Fig. 1: One view of inclination i (green) and other orbital parameters

Inclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction.

Orbits[link]

The inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit. It is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of reference (usually the primary's equator or the ecliptic), normally stated in degrees.^[1]

In the Solar System, the inclination of the orbit of a planet is defined as the angle between the plane of the orbit of the planet and the ecliptic — which is the plane containing Earth's orbital path.^[2] It could be measured with respect to another plane, such as the Sun's equator or even Jupiter's orbital plane, but the ecliptic is more practical for Earth-bound observers. Most planetary orbits in the Solar System have relatively small inclinations, both in relation to each other and to the Sun's equator. There are notable exceptions in the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris, which have inclinations to the ecliptic of 17 degrees and 44 degrees respectively, and the large asteroid Pallas, which is inclined at 34 degrees.

Natural and artificial satellites[link]

The inclination of orbits of natural or artificial satellites is measured relative to the equatorial plane of the body they orbit if they do so close enough. The equatorial plane is the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the central body.

• an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates;
• an inclination greater than -90° and less than 90° is a prograde orbit.
• an inclination greater than 90° and less than 270° is a retrograde orbit.
• an inclination of exactly 90° is a polar orbit, in which the spacecraft passes over the north and south poles of the planet; and
• an inclination of exactly 180° is a retrograde equatorial orbit.

For the Moon, measuring its inclination with respect to Earth's equatorial plane leads to a rapidly varying quantity and it makes more sense^{[clarification needed]} to measure it with respect to the ecliptic (i.e. the plane of the orbit that Earth and Moon track together around the Sun), a fairly constant quantity.^{[citation needed]}

Exoplanets and multiple star systems[link]

The inclination of exoplanets or members of multiple stars is the angle of the plane of the orbit relative to the plane perpendicular to the line-of-sight to the object.

• an inclination of 0° is a prograde face-on orbit, meaning the plane of its orbit is parallel to the sky;
• an inclination greater than 0° and less than 90° orbits in the same direction as the rotation of its star;
• an inclination of exactly 90° is an edge-on orbit regardless if the orbit is prograde or retrograde, meaning the plane of its orbit is perpendicular to the sky;
• an inclination greater than 90° and less than 180° orbits in the opposite direction as the rotation of its star; and
• an inclination of 180° is a retrograde face-on orbit, meaning the plane of its orbit is parallel to the sky.

Because the radial velocity method is easier to find planets with more edge-on orbits, most exoplanets would have inclinations between 45° and 135°, even though most exoplanets don't have known inclination. Correspondingly, most exoplanets would have true masses no more than 70% greater than their minimum masses. If the orbit is almost edge-on, then the planet can be seen transiting its star. If the orbit is almost face-on, especially for superjovians detected by radial velocity, then those objects may actually be brown dwarfs or even red dwarfs. One particular example is HD 33636 B, which has true mass 142 M_J, corresponding to an M6V star, while its minimum mass was 9.28 M_J. The inclinations and hence true masses for almost all the exoplanets will eventually be measured by the number of observatories in space, including the Gaia mission, Space Interferometry Mission, and James Webb Space Telescope.^{[citation needed]}

Other meanings[link]

• For planets and other rotating celestial bodies, the angle of the axis of rotation with respect to the normal to plane of the orbit is sometimes also called inclination or axial inclination, but to avoid ambiguity can be called axial tilt or obliquity.^{[citation needed]}
• In geology, the magnetic inclination is the angle made by a compass needle with respect to the horizontal surface of the Earth at a given latitude.^{[citation needed]}

Calculation[link]

In astrodynamics, the inclination Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): i

can be computed from the orbital momentum vector Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbf{h}\,
(or any vector perpendicular to the orbital plane) as Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): i=\arccos{h_\mathrm{z}\over\left|\mathbf{h}\right|}

, where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h_\mathrm{z}

is the z-component of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbf{h}

.

See also[link]

Look up inclination in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Altitude (astronomy)
• Axial tilt
• Azimuth
• Beta Angle
• Kepler orbits
• Kozai effect
• Orbital inclination change

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2009)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Wax Tailor is the alias of French trip hop/hip hop producer, Jean-Christophe Le Saoût^[1] (born 19 July 1975 in Vernon, Eure). He started in 2004 with two EP's (Lost The Way and Que Sera / Where My Heart's At). The first album Tales of the Forgotten Melodies was released in March 2005, mixing hip-hop, downtempo, trip-hop with samples extracted from movies. This album became one of the best selling electronic releases of the year^{[citation needed]}. The second album Hope & Sorrow released in April 2007. It was nominated for the French "Victoires de la Musique" and US Indie music award.

Background[link]

After being a host on a French radio in the Paris suburb of Mantes-La-Jolie, JC Le Saout started the French Rap band La Formule in the 1990s. He created his label Lab'Oratoire in 1998 and produced records from La Formule as well as Break Beat compilations and a collaboration with the Swedish band Looptroop. He began work on the Wax Tailor project in 2001, first appearing on a remix of Looptroop & La Formule's "Deep Under Water". Wax Tailor's first EP Lost The Way was released in 2004 and features contributions from Charlotte Savary, Marina Quaisse, and Big Dada rapper Infinite Livez. Other musicians who have appeared alongside Wax Tailor include North Carolina Hip-Hop duo The Others made up of Mattic, Johnny Madwreck "Madwreck" and DJ DR, Ursula Rucker, Sharon Jones, Voice and A State Of Mind.

His third album "In The Mood For Life" was released on September 22, 2009.

Winner of the 7th annual Independent Music Awards Vox Pop vote for best Dance/Electronica album "Hope & Sorrow"

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Tales of the Forgotten Melodies 2005
• Hope & Sorrow 2007
• In The Mood For Life 2009

EPs[link]

• Lost the Way 2004
• Que Sera/Where my Heart's at 2004
• Our Dance/Walk the Line 2006
• Positively Inclined/The Way We Lived 2007
• To Dry Up/The Games You Play 2007
• We Be/There is Danger 2008
• Say Yes 2009
• I Own You 2010

Remixes[link]

• Looptroop & La Formule - Deep under Water (Wax Tailor remix) 2001
• Olaf Hund - Kitch Kitch Myrtille Sauvage 2001
• Clover - Death of the Lonely Superhero (Wax Tailor remix) 2005
• Nina Simone - I Am Blessed 2008

Videos[link]

• I Own You (Charlie Winston & Wax Tailor)
• Say yes (A.S.M & Wax Tailor)
• Where my hearts at (Tenas)
• The Games You Play (Tenas)
• We Be (Mathieu Foucher)
• We be (Al'Arash Collectif)
• Positively Inclined (A.S.M)
• To Dry up (Laurent King)
• Hypnosis Theme (Hugo Arcier)
• Our Dance (Laurent King)
• Lost the Way (Seamus Haley)
• Dragon Chasers

Covers, references, and sampling[link]

• His track "Seize The Day" recorded with Charlotte Savary appears in the soundtrack of the 2008 film Paris by Cédric Klapisch.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Wax Tailor at Discogs
• Wax Tailor We Be : by Mathieu Foucher
• Wax Tailor artist page at Le Plan
• Wax Tailor at MusicBrainz
• Wax Tailor artistpage at Mole Listening Pearls