Milicz [ˈmilit ͡ʂ] (German: Militsch) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Milicz County, and of the smaller administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Milicz. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies on the Barycz river, approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of the regional capital Wrocław. As at 2006, the town has a population of 12,004.")
![Lubsko [ˈlupskɔ] (German: Sommerfeld, Lower Sorbian: Žemŕ) is a town in Żary County in the Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland. It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Lubsko and has a population of 15,370 as of February 1, 2005.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120103045251/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/f2/41/6be525adbc84ad3bc70a5fea7c68_medium.jpg "Lubsko [ˈlupskɔ] (German: Sommerfeld, Lower Sorbian: Žemŕ) is a town in Żary County in the Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland. It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Lubsko and has a population of 15,370 as of February 1, 2005.")
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The Independent
Wroclaw in Silesia, part of Poland only since 1945, is a city of ghosts. Beneath its postwar veneer lie the remains of German Breslau, a "microcosm" of all central Europe that vanished in the blood and fire of the dying Third Reich. A classicist at Wroclaw University, Marek Krajewski - in his...
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mediabistro
The Nation Institute -- the nonprofit media center known, among many other ventures, for The Nation and Nation Books -- has tapped Andrew Breslau as its new president. In an email, Breslau points to his...
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End of the World in Breslau, By Marek Krajewski
01 Apr 2009
The Independent
The Polish author Marek Krajewski sets readers a knotty challenge in his rich and idiosyncratic Breslau novels. Atmosphere and piquant period detail saturate the pages, and push these books into the upper echelons of literary crime. But Krajewski's cynical, sybaritic criminal councillor Eberhard...
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Canada Newswire
LONGUEUIL, Quebec, Feb. 26 /CNW Telbec/ - Steel Plus Network recognized ACL Steel as the Fabricator of the Year at its Ninth Annual Convention in Mexico in January. ACL Steel, of Breslau, Ontario, was selected from among finalists from the business network's 10...
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PR Newswire
NORTH HOLLYWOOD, Calif., March 19 /PRNewswire/ -- Bruce Breslau, known for creating successful audience and revenue development campaigns for television broadcasters and program producers around the globe, has joined the North Hollywood creative, production and post consortium, 5 guys named Moe,...
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Hoovers
3:40pm > NORTH HOLLYWOOD, Calif., March 19 /PRNewswire/ -- Bruce Breslau, known for creating successful audience and revenue development campaigns for television broadcasters and program producers around the globe, has joined the North Hollywood creative, production and post consortium, 5 guys named...
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The long journey from Wroclaw to Breslau
25 Jan 2003
The Guardian
by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse (Pimlico, £12.50) There is, of course, no city called "Microcosm" marked on any map. What Davies and Moorhouse mean is Wroclaw - or, as it has been called through the years, Wrotizla, Vretslav, Vratislavia, Presslaw, Bresslaw, Bressla, Presslau,...
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AACI founder David Breslau dies at 86
29 Oct 2001
The Jerusalem Post
JERUSALEM (October 29) - Immigrants from the US and Canada and many veteran Israelis will deeply regret the passing of David Breslau this weekend at the ripe age of 86. An educator, he was also the founder and for many years president of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel. He was...
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size: 2.2Kb
Stockhouse
Business/Technology Editors WAYNE, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug. 18, 2000-- "Audible Politics" Offered for Free and Exclusively at audible.com, Is the Only Online Political News Show Available for Audio Streaming, Download or Mobile Playback Audible, Inc. (NASDAQ:ADBL), the leading provider of...
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size: 10.3Kb
| Coordinates | 43°0′30″N170°40′25″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Wrocław |
| Motto | Wrocław — Miasto spotkań / Wrocław — the meeting place |
| Image shield | Herb_wroclaw.svg |
| Pushpin map | Poland |
| Pushpin label position | bottom |
| Coordinates region | PL |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | Poland |
| Subdivision type1 | Voivodeship |
| Subdivision name1 | Lower Silesian |
| Subdivision type2 | County |
| Subdivision name2 | city county |
| Leader title | Mayor |
| Leader name | Rafał Dutkiewicz |
| Established title | Established |
| Established date | 10th century |
| Established title3 | City rights |
| Established date3 | 1242 |
| Area total km2 | 292.82 |
| Population as of | 2010 |
| Population total | 632561 |
| Population density km2 | auto |
| Population metro | 1030000 |
| Timezone | CET |
| Utc offset | +1 |
| Timezone dst | CEST |
| Utc offset dst | +2 |
| Elevation m | 111 |
| Postal code type | Postal code |
| Postal code | 50-041 to 54-612 |
| Area code | +48 71 |
| Website | |
| Blank name | Car plates |
| Blank info | DW }} |
Wrocław (; , ) is the main city in south-western Poland, situated on the River Oder (). Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia and is today the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been either part of Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia or Germany. According to official population figures for June 2010, its population is 632,561, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
Wrocław has been selected as European Capital of Culture for 2016. It will share the title with San Sebastián, Spain.
Etymology
The city's name was first recorded in the year 1000 by Thietmar's Latin chronicle called Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon as Wrotizlawa. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.The city is traditionally believed to be named after Wrocisław or Vratislav, often believed to be Duke Vratislaus I of Bohemia. It is also possible that the city was named after the tribal duke of the Silesians or after an early ruler of the city called Vratislav.
The city's name in various foreign languages include in , , or Budorgis, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), , , and Silesian German: Brassel. Names of Wrocław in other languages are also available.
History
The city of Wrocław originated as a Bohemian stronghold at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. The city was first recorded in the 10th century as Vratislavia, possibly derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislav I. Its initial extent was limited to district of Ostrów Tumski (the Cathedral Island, German: Dominsel).
Middle Ages
During Wrocław's early history, its control changed hands between Bohemia (until 992, then 1038–1054), the Kingdom of Poland (992–1038 and 1054–1202), and, after the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast-ruled duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events in those times was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke (from 1025 king) Bolesław the Brave in 1000, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto III in 1000. In the first half of the 13th century Wrocław even became the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piaskowa (Sand Island, German: Sandinsel), then to the left bank of the River Oder. Around 1000, the town had 1000 inhabitants. By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (a.k.a Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another was founded on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present seat of the university. While the city was Polish, there were also communities of Bohemians, Jews, Walloons and Germans.
The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe. While the city was burned to force the Mongols to a quick withdrawal, most of the population probably survived.
Afterwards the town was partly populated by influx of German settlers (see: Ostsiedlung), who would eventually become the dominant ethnic group in the following centuries, though the city remained multi-ethnic as an important trading city on the Via Regia and Amber Road. "Breslau", the Germanised name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records. The city council used Latin and German languages. remained in control of the region, but the city council's right to govern independently increased.
In 1335, Breslau was incorporated with almost all of Silesia into the Kingdom of Bohemia, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city.
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation
| Whs | Centennial Hall in Wrocław |
|---|---|
| State party | |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iv |
| Id | 1165 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
| Year | 2006 |
| Session | 30th |
| Link | http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1165 }} |
The Austrian emperor brought in the Counter-Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in Breslau, starting in 1610 with the Minorites, followed by Jesuits, Capucins, Franciscans and finally Ursulines in 1687. These orders erected buildings which shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, Breslau was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant.
The precise recordkeeping of births and deaths by the city of Breslau led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by John Graunt, and then later by Edmond Halley. Halley's tables and analysis, published in 1693, are considered to be the first true actuarial tables, and thus the foundation of modern actuarial science.
During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city — shaped by Protestantism and Humanism — flourished, even as the Protestant bourgeoisie lost its role to the Catholic orders as the patron of the arts. Breslau became the centre of German Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets.
The Kingdom of Prussia annexed Breslau and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in the 1740s. Habsburg empress Maria Theresa ceded the territory in 1763.
Napoleonic Wars
During the Napoleonic Wars, Breslau was occupied by an army of the Confederation of the Rhine. The fortifications of the city were leveled and monasteries and cloisters were secularised. The Protestant Viadrina University of Frankfurt (Oder) was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now University of Wrocław). The city became the centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and the gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany, with the Iron Cross military decoration founded by Frederick William III of Prussia in early March 1813. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at Leipzig.
Before and after World War I
Napoleonic redevelopments increased prosperity in Silesia and Breslau. The levelled fortifications opened space for the city to grow beyond its old limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture and metal industry. The new university served as a major centre of sciences, while the secularisation of life laid the base for a rich museum landscape. Johannes Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1881.The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents, among them 5,363 persons (just over 1% of the population) declaring to have competent knowledge in the Polish language only, and another 3,103 (0.7% of the population) being also competent in Polish. In religious respect there were 58% Protestants, 37% Catholics and 5% Jews (counting 20,536 in the 1905 census). The Jewish community of Breslau was among the most important in Germany and several distinguished artists and scientists originated from it. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiserbrücke (Kaiser bridge) and the Technische Hochschule (TH), which now houses the Wrocław University of Technology. In 1913, the newly-built Centennial Hall housed the "Ausstellung zur Jahrhundertfeier der Freiheitskriege", an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross.
Following World War I, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia in 1919. During the month of August 1920, at the time of Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish Consulate and School were demolished, whilst the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population in Breslau dropped from 2% before World War I to 0.5% after the reconstitution of Poland in 1918. Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.
The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of with a population of 600.000. In 1929, the Werkbund opened WuWa (German: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930, Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I.
The city became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazis, who in the 1932 elections received 44% of Breslau's votes, their third-highest total in the entire country.
After Hitler's takeover of the German government in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed; in the city the Gestapo began actions against Polish and Jewish students (see: Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau), Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists, arrests were even made for using Polish in public, in 1938 the police destroyed the Polish cultural centre. Many of the city's 10,000 Jews as well as many other enemies of the Third Reich were sent to concentration camps; those Jews who remained were killed during the Holocaust. A network of concentration camps and forced labour camps was established around Breslau, to serve industrial concerns, including FAMO, Junkers and Krupp. Tens of thousands were imprisoned there.
The last big event organised by the Nazi Sports Body called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities) took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held in Breslau to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.
World War II and afterwards
thumb|Grunwald Square is one of Wrocław's most important municipal transport interchanges and shopping districts For most of World War II, the fighting did not affect Breslau. In 1941 the remnants of pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers organised resistance group called Olimp. As the war lengthened, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million. including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9876 Allied PoWs, at the end of 1944 an additional 30,000-60,000 Poles were moved into the city after Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising In February 1945 the Soviet Red Army approached the city. Gauleiter Karl Hanke declared the city a Festung (fortress) to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in January 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and weather. By the end of the Siege of Breslau, half the city had been destroyed. An estimated 40,000 civilians lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, Hanke surrendered on 6 May 1945, just before the end of the war.Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, the city became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. The Polish name of Wrocław became its official name. There had been some discussion among the Western Allies to mark the southern Polish-German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse; this would have meant that post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including Breslau. However, the Soviets insisted that the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west.
Most remaining German inhabitants in Wrocław fled or were forcibly expelled from Wrocław between 1945 and 1949 and moved to Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. A small German minority remains in the city till this day, although the city's last German school closed in 1963. The Polish population was dramatically increased by government resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers (75%) as well as during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region.
Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle) (1911–1913) designed by Max Berg.
In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the River Oder, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Around one-third of the area of the city was flooded. An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.
Climate
Wrocław is one of the warmest cities in Poland. Lying in the Lower-Silesian region, one of the warmest in Poland, the mean annual temperature is . The coldest month is January (average temperature −0.5°C), and the warmest is July (average temperature 19.9°C). The longest season is summer, which lasts 114 days. The highest temperature in Wrocław was recorded on 31 July 1994 (+39.0°C), and the lowest was recorded on 8 January 1985 (−30.0°C).
Administration
Wrocław is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. It was previously the seat of Wrocław Voivodeship. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat). It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city.Wrocław was previously subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnicas):
However, the city is now divided into 48 osiedles (districts).
Wrocław is currently governed by the city's mayor and a municipal legislature known as the city council. The city council is made up of 39 councillors and is directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including development of local infrastructure, transport and planning permission. However, it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens, and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw. The city's current mayor is Rafał Dutkiewicz, who has served in this position since 2002.
Main sights
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Education
Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.
List of ten public colleges and universities: Wrocław University (Uniwersytet Wrocławski): over 47,000 students, ranked fourth among public universities in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007 Wrocław University of Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska): over 40,000 students, the best university of technology in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007
Economy
Wrocław's major industries were traditionally the manufacture of railroad cars and electronics. In recent years the City Council has run an active policy to attract foreign investors from the high-tech sector. This resulted among others in the location of LG Electronics production cluster in Kobierzyce near Wrocław. After 1989, Wrocław became a significant financial centre and houses the headquarters of several nationwide financial institutions such as Bank Zachodni WBK, Lukas Bank, Getin Bank, and Europejski Fundusz Leasingowy. As of the end of 2008, Wrocław enjoyed a very low unemployment level of just 3.2% compared with the national level of 8.7%. In 2008, per capita gross domestic product in Wrocław came to 27755$ (in Poland 17625$).
Transport
Wrocław is skirted on the south by the A4 motorway, which allows for a quick connection with Upper Silesia, Kraków and further to the Ukraine to the east and Dresden and Berlin to the west. The A8 motorway (Wrocław ring road) and S8 express road are being built, which will connect Wrocław and Warsaw.The city is served by Wrocław International Airport and a river port, and the main rail station is Wrocław Główny.
Public transport in Wrocław consists of many bus lines and over 20 tram lines operated by Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne (MPK, the Municipal Transport Company). A fast tram line is being built to connect the eastern part of city with the stadium and airport.
Religion
Like all of Poland, Wrocław's population is predominantly Roman Catholic; the city is the seat of an Archdiocese. However, post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as Kresy) and the eastern parts of post-1945 Poland (see Operation Vistula) account for a comparatively large portion of Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians of mostly Ukrainian and Lemko descent. Wrocław is also unique for its "Dzielnica Czterech Świątyń" (Borough of Four Temples) — a part of Stare Miasto (Old Town) where a Synagogue, a Lutheran Church, a Roman Catholic church and an Eastern Orthodox church stand near each other.
Professional sports
The Wrocław area has many popular professional sports teams. The most popular sport today is football, thanks to Śląsk Wrocław. In the second place is basketball. The award-winning men's basketball team (17 times Polish Champion). Matches of Eurobasket 2009 to in Wrocław in 2009. Some matches of the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships in Poland and Ukraine are scheduled to take place in Wrocław on The Municipal Stadium.
Men's sports
Women's sports
Major corporations
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International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Wrocław is twinned with:| Skopje, Macedonia (country)>Macedonia | * Breda, Netherlands | * Dresden, Germany, since 1963 | Charlotte, North Carolina>Charlotte, North Carolina, United States | Guadalajara, Jalisco>Guadalajara, Mexico | * Hradec Králové, Czech Republic | Kaunas, Lithuania, | * Lviv, Ukraine. | * Ramat Gan, Israel, since 1997 | * Toronto, Canada | * İzmir, Turkey | * Wiesbaden, Germany, since 1987 |
Partnerships
| Lille, French Communes of France>commune. | Vienne, French Departments of France>département. |
Gallery
Famous people
See also
References
Bibliography
English language
Polish language
German language
Notes
External links
Municipal websiteCategory:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship Category:Cities in Silesia Category:City counties of Poland Category:Populated places established in the 10th century
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